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Short Questions Answers
1- Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
D. A tentative statement about the relationship
2- Statistics is used by researchers to
A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
B. Make their findings sound better
C. Operationally define their variables
D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
3- A literature review requires
A. Planning
B. Good & clear writing
C. Lot of rewriting
D. All of the above
4- A literature review is based on the assumption that
A. Copy from the work of others
B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others
C. Knowledge dis-accumulates
D. None of the above option
5- A theoretical framework
A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables
B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s
C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
D. All of the above
r. General question
s. Accurate question
t. Confusing question
N. Telephonic interview
O. Both A and B
P. None of the given options
30-Randomization of test units is a part of
Q. Pretest
R. Posttest
S. Matching
T. Experiment
31- Rationalism is the application of which of the following?
A. Logic and arguments
B. Research solution
C. Reasoning
D. Previous findings
32- On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?
A. Logical understanding
B. Identification of events
C. Prior knowledge
D. All of the given options
33- Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable
evidence?
A. Opinion
B. Empiricism
C. Speculation
D. Rationalism
35- All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;
A. Data are systematically analyzed
B. Data are collected systematically
C. Results are generalizable
D. Results are used to improve practice
36-Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
A. Variables are tightly controlled
B. Results are generalizable
C. Data are usually qualitative
D. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships
37-If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain
their
merit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research?
A. Experimental
B. Applied
C. Basic
D. Evaluation
38- Exploratory research addresses which of the following types of question?
A. If
B. How
C. Why
D. What
39- Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory
research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
40- Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?
A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsification
B. A theory that is proven to be right
C. A theory that has been disproved
D. A theory that has been falsified
41- A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Independent variable
D. Intervening variable
42- Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?
A. An extraneous variable
B. A dependent variable
C. A data set
D. A constant
43- Which of the following is not a concept?
A. Leadership
B. Total Quality Management
C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
D. Human Resource Management
44- Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
A. Age
B. Annual income
C. Grade point average
D. Religion
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
45-Income distribution of employees in a specific organization is an example of
which of
50-After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference,
EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
C. Price
D. Full names of the authors
51- ___________research is based on naturalism.
A. Field research
B. Descriptive research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
52- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________
A. Mall interviews
B. Mall intercepts interviews
C. Brief interviews
D. None of the given options
53- ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking
general question before a specific question.
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
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4. Sensitivity
64- The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
65-The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from
those
that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling
process.
1. Sampling design
2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
66- In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection.
1. Purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Simple random sampling
67- ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to
measure
concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
68- A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed.
She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers
are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
69- Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?
1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
proportions
3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large
enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
70- Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship
can
be established.
1. Strong
2. Linear
3. Weak
4. Cause and Effect
71. Discrete variable is also called.
E. Categorical variable
F. Discontinuous variable
G. Both A & B
H. None of the above
72.Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment
Such a hypothesis is an example of.
E. Descriptive Hypothesis
F. Directional Hypothesis
G. Relational Hypothesis
H. All of the above
73.Science refers to.
E. A system for producing knowledge
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
F. The knowledge produced by a system
G. Both A & B
H. None of the above
4. Confounding variable
81. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
1. Hypothesis
2. Results
3. Procedure
4. Sensitivity
82. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
83. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from
those
that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling
process.
1. Sampling design
2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
84. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection.
1. Purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Simple random sampling
85. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to
measure
concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
86. A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed.
She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers
are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
87. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?
1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
proportions
3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large
enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
88. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship
can
be established.
1. Strong
2. Linear
3. Weak
4. Cause and Effect
89. Rationalism is the application of which of the following?
A. Logic and arguments
B. Research solution
C. Reasoning
D. Previous findings
90. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?
A. Logical understanding
B. Identification of events
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
C. Prior knowledge
D. All of the given options
93. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;
A. Data are systematically analyzed
B. Data are collected systematically
C. Results are generalizable
D. Results are used to improve practice
94. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
D. Independent variable
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105. There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher
efficiency is an example of which type of hypothesis?
A. Alternative
B. Null
C. Correlational
D. Research
106. Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis?
A. Guides the direction of the study
B. Determine feasibility of conducting the study
C. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts
D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions
107. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
A. Context review
B. Integrated review
C. Theoretical review
D. Methodological review
108. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the
reference, EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
C. Price
D. Full names of the authors
109. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study?
A. Collect the data through past studies
B. Analyze the literature review
114. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this case
study?
A. Cost
B. Limited data
C. Unskilled interviewer
D. Small sample size
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115. Which of the following is not the part of specific protocol of focus groups in
ETJO?
A. Concept and indicators
B. Definition
C. Availability of records
D. Cognitive recall
116. Which of the following is the draw back of pretest interview in ETJO survey?
A. Small simple size
B. Non cooperative response
C. Probing
D. Questionnaire format
117. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study?
A. Questionnaires
B. Focus groups
C. Correlational method
D. Secondary data
118. What is the basic purpose of ETJO survey?
A. To assess the feasibility of collecting job-vacancy and turnover data by
occupation
B. To analyze the problem of labor shortage
C. To assess the motivation level of employees
D. To analyze the factor contributing towards employee turnover
119. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case
study?
A. To identified the potential problem
B. To know the sample size
C. To develop the questionnaire
D. To use agency representative
120. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select the
units?
A. Simple random sampling
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
B. Cluster sampling
C. Quota sampling
D. Judgment sampling
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121. Which of the following is the basic purpose of Response analysis survey in the
case
study?
A. To assess the quality of ETJO survey data
B. To know the sample size of ETJO survey data
C. To develop the questionnaire for ETJO
D. To use agency representative for ETJO
122. After Operation test, which of the following test findings were suggested by the
researcher?
A. Need of highly skilled and well trained interviewer
124. Which one of the following sampling type is used in Response analysis survey
(RAS)?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Cluster sampling
C. Quota sampling
D. Stratified sampling
125. Which one of the following could be helpful for minimizing the bias in this case
study?
A. Cognitive research
B. Focus group
C. Pretest Interview
D. Response analysis survey
126. Which one of the following is useful in assessing and clarifying concepts and
definitions at the beginning stages of questionnaire?
A. Operation test
B. Document design analysis
C. Focus group
D. Response analysis survey
127. Which one of the following can be more helpful than others in order to
determine the
exact source of measurement errors in establishment survey?
A. Focus group
B. Operation test
C. Response analysis survey
D. Document design analysis
Identify the True and False statements. (05)
(1) Review of literature shows the incredibility of the body of knowledge and identifies
the
points at which the researcher made the research area ambiguous and unclear. (False)
(2) The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical
framework. (True)
(3) The hypothesis should not only be specific to a place and situation but also these
should
be narrowed down with respect to its operation. (True )
(4) A cohort analysis is similar to cross-sectional research. (False)
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
(5) A literature review does not consider the prior studies, their agreements or
disagreements in the field. (False)
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
(1) Research hypothesis is formulated by the researcher which suggests the nature of
relationship i.e. the direction of relationship.
(2) Correlational hypothesis merely states that the variables occur together and does not
imply that one causes the other.
(3) Longitudinal type of research examine feature of any unit at more than one time.
(4) Historical review traces the development of an idea or shows how a particular issue
or
theory has evolved over time.
(5) Discontinuous variable is also known as discrete/ categorical/ classificatoryvariable.
6. Validity problems occur when the researchers theoretical definition does not
match that of the government agency or organization that collected the
information.
7. Reliability problems occur when official definition or the method of collecting
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Long Questions:
Q1. Write any five similarities of Historical-Comparative research and Field
research?
Answer:
1. Both H-C research and field research recognize that the researchers point of view
is an avoidable part of research. Both involve interpretation, which introduce the
interpreters location in time, place, and world-view.
2. Both field and H-C research examine a great diversity of data. In both the
research becomes immersed in data to gain an emphatic understanding of events
and people.
3. Both field and H-C research often use grounded theory (theory usually emerges
during the process of data collection.)
4. Both field and H-C research involves a type of translation. The researchers
meaning system usually differs from that of people he or she studies, but he or she
The difference between concrete and abstract concepts can be expressed with some
characterizations like,
1. Abstract concepts have only relational properties while concrete concepts have some
fundamental properties.
2. Abstract concepts are universals and concrete concepts are particulars.
3. Abstract concepts are sets (generalized) and concrete concepts are individuals
(specified).
4. Concrete concepts are known by observation whereas abstract concepts are known in
some other way, e.g., by abstraction, by intuition, etc
Example
Print Media (Abstract)
Publication
News Paper
Daily Dawn (Concrete)
Question # 02
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
Given the situation below, Discuss with reason into which category they fall
According to the purpose of doing research and
The uses of research
(Marks: 03, 03)
Scenario 1:
Reasons for Absenteeism
A university professor wanted to analyze in depth the reasons for absenteeism of
employees
in organizations. Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus employed her as
a
consultant to study that very issue.
Solution:
According to the purpose of doing research :
It is Explanatory research as the purpose is to find out the reasons for a phenomenon
i.e.
It is applied research since, the problem is being faced by an organization and the
research
is called upon to solve it.
Scenario 2:
Effects of Nasal Spray on Flu
A research scientist surveys 1,000 employees in different organizational settings to study
the
efficacy of several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus. He subsequently
publishes his findings in a highly respected medical journal.
Solution:
According to the purpose of doing research :
It is Descriptive research, as, the research question only finds out the special effects of
several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus in different organizational
settings. It
is to find out the relationship among the substances under study.
According to the uses of research:
It is a Basic research since the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge
.
Question#01:
Why turn over is high in some organizations?
As per above given query, explain the following components of Theoretical frame
work;
(Marks: 10)
i) Develop an inventory of variables (min. five variables required)
ii) Specify direction of relationship
iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists
iv) Make an inventory of propositions
Ans:
i) Develop an inventory of variables
Salary Package is low, Inflexibility in working hours, Low decentralization (participation
in
decision making), Lack of other benefits (bonus, appraisals, conveyance facilities, etc),
Poor
working ambiance
ii) Specify direction of relationship
a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists
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Question#02:
What is meant by a Research Proposal? Explain briefly. Also mention at what time a
research proposal is submitted? (Marks: 05)
Note: (Copied data from hand outs will not be appreciated)
Ans:
A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be
conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. Such proposals must
offer
convincing support for your research topic. It means the topic/issue for which research
study is
being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must
describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to
be used
in your research.
More over when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is
interested
to find out the answer of these questions;
What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take?
What has already been done in the area of your project?
How do you plan to do it?
How will the results be evaluated?
A good proposal is that which well defines these questions and convinces the reader that
research on specified issue is needed to conduct. So, the research proposal is submitted
before
starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and
analyzed.
Q. Explain the difference between these terms with one example of each.
i. Population and target population
ii. Sampling unit and observation unit
iii. Parameter and statistic
i. Population and Target Population.
Population refers to the entire group of people, events or things of interest that the
Solution:
Definition of Research:
Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions by
gathering the
needed information. General image of the research is that it has something to do with the
laboratory where scientists are supposedly doing some experiments. Research is simply
the
process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the
situational
factors. In research, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized manner. It is
all the
more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our
findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we
followed.
Hence not only we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system
should be
known to others.
Special Features of Scientific Method of Research:
The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover
the
principles & laws in this universe.
Special Features of Scientific Method of Research are as follows:
1. Empirical
Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through sensory
experiences. It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation.
Some of
the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class
and how
many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values,
motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be
observed
directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality
that
cannot be put to sensory experience directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day
of
Judgment, life hereafter, Gods rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain
of
scientific method.
2. Verifiable
Observations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses
to
confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the
same
researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and
conclusions if
similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same
methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we
will
gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an
important
characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the domain
of
scientific method.
3. Cumulative
Prior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that
their
study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers
take stock
of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
not leave their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be
provided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and
systematized. Nevertheless, we dont want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage
between the present and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is
how
the knowledge accumulates.
4. Deterministic
Science is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject
to
identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing just happens it
happens for
cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their
personal
likings and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which
ultimately
can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important
characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold
neutrality, and
present the results in an unbiased manner.
6. Statistical Generalization
Generalisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting
to other
settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by
research,
the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researchers findings that
participation
in decision making enhances organizational commitment are found to be true in a variety
of
manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the particular
organization
studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other organizational
settings is
enhanced. The more generalizable the research, the greater its usefulness and value.
For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed.
Here the
use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and
what is
logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations,
which is one
of the goals of scientific method.
7. Rationalism
Science is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make
sense.
Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science
must rest
on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest,
referred
to as deductive logic and inductive logic.
Q: Define Hypothesis? What are different types of hypothesis? Explain.
Solution:
Definition of Hypothesis:
A proposition that can be verified to determine its reality is a hypothesis. A hypothesis
may be
defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables, expressed
in the
form of a testable statement. Relationship is proposed by using a strong logical
argumentation.
This logical relationship may be part of theoretical framework of the study.
For example,
efficiency.
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
The higher the level of job commitment of the officers the lower their level of
absenteeism.
Types of Hypothesis:
There are different types of hypothesis which are as follows.
1-Descriptive Hypothesis
Descriptive hypothesis contains only one variable thereby it is also called as univariate
hypothesis. Descriptive hypotheses typically state the existence, size, form, or
distribution of
some variable. The first hypothesis contains only one variable. It only shows the
distribution of
the level of commitment among the officers of the organization which is higher than
average.
Such a hypothesis is an example of a Descriptive Hypothesis.
2- Relational Hypothesis
These are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The
relationship
could be non-directional or directional, positive or negative, causal or simply
correlational.
While stating the relationship between the two variables, if the terms of positive,
negative, more
than, or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of
the
relationship between the variables (positive/negative) has been indicated. These
hypotheses are
relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the
direction of the
relationship has been specified.
Non-directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not
been
specified. The relationship may be very strong but whether it is positive or negative has
not been
postulated.
Correlational hypotheses state merely that the variables occur together in some
specified
manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made
when we
believe that there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables. For example:
Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of
efficiency.
Explanatory (causal) hypotheses imply the existence of, or a change in, one variable
causes or
leads to a change in the other variable. This brings in the notions of independent and the
dependent variables. Cause means to help make happen. So the independent variable
may
not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.
3- Null Hypothesis
It is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Researchers treat
evidence that
supports a hypothesis differently from the evidence that opposes it. They give negative
evidence
more importance than to the positive one. It is because the negative evidence tarnishes
the
hypothesis. It shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null
hypothesis
simply states that there is no relationship between the variables or the relationship
between the
variables is zero. That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as H0. For
example:
H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of
efficiency. Or
H0 = The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is
zero. Or the
two variables are independent of each other.
It does not take into consideration the direction of association (i.e. H0 is non directional),
which
may be a second step in testing the hypothesis.
4- Alternative Hypothesis
The alternative (to the null) hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between
the
variables under study. In our example it could be: there is a relationship between the level
of job
commitment and the level of efficiency. Not only there is an association between the two
variables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number
1.
Thereby the alternative hypothesis is symbolically denoted as H1. It can be written like
this:
H1: There is a relationship between the level of job commitment of the officers and their
level of
efficiency.
5- Research Hypothesis
Research hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also
suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. In our example it could
be:
Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of
efficiency.
Q: Ahmad is the manager of a restaurant; he wants to see his staff cooperative and
hardworking but his staff is not working well according to his will. He decided to
give the
incentives in order to motivate and encourage them but his policy did not work
effectively.
There can be many factors behind this behavior of staff that needs to be researched.
For
this purpose, he appoints you as a researcher and asks you to discover those factors
and
submit a report to him. How you will undertake this kind of
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
research and what steps you will choose to make a report about the behavior of the
staff?
Solution:
The manager of the restaurant appoints me as a researcher to find out the factors behind
the staff
behavior. I will take the following steps in order to undertake this research and to make a
report.
These steps are as follows:
STEP 1: To Select the topic of research:
First of all I will select the topic which is a general area of study or issue. The topic in
this
research is the factors behind the staff behavior. A topic appears to be too broad for
conducting
research. The specific issues that need to be researched within the situation may not be
identified at this stage. I will try to analyze the problems currently existing in the
restaurant that
needs to be solved and the areas that a manager believes need to be improved in the
restaurant
(improving the existing policies). Then I will develop some research questions that a
basic
researcher wants to answer empirically.
STEP 2: Preliminary Data Collection or to Explore different areas from where I can
get
information related to the restaurant and staff behavior:
After selecting the topic, I will collect data from different sources. This step may be
considered as
part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for
published data
and studies. Such sources can provide secondary data which becomes part of the
background
information (about the restaurant & groups of people). Some secondary sources of data
are
statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished, case
studies,
online data, web sites, and the Internet from where I can get information. In addition,
information
can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and
restaurant,
especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the
problem. In
certain situations, I will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant.
Such
discussions can help me in the identification of factors and having clarification of their
behavior.
STEP 3: Problem Definition
After having discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the
issue relates,
and the review of literature, now I will be in a position to narrow down from its original
broad base
and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research question. As part
of the
applied research convert the management dilemma into a management question, and then
on to
research question that fits the need to resolve the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem
might
help tracing the real problem. For example in this research, the productivity decline of
workers is
an issue. The manager has tried to solve it by the provision of incentives but his policy
did not
work. I will find the possible factors like the morale and motivation of the workers
having some
other antecedents.
STEP 4: To develop the Theoretical Framework
Consultations with the informants and professionals, and the review of literature will help
me in
the identification of different factors that are considered to be relevant. Now I will need
to make a
logical relationship among several factors identified. This will help in the delineation of
the
theoretical framework. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among
the
variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being
investigated.
Developing such a conceptual framework helps to postulate or hypothesize and test
certain
relationships.
STEP 5: To Generate the Hypotheses
Once I have identified the important variables relevant to an issue and established the
logical
reasoning in the theoretical framework, I will be in a position to test whether the
relationships that
have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically, I
will obtain
reliable information to determine the relationship among the variables. The results of
these tests
offer part of the answers to the formulated research questions, whether these relate basic
research or to applied research.
STEP 6: To make a Research Design
Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting
and
analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the action
for
research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages of the
research
are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for
solving the
problem. It is very important to specify the sources of information, and the research
method or
technique (survey or experiment, for example) to be followed in the study. Broadly there
are six
basic research methods for descriptive and causal research: surveys, experiments,
observation,
communication analysis (content analysis), case study, focus group discussion.
STEP 7: Data Collection, Data Processing, and Analysis
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
Data collection is integral part of the research design; Data collection is determined by
the
research technique selected for the project. Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in
different settings field or lab and from different sources. It could includeinterviews
face to
face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews
through
electronic media; questionnaires that either personally administered, sent through mail, or
electronically administered; observation of individuals and events which could be
participant or
non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed, the data must be converted into
a format
that will answer the research questions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can
help
in making tables and the application of different statistics.
STEP 8: Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research Questions
The analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated
hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research questions. In case of applied
research,
the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organization or
society.
Making recommendations may also be part of this process.
STEP 9: Report Writing
The research report should communicate the research findings effectively. All too often
the report
is a complicated statement of the studys technical aspects and sophisticated research
methods.
The report has to be presented in the format as it may have been part of the terms of
reference if
it is a sponsored study. I will write the basic factors behind the staff behavior in my report
and I
will also give some suggestions to the manager to motivate the staff so that they can work
efficiently.
stion.<l,<ow(>
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
55- Randomization of test units is a part of ______________
A. Pretest
B. Posttest
C. Matching
D. Experiment
56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?
a. Mean, standard deviation, mode
b. Mean, median, standard deviation
c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode
that measure.
Solution:
The measure that is used by the researcher in order to capture the intensity,
direction,
level, or potency of a variable construct:
A scale is a measure in which a researcher captures the intensity, direction, level, or
potency of a
variable construct. It arranges responses or observations on a continuum or in series of
categories. A scale can use a single indicator or multiple indicators.
An index is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators
of a
construct into a single score. The composite scores is often a simple sum of the multiple
indicators. Indexes are often measured at the interval or ratio level.
Researchers sometimes combine the features of scales and indexes in a single measure.
This is
common when a researcher has a several indicators that are scales (i.e. that measure
intensity or
direction). The researcher then adds these indicators together to yield a single score,
thereby
creating an index.
The different types of that measure:
A scale refers to any series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or
magnitude, into which an item can be placed according to its quantification. In other
words, a
scale is a continuous spectrum or series of categories.
It is traditional to classify scales of measurement on the basis of the mathematical
comparisons
that are allowable with these scales. Four types of scales are nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.
Nominal Scale
A nominal scale is the one in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects serve as
labels for
identification or classification. This measurement scale is the simplest type. With nominal
data,
we are collecting information on a variable that naturally or by design can be grouped
into two or
point on the scale where there is an absence of the given attribute. If we hear that a
person has
zero amount of money, we understand the zero value of the amount.
Q: (a) Define the Probability & non-Probability sampling.
Solution (a):
Probability Sampling:
In probability sampling, every element in the population has a known nonzero probability
of
selection. The simple random is the best known probability sample, in which each
member of the
population has an equal probability of being selected.
Non-Probability Sampling:
In non-probability sampling the probability of any particular element of the population
being
chosen is unknown. The selection of units in non-probability sampling is quite arbitrary,
as
researchers rely heavily on personal judgment.
(b) Snowball sampling is also known as network, chain referral or reputational
sampling.
Comment on this statement.
Solution (b):
Snowball sampling:
Snowball sampling is also called network, chain referral, or reputational sampling. It is a
method
for identifying and sampling cases in the network. It is based on an analogy to a
snowball, which
begins small but becomes larger as it is rolled on wet snow and picks up additional snow.
It
begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out on the basis of links to the
initial cases.
This design has been found quite useful where respondents are difficult to identify and
are best
located through referral networks. In the initial stage of snowball sampling, individuals
are
discovered and may or may not be selected through probability methods. This group is
then used
to locate others who possess similar characteristics and who, in turn, identify others. The
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a sampled element is very high. A cluster is unit that contains final sampling elements but
can be treated temporarily as a sampling element itself. A researcher first samples
cluster, each of which contains elements, then draws a second sample from within the
clusters selected in the first stage of sampling. In other words, the researcher randomly
samples clusters, and then randomly samples elements from within the selected clusters.
He or she can create a good sampling frame of clusters, even if it is impossible to create
one for sampling elements. Once the researcher gets a sample of clusters, creating a
sampling frame for elements within each cluster becomes more manageable.
2. A second advantage for geographically dispersed populations is that elements within
each cluster are physically closer to each other. This may produce a savings in locating
or reaching each element.
appropriate, use statistics and graphs to determine whether or not the hypothesis is
supported.
Q. Classify this research on the basis of:
i. Purpose of doing research.
ii. The use of research
iii. Time dimension in research
Justify your answer.
Answer:
i. It is an exploratory research. Because it was a new issue and no research was
made on it before. The researchers had limited amount of information on this issue
and this research provided bases for many other studies.
ii. It is a basic research because it provides knowledge generated to understand a
phenomenon of interest to the researcher.
iii. It is a longitudinal research because it examines the employees at more than one
time. The research is spread upon 1927 to 1932. A group of 6 women was selected
for 5 years so it can be further classified as Panel study.
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
Q. Identify these variables used in the experiment:
i. Dependent variables
ii. Independent variables
iii. Extraneous variables
Justify your answer.
Answer:
i. The variable that is the result of another variable(s) is called a dependent variable.
Productivity of the employees is the dependent variable in this case. Because it
depends on many other independent variables.
ii. The variable that causes the dependent variable is called independent variable. It is
a cause variable. In our example light illumination, rest breaks, duration of work
hours, temperature, food, wages and humidity are independent variables because
they affect productivity.
iii. Extraneous variables are factors other than the independent variable that could result
in changes in the dependent variable. In an experiment, these factors should be
controlled so that they are constant in all conditions. If they are not well-controlled,
then they result in possible alternative explanations (other than changes in the
independent variable) that could account for the changes observed in the dependent
variable. Possible extraneous variables in this research can be knowledge of the
employees that they are being observed (when employees know that they are
being watched, they tend to modify their behavior), special attention paid to them,
supervisors style, etc.
e that Xsawpmit of what he or she can study.
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focus groups?
a) It is difficult to send out a welcome message to participants this way
b) Moderators cannot be available online 24 hours a day
c) Not all participants will have access to the required conferencing software
d) Participants do not have enough time to write detailed responses
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It has no validity.
Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is a characteristic of a standardized test?
The administration of the test is controlled carefully to ensure that all examinees
experience the same conditions.
The test is developed by experts to ensure it is technically sound.
The scores are interpreted in standard ways.
All of the given options
Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Mr. Latif is measuring students' attitudes on a controversial topic. Which of the following
would you recommend he use to control for the potential problem of students feeling the
need to respond with socially acceptable responses?
Ensure construct validity
Allow anonymous responses
Ensure reliability
Ensure confidentiality
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following scales can measure the Temperature?
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
All of the given options
Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Following are the properties of nominal scale, except;
Least powerful
Suggest no order
Provide categorical information
Provide magnitude of object
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3. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poor
readers improve their reading performance. The children in the program are at the
4th percentile at pretest. At posttest they are around the 20th percentile. While it is
possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in
scores could be:
a. History
b. Regression artifact
c. Multiple-treatment interference
d. Differential selection
4. A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms
are assigned to treatment or control conditions. After the study, the researcher
finds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in
the experimental group. He found no treatment effect. The failure to find an effect
may be due to:
a. A treatment effect
b. A testing effect
c. A differential selection effect
d. A maturation effect
5. A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor
readers' reading achievement. He looks at two different schools. One serves as the
control and the other the experimental group. Both schools had reading
achievement that was around the 50th percentile. During the time that the
mentoring program is in place in the experimental group, a statewide reading
initiative is started in randomly selected schools. The experimental, but not the
control school is involved in the initiative. At the end of the year, the
experimental group does better than the control. From the information presented
d. Investigator triangulation
10. _____________ is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the
participants own words.
a. Participant feedback
b. A verbatim
c. Data triangulation
d. Investigator triangulation
11. ___________ refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within
individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue.
a. Instrumentation
b. History
c. Maturation
d. Testing
12. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized across time?
a. Ecological validity
b. External validity
c. Internal validity
d. Temporal validity
13. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity?
a. Factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher
b. Accurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what is
being studied
c. Degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data
d. Ability to generalize the study results across settings
14. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively
17. What may happen when different comparison groups experience a different
history event?
a. History effect
b. Selection-history effect
c. Selection effect
d. Group effect
18. What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable?
a. Last variable
b. First variable
c. Third variable
d. Fourth variable
19. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time
in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed?
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Testing
d. Selection
20. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalize from the
sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target
population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger
target population?
a. External validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Temporal validity
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21. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote qualitative research
validity?
a. Peer review
b. Theory triangulation
c. Extended fieldwork
d. Random assignment
22. The use of several measures of a construct is called:
a. Multiple operationalism
b. Multiple construct measurement
c. Operationalism
d. Methods triangulation
23. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects
their performance on the dependent variable is called ________.
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Regression
d. None of above
24. Attrition generally occurs in research where ____.
a. You do demographic research
b. The study fails
c. Some participants do not complete the study
d. The study is very brief
25. Differential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are
different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison
group.
a. True
b. False
26. Internal validity refers to which of the following?
a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variables
b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populations
of persons,
settings, and times
c. The use of effective measurement instruments in the study
d. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in the
study
27. Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple
research methods to study a phenomenon?
a. Data triangulation
b. Methods triangulation
c. Theory triangulation
d. Member checking
28. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported
by the researcher?
a. Ecological validity
b. Temporal validity
c. Descriptive validity
d. None of the above
29. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity?
a. Maturation
b. Instrumentation
c. Temporal change
d. History
30. This type of validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study
across settings.
a. Temporal validity
b. Internal validity
c. Ecological validity
d. External validity
31. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design?
a. History
b. Testing
c. Sampling error
d. Differential selection
32. Alteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a
study is known as ______.
a. Operationalism
b. Reactivity
c. Temporal validity
d. Mortality
33. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of
people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing
beyond the original participants is known as ___________.
a. Naturalistic generalization
b. Methods generalization
c. Data triangulation
d. Replication logic
The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options
An operational definition is:
One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.
One that refers to opera singers and their work.
If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain
their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental
Occurrences
All of the given
Under which of the following research method is not applicable?
Health care
Business
Government offices
Imaginary worlds
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http://.com
1- Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
D. A tentative statement about the relationship
2- Statistics is used by researchers to
A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
B. Make their findings sound better
C. Operationally define their variables
D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
3- A literature review requires
A. Planning
B. Good & clear writing
C. Lot of rewriting
5- A theoretical framework
A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables
B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s
C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
D. All of the above
6- Which of the following statement is not true?
A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project
B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully
conducting the proposed research project
C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project
D. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the
research project
7- Preliminary data collection is a part of the
A. Descriptive research
B. Exploratory research
C. Applied research
D. Explanatory research
8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating
A. Primary data
B. Secondary data
C. Qualitative data
9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is
A. To conduct surveys
B. To generate the hypothesis
C. To focus group discussions
D. To use experiments in an investigation
10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined by
A. The research design
B. Nature of the data collected
C. Nature of the hypothesis
D. Both A & B
E. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:
a. Mall interviews
b. Mall intercept interviews
c. Brief interviews
d. None of the given options
F. WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates.
In this regard, WATS is the abbreviation of:
a. West Africa Theological Seminary
b. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study
c. Wide Area Telecommunications Service
d. World Air Transport Statistics
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K. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general
question before a specific question then this procedure is called as the:
a. Research technique
b. Qualitative technique
c. Funnel technique
d. Quantitative technique
L. A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:
a. Pilot testing
b. Pre-testing
c. Lab experiments
d. Both A & B
M. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:
a. Respondents are willing to co-operate
b. Respondents are not willing to co-operate
c. Respondents do not like any participation
d. All of the given options
N. Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:
a. Self-administered questionnaires
b. Office assistant
c. Manager
d. None of the given options
A.
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D. Applied research
2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as
A. Mall interviews
B. Mall intercept interviews
C. Brief interviews
D. None of the given options
3. is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking
general question before a specific question.
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
4. In, the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
5. Randomization of test units is a part of
A. Pretest
B. Posttest
C. Matching
D. Experiment
http://.com
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1- Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
D. A tentative statement about the relationship
2- Statistics is used by researchers to
A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
B. Make their findings sound better
C. Operationally define their variables
D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
3- A literature review requires
A. Planning
B. Good & clear writing
C. Lot of rewriting
D. All of the above
4- A literature review is based on the assumption that
A. Copy from the work of others
B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others
C. Knowledge disaccumulates
D. None of the above option
5- A theoretical framework
A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables
B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s
C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
D. All of the above
1. Research design
2. Questionnaire design
3. Interview design
4. Survey design
I. Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a:
1. Double barreled question
2. General question
3. Accurate question
4. Confusing question
2. Pre-testing
3. Lab experiments
4. Both A & B
M. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:
1. Respondents are willing to co-operate
2. Respondents are not willing to co-operate
3. Respondents do not like any participation
4. All of the given options
N. Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:
1. Self-administered questionnaires
2. Office assistant
3. Manager
4. None of the given options
6-If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple
intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
applieed
20-Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to measure the
achievement
levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter
test?
Select correct option:
Definition
Construct
Variable
Operationalized variable
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Quiz 01
STA 630- Research Methods
Choose the best option and give answer according to the
instructions
1. Rationalism is the application of which of the following?
A. Logic and arguments
B. Research solution
C. Reasoning
D. Previous findings
2. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?
A. Logical understanding
B. Identification of events
C. Prior knowledge
D. All of the given options
3. Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable
evidence?
A. Opinion
B. Empiricism
C. Speculation
D. Rationalism
4. Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;
A. Health care
B. Religion
C. Business
D. Government offices
5. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;
A. Data are systematically analyzed
B. Data are collected systematically
C. Results are generalizable
D. Results are used to improve practice
6. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
A. Variables are tightly controlled
B. Results are generalizable
C. Data are usually qualitative
D. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships
7. If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to
ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which of the
following types of research?
A. Experimental
B. Applied
C. Basic
D. Evaluation
question?
A. If
B. How
C. Why
D. What
9. Which of the following is not the source for getting information for
exploratory research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
10. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?
A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsification
B. A theory that is proven to be right
C. A theory that has been disproved
D. A theory that has been falsified
11. Which of the following is not a concept?
A. Leadership
B. Total Quality Management
C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
D. Human Resource Management
D. Intervening variable
13. Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?
A. An extraneous variable
B. A dependent variable
C. A data set
D. A constant
14. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical
variable?
A. Age
B. Annual income
C. Grade point average
D. Religion
15. Income distribution of employees in a specific organization is an
example of which of following type of variable?
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Continuous variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
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Solution of Quiz 01
Spring Semester 2009
STA 630- Research Methods
Question No: Answer
1A
2A
3B
4B
5C
6C
7D
8D
9A
10 A
11 C
12 C
13 D
14 D
15 B
16 B
17 B
18 B
19 C
20 C
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1. Operational definitions are useful because they offer specificity, but are not essential
when the scientific method is used.
True
False
2. The ability to make inferences about cause and effect relationships is increased when
the experimental method is used.
True
False
3. In a positive linear relationship, increases in the levels of one variable are associated
with increases in the levels of a second variable.
True
False
4. Which is NOT a problem when the non experimental method is used to study
relationships between variables?
Direction of cause and effect
Behavior is only measured
A "third" variable may be responsible for the relationship.
5. Which of the following relationships would most likely be studied with the
nonexperimental method?
The effect of parental use of alcohol on aggressive behavior of children.
The effect of distraction while studying on test performance.
The effect of defendant attractiveness on juror decisions.
9. Internal validity refers to the ability to draw inferences about cause and effect
relationships between variables.
True
False
10. Complete understanding of behavior is achieved by studying variables using multiple
operational definitions and both experimental and non experimental methods.
True
False
============================ANSWERS===========================
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. Measurement
5. Alcohol and aggression
6. False
7. exam type/exam score
8. Randomization
9. True
10. True
gn:nonA tx/}wce:none'>levels of the students in her study. Which of the
following BEST describes the chapter test?
Select correct option:
Definition
Construct
Variable
Operationalized variable
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%3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1
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1. If you predict a curvilinear relationship, you must have at least three levels of the
independent variable in your experiment.
True
False
2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant gender (male-female) and type of crime
(robbery-embezzlement) on juror decisions. How many conditions are in this study?
two.
three
four
3. If a study has two or more independent variables, it is called a factorial design.
True
False
4. Participants gave longer sentences for embezzlement than robbery, irrespective of
gender. This implies that there was a:
main effect of gender.
main effect of type of crime.
interaction.
5. In the IV X SV design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic of
participants such as personality type.
True
False
6. In a mixed factorial design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic of
participants such as personality type.
True
False
7. A researcher interested in attitude change designed an experiment that examined the
effect of age (18-25 years of age, 35-50, and over 60) and type of media (newspaper,
radio, television) on attitude toward a tax increase for local schools. In a completely
independent groups design with 20 participants per condition, the researcher needs to
study ______ people.
60
120
180
8. The effect of motivation depended on whether there was a clear standard for
excellence. This sentence implies that there was a(n):
main effect of motivation
main effect of standard
interaction effect
9. A main effect is the effect of one independent variable averaged over the other
independent variables.
True
False
10. Dr. Fox studied the effect of attractiveness on juror decisions. Dr. Ramirez studied the
effect of type of crime on juror decisions. What would be gained by studying both
independent variables in one experiment?
main effects
interaction
curvilinear relationship
=========================ANSWERS==============================
1. True
2. four
3. True
4. main effect of type of crime
5. True
6. False
7. 180
8. interaction effect
9. True
10. interaction
colo# ak/}whol and aggression
6. False
7. exam type/exam score
8. Randomization
9. True
10. True
gn:nonA tx/}wce:none'>levels of the students in her study. Which of the
following BEST describes the chapter test?
Select correct option:
Definition
Construct
Variable
Operationalized variable
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1. Your county has just developed a new procedure for helping juveniles who are
arrested. Does the new procedure result in fewer arrests in the future? This is a question
of:
outcome evaluation.
process evaluation
longitudinal
sequential
8. When Donald Campbell compared fatalities in Connecticut and nearby states before
and after a police speeding crackdown, the ___________ design was used.
interrupted time series
control series
longitudinal
9. Cross-sectional designs confound developmental changes and cohort effects.
True
False
10. After comparing the effects of jail and a drug treatment program on persons convicted
of drug-related offenses, a researcher analyzed the societal costs of each. The researcher
has conducted:
outcome evaluation
needs assessment
economic efficiency assessment
===========================ANSWERS============================
1. outcome evaluation
2. True
3. True
4. ABA design
5. False
6. True
7. longitudinal
8. control series
9. True
10. economic efficiency assessment
ce:n >s/}w='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
Arial;color:black'>Select correct option:
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1. You want to know if males and females differ in preferences for dogs and cats as pets.
You ask males and females to indicate whether they prefer dogs, cats, or neither dogs nor
cats. When you describe your results, you will compare:
means.
percentages.
medians.
2. You want to know if males and females differ in the length of recommended sentence
for someone found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. You ask males and
females to indicate the number of weeks of jail time the convicted person should receive.
When you describe your results, you will compare:
means
percentages
medians
3. If you are using a nominal scale, the standard deviation is the best measure of
variabilility of responses.
True
False
4. You conducted a survey of students in your school. You report that half the students
work 25 hours per week or less. The statistic you used is the
mean.
median.
mode
5. Couples who share more similar attitudes indicate that they are more satisfied with
their relationship. This reflects a ___________ correlation.
positive
negative
6. A correlation coefficient provides information about the strength of the relationship
between variables.
True
False
7. A researcher assessed the following variables in a sample of teenage males: aggressive
behavior, anger, loneliness, and perceived social support from family and friends. In
addition to examining the correlations among these variables, the researcher tested a
proposed model of how these variable are related to one another. The researcher is using
a:
partial correlation analysis.
structural equation model.
multiple regression analysis.
8. You believe that the relationship between the two variables you are investigating is
curvilinear. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will provide a good
index of the strength of this relationship.
True
False
9. You expected to find that age is related to more conservative political attitudes.
However, your study found that the two variables were not related. Before you conclude
that the two variables are not related, you should examine the range of values on your age
variable.
True
False
10. A multiple correlation is a correlation between one variable and
another variable that is measured on a ratio scale.
a combined set of variables.
a manipulated variable.
===========================ANSWERS============================
1. percentages
2. means
3. False
4. median
5. positive
6. True
7. structural equation model
8. False
9. True
10. combined set of variables
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1. Statistical significance tests allow you to make inferences about population values
based on data obtained from samples.
True
False
2. After conducting a statistical test, you conclude that the mean score of males differs
significantly from the mean score of females. You have:
accepted the null hypothesis
rejected the null hypothesis
made a Type I error
3. With larger sample sizes, your sample data are more likely to accurately reflect true
population values.
True
False
4. You did not reject the null hypothesis. It is possible that you made a:
Type I error.
Type II error.
Type I and a Type II error.
5. To increase the likelihood of obtaining a significant result, you should have a:
large difference between groups.
small variabilility within groups.
both of these are true.
6. In addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data, it is important to
know about effect size, the strength of the relationship between your variables.
True
False
7. When you conduct a t-test, your obtained data are transformed into a single obtained t
value. A ____________ of t values exists to allow you to know the probability that your
data are consistent with the null hypothesis.
sampling distribution
random probability distribution
Type I error table
8. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is called:
alpha
beta
power
9. Another term for systematic variance is between-group variance. Another term for
error variance is within-group variance.
True
False
10. When designing a study, it is possible to calculate the sample size that will be needed
to obtain a statistically significant effect. This calculation is called:
Type II error analysis.
effect size analysis.
power analysis.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. True
2. rejected the null hypothesis
3. True
4. Type II error
5. both of these
6. True
7. sampling distribution
8. power
9. True
10. power analysis
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True
False
2. The ability to infer that that the independent variable caused the effect on the
dependent variable is called:
internal validity
external validity
criterion validity
3. When you discuss the extent to which your results would apply to other people or
settings, you are concerned with:
internal validity
external validity
criterion validity
4. A jury decision study used a male judge. A way to increase generalizability would be
to replicate the study with a female judge.
True
False
5. A replication in which the original procedures are duplicated is called a(n)
_______________ .
exact replication
conceptual replication
systematic replication.
6. A synthesis of the data obtained from many studies on a particular topic is called a
literature review.
True
False
7. A study on fear of medical procedures was conducted in a room on campus that had
been decorated as a doctor's office has:
experimental realism
mundane realism
replicability
8. The participants in the study became very involved in a computer simulation. This
study has:
experimental realism
mundane realism
replicability
9. A study that uses different procedures for manipualating and measuring variables from
another study is called a conceptual replication.
True
False
10. A study conducted outside the confines of a standard laboratory/classroom is called a:
field experiment
mundane experiment
meta-analysis
==========================ANSWERS=============================
1. True
2. internal validity
3. external validity
4. True
5. exact replication
6. True
7. mundane realism
8. experimental realism
9. True
10. field experiment
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5. Scores on a final exam are related to student grade point average, the amount of time
spent studying for the exam, and class attendance. What type of validity is demonstrated
in this case?
convergent validity.
discriminant validity.
criterion validity.
6. Nominal scales of measurement have no quantitative properties.
True
False
7. Which of the following variables does NOT have ratio scale properties?
job satisfaction rating
reaction time to respond when a stimulus is presented
distance (in inches) that two people stand from each other when conversing
8. My measure allows me to successfully predict future behavioral outcomes. My
measure has:
Criterion validity
Face validity
9. Unobtrusive measures reduce the problem of reactivity.
True
False
10. Whenever you divide people into groups, you probably using a nominal scale level of
measurement.
True
False
========================ANSWERS===============================
1. False
2. Cronbach's alpha
3. True
4. Construct validity
5. Convergent validity
6. True
7. job satisfaction
8. Criterion validity
9. True
10. True
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1. A researcher is granted permission to become involved with a college basketball team - attending practices and team meetings, accompanying coaches on recruiting trips,
regularly talking with players, etc. The researcher used naturalistic observation.
True
False
2. A researcher devised a coding system to analyze the messages on an Internet bulletin
board discussion of the controversy concerning Elian Gonzalez, the Cuban boy who was
rescued after a boat accident in the ocean between Cuba and the United States. This study
used:
content analysis.
naturalistic observation.
systematic observation.
9. A psychologist conducts a study that uses data collected from many cultures in the
world. The researcher probably used:
Human Relations Area Files
PsycINFO
10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s
about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has
collected:
quantitative data.
qualitative data.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. True
2. content analysis
3. False
4. Systematic observation
5. negative case analysis
6. True
7. archival research
8. inter-rater reliability
9. Human Relations Area Files
10. qualitative data
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1. With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has a(n)
specifiable probability of being sampled.
True
False
2. You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population of
open-ended
9. If you need a sample of about 1,000 to get an accurate estimate of a population of
10,000 people, you need a sample size of 2,000 if your population consists of 20,000
people.
True
False
10. Which is most likely to yield qualitative data?
Mail survey
Focus group
Telephone interview
==============================ANSWERS=========================
1. True
2. probability sampling
3. True
4. response rate
5. True
6. double-barreled
7. attitudes and behaviors
8. open-ended
9. False
10. Focus group interview
-h _t1/}wayout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>PsycINFO
10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s
about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has
collected:
quantitative data.
qualitative data.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. True
2. content analysis
3. False
4. Systematic observation
5. negative case analysis
6. True
7. archival research
8. inter-rater reliability
9. Human Relations Area Files
10. qualitative data
1. The reasons why the independent variable might not have caused an effect on the
dependent variable are called threats to internal validity.
True
False
2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant physical attractiveness on juror decisions.
The attractive person was 20 years old, and the unattractive person was a 45-year old.
The problem here is that:
age is confounded with attractiveness.
it is very difficult to operationally define physical attractiveness.
attractiveness is not related to perceptions of guilt.
3. The use of existing natural groups of participants usually results in equivalent groups
for the experiment.
True
False
4. The same people participate in each condition of an experiment. What type of design is
this?
repeated measures (within-subjects)
independent groups (between-subjects)
matched pairs
5. Mortality refers to the fact that participants may drop out of experiments.
True
False
6. Complete counterbalancing means that:
there were no practice effects
all possible orders of the IV were used
all Latin squares were constructed
7. An advantage of a repeated measures design is that it requires fewer participants.
True
False
8. Practice and fatigue effects are both problems with independent groups designs.
True
False
9. All things being equal, which design is more likely to result in a statistically significant
effect?
Independent groups
Repeated measures
10. You identified the 15 employees in a large organization who were absent from work
the most days during the previous month. You require these employees to attend a oneday
program on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. In the
following month, all of the employees improved their attendance. The improvement
could be caused by the program or it might be due to:
statistical regression.
mortality
instrument decay
==============================ANSWER==========================
1. True
2. age is confounded
3. False
4. repeated measures
5. True
6. all possible orders
7. True
8. False
9. Repeated measures
10. Statistical regression
p> " pc/}wormal style='line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; textautospace:none'>collected:
quantitative data.
qualitative data.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. True
2. content analysis
3. False
4. Systematic observation
5. negative case analysis
6. True
7. archival research
8. inter-rater reliability
9. Human Relations Area Files
10. qualitative data