A Basic Modern Russian Grammar

Basic Modern Russian Grammar, Eugenia Nekrasova, 1997.
Graphic Design, eBook puisher, Dmitry Pobedimsky, 2002.

ISBN 5-85550-119-1
Ron Maxim, Director,

Government Cargo Support Services, Maersk Sealand , Atlanta, GA, USA:
...Mzs.--n.ekzasova 's book is vezy czeative ...
Frederick Lyons, Resident Representative,
United Nations Development Programme in the Russian Federation
This book vezy dehiniteey heeped ipzove Russian .
With good hz d stzong didactic pzincipees it eeads thzough the
dihhicueties oh the Russian <;;zz.
Markku Lehto, Chief of Moscow Bureau
of the Finnish Broadcasting Company, Finland
The book is zeaeey vezy h. The expeaatios give i the
book aze ceeaz and inventive. The teaching ateziaes have vezy
weee sozted.
the Readers
This book is meant both for the learners and the teachers of Russian.
The name of the book speaks for itself:
"
Basic Modern Russian Grammar".
The attention is focused on the facts of Modern Russian language which are
basic, of high frequency and in common use.
As most of the learners are not professional linguists the author tried to avoid
unnecessary linguistic terms.
The explanations, charts and presentation of grammar material n the
learners of Russian understand some practical mechanisms of the language
in certain logical order .
The teachers of Russian can use it in their practical work.
All the charts originally belong to the author.
The author expresses her deep gratitude to D. Pobedimsky without whom
the book would not have succeeded and to Prof. . Wade (UK) for his encouragement.
)
wish
success,
E.ugenia --n.ekzasova
Shortly about tl1e Author

Eugenia Nekrasova, Moscow, Russia.
.. in Philology and Education , Moscow State University.
For many years she has been working as full-time senior
teacher and lecturer for the USSR / Russian Federation Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Language Service, teaching
Russian , English and related subjects to foreign diplomats,
businessmen and journalists, including the staff of the United Nations Moscow
office, Sea Land CIS Logistics, Caterpillar Overseas, Ernst & Young , the State
Finnish Radio & V Moscow office and many others.
Now she divides her time between teaching and writing books on language.
She has written five successful books on learning Modern Russian as Second
Language and on learning English for people speaking Russian :
1. " Basic Modern Russian Grammar" - 380 pages, "Gummerus", Helsinki,

Finland , 1998. Puished in Finnish, translated from English. ISBN 951-20-5264-4
2. "Exercises in Basic Modern Russian Grammar" - 250 pages,
"Gummerus", Helsinki, Finland , 2000 . Puished in Finnish , translated from English. ISBN 951-20-5507-4
3. "Living & Working in the Former USSR" - 211 pages, colour illustrated,
succesfully practised course book of Modern Russian, best used for crashcourses. ISBN 5-85550-121-3
4. "Popular English Grammar" - 400 pages, "Slavyansky Dom Knigi" Puish
ers, Moscow, Russia, 1999. First print - 25,000 copies. ISBN 5-93220-001-4
5. "English for Work and Travel" - 360 pages, "Slavyansky Dom Knigi" Publishers, Moscow, Russia, 2000, with D.Pobedimsky. First print - 15,000 copies.
ISBN 5-93220-052-9
The author would gladly accept any comments on the book
email: eugnekr@mail.ru
Basie Modern Russian Grammar
The Gender Agreement of Russian Nouns

in the Singular
.!
=
~
AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN

There are 2 main types of relations between the words in Russian
sentence: Agreement and Governing.
Agreement could in Gender, Number and Person.
...=
PRINCIPLE OF GENDER AGREEMENT
Agreement in Gender takes place:
between the long adjectives and the nouns,
between the adjectival pronouns and the nouns,
between the ordinal numerals and the nouns,
between the cardinal numeral one and nouns,

between the long participles and the nouns,
between the nouns/personal pronouns and the short participles
/short adjectives,
between the nouns/personal pronouns and the verbs in the Past

tense form.
Part 1 deals with the first five types of Gender Agreement.
Part 1 covers the proems of Gender Agreement between nouns and
words preceding them in units. 1 called the words preceeding nouns in
units - the characterizing words.
The characterizing words can :
adjectives,
adjectival pronouns (possessive, demonstrative etc),
ordinal numerals,
long participles,
cardinal numeral one.

You will learn:
estaish
how to
how to make the Singular form Gender Agreement between nouns

and words characterizing them.
Part 1
the Gender of
noun and
page 1
Basie Moler11 R11ssia11 G1a1111na1

HOW ESTABLISH GENDER OF NOUN
All Russian nouns attributed to one of the three genders:
Masculine (), Feminine (F) Neuter(N)

You will glad to know that the gender of the majority of the Russian
nouns one can tell from the ending of the dictionary form (Nominative
Case).
The gender of nouns is mostly formal thing.
Now you will learn how to determine the gender of noun.
[]
Nouns ending in consonants and
Nouns ending in
- car
- week
Nouns ending in
Feminine:
-, - , - , -
Neuter:
- seat
- sea
- compartment
- building
- TV
- health
But things never that simple in languages:

irrespective of the Feminine - , - ending
small group of nouns denoting .male_s ~ E.g.
has Masculine gender agreement
(so called Natural Masculines):

f(t;a-'
-tim

- grandfather
- uncle
Neuter:
- name
.
- interview
Part 1
() +
- father' dad
- man
The following nouns
-=
- Volga
- article
- surname
- Russia
-museum
- China
mommy
[]
- friend
- city
- , - , - , -
- mama,
Masculine:
- house
- man
[]
lai.'
- menu
- jury

- taxi
page2
=
=
IJ
rlJ
GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS

very ig group of nouns ending in - (soft sign) could either
Feminine or Masculine.
The Gender of these nouns could found in the dictionaries. ~
Nouns denoting males ( natural masculines) are Masculine: . 11r.

J
1

- guest, - driver, - teacher,

- writer, - Tzar, - king ,
- goalkeeper etc.
Names of months ending in
- news
are all Masculine:

- January, - February, etc.
Natural feminines are all Feminine:
- mother, - daughter etc.
Nouns ending in - , -, - are Feminine:
- life
- signature etc.
The Gender of other soft sign nouns

has to learned individually.
J totia'.1
REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS

noun could replaced the following personal pronouns
depending on the estaished gender:
D
Masculine nouns
- he, it
? ~ .
?
D Feminine nouns - she, it

? ~
D Neuter nou ns - it
? ~ .
? ~ .
Part 1
page 3
Basie Moler11 R11ssia11 G1a1111na1

HOW
ESTABLISH
All the place names could
GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
divided into 2 groups:
First group
The place names have the endings which formally fit the Russian system
of endings:
. , , , ,
F. , , , -
N. -
Second group
There are many place names which do not fit the Russian system of
endings:
-===
:..
, , , , , , , ~
These words exist only in this unchangeae (indeclinale) form. Their

gender is estaished in special way (through association with the
generic word).
.::
....
-=
1J.
FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT ;

There is group of nouns of foreign origin in Russian which do not decline. ~
E.g.
- highway
- subway
- taxi,
- cafe
- compartment
- radio (set)
- movies, cinema
- studio,dress shop
- office
- interview
- overcoat etc.
All these words are Neuter and their Gender agreement and pronoun
replacement is Neuter.
E.g .

- Minsk highway -
- interesting interview -
- new overcoat -
but - Masculine - hot coffee
~
. f(t1a.'
Part 1
page4
='=
;
~
:.
~
~
Basie Moder11 Russian Gramu1ar
GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS

AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN SINGULAR
The adjectives and adjectival words are registered in the dictionaries in the
Masculine.
You can make other gender forms on your own if you follow the rules which will
stipulated further.
= The gender agreement between nouns and adjectives
~
~
...=
The Masculine adjectival endings which

dictionary are as follows:
foreign learner
trace from the ;.
- like in
- new, - famous
- like in - ig , lage, - bad, expensive, d
- like in - Russian, - English, good, - small, little, - last
So, these adjectives can attached to the nouns the gender of

which is marked or estaished as Masculine, for example:
Masculine adjective + Masculine noun

.
+
.
Feminine adjective + Feminine noun

make Feminine adjective to attach it to
replace Masculine endings
, , -7
E.g.
new
F.
-7
Feminine noun, you have to
ending.
F.
new
lage , ig
Part 1
F.
-7
F.
ig
page 5
=
=
r/1
~
=
...
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

F.
= bad
;..
=
~
1J
-7
~ expensive
F.
-?
bad
English
English school
F.
F.
F.
F.
expensive
F.
F.
F.
-7
good, nice
F.
good school
F.
F.
= Russian -7 Russian school small, little -7 small school

= The only exception to this rule presents limited group of ~
llii
~
"CJj
adjectives ending in
- last,
-
l
l
like
l,
rctice.1
- late etc.
in - is replaced -
-7
-7
l
l
- last page
- late autumn
-=
Neuter adjective + Neuter noun
make the Neuter adjective to attach it to

replace - , - - - :
Neuter noun, you have to
- new ovecoat
-7 - lage window
-7 - bad schedule
-7
-7
-7
IJ
1J
- Russian wod
- Finnish adio
-7 - small window
Exce.plLon
But - is replaced - if Masculine adjective ends in
- , - , - , - , - .
N.
E.g.
l
l
l
-7
-7
-7
-7
l -7
Part 1
N.
- last lette
l - fesh meat
l - good mood
l - hot milk
l - pesent time
=
=
lee
ltia.'
pageG
.!
~
r
...
GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN ADJECTIVES

AND NOUNS OF ADJECTIVAL ORIGIN
An adjectival noun has the form of an adjective but functions as noun. ~
Most of the adjectival nouns result from the omission of noun qualified .
the adjective, for example:
otic~.'
. () - scientist
F. () - bathroom
. () - Russian (nat.)
F. () - embankment
. (eoe)-unemployed N. () - second course
F. () - Russian (nat.)
N. () - main course
~
F. () - dining-room
N. - ice-cream
=
r./1
So, the adjectival nouns are qualified like normal nouns:

.
+ - famous scientist
F.
+ N.
N.
+
F.
large dining-room
,1,
"
" oiu:e.
=
rlJ.
=
=
=
~
;
- delicious ice-cream
The possessive pronouns used as characterizing words

.
This is my
hou~
s.
.
This is my car.
This
is our house.
Th1s 1s our seat.

?
;.
'=t
from
ls this your car?

F
ls this your seat?

?
ls this your house?
;.
~
"
=
? ~
ls this your car?

ls this your seat? N ._,___ __... F
Part 1
F This is our
. . ~
~ .. i~
This is my seat.
ls this your house?
rlJ.
rlJ.
page 7
~
~
Dasie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1am1na1
Possessive pronouns (his) , (her), (their) do not

change according to the gender principle, they exist only in one
unchangeae form :
(his)
- his
- his place
'1
(their)
thei
. lr!ia .'
- his house
=
...=
(her)
house
- h house
- h

- thei
- h place
- thei place
.f.flt lll ll iJ
,,,, , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
-=
The demonstrative and determinative pronouns
used as characterizing words
- this, the". close to hand

.
is this house.
. ~ .
is this place. N
t.-
.....
is this .
~
~
... - this is, that is - Jjail cJl .'
This is my house.
F.
This is my
:.
N.
. ':/
This is my seat. :.
~
tfitirr.'
lt is necessary to distinguish the characterizing , which changes

according to genders and used in the meaning of this is, that is,
these are, those are. The latter is not characterizing word, and it does
not change according to genders.
Part 1
page8
-==
~
~
~
.:
~
Basie Modern R11ssian Gramo1ar
- that one, the one which was meant, distant object
/'i
is that house.
~ F .
is that place.
- this kind, the same
This kind of
is that steet.
This kind of house?
N
AF
This kind of
used in expressive sentences like:
/ \ lt is so windy today!
!
N~F
lt is so sunny today!
lt is so hot today!
- what ... , comines with
long adjectives:
What heavy wind!

!
What hot summe!
F
!
What
Part 1
heavy
thundestom!
page 9
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1111na1

Similar meaning could rendered
- such ... , what ...

!
!
What
/\
hot summe! N ~ F
What
comines
heavy wind!
!
What
heavy thundestom!
- the same, the same kind as,
with long adjectives:

.
The
.
The same kind of
- the
same kind of house.
/\
. N ~ F The same kind of .
r/J.
v, the most, most
lndicates precise location:

. .
lt' s the
v cente
of the city.
Comines with long adjectives to denote superlative meaning :

.
This is the
=
=
=
=
~
=
=
r/J.
iggest housQ.
. ;
This is the most expensive
....
~
,,.=
This is the most comfotae seat.
~
:.
- the same, the
v,
mentioned f
/\
NL____iF
Part 1
page 10

rl1
:.
Basie Moder11 Russian Gramo1ar

The lnterrogative Pronouns used as characterizing words
The lnterrogative Pronouns are used in questions:
- what, which, what kind of, what is the number of.. ?
? ~ ?
~
~
...=
N~F
What is your carriage number?

What is the class of your carriage?
What kind of person is he?
What is your telephone number?

What kind of telephone do you have?
r/1
-==
:.
What is the weather like tomorrow?
What kind of apartment do you have?

What is the number of your apartment?
;
rl1
What is the number of your compartment?i

What is the class of your compartment?
What is the number of your seat?
-?
.
- Whose ...?
Who is the owner?
whom it belongs?
? ?
Whose is this house?
NF
Whose is this compartment?
Part 1
Whose is this ?
page 11
Basie Mo1ler11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
=0
:.=
~
;
rJ)
Other characterizing words
- all, the whole
=
=
~
- the whole day
- all the time N ..____ ____.. F - the whole country
- one, ...
- one seat,
place
- is an emphatic pronoun, it can characterize both nouns and
personal pronouns:
/\
-=
- he himself
- itself N ~ F - she herself
GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
=
=
r/)
~ ~
Names of professions ending in consonants and the soft sign are

exclusively masculine as originally they were male dominated.
E.g . : Q
profession
~ - doctor 7
1'
1'
.
. . ,
. 1rlra.
The characterizing words are always Masculine irrespective of sex:

Some other popular nouns denoting professions:
- announcer, - director, - teacher,

- chairman, - professor, - cook,
- engineer, - bookkeeper, - trainer,
- guide, - film-director, photographer, - editor etc.
Part 1
page 12
;i
Basie Modern Russian
=
.... Part 2
G1~an1mar
The Plural of Nouns.

rlJ.
=
l\Iumber Agreement of
r.
= The
SINGULAR - ONL NOUNS
Russian
l\ouns.
Not all the nouns have both Singular and Plural forms.
There are nouns which exist only in the Singular.
.$ They include nouns which denote:
~ collectives:
~
- dishware, - furniture, - footware,

weapons,
- clothes, - cosmetics, etc.
.$
~
human activities:
- policy/politics, - industry, ;;
- economy/economics, - medicine, - sports,
- television, - radio, etc.
substances; foods, cereals, fruits and
vegetaes:
- gold, - oil, - wool, - oil, butter,

- beer, - rice, - meat, - flour, - grapes,
- raisins, - cabbage, - onion, chocolate, etc.
feelings and sensations: - happiness, - envy, etc.
r.
FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
The nouns of all Genders make Plural forms with the help of 2 groups
~
of endings: First Group
- or - ending: Big Group of Masculine& Feminine Nouns ~
Second Group
~
or
ending: Small Group of Masculine & Neuter Nouns
First Group: Masculine & Feminine Nouns

- ending (hard line) after hard consonants
Singular
Plural
. ~
- suitcases
- computers
etc.
- foreigners
ending instead of -
- cars
- apartments
- women
etc.
F.
F.
F.
Part2
rlJ.
page 13
=
=
=
~
Bitsie Moder11 lt11ssia11 Gritn1.n1a1

-
ending (soft line) instead of -, - and -

Singular
Plural
:>
:>
days
dictionaries
:>
roues
:>
F.
:>
guests
nights
museums
weeks
photos
:>
F.
F.
:>
:>
r/J
-=
, , ,+
Singular
F.
Plural
:>
. r::>
F.
- books
-textbooks
- matches
- rumours
:>
etc .
, , ,
...=
Plural
Singular
F.
:>
~
=
- skies
- knives =
~
- doctors f
- raincoats ~
Second Group: Masculine and Neuter nouns

This group is much smaller than the - , - group but the nouns
etc.
:..
.=~
- ending (hard line ) after hard consonants in the Masculine nouns ~=

frequently used.
Singular
Plural
:>
:>
Patt 2
i.::
- cities, towns
- houses
- forests, woods
- trains
- evenings
- islands
- colors
- banks, coasts
- passports
- ills , accounts
- numbers, hotel rooms
- craftsmen etc.
r/J
--==
page 14
Basie Modern Russian Gramma1
ending instead of
- lakes
- words
- faces
- armchairs
- eggs
- letters
- windows
- window glasses etc.
also
,
in Neuter nouns ( hard line)
- times
- names
ending (soft line) instead of

- fields
- buildings
- sentences, offers
Plural
>
- f riends
>
>
>
>
- chairs
>
- leaves
Singular
- trees
- brothers
Singular
- sons
Plural
>
- children
>
- people
Plural
>
- neighbours
>
ladies
>
>
- sirs,
gentlemen
&
>
Part 2
in Neuter nouns
SPECIAL CASES OF PLURAL NOUN FORMATION
Singular
- owners
- apples
- ears
page 15
rJ1
=
=
=
~
=
~
=
r/J
=
12
~
Bitsie Moder11 lt11ssia11 Gritn1.n1a1

Singular
Plural
>
>
- Christians
-Muslims
- citizens of Russia
-snts
- Armenians
- Gypsies
....=
..."!
r/'J
-=-=
- English
- Danes
-=
- citizens
r/'J
r/'J
etc.
==
~
...=
- kittens
- chicken
=
-=
~
etc.
PLURAL-ONL NOUNS
:.~
Some nouns do not have the Singular form . They exist only in the Plural
u
form (registered in the dictionaries in the Plural form). These words denote: ~
:.
objects which consist of two parts:
- glasses, - scissors, - scales, swings, - gate, - trousers, - jeans,

- pants, - tights etc.
collective actions:

- school or university vacation, negotiations, - elections, - tour (of artists),

- funeral, - farewell party, - hide and
seak, - childblrth etc.
.=~
also the following words:
- money, - chess, - clock, watch,

- chimes, - sublitles, - curls, - sledge,
- saw-dust, - wallpaper, - firewood, memoirs, - abacus, - applause etc.
page 18
r/J
--==
i
;
Basie Modern Russian G1amma1
~ - perfume, - cabbage-soup, - spaghetti,

- preserves, - cream etc.
rlJ.
=
;.
=
~ - 24 hours period, - dusk, - early frost
~
= Some place names
."
~
~
...=
some mountains:
, , , etc.
some islands:
, , , , etc.
some countries:
, ,
also
- tropics, - jungle
, , and lot of other geographic names mainly
denoting villages and towns on the territory of the former Soviet Union.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN PLURAL

All the plural nouns can replaced the personal pronoun
l
~
rlJ.
=
=
=
~
.
These are my books.

.
Eg. .
These are my friends.
.
They live in London now.
They are on the shelf.
Part 2
page 17
Bttsie Moder11 lt11ssia11 Gran1111a1
AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS

IN PLURAL
The Plural of Adjectives
Characterizing words also have the Plural form. All three Singular forms
- Masculine, Feminine and Neuter fall into one Plural form:
Masculine
Feminine
-.=..
r/J
Plural
=
=
=
Neuter
r/J
r/J
, group, for example:
Plural
Singular
.
F.
N.
- new house
- new
- new word
Singular
- new houses
- new cars
- new words
Plural
F.
- gold medals
N.
- golden bracelet
- gold medal
- golden ring
Summing - up t
.
~
F.
N. Plural
- - -
- - -
group, for example:
- last lesson
F. - last page
N. - last word
r/J
--==
Plural

Summing - up t
.
F.
- -
Part 2
N.
Plural
- last lessons
- last pages
- last words
page 18
Basie Modern R11ssian
Gramma1~
MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS

ig
group of commonly used adjectives has the following peculiarities in

the Plural formation:
- - -
'
'
- , - , -
The adjectives with stems ending in , ,

have - Plural ending
(both spelt and pronounced), for example:
'
group
=
=
strict
expensive, dear
Plural
Plural
F.
F.
N.
N.
=
=
Jlllll
rlJ.
rlJ.
==
Russian
.
Plural
F.
N.
sity, urban
.
Plural
F.
N.
quiet, calm
bad, poor
.
Plural
F.
N.
Part 2
F.
N.
PI.
- - -
- - -
- - -
Plural
F.
N.
"/1
Summing - up
.
=
=
=
~
F.
N.
PI.
- - -
- - -
- - -
page 19

~
, , ,
- , - , - ,
The adjectives with stem in
- , - , -
group
have their Plural form spelt with

but pronounced - , e.g.:
- ,
11
fresh
.
Plural
F.
N.
ig,
=
=
=
large
F.
N.
Plural
=
=
11
11
=:=
-...==
alien
good, nice
.
Plural
Plural
F.
F.
N.
N.
:.~
hot
present, real , true, genuine ::
Plural
Plural
F.
F.
N.
N.
Summing - up
.
F.
N.
PI.
- - -
- - -
- - -
F.
N.
PI.
11
=
=
=
~
- - -
- - -
~
- - -
.,;/!&.mvi[y
fresh hot good
Part 2
ig
crunchy buns
page 20
Dasie Moder11 Russian Gra1nn1ar
f} The Possessive pronouns in the Plural
our
my
.
F.
N.
Plural
-7
Plural
F.
N.
- my keys
your
.
F.
N.
from
- our keys
your
from
-...
-7
Plural
F.
N.
Plural
-7
- your keys
- your keys
But his - , her - , their - have only one form for all Genders
and Numbers:

- his keys,
- her keys,
- their keys
The Demonstrative pronouns in the Plural
F.
N.
Plural
-7
F.
N.
-7
- those keys
- these keys
rlJ
F.
N.
-7
Plural
F.
N.
- this kind of keys

.
F.
N.
=
=
=
Plural
-7
- What kind of idiots

they are!
Plural
-7
- same kind of keys
Part 2
page 21
Basie ltlodern lt11ssia11
N.
...
=
F.
=
=
Plural
-7
F.
Gran1ar
- most expensive shops
r/)
Plural
r-7
- same kind of keys
N.
Whose?
F.
Plural
F.
N.
-7
Whose are these keys?

~
pair of ...
. t; lrr( /

- one pair of glasses
1~
There were only children there. etc.
The Plural of Other Characterizing Words - all, the whole

.
F.
-7
Plural
- all the things

N.
.
F.
N.
...selves
- all the people

-they themselves
also - many (people)
Part 2
r/)
-==
Plural
-7
Plural
Plural
-7
r/)
What are your plans?
~ ?
- only, alone,
-7
. .
F. ?
""?
N. .
r/)=
.?
N. ?
..."
The lnterrogative Pronouns in the Plural
What k1nd of?

What?
=
=
=
~
- some (people)
page 22
Basie Modetn Russian Grammar
The Deelension of Nouns, Adjeetives

and Adjeetival W ords in the Singular
ln this part you will learn the main case forms (declension types) of
[] nouns in the Singular
adjectives and adjectival characterizing words in the Singular
.! []
=
...=
~
GENERAL OUTLINE OF CASE SYSTEM

CASE SYSTEM AS RESUL OF GOVERNING PROCESS
As mentioned in Part 1 there are two main types of relations between the
~
words in Russian sentence: the Agreement and the Governing.
The Agreement in units was discussed in the first two Parts.
Part 3 of the Grammar Book deals with the Governing.
-:
"
Words and units being put together to form Russian sentence (to express ;some idea) are practically never equal .
~
Some words (or simple constructions) govern other words causing changes
"==
in their endings.
Various kinds of endings have been pigeon-holed or classified into the cases. rl'1
;...
The governors are mainly as follows:
verbs with or without prepositions

prepositions
all quantitative words including cardinal numerals from 2
nouns in the qualifying comblnations
negative constructions
impersonal constructions
The subordinates of the governing process are mainly as follows:
nouns
units (characterizing words + nouns)
personal pronouns
interrogative, indefinite and negative pronouns,
based on personal pronouns
numerals, both cardinal and ordinal
...."
~
"
~
-==
=
rlJ
=
~
~
=
,.::
~
Part3
page 23
ll~tsie
1'lotle111 It11ssitt11
G1~a111111t1r
;.
There are 6 cases in Russian:
1. The Nominative
4. The Accusative
2. The Genitive
5. The lnstrumental
'1'1
6. The Prepositional
.::
.....
3. The Dative
=
=
1111111
The Singular case endings of nouns and units (which are

characterizing words + nouns), fall into two main groups:
"
Eirst group
Masculine & Neuter
~
Secon~ ~roup
[_ Fem1n1ne
]
.
The Plural case endings of nouns and units form one group :
"
(/)
Special attention has to paid

to the mosaic-like Genitive Plural endings of nouns.
=
=
=
~
. r;1; _,
Try to memorize the case endings

in
cominations
with prepositions
or verbs most typical for this case.
Part 3
page 24
Basie Moder11 Rtassian Grammar
=
12=
DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN SINGULAR

All nouns are registered in the dictionaries in the Nominative case form .
All Masculine nouns, full first names and place names ending in
hissing consonant decline on the following pattern:
jiil.
1J
Hard-ending Masculine nouns
.~
...=
Nom.
.
Gen.
. lvan has dog.
Dat.
. 1have to call lvan.
. =Gen.
hard or
lnstr.
Prep.
1know lvan.
. 1go with lvan.
. We spoke about lvan.
Mind that the case endings are attached to consonants

but replace vowels, and (soft sign).
.,.
./
Of.f ,('.
- lesson
Nom .
Gen.
- after the lesson
Dat.
. is not ready for the lesson.
. =Nom.
lnstr.
Prep.
Nom .
Gen .
missed (skipped) the lesson.

- before the lesson
- at the lesson
.
.
lives not far from Petersburg.
Dat.
We walked about Petersburg.

.
=Nom.
.
lnstr.
Prep.
1am going to Petersburg.

. lt is close to Petersburg.
. lives in Petersburg.
page 25
Baasie Motler11 R11ssia11 G1at1n111a1r
:.
The ending vowel can vary depending on the stem consonant.

lf stem consonant is soft (ends in soft sign) or ends in ,
then Masculine noun declines on the following pattern:
~
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Nikolay has the tickets.

1have to call Nikolay.
Gen.
.
1know Nikolay.
lnstr.
1 go with Nikolay.
Prep.
We spoke about Nikolay.
Nom. .
.
The teacher has the book.

Dat.
1have to call the teacher.

Acc .=Gen.
.
1saw the teacher.
lnstr.
Prep.
Part 3
..:=
.....
Gen .
.=
=
-=
'11
,..
Soft-ending Masculine nouns
1 go with the teacher.

We spoke about the teacher.
page 28
Basie )fode1--11 R11ssian G1--a111111a1-Nom.

Gen.
Dat.
. =
F .
There is no hockey today.

~
- World hockey championship .S
r/),
Nom.
~ .
lnstr.
Prep.
:.
is fond of hockey.
. goes in for hockey.
. talks only of hockey.
Summing-up
-=
~
.....
Jllll
of hard and soft Masculine case endings
Hard
Soft
Gen.
Dat.
lnstr.
ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN SINGULAR
The Accusative of Masculine nouns does not have any special ending .
Russians use the concept of Animacy and lnanimacy.
-=
-=
rlJ
-....."
~
Animate nouns, which are nouns denoting human beings and

~
representatives of the animal world, take the form of the Genitive case. ~
".
E.g.
rlJ
-=-=
- Nom.
. - .
- Nom.
. - .
page 27
G1~ain1nar
Biasie Moder11 Rt1ssia11
:.
=
; lnanimate nouns take the form of the Nominative case, so the Accusativei =
~
of inanimate nouns does not differ from the dictionary form , for example:
Nom .
00
,.:=
..=
Summing-up t of Masculine nouns and names in the Accusative "
r/l
...=
Accusative of
Animates=Genitive
"=:.
Accusative of
Animates=Genitive
...
-...=
....
~
~
"=
~
-=
"=,..
Some special case endings of the Masculine nouns in the Singular
r/l
There is
group of Masculine nouns denoting
place
....
which take / instead of in the Prepositional Case.

are some of them:
1985
- on the f loor
- in 1985
- in the port
- at the airport
Part 3
We were sitting in the garden.
We walked in the forest.
The files are in the bookcase.

There is traffic jam on the bridge.
page 28
Basie 1'1odern Russian Grammar
l lived before in the Crimea.

. The is in the corner.
. The house stood on the bank.
9
9
9
9
9
Some Masculine nouns ending in

ending instead of
- in hell
- in paradise
, , ,
and
take
when the ending is unstressed:

9
Some Masculine nouns ending in (soft sign) take - ending

in the lnstrumental Case:
! irthday!
- with
DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN
dictionary
SINGULAR
The Neuter nouns have the same

case endings as the Masculine nouns
..
t,,. /
:.
Hard ending Neuter nouns

Neuter nouns ending in
for example:
Nom.
Gen.
decline like the Masculine noun
. is the lake.
.
Our summer cottage is not far from the lake.

. This road goes to the lake.
Dat.
.=
Nom.
.
lnstr.
Prep.
1am going to the lake.

. Our summer cottage is close
to the lake.
. Our summer cottage is on the lake.
Pa1 t 3
11
page 29
Baasie 1'loder11
Rt1ssi~t1t
G1aa111n1aar
=
~ 8
Neuter nouns ending in - decline like the soft Masculine noun
, for example:
jjil.
Nom.
- is the sea.
Gen.
Dat.
...=
lives not f fom the sea.
This
.=
goes to the sea .
Nom.
.
Prep.
lives close to the sea.
u summe
Nom. =
cottage is
Gen.
the sea.
- This is the Moscow egion
is the map of the Moscow
egion.
.
tavels
.=
= Prep.
Nom .
Dat.
- 1like sea.
lnstr.
lot about the Moscow
"
rl)
egion.
Nom.
lnstr.
knows the Moscow

ds
the Moscow
egion .
lives in the Moscow

Nom. =
Part 3
well.
This
Prep.
egion v
egion.
. =
Prep.
page 30
=
12=
~
~
Basie 1'1odern R11ssian Grammar
1J
Neuter nouns ending in - , like decline like

except for the Prepositional, for example:
Nom .
Gen.
Dat .
= .= Nom.
- schedule, timetae
- no schedule
- on schedule
.~
....=
lnstr.
Prep.
- 1saw the schedule
proems
with the schedule
- in the schedule
Several Neuter nouns, like - time, - first name,

and some others, decline as follows:
Nom .
Gen.
l .
- time
lvan has no time.

Dat.
to
.=
according to time
Nom.
.
lnstr.
only lost time.
l .
lvan is always short of time.

Prep.
l .
forgot about time.
page 31
Bitsie Mo1ler11 R11ssia11 Gra1n1nar
=
=
=
~
jjiii.
DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN
1J
=
:
...
SINGULAR
[ Main types of endings ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [-__
)
[ ]
....=
( J
. .
Nom. .
Gen. .
.
Dat.
lnstr. .
r. .
lnstr. .
Prep. .
Gen. .
Dat. .
( )
-...
=-:
.:
~
Gen. .
Dat.
is the map of Russia.

.
1travelled lot about Russia.

.
1came to Russia year ago.

lnstr. .
We signed
treaty with Russia.
Prep. .
"
Now 1live in Russia.
1J
=
=
=
( )
Nom.
-,-
Gen.
Dat.
lnstr.
-/
Prep.
Part 3
Gen .
near the square

Dat. the square
.
lnstr.
Prep.
Do you see the square?

1nstr. behind the square
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
.
Prep .
- in the square
page 32
-....==
~
1
1
1
1
=
1J
-=
=
~
~
~
,..~
Basie 1'loder11 Russian Grammar

There are 3 additional mixed types of Feminine noun case forms:
( Mixed types of endings )
'11
'11
."=
=
....=
~
- ,- ,-
nouns
Follows ,
but in the Genitive Case
q
- ,- ,
- ,-
nouns
is used instead of
- :
- q -
Follows ,
but in the lnstrumental Case - is used instead of - :
q
~
s
."=
- q -
Follows , but has two irregularities:

in the Genitive Case
q y ,
is spelt instead of
- :
- q -
in the lnstrumental Case - is used instead of - :

q
, - q - :
Natural Masculines follows similar types ~

of Feminine Nouns, for example:
/Ou',ce.I
like , like
like , like
Pa1 t 3
11
page 33
--=
....
:.
Summing-up t of the Masculine

and Neuter noun declension in the Singular
Hard declension
'CL
Soft declension
r./)
."=
Nom.
=
=t
...=
~
Nom.
Dat.
-
Gen.
Gen.
-...
-
,_
"~
Dat.
....'_,.-=
~
---
Hard declension
Anim.=Gen.
lnanim.=Nom.
=Gn.
=Gn.
.
ypOK=Nom.
Prep.
-
=Gn.
=Nm.
ope = No m .
oepo =No m .
= Nm .
lnstr.
."
Soft declension
Anim.=Gen.
lnanim.=Nom.
lnstr.
Prep.
-
r/)
=
=
" ut
Pa1t 3
ut
page 34
Basie
~lodern
Summing-up
Russian Grammar
of the Feminine noun declension in the Singular
, , ,
, ,
Nom.

/\
~ ,
'11
:.
, , ~
~~~~~~~~~ ~
/\
, ,
~, ,
/\
~ , ,
~
.,..,..
~
~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~
.'
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ~
/\
'11
;...
;:
,
~
Prep.
:;---------~ ~
Declension of the Feminine nouns

!J/u.'cial rme.' Nom.
=
=
and
Gen.
Dat.
/= Nom.
lnstr.
Prep.
page 35
B~tsic
Motler11
R11ssi~t11
Gra1n111a1
ADJECTIVAL
OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
=
~ The following categories of Russian words have the adjectival case forms:
jjili.
all types of adjectives
possessive pronouns - , , ,
.
.
=
.....
=
~
all demonstrative pronouns - ,
....=
and other pronouns in comblnation with them
r/J
~
interrogative/relative pronouns - , , - which, who ;

indefinite and negative pronouns based on , , ,
- only Plural
=
."
....
~
possessive reflexive pronoun -
~
Jl!lll8
determinative pronouns - , - whole, - each, every ~
all long participles - , , etc.
ordinal numerals - - first, - 21-st
adjectival nouns - - person on duty, - ice-
cream , - embankment etc.
participial nouns
- wounded person , -
passer
etc.
family names of adjectival origin - , etc.
place names and names of subway, railroad stations, hotels etc.
station), also
(earlier village, now part of Moscow) ,
(town), (station), (subway
(hotel) etc.
generalizing/replacing words
- this, that,
- everything,
- everybody,
everyone (only Plural) , - many (only Plural).
Part 3
page 38
-=
'-=,..
r/)
~
;;..
Basic ltlodern Russian Grammar
As for the declension types all the adjectives and adjectival words
can grouped as follows:
1J
~~
Masculine and Neuter

Singular adjectives
~
'1
Feminine
Singular adjectives
...
~
~- - - - - .~
----~----
.~
The declension of Masculine and Neuter adjectives in the Singular

Nom. .
This is our new director.
Gen. .
The new director has nice .

oat. . 1am going to the new director.
. . 1have already seen the new
director.
lnstr. . 1spoke with the new
director.
Prep. . 1told about the new
director.
The following words belong to this declension type:

all Masculine and Neuter long adjectives, long participles, ordinal
numerals and adjectival pronouns ending in - or - ,
all possessive adjectives like and their Neuter forms.
words with , , and , stems . A1tice.1
page 37
Baasic Motler11
R11ssi~t11
Nom.
G1a1n111ar
This is the last lesson.
Gen. .
came after the last lesson.
oat. .
came
the last lesson.
. .
missed the last lesson.
lnstr. .
."
came before the last lesson.
Prep. .
slept at the last lesson.
The following words belong to this declension type:

Masculine long adjectives ending in - , - , - , - , - ,
- , long participles ending in - - and their Neuter forms.
For example:
, , , etc .
Note that the lnstrumental ending - and - is only spelt
with , but pronounced with .
Also the numeral - third.
~ . l(:t;rc.1
Nm.
~----
- the Russian language

Gen. - Russian lesson
oat. - Russian exam
. . - 1learn Russian.
lnstr. . - 1study Russian.
. - Russian books
this declension type belongs very

long Masculine adjectives ending in
-
ig
group of commonly used
- - - - - - -
'
'
'
and their Neuter forms:

/
'
'
'
-
1
- small, little
/
/
'
- strict
- English
/
- quiet, calm
/
/
Part 3
- city, urban
- other, another
------+--
p a ge 38
Basie
~lodern
Russian Grammar
/
ig,
large
;..
=
- bad
- alien, strange
= The adjectival pronouns /, /
~
1J
and the Numeral
decline on the same pattern.
Summing-up t of the Masculine and Neuter adjectival

declension in the Singular
Gen.
Dat.
lnstr.
Nom.
.,...
....
~
DECLENSION OF FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN SINGULAR.f.
There are 3 declension types:

~
~
~
--~~--
1J
=:
=
i

Nom. .
Gen.
is Red square.
The museum is near Red square.

Dat.
? Have you seen Red square? ~
Pa1t 3
We walked in Red square.
page 39
=
jjji.
=
=
~
Biasie Motler11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
:.
l nstr.Coop .
The cathedral is close to Red square.
'11
Prep. .
We were in Red square.
Gen. =Dat. =lnstr. =Prep.
~ this type belong all - ending adjectives including ,
=
=
=
r./1
,..
=
= ('7.limi:
~
...= Adjectives and participles ending in unstressed - , - , - . ~ ;
etc., the adjectival pronouns
and the numeral
ro(ia .'
this declension type belong all
ending Feminine adjectives .
this declension type belong Feminine adjectives and participles
ending in unstressed
-, - , -
like
, ,
The summing-up t of declension of the Feminine adjectives

and participles in the Singular
Gen. = Dat. = lnstr. = Prep.
G.
D.
1.
Part 3
page 40
--
Part4
"
The Deelension oi Nouns~ Adjeetives

and Adjeetival words in the Plural
-=...
...=
;.
GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
Within the Plural declension of nouns special attention has to
paid to
the most frequent but irregular forms - the Genitive Plural forms of nouns .~
These forms have to treated separately and in first turn.
J
The formation of the Genitive Plural of nouns is based mainly on the

Nominative Singular forms, and only in limited number of cases it is
based on the Nominative Plural forms. You can find the formation of the
;J
~
....
Nominative Plural of nouns in Part 2.

The Genitive Plural noun endings can
grouped as follows:
-=~
-:=
-=
zero ending
group
...,
- group
-==
'./';
r:
gro
:: 11
"~
11111111
art 8
page 41
asie
Moder11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1nar
Group 1
jjii.
=
=
12
rlJ
group
Model
100
=
~
::>
[ Nom. Singular ]
'=1!
...=
This group includes only the Masculine hard stem

nouns:
100
100 meters
10
at 10 o' clock
100
100
100

lot of lessons
lot of parks
100 percent
-=LI
100 liters
100 dollars
100 kilometers
100
-=
~
100 sheets
100
Also some common Plural - only nouns:

~
."
rlJ
~=
"jjii.
."
...."
~
~
-=~
-==
lot of mushrooms ~
etc.
LI
.....
[ Gen. Plural ]
~
-==
-=-
jjii.
."
"
....
~
- without glasses
-=~
- no Jeans
8'
- during the negotiations
- after the elections
rl;
-=
=
"
-==
~
- no watch
- lot of memoirs
- lot of applause
- near Luzhniki (Moscow area)
- bottle of perfume

of canned food
."=
rl;
=
~
~
=
~
.=
~
Part4
page 42
Basie Modern R11ssian Grammar
=
Group 2
;...
~
1J
:.
=
...
f
zero-ending group
Model
This group includes the hard-stem Feminine

"
nouns with - ending in the Nominative Singular: ~
=-
Nom. Singular
=
=
~
'1
Gen. Plural

- lot of cars
- lot of dogs
- lot of women
- lot of proems
- lot of books
10 - 10 minutes
10 - 10 thousand
.=.....
and can introduced between

the final consonants for easier pronounciation
J VO!ia:'.t
- lot of mistakes
100 - 100 marks/poststamps
10 - 10 packs
10 - 10 kopecks etc.
The hard-stem Neuter nouns
- ending nouns) :
- lot of words
12 - twelve eggs
- no seats
The Feminine - ending nouns can also

of the zero-ending group:
lot of lakes
lot of windows
Part 4
etc.
considered
part
- 5 weeks
lot of villages
lot of honey-melons
page 43
=
jiila
=
=
12
(/)
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 G1am1nar
The zero-ending group also includes some commonly used Masculine

nouns:
(Nom. Singular ) = ( Gen. Plural )
=
~
...
10
Coll.
100 - 100 grams
Coll.
10 - 10 kilograms
Also
- 10 people/persons
- many times
- lot of Gypsies
words denoting people:
- many muslims
and other words like:

lot of Russian people
- lot of Christians
- lot of peasants
lot of English people
- lot of Danes
- citizens have ... etc.
Nouns from the group:

[ Nom. Plural
Also
[ Gen. Plural
- lot of children
- 5 kittens
- lot of chicken etc.
- no owners
- lot of apples
N.
Part4
lot of names
page 44
The zero-ending group includes the following Plural-only nouns:

[ Nom. Plural ]
::>
- near the gate
- no scissors
- after the vacation
- after the funeral
Gen. Plural
lot of money
- no sledge
- no firewood
- pack of cream
- two days (and nights)

- near the Alps
- near the Kuril islands
- near the Philippines
Group 3
-
group
Model 100
[ Nom. Singular ]
Part4
This group includes the soft - stem Masculine

and Feminine nouns (ending in the soft - sign
or hissing consonant , , , ):
::>
[ Gen. Plural ]
100 - 100 roues
10 - 10 days
lot of guests
- lot of teachers
page 45
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1nar
=
jjiii
[ Nom. Singular ]
=
.;=
>
1J
=
~
'=1)
...
"
[ Gen. Plural ]
:.
>
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
>
>
10 - 10 notebooks
>
>
>
The Neuter
- ending
--=
=...
- lot of doctors
lot of news
- lot of horses
- lot of mice
>
....
'11
-=:.
=
...=
."
....
nouns:
>
."=
- 5 nights
"
~
~
lot of fields
"
- 5 seas
"=
=
rlJ.
....."...
Special case
( Nom. Singular ) > ( Nom. Plural ) > ( Gen. Plural )
F.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
lot of friends
lot of sons
lot of children
lot of people
- lot of neighbours
- mothers have
-=~
rlJ.
-==
"
-==
~
."=
rlJ.
=
~
~
F.
>
>
- 5 daughters
=
~
-=~
Part4
page 46
....
=
rlJ.
=
:.
=
Basie Modern Rt1ssian Grammar

Grouo 4
-
group
this group belong Masculine nouns ending
in - and - in the Nominative Singular:
Model

-=
-=-=
:.
-=
~
[ Nom. Singular ]
11118'
>
[ Gen. Plural ]
>
>
...=
( is fleeting)
- lot of Japanese
- lot of foreigners
>
10 - 10 months
>
lot of museums
Several Masculine and Neuter nouns having the Plural Nominative

ending in - :
( Nom. Plural )
::>
>
>
>
>
"=:.
=
==
....
=
."
(Gen. Plural )

lot of trees
- lot of brothers
- lot of chairs
- lot of leaves
"=
~
"=
=
=
rlJ.
....
This small group includes Feminine nouns

ending in -, - and the Neuter Nouns ending
Model
in - in the Nominative Singular:
group
[ Nom. Singular ]
F.
[ Gen. Plural ]
>
- lot of photos
F.
>
F.
::>
N .
>
N.
>
- lot of sentences, offers
N.
>
lot of exercises
::>
N .
Part 4
rlJ.
Group 5
-
-=
lot of illustrations
- lot of families
-
lot of buildings
."
"=
~
...
rlJ.
=
=
=
~
-.
=
=
=
rlJ.
=
-=
~
lot of competitions
page 47
-=~
~ ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
=
rlJ
!2=
of nouns are used for the Accusative Plural of nouns.
The following scheme illustrates this:
There are no special endings for the Accusative Plural of nouns.
:.
As in the Masculine Singular, the Nominative Plural and the Genitive Plural
=
~
."=
( The Accusative Plural )
'~
-==
....=
of Masculine and Feminine Animates
= Genitive Plural
~
of Masculine and Feminine

lnanimates, also Neuter
nouns = Nominative Plural
....
;~"
Gen. PI.
-.=
!
. - from
Nom. PI.
F.
invited some guests.
. - from ~
~~~=~- - trom ~
likes dogs.
For the formation of the Genitive
Plural see the previous pages.
bought the
skies.
Nom. PI.
. - from ~
bought the tickets.
.:
N . PI .
N.
DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL

OF NOUNS
There are two types of endings in these cases:
Hard endings
Dat.
lnstr.
Prep.
Part4
-
-
-
.,.
~
. - from .~
learned the words.
Soft endings
Dat.
-
lnstr.
-
Prep .
-
page 4 8

The attribution of nouns to one of these groups is determined
Nominative Plural endings:
( Hard ending group ]

-
ending nouns:
- , - , -
ending nouns:
- , - , -
-=
~
=-
ending nouns:
, ,
ending nouns:
the
ending group ]
, ,
8 [ Sofl
ending nouns:
, ,
, ,
-=
- , - , - , -
ending nouns:
-, - ending nouns:
.:
.....
DECLENSION OF HARD ENDING NOUNS IN PLURAL ;;~
These are my skies.
-=
=
=
. (See the Genitive Plural of Nouns).
There are
lot of skies in the shop.
There are boots for skies.

Acc.=Nom. .
(lnanimate)
bought the skies.
.
1 go
in for skiing now.
.
Part 4
1 like
skiing.
page 49
f)
r/J.
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1am1na1
DECLENSION OF SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN PLURAL
12=
."=
i
u
brother has lot of friends.
."=
..."
often calls his friends.
---
.""
Acc.=Gen.
(Animate)
~
~
brother invited his friends.
-:
.
=
r/J.
brother plays hockey with his friends. ~
(ut , , )
."
;
~
always tells about his friends.
DECLENSION OF PLURAL ADJECTIVES

AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
All Plural characterizing words (adjectives and adjectival words)

fall into two ending groups:
First group
comprises words with
comprises words with
endings in the
Nominative Plural.
Part4
f) Second group
endings in the
Nominative Plural.
page 50
--
-:
~

Here you can find the examples with both types of endings:
Nom.
Gen.
are my new skies.
lt's the wax for my new skies.

Dat.
1have to buy boots to my new skies.

.
friend has not yet seen my new skies.
(lnanimate = Nom., Animate = Gen.)

lnstr.
Prep.
friend showed some interest in my new skies.
Here you can find the summing-up t of the Plural adjectival endings:
Second group
Gen.
Dat.
animates
inanimates
{ animates
-'
inanimates
lnstr.
Prep.
-'
Gen. = Prep.
Part4
.....
-=~
lt's nice to ride my new skies. (= Gen.)
Nom.
.....
~
First group
page 51
-:=
=
=
r1;
you can find list of words in the Nominative Plural declining like :
all adjectives ending in
like
=
LI
=
"~
etc.
= all possessive adjectives ending in , like etc.
~
~
participles ending in
majority of the adjectival pronouns:
...=
...
"
adjectival surnames like
-=
ordinal numeral
rlJ.
f)Here you can find list of words in the Nominative Plural declining like : ~
all adjectives ending in
like
all possessive adjectives ending in

ordinal numerals
participles ending in
like
etc.
like
etc.
etc.
few adjectival pronouns:

, , , ,
adjectival surnames like

Two adjectival pronouns
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Animates -
lnstr.
Prep.
Part4
and
have slightly different endings: - - -'ln ::

. f; /;.
rlJ~
-=
=
~
~
( = Gen.)
lnanimates - ,
( = Nom.)
~
~
-=~
( = Gen.)
page 52
DECLENSION TABLES OF ADJECTIVAL PRONOUNS,

SINGULAR AND PLURAL
The declension of the Possessive pronouns
N.
N.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
N.
N.
....
~
.....
~
F.
PI.
"
"==
~
G.
D.
....
....
,,
.~
1.
N.
F.
PI.
N.
G.
D.
. , ,
Part 4
F.
1.
page 53
1J
~
~
=
jlil.
=
rlJ
!2=
~
."=
...
~
N.
N.
F.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
'~
N.
N.
."=
F.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
-==
rlJ
The declension of the Demonstrative pronouns
N.
Part4
N.
F.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
pageM
=
....
=
:.
N.
F.
PI.
1J
N.
G.
D.
, ,
~
~
1.
....=
The declension of the Determinative pronoun
N.
N.
F.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
The declension of the lnterrogative/Relative pronouns
N.
Part 4
N.
F.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
page 55
jjiit
=
=
~
N.
1J
N.
=
....=
~
F.
PI.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
The declension
ot the Relative pronoun
N.
N.
."=
F.
PI.
G.
D.
,
,
1.
r/J--
-==
"
The use
ot the Possessive - reflexive pronoun
appears in the Nominative on ly in the possessive constructions,
for example:
.
1have my own key.
r/J=
declines like
ln other cases qualifies the object which has kind of ownship

relation with the subject, for example:
Part4
=
~
~
does not like his job.

. 1will call my friend.
-==
(someone' s own) ~
=
~
page 56
Basie Modern R11ssian
Gramm~tr
The Deelension oi Names, Geographie Names

and Noun-replaeing Pronouns
DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES

ci: Russian common male surnames usually end in -/-/-
..
~
or - /- , for example:
~~
, , , ,
.....=
~
-;
-=t
~
:.
1
Russian common female surnames usually end in -/-/-
tf--;
~,,,..~
, , ,, \__~ -}
or -/- , for example:
=
=
=
=
"==
11
The Plural forms of Russian surnames usually end in -/-/-

or -/- , for example:
ci:
, , ,, ~1 . ~~ ~ ~
tr-: ~
.~
All these types of Russian surnames decline the
, ) ~ "'
i.
pattern of // :
0 Nom .
\J
8 Gen .
_etr::~
{~~ ~
=
~
~
lnstr.
\.~ -? ~
Dat.
\_~ f
811'
Prep.
-----+--
page 57
Basie Modern R11ssia11 G1 a1111nar

11
DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES

....
=
Many common Russian surnames decline like adjectives.
There
two main types:
~=
~
[-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_]
=
~
The Nominative ends in
'1
...=
-
-
[____________________]
The Nominative ends in
F.
F.
PI.
PI.
They decline on the pattern of
They decline on the pattern of
- Mixed declension type
- Hard declension type
Nom .
.
F.
PI.
@ Gen.
lnstr.

Dat.
Part 5
=
=
=
1J
=
~
..
page 58
=
~
.::
~
=
=
:.. ~~~
=
_...
Grantm~tr
Basie Modern R11ssia11
11
Nom.
@ Gen .
F.
PI.
~~
~,
",
)
Q
'
Dat.
;:
;
lnstr.
DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
Russian Male Patronimics end in
-/-/-
like
, , .
Russian Female Patronimics end in
-/-/-
Prep.
,.::
i~
For example:
Nom.
.
lnstr.
Prep.
WJ
~ (~ ~
= =
.~
All Russian female patronimics decline on the pattern of :
Gen.
Dat.
like
=
-=
=
=
11
, , '-)!
-=f=~
=
~
page 59
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1an11na1
r/)
All Russian male patronimics decline on the pattern of ,
except for the lnstrumental (-/- instead of -).
=
=
:.=
;.
~
For example:
Nom .
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.=Gen.
:.
lnstr.
=
=
...-'=1)
=
=~
(- in )
.
. l~tia.'
DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN PEOPLE' S NAMES
-==-
First names
Male names
Foreign first male names decline, only if they end in consonant -/- ,
:.
soft consonant (consonant + ).
'=IJ
For example:
~
Female names
Foreign female names decline only if they end in
For example:
Part 5
- , - , - - .
page GO
Basie Moden R11ssian Grammar

So, the majority of non-Russian first names,
both male and female, are indeclinae in Russian . .Ati~"('.1
For example:
8 SURNAMES
Only consonant - ending male surnames can decline .

For example:
etc.
DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES

Russians decline (as nouns) only those non-Russian geographic
names which are transcribed in Russian with the final consonant (both
hard and soft) , - , -, - , - or -.
For example:
?
/ ,
/ ,
etc.
Plural-only nouns:
etc.
page GI
asie
1'1odetn R11ssia11 G1an11nar
1J
=
=
=
=
f
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Russian personal pronouns are as follows:
Singular
Plural
;..
1. - 1
1. - we
''
2. - you (informal) , - you (formal) 2. - you - (referring to
~
3. - he, it, - she, it, - it
3. _ they more than one).!
:::.
USE OF
AND
:..1
The use of and in Russian , when referring to one person, presents :

certain difficulty for foreign learner.
;
you may find the main guidelines:
Talking to strangers in
adult & child
puic
places
adult & teenager
young person
'
adult & adult
~
Part 5
----
,/,----~
( ,
r/J
young person & young person
,,,-----~ , ,V
~ ~1L ~
' ~
page 62
Basie Mode1n R11ssian Grammar

Talking to familiar person
friends and relatives always use
friend & friend
relative & relative
at work
same status
younger person & older person
different status
lower status & higher status
~
The choice depends
on many factors !
is used seldom
at kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities

kindergarten
school
child & teacher
'
schoolchild & teacher
-.....
';
___
"
/
....._
...
<:~
11age 63
r./)
=
=
,..=
=
:.
QQ]le_ge or unlversity
student & teacher
student & student
..,..,....------
;..
'=t
,..
~
"
=.
~
:.
1
children and teenagers use only
lf
in
is used instead of
puic
place, it can
=
=
=
to each other.
to an unknown adult
taken for an insutlJ_
. taia.'
.
i
Referring to God, nature and animals we use .
'
', -- ~"
DECLENSION OF PERSONAL AND OTHER

NOUN-REPLACING PRONOUNS
All the pronouns can divided into
2 groups
"
First group
Pronouns
used as words
characterizing nouns
Pttrt 5
~
Second group
Pronouns
replacing nouns
and proper names
page G4
Gramm~r
The first group was described in Part 1 and Part 2.

Now 1 will describe the second group.
Among these pronouns are:
the personal pronouns ////// / ,
ci=
the lnterrogative/Relative pronouns / ,
the lndefinite pronouns based on /,
=D
~1
=D
... D
the Reflexive pronoun ,

the Nominative pronoun
the generalizing words like , .
DECLENSION OF
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The third-person pronouns he, it , it, She, it,
they
noun is replaced
these pronouns depending on the formally
gender.
Same pronouns are used both
for the animate and inanimate objects.
The case forms are as follows:
estaished
The case forms of he, it

Nom. .=
Gen.
This is my friend.
Dat.
has .
1will visit him in the summer.

or
1called him in the morning.

.
1met him in Paris.

lnstr.
We went to school together.

Prep. .
1 often think of him.- - - - + - -
page 65
Basie
~lode111
R11ssia11 G1a1111na1
=
;... Nom. .=
r/)
Gen. .
There is parking neat it.
This is my house.
Dat.
. ;
.!
ig bus came up to it.

,.
20 .
....=
~
;.
lnstr. .
lt was built 20 years ago.

There is
=
=
=
f
parking behind it.
Prep. 6 .
=
=
There are 6 entrances in it.

The same case forms has the Neuter pronoun it.
l;Jict .'
~
The case forms of she, it
Nom.
Gen. .
is my (girl)friend.
She has dog.

oat.
1will go to her in the summer.

or
1will call her tomorrow.

.
1saw her yesterday.

lnstr. .
1will go to Paris with her.

Prep. .
Part 5
page GG
Basie Moden R11ssian Grammar
1;
=
; Nom. . = Gen. .
1;
is my summer cottage.
There is ig lake near it.

oat. .
We drove up to it early in the
."=
'1
morning~
. .
=
=
=
=
:.
=
=..
!
t
'811
We built it many years ago.
....=
lnstr. .
There is
ig
garden in front of it.
Prep. .
1live in it only in the summer.

The case forms take initial
when governed
/ , / etc.
preposition:
tOr,U.'e.
. /: 1
The case forms of the pronoun - they

Nom. . =

Gen. .
1stayed with them in the summer.

Dat.
1will go to them tomorrow.

or
1called them yesterday.

.
1met them in London.

lnstr. .
1will go with them to Paris.

Prep. .
1often think of them.
page 87
=
=
=
=
Basie Modern R11ssia11 G1a1111nar

Nom.
(/)
=
=
=
-=:.
These are the new regions.

.
Gen.
=-'=t
There is usually forest near the.
"~
Dat.
"=
=-
There is one ig road going to the.
1don' t like the.
lnstr.
:.
1
There is usually bus line between the and etro station. S

.
Prep.
They don't have etro line.
=
=
The case forms of I,

Gen.
. 1have . - YJrcial .-.1
Dat.
didn ' t call
will
to
=
~
toorrow .
lnstr.
Prep.
doesn' t know .
goes with .
Did John speak of ?
The case forms of YOU (informal)

Gen.
? - Y}ail r.)( .'

Do you have ?
o at.
1' 11 call you toorrow.
1' 11
lnstr.
Prep.
Part 5
to you toorrow.
1love you .
1' 11 go with you.
1often think of you.
Gen. =ACC. ~
Dat. = Prep. ~
ftia .'
(/)
~
page 88
=
=
=
:.
~
rlJ
Basie Modern R11ssian Gran101ar
Dat .
-==
call you.
Do you have fax machine?

ll
.=
"
"
=-
1will come to you tomorrow.
=
=
=
=
:..
you - polite singular or plural form
? - YJ~cial:.1
Gen.
~
~
The case forms of
rlJ
:.
1don' t know you.

.
lnstr.
ll
go with you.
1 heard much of you.
=
=
~ "==
=
=
rlJ
~
The case forms of
We
~'- (f~~
) _'f .
-=~
:.=
\_)
Gen.
. - Y}a'iai r'.1
We don't have .
.._
Dat .
rlJ
.
didn ' t call us.
.
will come to us tomorrow.
=
=
=
=
-rlJ
=
"
~
They don' t know us.

lnstr.
They go with us.

.
,.::
They don' t know anything about us.
Part 5
page G9
....
=
=
12=
r./)
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 Gra1111nar
SUMMARV TABLE OF
Nom.
r./)
THIRD-PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUNS
..
--"
....=
'CI
=
1
...=
=
=
f
;..
=
=
()
8Gen.
()
lnstr.
()
F ()
-==
1
=
=
=
()
)
:.
"
()
r./)
Dat.
()
()
()

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS /
The lnterrogative/Relative pronoun refers to people.

lt is used both in the direct questions like:
? Who is that person? and in the indirect ones:
, .

the case forms of
Nom .
Gen .
Dat.
asked who would go to Kiev.
Who is that man?

? Who has ?
?
?
Whom did you tell it?

Whom are you going to?
lnstr.
Part 5
8'
r./)
Whom do you know here?

? Whom are you going with?
? Whom are you talking about?
page 70
Basie Mode1.n R11ssia11 Grammar
The lnterrogative / Relative pronoun
refers to
thing, animal or an action
What is that?
? What is that?
? What is he doing?
=
~
Like
can
used both in direct and indirect questions:
Nom. ? What is that?

Gen. ? What are you afraid of?
Dat. ? What is he delighted with?
. ? What do you like?
lnstr. ? What are you
Prep. ?
:..
1
=
=
"
dissatisfied with?
What are you thinking about?
rlJ
The case forms of and are similar

to the Masculine adjectival endings.
~
.Aoti.t
The comblnation ?
This comination is used as an equivalent of the pronoun rlJ
especially when the answer with specifying word is expected, as in: ~
8\
- ? What kind of building is it?

- .
The comination is used only in the Nominative of all genders and

numbers.
Compare:
s.
What kind of program is it?

PI.
What kind of people are they?
page 71
=
~
1J
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11
G1~a1111nar
1J
DECLENSION AND USE OF INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
The lndefinite particles - , - , - attached to ,

(also to , , , , , , )
-, -
- takes the
12
Masculine form even when reference is to

- . Someone called you.
- takes the Neuter form :
.~
Female:
:.
;.
if
- . Something awfull.
- - Someone, denotes an unknown or forgotten person ,
- - Something, denotes definite object or thing,
- . Something fell down.
details of which are unknown to
t
~
=
-i
"=
speaker.
=
11
=
-, -
Forms in - denote someone or something indefinite, still to

decided or selected.
~
- forms are mostly used in questions, after imperatives,
in conditional constructions:
~
- ?
Has something happened?

- ? Has anyone called?
- .
Will you buy something for breakfast.

n - ___-=r, .
lf someone arrives, call me.

The Case Forms of these pronouns are similar to and forms:
Notice that - and - do not change.
~
Gen.
- ?
Does anyone have
Dat.
t; .'
Did you call anyone?

.
- ?
Do you kow anyone here?

lnstr.
- ?
Did you talk to anyone?

Prep.
- ?
Did you discuss anyone with John?
Part5
page 72
"'
~
i_
Basie Moden R11ssia11 Gran1mi1r
rJ1
=
=
=
=
: -, -
rJ1
:.
=
The lndefinite pronouns - and - decline like and , ~

- forms refer to people or things which are not specified purposely,
=."
'1
....= .
does not decline,
- - reters to group of people,
."~
-=t
- reters to thing or two :
- .
1have some things to do.
lf prepositions are used, they appear between

.
:.
and the case form: ;:
1have to talk to someone.
DECLENSION AND USE OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
"
rJ1
The Reflexive pronoun and its case forms are used for all persons
~
and both numbers irrespective of Gender.
lt may correspond to:
forms with -self,

or it is not translated at all .
This pronoun does not have the Nominative Case form.
cominations
,.::
with possessive pronouns or
Gen.
cominations
with own,
'1
=
~
~
John is at his office.

Dat.
1invite you to my place.

.
lnstr.
loves only himself.
Do you have any papers with you?

Prep.
=f
thinks only about himself.
page 73
~
~
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1a1111na1
r/)
=
These pronouns can used in sentence both as subject and an object. S
REPLACING GENERALIZING PRONOUNS AND
ct
Their gender and number agreement is as follows:
.!
~ / + the Neuter of the Past tense verbs
....
:
E.g.
. lt was interesting.
.
Everything was all right.
f:-
-=
/ + the 3-d person Singular of the Present/Future tense verbs.
E.g.
lt will interesting.
Everything will all right.
When used as an object and have the following case forms:

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
lnstr.
Prep.
lt is interesting.
She is afraid of it.
She believes it.
She knows it.
She is interested in it.
She knows it.
Nom .
Gen.
Dat.
. She believes everything.
lnstr.
Prep.
Part 5
Everything is good.
She is afraid of everything.
=
~
~
She knows everything.
,;
She is interested in everything.
She knows everything.
page 74
Basie Modet"n Rtassian Grammar
Part 6
....
=
=
0 USE OF NOMINATIVE CASE
11
~
=
if
~
The Case Usage
The forms of the Nominative Case coincide with the dictionary form.
The Nominative is used as follows:
lt is used to denote the subject of an action or state:
.
.
lt is used in
gaage .
1 live in Moscow .
phrases:
. This is my house .
.
._.
is in the
lt is used in
These my fiends.
phrases:
is my house.
. my documents.
lt is used in possessive constructions:

?

Do you have ?
. Lena has s ticket.
lt is used in definitions:
-
Bulgakov is my favouite wite.
USE OF GENITIVE CASE
The Genitive is the most frequently used Russian case.

lt comprises about 70 / of all the case forms.
The Genitive case can
used both with or without prepositions.
We can speak about:
Part G
the Genitive of Negation / Absense / Exception

the Genitive of Possession
the Genitive of Relation / Description
the Genitive of Quantity
the Genitive of Time
the Genitive of Place
the Genitive used after certain prepositions
the Genitive used after certain verbs
the Genitive of Comparison
the Genitive of Special Descriptive characteristics
page 75
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION

The Genitive is used to express an absense or non-availiabllity
of person , object or quality, for example:
Gen.
.
is not availae.
. - Natasha was not at home.
Gen.
Two prepositions - - without and - except are used in the

same meaning, for example:

,
- 1have no .
- without suga
- eveyon e except Natasha
GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
The comination with the preposition is used to denote possession

of an object or some characteristics, for example:
Gen.
.
Natasha has
dog.
The Genitive is used to denote an owner:

.
lt' s my
bother's .
GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION

An object or person is described in relation to another object/person ,
for example:
Gen.
noun or
proper name
PartG
noun or
proper name
- map of Russia
- tain schedule
page 7G
Basie Modet"n R11ssian Gramn1ar
GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
The Genitive is used after words of indefinite or relative amount,
for example:
- more
- less
- few, little
- many, much
-- not few
- not many, few
- several
- how many, how much
- so many, so much
- (coll.) - it
of
countaes
Gen. Sing.
of
uncountaes
many books
much snow
The Genitive is used after words denoting certain amount, measure,

containers, set of objects, for example:
Gen. PI.
Gen. PI.
of cou ntaes
Gen. Sing.
of
uncountales
The Genitive is used to denote part of whole, for example:

, .h Genitive is used also after
- 1 1/ 2
- 2 1/ 2
- 3
- 1/ 4
- 3/ 4
Part 8
1
/
Gen.
+
Only the Genitive Singular ~

is used atter these words.
page 77
=
~
Basie Modetn R11ssia11 G1a1n1nar
The Genitive is used to denote the exact number of persons
objects:
~
1J
E.g.
=
=
...
2
12
10
100
=
~
'!
cardinal numerals + Gen.
There is certain rule which regulates the use of the Genitive ~

.
Singular the Genitive Plural after the cardinal numerals.
See below:
~ 1cticc.t
2, 3, 4
any number ending in
2, 3, 4
take the Genitive Singular
E.g.
22
102
etc.
any number from 5 to 19

any number ending in numeral from 5 to 19 take the Genitive Plural
any number ending in
E.g.
5
15
125
120
Cardinal numeral 1 and any number ending in

take the Nominative Singular, for example:
1 , 21 etc.
The Genitive Plural is used after the following collective and doue
numerals:
,,,,,
for example:
The Genitive Plural is used after the following words:
- thousand, - million,
for example:
- illion (10
12
, .
Part G
page 78
._.
=
~
11
=
.....=
~
~
Basie Modet"n R11ssian Gramn1ar
GENITIVE OF TIME
The Genitive of Time can
used both with or without prepositions.
The Genitive is used to denote:
dates of events
Gen.
Gen.
intervals
~-7
Gen.
1300
Gen.
Gen.
~-7
1400
Gen.
time points
Gen.
.
works here from September.
age points or limits

Gen.
.
started smoking from the age of 14.
phases or parts of time words

1941
Gen.
1945
~1~
Gen.
~1~
Gen.
1991
Gen.

Gen. I

Gen.
PartG
Gen.
Gen.
coll. 6 - 6 a.m.
Gen.
~1
- 2 p.m.
- 6 p.m.
Gen.
2 - 2 a.m.
page 79
Basie Modetn R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
approximate time
coll . - about twelve clock
time of the day
firsLpart of an hour:
Gen.
115 , 235
second part of an hour:

Gen.
11 30 ,
2330 -
Gen.

Gen.
11 55 ,
2355 -
GENITIVE OF PLACE
Genitive of Place is used only after prepositions.
lt is used to denote the position of an object/person in relation
to another object/person - both stationary and moving.
The following prepositions and
adverial cominations
- near
- to the left from

- to the right from
- in front of
/ - behind
- inside
- outside
- around
- along
~
- across

- near, at
used here:
- not far from
- close to
- far from
- far from
- opposite
/
- in the middle of
- among
+[ Genitive
E.g
- ,
passing
Gen.
Part G
- not far from our house

We stayed at our friends.
page 80
Basie Mode1n Rt1ssian Grammiar
= The Genitive is used to denote place from where the action is directed
r11
(the starting point of motion). The following prepositions are used:
=
, , - from place
- - from behind
+ Genitive
~
- from beneath
=
E.g.
=
...=
~
~
.
came back from Paris yesterday night.

80 .
1usually leave home at 80

.
came from work very late.
.
We went from Stockholm
bus.
The Genitive is used to denote distance between two or more objects/

persons or part of the way:
+ Gen.
+ Gen.
From Moscow to Kiev we were driving the whole night .

After preposition
destination:
the Genitive is used to denote
place of
How to get to the railway station?
() ?
How long does it take to get to London
air?
also
.
1can' t reach you
PartG
phone).
page 81
Basie Mode1n R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS.
The Genitive can also used after several other prepositions

in other meanings than described earlier.
=
Preposition
is used to denote
sender of an object:
'=1
...=
denote relation between two objects
phenomena:
- key to the (lit. key fom the )

Preposition
anti -allegic
is used to denote
medicine
reason
cause:
- .
1came late to
Preposition
wok
because of
taffic
jam.
means for, meant for:
The
Preposition
is f the
pinte.
is used mostly with the following verbs:
/ - to make
/
to make, to
manifactue ,
to
poduce
- to build
/ - to cook
- to consist
/ - to sew
/
]
Genitive
of
- to knit
E.g. .
This
is made of wood.
This book consists of five
PartG
chaptes.
page 82
~
~
r/J.
GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
The following verbs take the Genitive:
- to wish
E.g. ! 1wish you succes.

Very often the verb is omitted:
=
,..=
Basie Mode1--n Rt1ssian Gramn1ar
All the best to you!
lt comes from !
- to wait
E.g. . We are waiting for your reply.
- to lack, to
E.g.
short of- used only impersonally

. 1am short of time.
E.g. . does not want any scandal.

.
does not want the watermelon.
The Genitive is also used after some other verbs:
- to
afraid of
- to avoid
- to shy, to feel uneasy
- to achieve, to gain
, - to get to, to reach
- to worth
- to take from someone
- to ask someone
- to ask someone to do or give something
- to buy something from person or company
/ ... - to translate from
E.g. . She is afraid of dogs.
.
1'11 ask my brother.
You have to translate it from English.
Part 8
page 83
Basie Modetn R11ssia11 G1a1111na1
GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
As an alternative to + Nom. the Genitive is used to denote an object
or person of comparison:
.
brother is younger than me. =
, .
GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS

The Genitive is used without any preposition to describe some
characteristics of an object or person: colour, model, size, dimension,
age, brand etc.
E.g. .
bought the latest Volvo model. (lit. Volvo of the latest model).
Very often the Genitive descriptive cominations are used in questions:
Asking about ...
.. ?
~
?
...
size
model, type
breed (of dogs, cats etc.)
height of person
length
width
height
depth
brand, sort, type
quality
.. ?
.. ?
.. ?.
.. ?
.. ?
.. ?
.. ?
.. ?
~
0 USE OF DATIVE CASE
The Dative of Person

The primary meaning of the Dative Case is to denote
an action is performed, for example:
0 at
.
person for whom
Help me.
The main verbs which take the Dative of Person are as follows:
/
- to speak/say/tell
/ - to answer/reply
/ - to tell
/
PartG
- to call/phone
/ - to show
/ - to give
page 84
=
;
~
~
~
Basie Mode1n Rt1ssian Grammar

/ - to send
/ - to bring
/ - to
/ - to help
/ - to send
/ - to bring
/ - to help
.
...=
=
~
The Dative of Person can used in formally impersonal senteces.

When Russians wish to specify the state of person they use
the Dative, for example:
.
(lit.
me it is cold).
The Dative is used to denote age:
- 1 cold.
20
- 1 20 years old.
The Dative is also used in formally impersonal sentences with

general meaning of necessity, possibllity or oigation:
E.g. . - 1have to k phone call.
(lit. lt is necessary to me... )
also with , - it is necessary, one has to ...
- , it is possi e/peritted
- it is not allowed, one ust not
The Dative is used after prepositions.

Two common prepositions and take the Dative Case.
- towards, to + verbs of motion
.
to see us.
We approached Moscow late in the evening.
- , along, about, according to, across, in
lt is the vaguest of all Russian prepositions, see some examples:

- to go Tverskaya (street)
- Russian (exam in/about
Russian)
- to travel about/around
- according to the law

Part8
- in the
Russia
ornings
page 85
=
rlJ
=
~
~
Basic Mode1n R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

Preposition is also used with communication verbs to denote
means of communication :
/
/
- to show
- to watch, to see
/ - to call phone
=
=
- to say
'~
Dat.
/ - to speak, to talk
- to send
/ - to send
/ - to send
/ - to recieve
Dat.
- to hear
/ - to broadcast
/ - to broadcast
/ - to speak
Dat.

Dat.

USE OF ACCUSATIVE CASE

The Accusative can used both with or without prepositions.
The Accusative is used:
to denote an object of an action (without prepositions).
direction of an action (with prepositions),

with number of prepositional verbs and comblnations,
with preposition (about)
with great number of time-expressions (both with or without
prepositions) .
to denote
The Accusative without prepositions is used after transitive verbs

to denote an object of an action (Direct object), for example:
subject
Part 6
action
expressed
transitive verbs
- 1bought dog.
object
in Accusative
page 86
Basie Mode1n R11ssian Grttmn1ar
The Accusative is also used with the same model to denote cost,
measure, distance:
.
The dog costs one thousand dollars.

.
We drove
thousand kilometers.
The Accusative is used to denote the direction of an action or place

of destination after prepositions , , , , , for
example:
subject
action
expressed
motion verbs
1am going to London.
object in Accusative
Some other examples include:

.
1am going to the exhibltion.

.
1sent f to London.
.
put the money into the safe.
was admitted to the university.
1made call to Paris.

.
put
under the
t.
went to work abroad.
_ .
1am going to the countryside.

.
shot
policeman.
was wounded in his knee.
Part 8
page 87
asie
Modet11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1nar
The Accusative is used after certain prepositional verbs:

__
-to for the ticket

- to believe i God
__ - to sell for thousad dollars
- to puish for crime
- to vote for the Grees
- to spet m books
- to aswer questio
- to fall i love with eighbour
- to play footbal 1
.. - to kock the door
- to coverse through
iterpreter
The Accusative is also used in some

cominations:
- prescriptio for atiiotics
- flight to Ld
- ticket for the cocert
- ill for
- m for the ticket
ln everyday conversation the preposition (about) followed

the Accusative is used instead of about followed the
Prepositional:

- to tell about the trip
Some prepositional verbs with preposition are used to denote the

date or the time for which something has been arranged:
_~__..
arrage
the
meetig
for
Jauary
the
secod.
Other verbs which are used in the construction include:
- to order for
- to postpoe to .. .
- to postpoe to .. .
Part G
page 88

The Accusative can
used in the following time-expressions:
with days of the week:

- on Monday
- on Tuesday
- on Wednesday
- on Thursday
- on Friday
- on Saturday
- on Sunday

with festivals and
to denote
puic
holidays:
/ - at the New Year
/ - at Christmas
- at Easter
period of time:
after - in
with
after
1spent week in Spain.

. 1am going to Spain for week.
ln week 1am going to Spain.
- ago
1went to Spain week ago.
- to denote the time taken to complete the action:
lt took us an hour to get to the town.
to denote frequency of occurence:

Part 8
- once week
- once month
- once year
page 89

with - in, during, in the time of ...
- in bad weather
- when it' s hot
] d . th
- when it' s cold
(
)
ung
war
11 .
- in winter time
- in the middle ages
- in our time
-in Stalin' s time
- in stagnation period
- at midday
- at midnight
- at one ' clock
- at the last minute
, , - this, last, next Tuesday
- on the first day
- that morning
- in the reign of Peter the First
Note
+ Gen is used mostly for the distant past.
USE OF INSTRUMENTAL CASE
The case got its name from one of its uses

it is the case form for the instrument used to do something, as in:
1
- to cut oneself with
knife.
However, it is not the most important use to learn.

More important is its use after six prepositions:
, , , , ,
The Preposition
- with, don't confuse it with + Gen. meaning from
1
- 1go there with Natasha.
-Yesterday 1spoke to ... (lit. with Natasha)

also - together with - .
- caviar sandwich (lit. sandwich with caviar)
11
The lnstrumental is used after some verbs taking the preposition

- to congratulate on
- to settle with somebody
- to meet with
PartG
11
.::
~
page 90
Basie Mode1--n R11ssian Grammar
= The lnstrumental is used after 5 prepositions to denote

;
r/J.
=
:.
- behind
The
is
paked
place of an object:
behind the house.
- between
=
...=
~
~
is paked between the houses.

- above, v,
. We flew above the Alps.
- in font of, f
The
The
was
Preposition
paked
- unde
font
can also
in
of the house.
- bef
used in time-expressions:
beakfast
.
h
ig gaage unde
the hotel.
also - n Moscow ~
The lnstrumental is used after number of verbs of which
J l.-Otice/
the most common are
is
/:
was famous
photogaphe.
will become sugeon.

... When 1was small ...
Also , ,

Some other verbs which take the lnstrumental:
- to
- to seem
- to consideed
- to command
- to emain , to stay
to contol
~
- to poud of
to manage, to un '=t
- to delight in
- to own
rJJ.
- to obsessed with -sacifice
~
- to boast of
- to sick
r/J.
- to distinguished - to (in)
~
- to smell of
- to feed (with)
- to tade in
- to wd (with)
2
5
Part G
page 91
=
jjili.
~
1J
The lnstrumental case is used after some prepositional verbs:

.
.
12=
~
Basie Modet11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
=
=
.~
=
....
Preposition
is also used to denote
. 1 am
worked on contract.
laughed at his friend.
purpose of action:
going to buy bread.
The lnstrumental without preposition is used to denote the time of

events (parts of the day, seasons):
- in the morning
- in the afternoon
- in the evening
- at night
- in (the) winter
- in (the) spring
- in (the) summer
- in (the) fall/autumn
Also .
USE OF PREPOSITIONAL CASE

The Prepositional case is used only after the following prepositions:
, - to denote place or time,
- about, - in the time of
The Prepositional is used after
and
is satisfied with his job.
to denote
place:
. 1 live
.
in Moscow now.
1 have been to the exhibltion.
- in January etc.
- last year
- next month
- this week etc.
( ) .
- lt was in 1948.
.
Part G
lived in the 19-th century.
page 92
Basie Modern
R11ssi~t11 Gramm~tr
Some other verbs used with this case after prepositons
, :
- to work
/ - to study
/ - to (situated)
/ - to take walk
/ - to born
/ - to stay
/ - to sit
/ - to lie
/ - to hang
- to play (sports)
- to play (music instruments) and some others.
After
the Prepositional is used to denote means of transport:
1will go
The Prepositonal is used with the following verbs after the preposition
.. .
- to think
... - to speak, to talk
". - to write
". - to read
.. . - to tell
... - to ask
... - to know
E.g
.
After
does not like to talk about his work.
the Prepositional is used to denote
period in history:
- in tzar time
- in Stalin's time ~~~~~
Part 6
page 93
Basie Mode1n R11ssia11 G1a1nma1
Part7
Verbs
SVSTEM OF RUSSIAN VERB

Russian verbs have the following forms:
The lnfinitive - - to read
Present Tense - - 1read , 1am reading
The lndicative mood { Past Tense -
- 1read, 1have read

Future Tense - - 1will read,
1will reading
The lmperative - , ! - Please, read!
The Conjunctive mood - Past Tense + ,
- 1would read ,
The verbs also have some other forms:
The participles and
The adverblal participles gerunds
Many verbs have the reflexive particle - (- ) attached to all their
forms, for example:
- to return ,
- to study etc.
When studying the Russian Verb system you have also to
such an unusual characteristics as the Aspect.

The verbs of motion, particularly non-prefixed verbs, form
group which needs special treatment.
in mind
peculiar
INFINITIVE AS BASE FOR VERB FORMS

ln the dictionaries the Russian verbs registered in the lnfinitive.
The lnfinitive is the form which does not have any ending indicating
the Tense. lt is possie to say that the lnfinitive is the naked form
of the verb . So, to dress the verb you have to add the Tense endings
to it. Further you will learn how to do it.
There
three Tenses in Russian:
The Present Tense

The Past Tense
The Future Tense
Part7
page 94
USE OF
INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
( -, -, - , -, - , -, - ]
The infinitives end in:
The comblnations with the lnfinitive can

scheme:
represented
the following
( Verbs )
lnfinitive
lt is phrases
with forms
The lnfinitive is normally comblned with great many verbs:

.
1like
eading.
1want to go sightseeing.
. asked to .
. 1will always help you.
f} The lnfinitive is used in the sentences with the meaning of

supposition, permission or prohibltion, for example:
.
1have to
wok.
/ 1 ust
oigation,
wok.
should tw.
is supposed to tw.
.u
go
subway.
.u
cannot k u h .
lt' s fobldden to k u h.
The infinitive is used with the ... - forms in phrases like:

.
lt is difficult to
Part 7
dive
in Moscow.
page 95
Basie Mode1.11 R11ssia11 G1a1nmar
ASPECT
The Russian verb has an extra characteristics: the Aspect.
The action expressed verb may viewed from different stand
points: completion, frequency of occurance, action in progress,
statement of fact etc.
The Aspect is manifested through prefixes or suffixes and not through
the endings as the tenses do. Practically each Russian verb belongs
either to the lmperfective or the Perfective Aspect.
Most Russian verbs go in pairs of lmperfective and Perfective verbs,
for example: - - to do
The Aspect of the Verb is always marked in the dictionaries. ~
E.g.
._ totia.'
- lmperfective
- Perfective
The verbs which make up an Aspect pair generally have the same
meaning, i.e. they name one and the same real action, for example:
/
- to do,
-lit., to have something done.
The Tense formation scheme:

of
- to do,
~~~erb ~
( Tense ending )
The Aspect formation scheme:

( Suffix J
'11
Mind that the Aspect goes through the whole system of the verb:
lmperatives
Part7
Participles
page 98
Basie Mode1--n R11ssian Grammar
ASPECT IN TENSE SYSTEM

The Aspect is kind of rod which goes through the Tense system
of the Russian verb.
With reference to the Aspect, the Tense system of the Russian verb can
presented
the following scheme:
lmperfective Aspect (First Form)

( PAST TENSE )
( PRESENT TENSE
FUTURE TENSE }-7
These verbs are simply called the lmperfective verbs.
8 Perfective Aspect
( PAST TENSE )
(Second Form)
( FUTURE TENSE
}-7
These verbs are simply

called the Perfective verbs.
PRESENT TENSE OF
Only the lmperfective verbs can
VERBS
used in the Present Tense.
1mperfective verb
( PAST TENSE
)1------1(
PRESENT TENSE
]1-----1(FUTURE TENSE }-7
ln the Present Tense verbs change for person and numer - they conjugate.
Each person has its own ending. There are two types of personal endings,
in accordance with which verbs fall into
~
-st
conjugation
and
8 -nd
conjugation
As base for the Present tense formation we use part of the lnfinitive,
for example:
The infinitive

Part 7
Present tense stem
-7
-7
page 97
-ST CONJUGATION, REGULAR FORMATION

Many Russian 1-st conjugation verbs are conjugated on the pattern
of (vowel stem) :
The 1-st conjugation
conjugation) comprises the verbs ending in
- , - , - , - , - , - , - , - .
The Present Tense endings are as follows:

Singular
Plural
- - after consonants
-/-
- /-
- after vowels
and
(soft
{-
sign)
-/ -
- after consonants
- after vowels and

(soft sign)
, -/ -
'tr.r!flr"o .1.1.1 Some - verbs also belong to the 1-st Conjugation:

- to live, - to drink, - to pour and some others.
-ND CONJUGATION, REGULAR FORMATION
Many Russian 2-nd conjugation verbs are conjugated on the pattern

of (consonant stem):

The 2-nd conjugation comprises verbs ending in -
The Present Tense endings are as follows:

Plural
Singular
{ - after , , , , , .
-
Part7
- in other cases.
after
, , ,
, , .
in other cases.
page 98
Basie Modet"n Rttssian Gramn1ar
't/,.'rcej>iimi///
ig
group of common verbs ending in -, - and -

also belongs to the 2-nd Conjugation ( Conjugation).
Among them are:
- to watch,
to look at, to see

- to see
- to hear
- to lie
- to sit
- to stand
- to sleep
,

E.g.
- to silent
- to shout, to scream
- to depend on
- to knock
- to hold, to keep
- to breathe
and many others.
Prefixed verbs of both conjugations follow the same conjugation ~

pattern as their ro~t ve~bs , for example:
~A!OtirA"/
- 2-nd conJugatn - to see -
- 2-nd conjugation - to see (suddenly)-
IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION

With some verbs the Present Tense stem differs from the lnfinitive stem.
See them below.
Dropping of some parts of the lnfinitive
Verbs in - :
- to give
- is dropped.
The stem is -

also -
Verbs in -/- :
--
- to vote
is dropped,
--
is added.
- to recognize
- to get up etc.
also - - to demand
Part 7
etc.
page 99
changing of the stem vowel
- to sing
- to take
appears in conjugation :
- to live
Verbs in
also - - to swim
- :
- to drink
also
- to strike,
- to pour,
- to sew,
Verbs in

etc.
- :
- to wash
Part7
page 100

-
Verbs in
with consonant interchange throughout conjugation:

- to write, / interchange
- to look for, to seek
- - to whisper -
/ - - to weep -
/ - - to knit -
/
verbs:
, ,
to go
, ,
to convey
, ,
, ,
to grow
, ,
, ,
to carry
, ,
to lead
, ,
, ,
Verbs in
, ,
-
like:
- to wait
Part 7
also
- to tear,
- to lie
page 101
Basic Modetn R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
Verbs in -/ :
- to place
The verbs described before had the peculiarity gone throughout ~

the conjugation. But now you' ll meet with special case:
" ltia.'
Verbs in - :

- to
// interchange
~~~- - - ~
,
- to flow
- to bake
also
/ .1nterc h ange
Regular
+
IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
verbs are conjugated as
consonant stem

- to remember, - to smoke,
- to believe, - to teach, to learn,
- to give (as present).
vowel stem
- to build, - to coast
also
- to stand
- to f ear
lrregular conjugation of verbs

consistent feature of the second conjugation is the change
(mutation) of the consonant in the first person Singular of verbs
ending in - and - .
So, the 1-st Person Sigular differs from other forms.
~
/(;{ic.'
Part 7
page 102
appears in the 1-st Person Singular:
- to love, to like
- to cook, to prepare - ,
l - to put - ,
l - to sleep - ,
l - to feed - ,
l - to catch - ,
l - to tolerate - and some others
also
/ interchange:
-to see
- to sit
l - to iron
l - to go, to walk
also
/ interchange:
-to fly
interchange:
/ interchange :
-to
'
Part 7
-to ask
page 103
Basic Modetn R11ssia11 G1a1n1nar

IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY RN
number of verbs do not follow any of the above patterns.
Some of them also include the elements of both conjugations.
See them below:
- to want
lrlirr.'
- to eat
'
l
l
(also / interchange)
l - to run , also / interchange
- to
Only one form is used - ,

which is the 3-d Person Singular and Plural
1( lirc'
PAST TENSE OF VERBS
The Past Tense formation is based on the Gender Principal (Singulars).

The stem which serves as base for the Past Tense formation comes
from the infinitive.
The infinitives end in: - , - , - , - , - , - , - .
As for the Past Tense Formation all the verbs
fall into 2 groups
~
First Group
- , -
verbs
Regular Past Tense formation,
modern productive type of verbs,
vowel stem.
Part 7
Second Group
- , - , - , - ,
- ,
several
verbs
lrregular Past Tense formation ,

non-productive old type of verbs,
consonant stem.
page 104
...,
=
~
:.
Basie Mode1"n R11ssian Grammar
First Group, Regular Past Tense Formation
( - verbs, vowel stem ]
Let us take , for example, the verb to - .
give the Masculine Past we have to replace
- - :
he was, he has been

[ Stem +
- ]
The Feminine Past - we replace
- - :
she was, she has been

[stem +
The Neuter Past - we replace
- ]
- -:
~ ,
it was, it has been

[ Stem +
The Past agrees also in Number:

- we were, we have been

- you were, you have been
- they were, they have been
[ Stem
So, the full
+-]
is:
lnf.
Singular
.
, ,
F. , ,
N. ,
Part 7
Plural & Polite

, ,
page 105
asie
Modetn R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
verbs
as part of the Regular Group
E.g .
- to fall down
get the Past tense forms we have to replace
or - .
So, the full
as follows:
lnf.
- -, -, -
of the Past Tense formation of this type of verbs is
Singular
Plural & Polite
, ,
F.
, ,
N.
, ,
Some other verbs of the same type:
- to eat, - to steal
- to get to,
- to disappear, to vanish.
The use of Personal pronouns
and
with the Past Tense.
Personal pronouns - 1 and (informal YOU)

are of Common Gender.
So, the Gender agreement is determined the real sex
of person.
- 1was -
- 1fell down -
. l(lirr .'
- you were -
- you fell down -
r/J
~
:.
~
Part7
page IOG
::~ 8
rlJ
=
=
12
~
=
=
~
~
Basie Modern Rttssian Grammar

IRREGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
Verbs ending in
Some types of verbs have no - in the Masculine Past.
These mainly the oldest verbs of the Russian language which
have the consonant stem.
No - is added to this stem in the Masculine Past.
ln addition to that the stem consonant is very often replaced
its interchanging pair consonant : , etc.
Let us take for example the verb - to to,
will replaced . So, the Past Tense forms :
Singular
.
, ,
F.
N.
, ,
Plural & Polite

, ,
Some other verbs of the same type of the Past Tense Formation:

- to help
- he helped
- she helped
- it helped
- they helped
/ - interchange
- to flow
- interchange
- to lie down
- to cut (hair), grass
- interchange
- interchange
Part 7
- to bake
- interchange
page 107

- to save, to keep, to guard, to protect
- interchange
- to light, to switch
or
lamp
match
- interchange
- to cross, to intersect
- interchange
Similar Past Tense formation have lot of other verbs.
Some - verbs (consonant stem) also have the lrregular Past

Tense Formation - no - in the Masculine Past, f example:
- to die.
So, the Past Tense forms

as follows:

- he died
- she died
- they died
this type belong

some other verbs:

lot of
- to lock,
- to wipe etc.
verbs (consonant stem):
- to get used to
the stem is S ,
the Past Tense forms
- he got used to
- she got used to
- they got used to
Part7
page 108

Some other verbs of the same type:
- to perish
- to freeze
- to become dry
- to go out (about light)
- to go out (about light)
- to disappear, to vanish
- to become
ind
- to become sour
- to become wet
- to become rotten etc.
lrregular Past Tense forms of verbs ending in
lot of frequently used verbs ending in - ,

have the following forms in the Past Tense:
- , - , - , - .
- , - , -
Non-prefixed basic motion verbs

Past Tense
lnfinitive
going verb
carrying verb
leading verb
q
q
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
different
stems
, , ,
These Past Tense forms serve as basic forms for other verbs,
for example:
lnf. - to go (from )
Past Tense
, , ,
Part 7
page 109
Rasic Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

lnt.
- to leave
lnt.
- to
(trom )
(trom )
Past Tense
Past Tense
, , ,
, , ,
carrying verbs
lnt.
lnt.
(trom )
(trom )
Past Tense
Past Tense
, , ,
, , ,
leading verbs
lnt.
lnt.
(trom )
(trom )
w
Past Tense
Past Tense
, , ,
, , ,
))--\
,...-....-J.....,
Part 7
There many other

prefixes which not only
add some new shades
ot meaning but
also change the
meaning of verb.
But the formation of
the Past ense is
always based on the
Past Tense forms of
non-prefixed verbs of
motion.
page 110

=
jliii
~
Basie
Mode1~n
Rt1ssian Grammar
Some other verbs with the same peculiarities in the Past Tense formation :
Past Tense forms
lnfinitive
rlJ
:.
=
=
....=
~
~
to grow , , ,
to save,
to rescue - , , ,
to m - , , ,
to shake - , , ,
to sweep - , , ,
to row , ,
to climb up - , , ,
to crawl - , , ,
The above mentioned verbs can have different prefixes

or meanings, but their Past Tense Formation retains
the same peculiarities.
FUTURE TENSE OF VERBS
Depending on the Aspect of verb, there are 2 ways to form

the Future Tense:
The Compound Future for the lmperfectives and
The Simple Future for the Perfectives
COMPOUND FUTURE FOR IMPERFECTIVES
consists of two verbs:

The Future Tense
of the verb

So,
- to
The lmperfective
lnfinitive
!Jlurn/f'Jlfl1i1f
So, the lmperfective verbs have the following Tense forms:

( PAST TENSE )
Part 7
}?
( PRESENT TENSE )
( FUTURE TENSE
page 111
=8
=
jjil.
rlJ
~~
Basie Mode1n R11ssia11 G1am111a1

SIMPLE FUTURE FOR PERFECTIVES consists of one verb.
ln most of the cases the Perfectives borrow the patterns of their Future
Tense formation from the lmperfective Present Tense Forms:
The Present Tense Form of the lmperfective:
.
The Future Tense Form of the Perfective:
=
...=
~
=t
!Jlt;JJUJtal/j
So, the Perfective verbs have the following Tense forms:
( PAST TENSE
FUTURE TENSE
The Future Perfectives follow all the patterns

of the Present lmperfectives of the same root.
1( 1/.1
are some difficult forms of the Future Perfectives:
- to give
- to sell
-1 will sell
-1 will give

- to start, to begin
- 1will start
- to understand
- 1will understand
- to take
- 1will take
- to get up
- 1will get up
rlJ
Part7
page 112
..=
:.
~
;....
Basie JJlodern Rtassian Grammar
- to sit, to take sit
-1 will sit
=
~
...=
- to find

- 1will find
- to translate
- to arrive
- 1will arrive
- 1 will translate
- to
- to say, to tell
-1 will come
-1 will tell
- to show
-1 will show

IMPERATIVE OF VERBS
When asking people to do things Russians make such requests with form
of the verb called the lmperative + the word (please).
FORMATION OF IMPERATIVE
Both Aspects may have the lmperatives.
There are 3 possie endings for the lmperative:
-
, }
-
-
lf you are speaking

to someone you call
lf you are speaking to someone called , drop the -.
The basis for the lnfinitive is the Present Tense Stem.
! form,
! form.
page 113
The most common ending 1s -().

~
Use it if stem ends in consonant.
=
~
~
lnfinitive
=
...=
~
to say, to tell
to buy
to forgive
to write down
to
to go
to wait
to talk, to speak
to call
to bring
to enter
to help
( vowel stem +
lnfinitive
Present Stem
lmperative
- /
()
()
()
- /
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
- /
()
- () )
lmperative
()
lnfinitive
to open
to give
to pass
to find out
Present Stem
lmperative
- /
()
( )
()
( )
The rarest ending is -(),

it is used also after the consonant stems:
- to forget
- to answer
- to
.<J}trial
m .)( .'
()
( )
()
lf the verb is reflexive it retains the reflexive ending /: ~
! / !
!
Part7
. r;,1"rr.'
Have seat!
Come back!
page 114
Basie
Mode1~n
R11ssian Grammar
MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES

( Short Participles J
~
Short Passive Participles

from Perfectives
(only transitive verbs)
."=
= .
Short Active Participles

Used only in the official or bookish style! ~
There are always ways to avoid them ,
you have only to recognize them.
.~~/
~ The shop has been already
...= closed .

from Perfectives
= Having done smth

from lmperfectives
= While/when doing smth
. from l
While/when closing the door,

he dropped the keys.
ending in -, - ,
(- , - if Reflexive)
from
Having come back home he went to bed
at once.
ending in - ,
(- , if Reflexive)
( Long Participles ]
Long Passive Participles
~
lt!
8 from Perfectives
f) from lmperfectives
- , -
- , - , -
- favourite film
- unfinished novel

- broken glass
Long Active Participles

~
from Perfectives
from lmperfectives
- ,- ,- ,-
from - the
from - the passenger
passenger who might miss the

train
who has missed the train
Part 7
page 115
=
=
rlJ
jlil.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SHORT PASSIVE

PERFECTIVE PARTICIPLES
The Short Passive Perfective Participles are used to describe states
which the results ! some actions.
They end in
=
=
These participles agree with the subject in gender and number:
'81
- , - , -
and
- to do, to have smth done

.
F.
PI.
.
N.
- The renovation has been done.

F. . - The work has been done.
N. . - Everything has been done.
PI. . - All the things have been done.
The agent of the action may
rendered
the lnstrumental, for example:

lnstr.
These works were painted Renoir.

Some participles take trom - to occupy
from - to open
from - to close
trom - to dress
from - to wash etc.
The short Passive Perfective Participles are used only as
complement to the verb - to be(in Compound Predicates),f.
for example:
. rlia.'
Past tense
The shop was closed yesterday.

Present tense .
The shop is closed today.

Future tense
The shop will closed tomorrow.
Part 7
page llG
Basie ltlode1n R11ssian Grammar

LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
Many long participles are also used as adjectives or nouns.
Most common long participles used as adjectives:
- next
- next
- present, real
- suitae
- outstanding
- favourite
- respected ,
honourae
- indispensae,
necessary
- independant
also

- broken lock
- roasted meat
- pickled
cucumbers
- smoked sausage
- ground coffee
- grated cheese
- whipped cream
- sliced sausage
etc.
Long participles used as nouns (participial nouns):
- the present
- the futu
- the past
- madman
- wounded person
- the accused
- convict
- passer-by
- civil servant
- pupils, students
- people present at ...
All long participles are declined as ordinary adjectives
page 117
Basie Mode1.n R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

USAGE (MEANING) OF ASPECTS
lmperfective verbs describe:
Ja
~!
action in progress
was writig his ovel for the whole year.
repeated action
...=
~ ~ ,g
. wrote every day.
'Cf)
2S 9
statement of fact
- ?
- .
wrote
What did he do last year?
ovel.
succesion of events ~ => ~ => ~

, , .
Saturday he read, took walk, played
teis d
wrote his
ovel.
Perfective verbs describe the completion of single action.
Usually, result is implied, for example:
. ~W~
has writte ovel.
SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
lf you are asked question with an lmperfective verb you have to use
an lmperfecive verb in your reply, for example:
lmp.
What did you do yesterday?
lmp.
- . 1WOked.
Follow the rule:
Aspect in Question
lmperfective
Perferfective
~
~
Aspect in Answer
lmperfective
Perferfective
The lmperfective aspect is used with the time expressions denoting

frequency or occurence:
ofte
week
- m times
- every day
- sometimes
- always
r/J
- ever
other expressions with ,.=:
- seldom
- i the morigs
- several times - Modays etc. ...
Part 7
page 118
Basie Modern Rttssian Grammar
=
PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
,_. Below you will find practical
of basic forms of most common verbs
~ of both Aspects:
= The verb - to Present
Future
Past
, ,

, ,
only in the
Possessive
Constructions
, ,
- , to
- is used
to, to manage
Past
Present
Future
, , /
, , /
/
, , /
- to want, to wish
Past
Present
, ,
, ,
, ,
- to give
Past
Present
Future
, ,
, ,

, ,
- to eat
Past
Present
Future
, ,
etc.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Pa1t 7
------
page 119
Past,
s.
, ,
, ,
lnf. & Present,
3-.,
/ ,
Sing.
to t ake
, ,
, ,
- t o get up
to talk, speak, say
- to do
/
,
, ,
- t o wait
- to live
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
art 7
- to call , to phone
- to put
- to go to bed, to lie down
- to lie
- to love, like
- to fi nd
- to open
/
,
, ,
Sing.
, ,
, ,
- to return
/,
, ,
, ,
3-.,
- t o see
/
,
Future,
- to w rite
page 120
.,..
=
rlJ
=
=
~
~
~
...=
Basie Moder11 R11ssian Grammar
Past,
s.
lnf. & Present and
3-.,
- to sing
,,
, ,
/-
,,
/-
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
- to sit
, ,
N.
- to sit down, to take
- to happen
- to hear
to see, look at
, ,
art 7
sit
- to listen
- to ask to do smth
- to send
, ,
,,
- to understand
to help
- to get, receive
, ,
, ,
to show
to buy
/-
Future, 3-., Sing .
Sing.
- to watch,
- to ask
- to read
page 121
"11
-=
~
~
.....
Basie Mode1n R11ssia11 G1am1na1
Part8
Verbs and Construetions
Th is part deals with:
The Retlexive Verbs
'=t
Modal Verbs and Constructions
Possessive Constructions
Russian Word Order
(- verbs)
REFLEXIVE VERBS (- verbs)
The suffix - () was originally the Accusative of the Reflexive

pronoun - self. ln many verbs the reflexive meaning of the
suffix has been lost, but there also verbs in which this meaning
has been preserved: the so called true reflexives.
The conjugation of reflexive - verb does not differ from its
non-reflexive pair verb.
The ending - is attached to verb forms ending in consonant
- :
[ consonant
- + - J
E.g. l .
l .
l !
is also attached to all active participles .
is attached to forms ending in
vowel , for example:
l .
vowel +
Part8
page 122
=
r/J.
=
Basie Moder11 Rttssian Grammiar
There are also 2 Aspect forms:
lmp.
Perf.
:==
...=
lmperfective
Perfective
- to make up one's face
- to dye one's hair
- to do one's hair
- to change one's clothes
- to dress oneself
- to undress oneself
- to put
- to wash oneself
- to go to sauna
- to wash one's hands and f ~
- to bathe oneself
- to shave oneself
- to find him/herself in/at
- to get oneself ready
.~
MAIN USE OF REFLEXIVES

The true Reflexives
group of true Reflexives is limited to groomingverbs:
one's shoes
r/J.
=
,.,=
."
,.,
~
r/J.
=
=
"'=
=
=
r/J.
J:
~
~
....
Pa1t 8
page 123
Rasic Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
= The Reflexives can

jjji.
~
11
~=
~
used in the sentences with inanimate objects

and the action is presented as if preformed itself:
.
The door d.
190 . The performace starts at 190 .
. Suddely the computer switched off.
? Whe does the shop ?
. broke.
= lmperfective
= also
~
Perfective
- to close
- to switch
- to spill
- to cotiue
- to decrease, to lesse
- to icrease , to grow
- to improve
- to deteriorate
- to stop
- to get lost
and some others

The Reflexives with the passive meaning
Reflexive suffix adds the passive meaning to many transitive verbs:
non - Reflexives
Reflexives
?
11
- How is this word spelt?
:>
.....
proouced?
- How is this word
=
=
:.
.....
- How to wash this sweater?
:>
:>
:>
Part 8
this stove?
- Where is this
There is usually
traslated?
- How to switch
-"=
- How is this word
11
11
,.=
:.
situated?
third-person subject in these sentences.
page 124
Basie '/Jlodern Rttssian Grammar
= The Reflexives are used to denote purposeful action:

;
/ - to try
=
/ - to attempt
r/J.
/ + gen. - to achieve
The Reflexives are used to describe human states or feelings:

.~
lmperfective
~
+ gen. - to fear
~
+ gen. - to get frightened
- to seem
+ . - to hope f or
lmperfective / Perfective
/
+ dat. - to like (used only impersonally)

/ + dat. - to smile
/ + instr. - to laugh at
+ instr. - to proud of
/ + dat. - to surprised
/ - to worry
/ - to get excited
/ + dat. - to rejoice
/ + - + gen. - to get upset
/ + . - to get angry with
/ - to wake up
/ - to have good sleep
/ - to get drunk
YJ~1xal Cf(J)(}:
. ~
dog does not ite.
~ i(~tice.t
The Reflexives are also used to denote human activities or actions:

lmperfective
+
instr. - to go in for, to study

- to study
lmperfective / Perfective
/
- to ride
/ - to back
/ - to get involved into
/ - to make mistake
Pa1t 8
page 125
The Reflexives are used to denote
joint action:
We met in Moscow.
.
.
The counterpart is expressed

Other verbs with
+ lnstrumental -
similar meaning:
lmperfective
Perfective
- to settle, to agree
- to see each other
- to gather
- to marry, to get married
- to say good-bye
- to unite
- to divorce
- to quarrel
- to settle
- to kiss
- to embrace each other
to say hello
MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

The sentences with the modal verbs or constructions can
Personal sentences
with /
with
or
lmpersonal sentences
with
or
with /
with
J:..
...
Part 8
page 128
Basie Mode1n Rttssian Grammar
=
=
PERSONAL SENTENCES
Personal sentences with / + lnfinitive,
1J
~
- can,
to
lnfinitive
Perfective :
Present
~
Past, Masc.
/
Future
=
...=
~
~
lmperfective:
Past
E.g. . 1cannot .
.
1could not .11 failed to
Personal sentences with + infinitive

They express oigation, necessity or supposition, for example:
.
1have to go = 1ust go = 1have to go.

.
She should
here soon.
changes according to gender and number,
like the Past Tense forms of the verbs:
Part 8
Masc.
, ,
Fem.
, ,
PI. & Pol .
, ,
page 127

f} IMPERSONAL SENTENCES
lmpersonal sentences with
oigation,
They express necessity
+ infinitive .
for example:
.
.
1have got to go.

1must go.
1have to go.
( = )
is more conversational.
lmpersonal sentences with / + infinitive.
Sentences with denote permission:

?
1see?
1have
look?
Sentences with also denote possibllity:

?
How 1get there?
Sentences with denote prohibltion:

!
You may not here!
impossibllity:
You cannot get there
@ )
the subway.
lmpersonal sentences with / + lnfinitive

denote possibllity impossibllity:
, .
1think, it is
possie
to do this.
, .
1think, it is
Part8
impossie
to do this.
page 128
Basie ltlodern Rt1ssian Grammiar
,_..
=
=
~
1J
The Tense forms of modal constructions

Modal constructions are based on the verb
forms:
Present
Future
Past
=
~
...=
Present
Future
Past
+ inf.
F. + inf.
N. + inf.
PI. + inf.
. + inf.
F. + inf.
N. + inf.
PI. + inf.
+ inf.
F. + inf.
N. + inf.
PI. + inf.
POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
(1 have / 1do not have)
The Possessive construction is the Russian equivalent to the verb

for example:
1 have
dog.
= .
+ +
Genitive
Nominative
object
which is possessed
person
who possesses
have,
Thus, literally There is dog me.

So, the Genitive denotes person or thing which possesses an
object.
The object functions as subject of sentence and is denoted
the Nominative.
= there is, is
The Possessive construction can

object is specified:
used without
when the
1 have ig
Part8
dog.
page 129
Basie Mode1n R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

The Negative of the Possessive Construction
Positive
Negative
1have dog.
1 have dog.
ln the Negative Possessive construction the negated object

Gen.
is expressed the Genitive: .
The Tense forms of possessive constructions
POSITIVE
Prese nt
Past
.
F.
Future
PI .
PI.
used depedig
the number
of the possessed
objects
used depedig
the gender d
umber of the
possessed objects
NEGATIVE
Prese nt
Past
s.
Future

These verb forms are used only in one form, irrespective of gender
or number of possessed objects:
+ + .
6.
Part8
lrlia.1
page 130
RUSSIAN WORD ORDER

The direct word order
The order Subject + Verb + Object is encountered in the vast
ajority of sentences which contain these three eleents,
for l:
~ + ( ) + ( )
1
bought
+ Verb
Subject
Pronoun object
+ Object
precede the Verb:
----------
1do not
1 not h you.
~nything.
The reverse word order

lpersonal sentences norally have the reverse word order:
~ + [ ] + [ ]
lndirect object
Verb
Subject
The position of characterizing words in
sentence
The long for of the adjectives, all adjectival pronouns and

ordinal nuerals precede the noun or the pronoun they qualify:
.
1bought new .
The long adjective follows the noun/pronoun when used

as complement to the verb:
.
is v old.
Russian equivalent to h is / h sentences

ln such sentences the place odifiers always first:
.
There are many new hotels in Moscow.
Part8
page 131
=
....
=
=
rlJ
Basie Modean R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

The position of adverbs and adverblal phrases
Some adverbs usually precede the verb:
~~
has not yet.
Some other adverbs of this kind:
, , , ,
..."
Time expressions like

,
1948 ,
, , ,
etc. normally
occupy the final position , for example:

.
came early in the morning.
1 went
there in the winter.
1948 .
was born in 1948.
19 .
lived in the 19-th century.
The order of the elements in sentence is often determined

the necessity to place the new or important information towards
the end of
sentence, for example:
lvan does not love Masha.

ln!irr.1
Part8
page 132
Part9
Gramm~tr
Verbs oi Motion
GENERAL REMARKS
The group of motion verbs in Russian is quite
ig.
lt presents
certain difficulty for foreign learner. The group of motion verbs

embraces such types as going, carrying, flying, leading,
running and many other types of verbs.
Many of these verbs can
used in
special meaning, not denoting
the motion as such.
This chapter deals with
ig
group of non-prefixed and prefixed
going verbs and with the most common prefixed verbs of

carrying and flying.
Non-Prefixed going verbs
ln contrast to the prefixed verbs of going which mainly follow the

standard grammatical verb characteristics, non-prefixed going
verbs cannot easily pigeon-holed.
The category of the Aspect cannot
successfuly and logically applied
to non-prefixed verbs of going.
ln connection with going and carrying verbs, we have to mention

such
phenomenon as pairing of the verbs: each element of the
pair differs in submeaning but has the same grammatical usage.

Further you will find the basic forms of the pairs of non-prefixed
going verbs and the description of their submeaning differences.
page 133
!
1J.
Basie Modean R11ssia11 G1a111111ar

BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF GOING
First Pair
Present & Future Tense
=
~
'1
....=
Second Pair
Present & Future Tense
Third Pair
Past Tense
Summing-up pair
lnfinitives
Part 9
page 134

PAIR-DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
1 /,
These verbs are used in two cases:
When person goes on foot (some walking distances),
for example:
.
- 1 am going to bed.
.
- 1am going for walk.
person visits some places of interest within

the city limits, like theater,cinema, stadium, restaurant,
exhibltion, concert, friends, school, university, work, doctor
etc., for example:
When
- 1am going to the theater tonight.

.
- 1did not go to school yesterday.
PAIR - DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
/,
verbs)
person travels with help of car,

train, subway, bus, tram, icycle, horse etc.
This group is always used when person travels beyond the
city limits, for example:
These verbs are used when
1am going to my summer cottage.

.
1 have been to Spain.
Part 9
page 135
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 Gram1nar

GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED GOING VERBS
=
~
used properly non-prefixed going verbs have to divided
as follows:
71
( Unidirectional verbs J
...=
7
~
( Multidirectional verbs )
Verbs of
single motion
Verbs of habltual
8 /repeated motion
)
Verbs of
motion in progress
0 (Verbs of general abllity capacity )

0
Verbs with special (figu rative) meaning
UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
Verbs of
First Pair
single motion
Present and Future Tense
The verbs of the first pair describe single (one-time) motion in

definite direction (visits) , either actual ly taking place at given time
planned to accomplished , for example:
"=
We are going to the theater tonight.

/ .
1am going to London in
Part 9
=
."=
week.
page 138
Basie Mode1n R11ssian
Gramm~tr
are the Present and the Future Tense forms of unidirectional

verbs of single motion.
,
,
,
These verbs usually comb1ne w1th the follow1ng time-expressions:
- now
- today
- tomorrow
- soon
, ,
- in
week, month, year
- next week, month, year

- in January etc.
Verbs of habltual/repeated motion

Second Pair
Present and Future Tense
The verbs of the second pair are used to describe motion

in definite direction when it is repeated or habltual:
E.g. .
1go to the pool every Saturday.

. 1often visit London.
The following time-expressions accompany the verbs:
- often
- every day
- always
- usually
- sometimes
- every week
- every month
- every year etc.
- once week
- every other day
- Saturdays, etc.
Pa1t 9
page 137
Basic Moder11 R11ssia11 Gram1nar
are the Present and the Future Tense forms of unidirectional verbs
of the repeated/habltual motion:
Present Tense
Future Tense
Present Tense
Future Tense
and
The Past Tense forms of verbs of both single and habltual/repeated

motion (within the unidirectional verbs)
lt so happened that both groups of verbs (single motion and
habltual/repeated motion) have one and the same Past Tense forms:
Present & Future
Single motion in definite direction
Present & Future

Repeated or habltual motion
in definite direction
Past Tense
/
/
.
, , ,
F.
, , ,
Pl.&Pol.
Part 9
, , ,
page 138
Gramm~tr
The Present and the Past Tense Forms of Verbs denoting

Motion in Progress (within the unidirectional verbs)
The following verbs and time-expressions are used for that:

Present ense
/
- now
- for long time
- slowly
- fast, quickly
Past Tense
/
For example:
/ , .
When 1was going/driving home 1met Natasha.
Here are the ense forms:

Present
ense
/
/
/
/
Past Tense
, , /
, , /
,
, , /
Multidirectional going verbs

The verbs and are used to denote visiting
different places, for example:
.
We were shopping (going round the shops) the whole day.

.
We were driving about the city for several hours.

Present Tense
/
Future Tense
/
Past Tense
/
page 139
=
12=
Basic Moder11 R11ssia11 G1 a1n1nar
Going vebs denoting abllity capacity to perform an action

( used when talking of likes and dislikes)
1J.
11
Only the vebs

f example:
and
used in these meanings,
daughter started to walk whe she was 10 moths old .
...=
Natasha t ride
'CI
10 .
icycle.
. 1 d ' t
like
goig
subway.
. 1 like walkig.

some
othe
vebs
common
.
.
of motion used in these meanings:
- 1 dislike joggig.
-
1 t
1 t
swim.
drive .
- 1 like skiig.
Non-prefixed going ve bs with special (figuative) meaning

foms:
we use the following
Pesent - ,
Past - , , ,
Futue - ,
,
Some examples:
.
Part9
- The film is .
- The
lesso
- lt is sowig.
is
- This suits you.
-Time goes fast.
page 140
Gramm~tr
SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION

Various prefixes can added to the verbs of motion to specify the action:
to or away from place, happening or person; into or out of place,
happening or person etc.
ln contrast to non-prefixed verbs of motion the prefixed ones form the
standard aspect pairs (through internal modification), for example:
lmperfective -
Perfective -
Prefixed verbs of going and carrying form submeaning pairs

(as their root non-prefixed verbs do), with reference to the mode of action:
Group 1
Someone either goes on foot or visits some place of interest or

working place without reference to transport used to perform an action.
lmperfective
Perfective
Group 2
Some means of transport are used to perform an action.

lmperfective
Perfective
See:
Group 1 .
Group 2 .
page 141
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 Gra1n1na1
TENSE FORMS AND GENERAL MEANING OF ASPECT

PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
First
lmp.
L::::
Perf.
'11
~
'11
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: coming , arriving at
place, visiting someone either on foot
or the motion is unspecified
lmp.
Present
Past
Meaning: coming, arriving at
(also
'11
L::::
rt.
Future
Past
Future
place, visiting someone
transport
planes)
lmp.
L::::
Perf.
'11
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: coming
lmp.
L::::
air, arriving at
place
Perf.
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: coming on foot (or the motion is unspecified) and bringing
(delivering) something or someone to somewhere or somebody.
lmp.
L::::
Perf.
~
~
'1;
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: coming transport and bringing (delivering) something
or someone to somewhere or somebody
Part9
J
~
.;,
page 142
Basie Mode1.n R11ssia11
....
=
= lmp.
:.
=
Present
1J
Second
=
...=
~
Meaning :
leaving place
Perf.
Gramm~r
Past
Future
Past
Future
person, going either on foot
lmp.
~
the motion is unspecified
~
~
Perf.
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: leaving
lmp.
~
place
person
transport
Perf.
~
~
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: leaving
person
air
lmp.
~
Perf.
~
'11
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning:
taking thing
place
person, going either on foot
lmp.
~
the motion is not specified

Perf.
~
~
Present
Past
Future
Past
Future
Meaning: taking
Part9
thing
person to some place
transport
page 143
Basie Modern R11ssia11 Gra1n1nar

Here you find t of the PREPOSITIONS AND CASES
ACCOMPANYING some common PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
coming, arriving at
/
/
/
- to place
- to place
happening
- to person
- from place
- f rom place
+ Gen.
happening
- f rom person
+ .
+ Dat.
delivering, carrying to
/
/
- from place
- f rom place
happening
- from person
- to place
+ Gen.
~~~~~~~~~~~
l + .
- to place happening 5
to
person - with
without preposition + Dat.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-==
=
~
Part9
page 144

going away, leaving,
departing
/
/
- to place
- to place
+ .
or happening
- to person + Dat.
- from place
- f rom place
+ Gen.
or happening
- from person
delivering, taking to
/
/
- to place
- to place or happeningj + .
to
person
with or without preposition + Dat.
setting off for destination
- to place
- to place or happening 5+
- to person + Dat.
page 145
Basic Moder11 R11ssia11 Gra1n1nar
Part 10
Adverbs
THIS PART DEALS WITH

Adverbs, including predicative adverbs ( - forms and modal words) .
The degrees of comparison of some adverbs,
also the degrees of comparison of some adjectives.
The short form of some adjectives.
ADVERBS
Adverbs can originate from different parts of speech, for example:

- in the evening, comes from noun (evening);
- in group of two,
comes from collective numeral ( group of two) .
lf an adverb is not registered in

your own from an adjective:
dictionary you can try to form it on
[ Adjective J ~ [ Adverb )
Most adverbs derived from adjectives have the ending

>
>
- :
From adjectives denoting nationality the adverbs are usually

derived means of the ending - in comination with the prefix -:
> -
- .
Some adverbs can used in

verbs (predicative adverbs):
- .
sentence as
compliment to some
- forms
.
Modal words
lt was cold yesterday.

lt is hard to say.
, , , :
Part 10
1have got to go.

? 1have look?
page 148
=
-.,
~
~
~
.!
._.
Common Adverbs of Measure and Grade
- . lt's very hot today.

- . works lot.
- . sleeps little.
- - - . (coll.) was it late .
- . The tea is too hot.
- . lt is almost dark.
- . lt' s rather cold today.
- - doue expensive
- - much more expensive
- .
came twice.
does not know anything at all.
The meat has burnt completely.

also - partially, - fully.
Here you can find
Adverbs of Time
list of most common Adverbs of Time:
? - when?
- in (the) winter
- in (the) spring
- in (the) summer
- in (the) autumn
~~ ~
.~ _
- - ~"'---
- yesterday
- today
- tomorrow
- the day before yesterday
- the day after tomorrow
~, ~~~
,~~
~r
--\~~~~ .'~!))
~ ,K\t)
- in the morning
- in the afternoon
- in the evening, at night
- at night
page 147
;
~
~
~
.!
Dasic Modern R11ssia11 Gram1nar
- long time ago, for long time

- before, earlier
- not long ago, recently
- now, nowadays
- now
- afterwards
- then
- late
- early
- immediately
- at once, immediately
- finally, at last
- beforehand
- often
- seldom
- always
- sometimes
- usually
- never
- (for ) long time
- for long time, for long
- forever
- ago
- daily
- weekly
- monthly
- annually
Adverbs of Place and Direction
Some adverbs of place and direction present certain difficulty for
learner. Below you can find t containing these adverbs.
advers of place
Where?
advers
foreign
of direction
?
Where (to)?
Where from?
? From what side?
lives here.
here!
left (from here) an hour ago.
1will go there tomorrow. 1will come back (from there) in week.
lives there now.
".
1do not see anything in front of me. Go straight on".
You have to bypass trams from the front.
rlJ
-=
~
~
Jilt
-=~
~
J::
Part 10
page 148
.,..
=
=
:.=
1;
Basie Moden
adverbs of place
Gramm~r
adverbs of direction
R11ssia11
We will go back at once.
stood in the back and 1

did not notice them.
- return ticket
ou
have to bypass
buses from the back.
The shop is on the right .
....=
You have to turn .

to the right now.
Arabs write from

right to left.
. Will you, please,
move it to the right.
We write from left to

right.
The shop is on the left.
You have to turn

to the left now.
Will you , please, move

it to the left.
is waiting upstairs.
There is
knob at the top.
is waiting downstairs.
went upstai rs.
Hands up!
You'd better drill

from the top.
went downstai rs.
You' d better drill

from the bottom.
There is
bottom.
knob at the
.:
...
First insert the card ...
The fax machi ne does not

work: the paper got stuck
inside.
Someone locked th
door from inside.
The door opens outside.
Someone
locked the door fro
outside.
but
1 am going home.
- from home
was waiting outside.
is at home now.
Pa1t 10
page 149
1;
:.
~
.,..
"
~
.::
~
lt is not always easy to pigeonhole even common adverbs.

Below you find some of them.
is still sleeping.
has not yet.
is still sleeping.
anyore .
does not sleep
has already
is still sleeping.
has not yet.

lndefinite Advers
- , -
soewhere ,
anywhere
-, - - soewhere (to), anywhere (to) - direction
-, - - s tie, any tie, ever
- , - - for soe/any reason
- , - - for soe/any reason
Negative
Advers
- no place, no r, nowhere
- no place, no r , nowhere - direction
- no reason , useless
Pitrt 10
page 150
Basie Mode1n R11ssian
Gramm~tr
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF SOME ADVERBS.

Only the adverbs of manner can have the degrees of comparison.
The Comparative Degree

The Comparative Degree of the adverbs is formed with the help
of suffixes //, for example:
Comparative
- faster, quicker
Since many of these comparatives are very irregular in their formation,

it is better to learn them as new vocabulary items:
Comparative
- better
- worse
- less, fewer
- more
Also:
- more expensive,
- cheaper
- more difficult,
- easier,
- colder,
- warmer,
- hotter,
- more convenient, comfortae,
- earlier,
- later,
- louder,
- more quiet,
- softer,
- more delicious,
- more complicated,
- easier,
- f urther,
- closer,
- higher, taller,
- lower,
- wider,
- narrower etc.
ln colloquial style the comparatives can
!
prefixed with
Will you, please,
:
earlier.
it
page 151
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 Gram1nar

The comparatives can
emphasized
the following words:
l
much (much more)
For example:

- much quicker
- m uch better
- much earlier
person or an object compared to can expressed in two ways:

the Genitive, which is more common:
Gen.
. ,
+ Nominative comination:
, .
or
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS
The Superlative Degree is formed as follows:
- faster than anyone when compared to
group of people or objects.
- best of al 1when compared to something abstract.

Summary of the degrees of comparison:
f( lia .'
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Part 10
page 152
Basie Modern R11ssia11 Gramm11r
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF SOME ADJECTIVES

....
=
~ Only the qualitative adjectives can have the degrees of comparison.
;. There are two Comparative Degree forms: Simple and Complex.
=
Their choice depends on the position (function) of the adjective in sentence.
~
~
The Simple Adjective Comparative and the Adverb Comparative coincide:
~
~
Adverb
Comparative
q
q
Adjective
COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF
ADJECTIVES
SIMPLE FORM
link verb + adjective/adverb ending in //

E.g.
, .
Nikolay's
is
expensive than John' s
COMPLEX FORM
[ + adjective + noun
E.g.
, .
Nikolay bought
expensive
than lvan.
- does not change.
The Comparative forms can
1much
emphasized
the following words:
E.g .
, .
Nikolay' s
Part 10
is much
expensive than lvan's .
page 153
Basic Modern R11ssia11 Gra1n1nar
=
....
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF
ADJECTIVES
~ Most common is the complex form with (declines as an adjective) :
Nikolay bought the most expensive
Sometimes the complex form is used with
for example:
bought the most expensive .

~ Some adjectives can form the Superlative Degree with the suffixes /:
...=
E.g.
- the latest model
(jJ, CLl
ji,f?('/, f!J
F
_o_u_r_m
_ o_
s t_ co
_m
_ m_o_n_ a_
d j_e_c t_iv_e_s_h_a_v_e_t_h_e _f_
ol_lo_w_i_
n g_ fo_r_m_s_: --~ ~
~
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
lotirc1
SHORT FORM OF ADJECTIVES

Some Russian Adjectives can used in two functions:
~
as characterizing words
as compliment to the link verb

+ adjective
adjective + noun
As compliment to the verb (function 8 )

some common adjectives can used in shortened form, for example:
l
- f , vacant
is f.
The short adjectives can have the following forms:

.
F.
N.
, ,
, ,
()
'11
-=
~
~
~
"=
~
-=~
PI . & Pol.
, ,
Part 10
page 154
=
~=
1J.
~~
..-.
Gramm~tr
avoid difficulties with this tricky subject check the list

of most common short adjectives:
// - glad
.
- 1 am
glad.
// - to g
? Do you g?
//
- sue
you
sue
in that?
/// - guilty
.
//
?
No one is guilty.
- satisfied, pleased
you satisfied?
///
.
- simila , alike
You look v much alike.
///
?
///
you
tonight?
- must, have to
.
///
- f, vacant
You have to do it today.
necessay ,
need
You have to go. lt is necessary to go.
/// - ight
.
is not
ight .
///
- healthy,
vd
She has aleady vd.
page 155
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1111nar

6//6/ - sick, ill
~=
Natasha is sick.
/// - oiged, must
. You must go.
The short adjectives are used in some forms of politeness:
,...
,
...
Would you
so kind)
careful!
healthy!
The short adjectives are used also as Size- adjectives:

, , 6 ,
, ,
- too small
, - too
ig
E.g.
.
This suit is too small.

.
This suit is too
ig.
Manyother
~--J....
adjectives
used in the short

form
the native
speakers.
PartlO
page 158
Basie Mode1n Rttssian Grammiar
Part 11
Negative Sentenees
SIMPLE NEGATIVE WITH
You can negate any meaningful word in Russian with the help of the particle
The particle
always preceeds the negated word:
did not .
1am not going to London.

, .
1am not going to London, but 1am going to
Pais.
lt' s not my .
.
lt's not new .

.
lt's not cold today.
Here is the summary
of the use of the Simple Negative in Russian:
etc.
etc.
1J.
/
/
etc.
etc.
"~
......
etc.
etc.
r/'J.
~
jiil.
."
......
~
~
Part 11
page 167
Basie Modet11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

f} COMPOUND NEGATIVE
=
liii-
1J
lot of Russian negative sentences can have the following pattern:

[
~
'!
...=
verbs + words ]
This pattern is called the Compound Negative, for example:

Russian:
word
verb
English: not verb
any word
1do not know
anything.
Russian :
word
English:
word
Nobody
Negative pronouns
and their case forms
based on / :
N. /
G. /
D. /
. /
1. /
/
. /
words can
verb
verb
came.
Negative adverbs:
Negative adjectival
pronouns:
- never
- nowhere
- nowhere (direction)
- not at all
and their case forms.

- in no way
- not once
- from nowhere
1J
~
~
....=
~
=
~
r/J.
Prepositions inserted between and the pronoun,

for example:
Part 11
-7
. (;{; /
page 158
liii-
Basie Modern Rt1ssian Grammar

The use of the Negative pronouns
and its case torms -
no one, nobody, anybody
Nom.
Nobody came.
.
Gen.
did not ask anybody.
did not tell anything to anybody.
1don't know anybody here.

.
lnstr.
1didn' t speak to anybody about that.

.
Prep.
is not guilty in anything.
and its case torms -
Nom.
nothing, anything
Nothing interests him.

Gen.
1don not have anything.

Dat.
1don not believe anything.

.
1don not know anything.

lnstr.
Prep.
Part 11
is not interested in anything.

is not sure in anything.
page 159
asie
Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
The use of the Negative adverbs
She does not work anywhere.
has never been to England.
1am not tired at all.
did not go anywhere.
does not get letters from anywhere.
Some other negative adverbs include:
+ verb
not yet
. She has not
- not yet
- ? Has
yet.
he arrived?
Not yet.
is used when the verb is omitted.
+ verb
+ verb
l no longer, not any more

5
.
.
does not live here any more.
replaces
when the verb is omitted:
- ?
ls he still in Moscow?
- . .
Not any more. has left for London.
Part 11
page 180
= The Negative constructions denoting non-existence or non-availiaity

;
These constructions are always impersonal.
= .
11
...=
is not at home.
. Future
will not at home.
Past
.
was not at home.
LI
Present .
have no time.
Future
Past
1will not have time.
1did not have time.
The Negative sentences denoting unadvisae actions or prohibltion.

These sentences are used with the following words:
- you should not, do not
.u

should not go there.
- you should not, it's not necessary
You should not do it.

lt's not necessary to do it.
- should not
.u

- you
should not late.
not, it's forbldden , you should not
You should not smoke so much.
Part 11
page lGl
Basie 1'lode1"n R11ssit111 G1"a1n111a1"
In1personal Construetions
impersonal constructions the Russians understand the sentences
without any subject or without subject expressed the Nominative.
The impersonal constructions
used quite
lot in Modern Russian .
The impersonal constructions reflect the old thinking of the Russian folk
who considered themselves to part of collective an object affected
fate, pagan gods
an external force. With time the group of affecting
factors also included the authorities.
The impersonal constructions present an important, vast and productive

type of Russian grammatical constructions. They
used quite
lot in
Russian literature, particularly poetry and songs.
The impersonal constructions may deal both with people and with
natural phenomena.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
ln these constructions person (people) may

one of the three forms:
the Dative
"
the Accusative
presented
the Genitive
"
The Detailed Description of the lmpersonal Constructions with th

Dative of Person.
The Dative of Person is used in constructions denoting age:

20 . 1am 20 years old.
Dative
lit. 20 years were given.
'8
Partl2
page IG2
Basie Moder11
Rttssi~tn
Grammar
Constructions denoting the internal state of
person or feelings:
- 1am feeling cold.

. - 1am feeling hot.
. - 1am feeling bad.
. - 1am feeling better.
. - 1am scared.
.
- lt hurts.
... - 1like ...
. - 1feel thirsty.
. - 1do not feel sleepy.
... - lt seems to ...
... - 1 had dream ...
Constructions denoting objective necessity :
l - 1have to, 1need
- 1had to
Constructions denoting permission (asking permission) or prohibltion:
? - 1take it?
. - is not allowed to jog.
Constructions with the verbs denoting chance, luck or succes:
.
- 1was very lucky.

. - is always lucky.
... - 1succeeded ...
The verbs in the Present Tense are used in the third - person:
. - is always lucky.
ln the Past Tense the verbs are used in the Neuter:
. - was lucky.
Constructions with / , ,
could used in different tense forms:

1need, 1have to
Present Tense
Future tense
1will have to
Past Tense
1had to
p~1ge
163
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a111111a1
The impersonal constructions with the verbs taking the Dative

(they constructions):
,
- 1was told, they told me

- 1got (the message)
- 1got it as present
- They bought me icycle
- 1 got phone call
-They showed me or 1was shown
- 1have been operated etc.
ln the Past Tense the verbs are used in the Plural:

.
._
- They called me in the evening.
roti.t
ln the Present Tense the third-person Plural is used:

.
- They normally call me in the morning.
The Detailed Description of the lmpersonal

Constructions with the Accusative of Person.
The Passive Constructions.
Accusative=
Genitive
The Accusative of Person is used in the impersonal constructions with

verbs taking the Accusative and in the sentences involving an external
force or the authority. Quite often these sentences deal with accidents
or unpleasant situations:
. - was dismissed/fired.
r./J
was fined.
was cheated.
was transferred/moved.
Partl2
was arrested.
...
.!
,:
was wounded.
-
=:
~
. - was killed.
.
r./J
was taken to hospital.
page 164
Rt1ssi~tn
Basie Mode1n
.
was robbed .
. was transferred into another unit.
. - was poisoned. etc.
Grammar
ln the Past Tense the verbs are used in the Plural :

.
- was cheated.
ln the Present and Future tense the verbs are used

in the third-person Plural.
.
- is always cheated.
'tf' ,/:_
._! <..1
are some common Present Tense examples:
() .
- You are wanted on the phone.

. - Someone is (some people are) waiting for me.
? - What is your name? (lit.) How do they call you?
The lmpersonal constructions with the Genitive of person

The impersonal constructions with the Genitive of Person can of
three types:
The negative constructions denoting absense of person or thing:
.

is not avail iae .

. was not availiae .
. will not availiae.
does not have money.

. did not have money.
. will not have money.
The impersonal constructions denoting accidents:

.
.
passport has been stolen.

has been stolen.
The verb is always in the Plural form.

The lmpersonal constructions expressing general statements:
.
No smoking here.
The verb is always in the third-person Plural.
Part 12
p~tge
185
Basie Mode111 R11ssia11 G1an1111a1
jiii.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS DEALING
WITH NATURE OR OBJECTIVE REALITV

=
~ The subjectless sentence. The - forms.
~~
=
~
...=
When descriing natural phenomena, situations and objects the

Russians normally use the impersonal subjectless sentences with the
so-called - forms, for example:
.
- lt is cold today .
. - lt is occupied here.
. - Wet paint. (literaty lt has been painted.)
. - lt is late. . - lt is still early. etc.
The forms the short adjectives like ~
the Neuter form of the short perfective participles like ,
.
These sentences could

Present Tense
Future Tense
Past Tense
used with the following tense forms:
- lt is cold today.
. - lt will cold tomorrow.
. -lt was cold yesterday.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
DEALING WITH HUMAN STATES AND NATURE
(w1 ACCUSATIVE OF PERSON OR AN OBJECT).
There is limited group of impersonal sentences dealing both with people

and nature, where the Accusative is used. The verbs in the third- r./'J
person Singular in the Present and Future, and in the Past the Neuter
form is used:
::
. - lt' s getting dark early in the winter.
~
- lt has got dark already.

. - got an electric shock.
. - 1f eel sick.
. - 1got sea-sick.
. - Everything was flooded water.
. - The road was snow-bound.
The natural phenomenon
Partl2
etc.
the external force is in the lnstrumental:
water.
. - snow
page IGG
Basie Mode1--11
R11ssi~n
Grammar
SEMl-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
one and you constructions =
constructions
The second-person Singular of the Present Tense form of

is used in these constructions ( forms):
verb
- , .
- Vou work lot, but still no money.
These sentences are used quite
general statements like:
lot in Russian proverbs, sayings and
- .
- Haste makes waste.
(lit. lf you haste you will make people laugh).
they constructions =
constructions
They constructions are used mostly in mass-media contexts:

, ...
,
- they say.. .
... - they write ...
...

- they show...
... - they broadcast...
For the Past tense we use the Plural
forms):
r/J.
, - they said, told, it was said
- they wrote, it was written

;
- they showed, it was shown
r.
- they broadcast, it has been
r/J.
broadcast
=
=
Part 12
p~ige
167
Dasie
Modern R11ssia11 G1a111111a1
Part 13
Numeral.s
The numerals are divided into two main groups:

~
k:::
The Cardinals
, etc.
The Ordinals
, etc.
There are three smaller groups:
8 Doue numerals: /
lndefinite numerals: , etc.
0 Collective numerals: , etc.

The Cardinals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
/
///
/
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1
2
5
1
2
5
1 /
1
Part 13
page 188
,...11
=
~
r.
Basie Mode1--n
R11ssi~1n
Grammar
How to make the compound cardinals

The pattern is as follows:
175 = 100 + 70 + 5
The Cardinals from 2 govern the nouns they precede, they take the
Genitive case. For the use of the Genitive case after the cardinals see
The Use of the Genitive Case.
lf preceded preposition or verb, or being used in the negative

construction all cardinals change according to the cases.
The gender and the case forms of some cardinal numerals
Two Russian numerals fall out from the main line:
the equivalents for one and two.
The cardinal numeral one has 3 Gender forms and the Plural form:
1
~
.
The plural form
~
F.
N.
is used with the plural-only nouns, like:
- glasses
- pair of glasses
CJt::J'
The words , , , and their case forms

can used in different meaning: to denote unspecified object.
.
1 read
it in some magazine.
Meaning Same :
.
We live in the same building.

Meaning Alone :
.
1 go
there alone.
page 169
Basie Mode1"11 R11ssia11 G1"a1nma1"
The declension of
jiilii
~
1J.
M/N
PI
N.
G.
D.
, ,
1.
~=
~
._. The Nominative case of the Russian cardinal numerals

has two Gender forms:
E.g.
Masculine and Neuter - ,
.

Feminine - .
N.
F.
used for two,
All the other case forms do not have this Gender difference.
You' ll find them below.
The case forms of the cardinal numerals / , ,
2,3,4
Gen.
1will come after two.
Dat.
1will come
two.
1will come at two.
lnstr.
1will come between two and three.
Prep.
= Gen.
The dictionary was in two volumes.
Part 13
page 170
Basic
Mode1~n
R11ssia11 Grammar
The case forms of the cardinal numerals
5-20,30,50,G0,70,80
;.
=
Model
11
.=
"
u=
=
~
-5
- 1255
Gen .
Dat.
lnstr.
Prep.
- f ive ' clock

- at five ' clock
- between five and six

- in five instances out of ten
Gen. = Dat. = Prep.

.= Nom.
The case forms of the cardinal numerals 40, 90, 100
Model - 100
Most common are the two case forms:
Gen.
, ,
is about hundred years old.
.= Nom. - .
- The
costs one hundred thousand.
The Genitive is also commonly used after
- more,
- less, -about.
.
Gen. = Dat. = lnstr. = Prep.
= Nom.
The case forms of the cardinal numerals
200,300,400,500,G00,700,800,900
Most common are the two case forms:

Gen.- , , , ,
, , , .
Acc.=Nom.
The noun
follows the noun
declension type.
page 171
Basie Mode1"11 R11ssia11 G1"a1n111a1"
The case forms of the compound cardinal numerals

Each part of
Nom.
Nom.
compound numeral changes, for example:

Nom.
Nom.
+ + 175
Gen.
Gen.
Gen.
Gen. + +
Gen. = Dat. = Prep

Nom. =.
The use of the cardinals in telling time ( inofficial way )

The second half of an hour is rendered with the cardinals, both for
hours and minutes:
Genitive
1635
1640
1645
1650
1655
Partl3
Nominative
page 172
Basie Mode1.n
R11ssi~tn
Grammar
Halves
1
/ " + Genitive
- half, is reduced to and forms compound word
with noun in the Genitive, for example:
- half an hour
- half liter
1 1/
"
also - semifinal
+ Genitive
- for Masculine and Neuter nouns,

- for Feminine nouns, for example:
11/
hour
ton
Nom. ,
Gen. ,
2 1/
~ 3 1/
2 ..
+ Genitive, for example:
2 1 / 2 meter
The comblnations with the cardinal numerals

The comblnations of the type [ cardinal numeral + noun )
ln the Nominative the case and the number of noun follows the
basic rules explained in the part The Use of the Genitive Case.
ln all the other cases noun in such comblnations must
always used in the Genitive Plural, for example:
Singular
Nom. -
Plural
Gen. -
Plural
Nom. -
The comblnations of the type
Plural
Gen. -
cardinal + characterizing + noun

numeral
word
The characterizing words in such

in the Plural form.
E.g.
Gen. PI. Gen. Sing.

Pa1.t 13
cominations
are always
Gen. PI.
Gen. PI.
page 173
Basie Modern Russiatt Gram1nar
ORDINAL NUMERALS
The ordinal numerals have all the gender, number and case forms
as the adjectives (hard-type adjectives, except for - third).
They are as follows:
1st
2nd
3 rd
4th
5th
5th
Jlh
ath
gth
1Qth
11th
12th
1th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
1gth
20th
21st
22nd
Oth
31st
40th
41 st
soth
51st
60th
1 st
Part 13
70th
71st
80th
a1 st
90th
91 st
100th
101 st
200th
201st
OOth
o1 st
400th
401st
500th
so1st
600th
o1 st
700th
701st
800th
ao1 st
900th
901st
1000th
1001st
1002nd
2000th
2001st
1 OOOth
100 OOOth
1 OOOth
page 174
:
~
Basie Modern
Rttssi~tn
Grammar
The ordinal numerals can used both as characterizing words

and as compliment to the verb - to , for example:
- first floor
. - is always first.
:== Compound ordinals

~
...=
ln the compound ordinals only the last part is ordinal and changes according
to cases, for example:
cardinal
ordinal

- the 21st floor

- on the 21st floor
The use of the ordinals

The ordinals are used as characterizing words to denote the number
of an apartment,
hotel room ,
floor, an air flight,
street,
trolleybus, bus, tram line;
size,
congress,
school,
train,
hospital,
carriage,
page,
chapter,
hospital ward,
living
compartment, row,
k ,
seat,
TV and radio channel;
class etc.
The ordinals are used in dates, in exact time-expressions. Both the

cardinals and the ordinals can

used with pages and chapters:
The cardinals are used instead of ordinals when the information

is rendered officially:
flight
707
- coll .
- off.
page 175
Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 Gra1n1na1

The use of ordinals in dates
The date is denoted the Neuter of the ordinal, for example:
Neuter
- ?
What is the date today?

The teth of Jauary.
( Neuter ordinal + Noun in Genitive ]
The Genitive of ordinals is used to denote the date answering the

question ? - whe?, for example:
Masculine/Neuter ordinal in Genitive + Noun in Genitive
Genitive
.
- 1'11 back the secod
of
Genitive
Genitive
.
- was the secod of 1975.
The use of ordinals in telling time

The ordinals are used when telling the time (unofficial way) , for example:

- just after five

(lit. the begiig of the sixth hour)
The first half of an hour is rendered with the ordinals to denote an hour
in contrast to the second half of an hour, when the cardinals are used.
The Genitive
of the ordinal
165
1610
1615
1620
1625
16 ( )
1635
r/)
Jlllllll
The ordinals are also used to denote historical periods, for example:
- i the 19th cetury
Part 13
:.
i the thirties
~
_______
page 17G
R11ssi~1n
Basie Mode111
=
Nouns based on numerals
....
~
1J
;.
=
Grammar
The Neuter nouns based on numerals are used when talking of

anniversaries or historical periods, for example :
l
- 10-th anniversary, 10-year period

l - 50-th anniversary
l - centennial
l - icentennial
l - millenium
~ The Feminine nouns are used in evaluation, marking grades, in card games, etc.
...
3
4
8
9
10
got an excellent mark.
When counting in some units we use:
- ten
- hundred
- ten eggs
- twins, - triplets
DOUBLE NUMERALS
The doue numerals / -both deal with two people,
two animals or two objects.
The doue numeral is used for group of two Masculine nouns

or group of one Masculine and one Feminine noun, for example:
two people
- both students
- they both
.
~
two animals
.
F.
1
w
- both students
- they both
i
~
= - both tigers

=
=
- they both
page 177
Basie Mode1n R11ssia11 G1a111111a1
two objects
.
+ =
=
=
._.
~
N.
- both houses
- they both
.$
N.
+ =
- both windows
- they both
The doue numeral is used for group of two Feminine nouns

denoting two people, two animals or two objects, for example:
11
F.
F.
+
=
F.
F.
F.
- both girls
- they both
F.
+ =
- both cars
- they both
- both dogs
- they both
INDEFINITE NUMERALS
The lndefinite Numerals are as follows:
- many, much, lot

- not many, few
- how many, how much
- little, few
- several
- enough
- so many
.., - as much .., as
All the lndefinite Numerals exist only in one
unchangeae
All of them are followed the Genitive Singular for the

the Genitive Plural for the Countaes , for example:
Uncountaes
Gen. S.
- much snow
form.
Uncountaes
an
Countaes
Gen. PI.
- many books
Special case:

- lot of people
~
. lrtia .1
Partl3
page 178
Basie Mode111
Rttssi~tn
Grammar
COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
Most commonly used

Collective Numerals
are as follows:
Other
Collective
Numerals:
- group of two
- group of three
- group of four
group of five
- group of six
- group of seven
The Collectives are used to denote groups of people either solely

male or mixed (male + female), for example:
?
.
How many are you?

We are three.
The Collective Numerals always take the Genitive Plural form of the
nouns, adjectival nouns and personal pronouns, for example:
Gen.
- We are three. - There are three of us.

- three children
The verb comined with the Collective Numerals

has the following forms, for example:
Present . - The verb is omitted - We are three.
Past
. - The Neuter torm - We were three.
Future . - The 3-d person Sing. - We will three.
The Collective Numerals are used in the impersonal sentences only.
page 179
Part 14
P1epositions
Prepositios
are small but importat words. They belog to the class

of goverors - words which chage (gover) the case forms.
Further you will fid the list of most commo prepositios d their
uses give i the alphabetical order.
You will also discover that prepositios

d have differet meaigs .
gover differet
cases
( + Gen.

- without sugar
( + .
- 1am going to London.

. - 1will go to London on Friday.
( + Prep.
.
.
- 1live in Moscow.
- 1was born in
( + lnstr. J
.
- 1 go with my brother.
( + Gen. ]
.
- will play instead of me.
( + Gen.

- paper for the printer
Part 14
- That' s news to me.
page 180
i=
( +
Gen. )
? How can 1get to the railway station?
- works till five.

! - See you tomorrow!
..-.
( + . )
.
- lt took us an hour to get there.

. You have to reserve the tickets week in advance.
. - 1am glad for you.
. -Thank you for your help.
. - You have to the telephone ill.
- ill for
100 . - bought this book for
hundred dollars.
( + lnstr. )
.
- The
is behind the house.
- 1 am going to the railway station to buy the tickets.

.
- 1 will come to fetch you early in the morning.
( + Gen. )
=
rlJ.
7. - l leave home at seven.

. - All parts are made of wood. ~
.
;
- Some of us will go to ltaly this summer.
:_
~
r.
Part 14
page 181
=-
asie
Mode1n R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1
i=
=
( - + Gen. )
- .
(() +
r..=
- Everyone left the t.

. - 1 late because of
traffic-ja.
Dat. )
- to see .
- We approached Moscow late at night.

. - 1will two.
( + Gen. )
, .
eats everything except fish.

( + lnstr. )
- hockey
atch
between Sweden and Canada
( + Gen. )
.
- We drove past the railway station.
( + .
.
- 1 going to the railway station.
- 1 going to the concert toorrow.

-.
- 1will go for three days to New York.
Part 14
page 182
Basie Modet"n R11ssian Grammar
=
;
1J
~
~
=
~
+ Prep. )
. - is now at wok.
. - They at the disco now.
. - h is some wate on the floo.
.
1will go to Pais next week.
( + lnstr. )
.
- h is bell
the
entance.
woks
on new book.
( (, )+ Prep. )
.
?
- We spoke about the
ms.
What is this film about?
( + Gen. )

- n the house
- about
hunded dollas
( + Gen. )
.
- 1got lette fom Nikolay.
- key to the
- anti-allegic medicine
- We
dove fom
Boston
- lt is seven
Part 14
700
hunded kilometes fom
Moscow to Kiev.
page 183
( + lnstr.]
.

stood in front of us.

. - We will talk before the lesson.
+ Dat.
travels lot about Russia.

- Russian exam
- in the mornings
- according to the law
is talking
the phone now.
( + . J
.
put the
under the
t.
( + lnstr. J
.
- The
is under the
t.
( + Gen. J
.
- 1will come after lunch.

+ .
(
.
+ lnstr.
told about his trip.
- 1go with my brother.
- is my schoolmate.
(lit. 1studied with him at school.)
. - 1don ' t like tea with milk.
Part 14
page 184
Basie Mode1n Rttssian Gramn1ar

+ Gen.
(
.
- 1 have dog.
- 1' 11
waiting for you at the entrance.
( + . )
.
- We will fly to Moscow via Frankfurt.

. - We will go through the center.
. - 1will come in an hour.
NOUN COMBINABILITV OF PREPOSITIONS
and
The choice of the Accusative or the Prepositional after and

is described in Part 6 and in the beginning of this Part.
Below you' ll find the examples which show what nouns and noun groups
can comblne with these prepositions.
The primary use of prepositions and
+ Acc./Prep. -
i, ito, iside
.
.
+ Acc./Prep. - ,
- put the key ito the pocket.

- The key is i the pocket.
to,
top of,
the surface
.
.
Part 14
- 1put the key the t .

- The key is the t .
page 185
Basic Mode111 R11ssia11 G1a1n111a1
More complicated use of prepositions and
The preposition
rlJ.
=
~
~
=
=
~
~
~
+ Acc./Prep. is used with nouns denoting:
continents:
, , , , , ,
countries: , , , , etc.,
territories and administrative units:
, , , , etc. ,
towns, various settlements and their parts:
, -, , , , ,
, - center, downtown, - suburbs etc. ,
some town and settlement features (objects):
- lane,
most of workplaces,
- park, - garden, - yard etc. ,
puic
places, organizations and buildings:
, , , , , , etc.,
organized groups of people:
, , , ,
camp, - department etc.,

buildings and their parts: - building, , - building,
- entrance, - entrance hall, - corridor, large hall, - room , all other names of rooms, classroom, - cellar etc. ,
some activity (limited group): - leave, vacation,
- business trip,
- tourist trip etc.,
rlJ.
=
~
some natural features: - forest, woods, - mountains, hills, ::

- taiga woods etc. ,
some mountain ranges, mostly with the Plural names:
, , etc.
Partl4
page 188
Basie Modern Rttssian
The Preposition
Gramm~ar
+ Acc./Prep. is used with nouns denoting:
islands, some island countries and peninsulas:
-Cyprus, , ,
but - Japan, - lceland are used with
some mountain ranges and territories:

, , , etc.,
town and settlement features, some organizations, activity areas:
- street,
- square,
- highway,
- prospect, avenue,
- embankment,
- boulevard
- bridge,
- stop, station,
- (railway) station,
- parking,
- filling station,
- outskirts,
- railroad station,
- market,
- post-office,
- stadium,
- warehouse,
- construction site,
, - factory,
- sports ground,
- soccer field,
- tennis court,
page 187
Batsie 1'1 ode111 R11ssia11 G 1at111111at1

some events or organized activity
- work,
- concert,
- exam,
- performance,
- meeting,
- negotiations,
- irthday party,
- tour,
- lesson,
- lecture etc.
some parts of buildings
- attic,
- porch,
- stairs, staircase,
- floor,
- balcony,
some organizational units
- department,
- faculty,
- chair,
- course.
Preposition
is used with the following words:
- radio,
- television,
- pension, retirement,
- motherland ,
- Rus,
- summer cottage.
Partl4
page 188
Basie Modet"n R11ssian Grammar
Nouns used with both prepositions

Many nouns can used with both prepositions, but only few of them
are used without significant meaning difference:
- school/university vacation
- kitchen
- navy
E.g. =
Many nouns are used with both prepositions but with meaning difference:

E.g. vehicles
Prepositions
( 8 +
and
. ) ~ -7
- going bus
- inside
as correlated to
bus
and
+ Gen.
( 8 + Prep. ) ~ -7 '--fr_
om
_ _, _
o_ut_o_f~
+ .
- .
1will go to New Vork tomorrow.
+ Prep.
- .
1will stay for three days in New Vork.
+
Gen.
- .
1will come back from New Vork on Sunday.
( + . J~-7
+ Gen .
( + Prep. ) ~-7 from, down from

+ .
Prep.
l like going to hockey.
1was at hockey yesterday.

+
Gen.
1came home late from hockey.
Part 14
page 189
Basie Modern Russia11 G1a1n1na1
Conjunetions
Conjunctions are invariae words linking parts of sentences or sentences
together in some logical order.
There are two main types of conjunctions:
[ Coordinating ) and [ Subordinating J
( Coordinating conjunctions ]
include
connective
- d
... - both, d
...
- either,
disjunctive
adversative
- but
- but
- or
- either, or
Connective conjunctions
- and
1have to buy
...
and
pad.
- both ... and
, .
1have to buy both
.. ,
and
pad.
- neither.. , nor
r/J
, .
....
came neither yesterday nor today.
- and
(used in the beginning of sentence)
Part 15
And where are you
=
=
=
goig w?
page 190
Basie ltlode1n Rt1ssian Grammar

Adversative conjunctions
Foreign learners permanently experience difficulty in making the choice
between the adversative conjunctions and . See the difference:
- but
Adversative conjunction is used when we have the opposition of two

objects, actions, features, states, facts, etc. , for example:
, .
is sleeping but 1 working.

, .
has
icycle
but 1don 't.
- but
Adversative conjunction introduces clause which contains
information contrary to what was said, known or planned, or it
contain some clarifying information, for example:
, .
- 1have
tickets for
hockey
atch
but 1don't want to go.
, .
- 1will
but not today.
, .
did not today but he
proised
to
toorrow.
Disjunctive conjunctions
- either... or
- 1have to buy tickets either for Saturday or for Sunday.

... ,
- either... or
, .
- 1have to buy tickets either for Saturday or for Sunday.
Part 15
page 191
Most Common Subordinating Conjunctions
that
, .
said (that) he would
toorrow.
+ Past Tense of verb

, .
told
to
toorrow .
- if
, .
- Tell
if he s .
'
2- because
, .
- She is crying because she fell down.
+ Past Tense of verb
, .
- lf he
in
tie
we would have
it.
- although
, .
- We went to
disco club although we were very tired.
- as if
,
.
looked at
as if we never t before.
- as
, .
does everything as 1do.
r/J
~
....=
- than
, .
works
=
=
=
than his boss.
Part 15
page 192
Eugenia Nekrasova
Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Part 1
The Gender Agreement of Russian Nouns in the Singular
Part 2
The Plural of Nouns. The Number Agreement of Russian Nouns
16
Part 3
The Declension of Nouns, Adjectives and Adjectival Words in the Singular
26
Part 4
The Declension of Nouns, Adjectives and Adjectival words in the Plural
44
Part 5
The Declension of Names, Geographic Names and Noun-replacing Pronouns 57
Part 6
The Case Usage
78
Part 7
Verbs
97
Part 8
Verbs nd Constructions
125
Part 9
Verbs of Motion
136
Part 1 Adverbs
149
Part 11 Negative Sentences
160
Part 12 lmpersonal Constructions
165
Part 13 Numerals
171
Part 14 Prepositions
183
Part 15 Conjunctions
193

A Basic Modern Russian Grammar

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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar

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Basic Modern Russian Grammar, Eugenia Nekrasova, 1997.

Graphic Design, eBook puisher, Dmitry Pobedimsky, 2002.

Ron Maxim, Director,

Basic Modern Russian Grammar".

Shortly about tl1e Author

1. " Basic Modern Russian Grammar" - 380 pages, "Gummerus", Helsinki,

Basie Modern Russian Grammar

The Gender Agreement of Russian Nouns

AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN

PRINCIPLE OF GENDER AGREEMENT

Agreement in Gender takes place:

between the long adjectives and the nouns,

between the adjectival pronouns and the nouns,

between the ordinal numerals and the nouns,

between the cardinal numeral one and nouns,

between the nouns/personal pronouns and the short participles

between the nouns/personal pronouns and the verbs in the Past

adjectival pronouns (possessive, demonstrative etc),

cardinal numeral one.

how to make the Singular form Gender Agreement between nouns

Basie Moler11 R11ssia11 G1a1111na1

Masculine (), Feminine (F) Neuter(N)

Nouns ending in consonants and

But things never that simple in languages:

(so called Natural Masculines):

Basie Modern Russian Grammar

GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS

Nouns denoting males ( natural masculines) are Masculine: . 11r.

- guest, - driver, - teacher,

Names of months ending in

are all Masculine:

The Gender of other soft sign nouns

REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS

D Feminine nouns - she, it

Basie Moler11 R11ssia11 G1a1111na1

All the place names could

GENDER OF PLACE NAMES

divided into 2 groups:

These words exist only in this unchangeae (indeclinale) form. Their

FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT ;

Basie Moder11 Russian Gramu1ar

GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS

= The gender agreement between nouns and adjectives

The Masculine adjectival endings which

trace from the ;.

So, these adjectives can attached to the nouns the gender of

Masculine adjective + Masculine noun

Feminine adjective + Feminine noun

replace Masculine endings

Feminine noun, you have to

Basie Moder11 R11ssia11 G1a1n1na1

= Russian -7 Russian school small, little -7 small school

Neuter adjective + Neuter noun

make the Neuter adjective to attach it to

Neuter noun, you have to

Basie Modern Russian Grammar

GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN ADJECTIVES

So, the adjectival nouns are qualified like normal nouns:

The possessive pronouns used as characterizing words

Th1s 1s our seat.

ls this your car?

ls this your seat?

ls this your house?

ls this your car?

- all the time N .. .. F - the whole country