EEMB 116 Cards

5/8/2015
StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116
Phylum:Annelida anatomical features
- metamere- septa- annuli- chaete-coelomcomplete gut: mouth & anus at opposite endscirculatory system = well developed-2
longitudinal blood vessels: dorsal (carries
blood anteriorly), ventral (carries blood
posteriorly)
metamere
-divides body into segments

Seen in: annelida
septa
-separates metameres-has gut, nerve cord, &

blood vessels run through from one end of the
worm to the other Seen in: annelida
annuli
-trunk segmentations visibly externally as

rings-modifications = reduction in size of
coelom or loss of septa (fewer = larger septa)
chaetae
-lateral external bristles in segments

Composed of: chitin + protein-movement
controlled by muscles in body wall Shape:
diverse; reflect lifestyle of organism- oars =
mainly move in water Seen in: most annelids
(NOT leeches)
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homonomous
-describes body structure of

annelid-segments that are very
much alike
heteronomous
-describes body structure of annelid- groups of

segments that are specialized for different
functions-facilitated by presence of serially
repeated segments-contributed greatly to
morphological diversification among annelids
coelom
Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, &

metabolic waste-acts as hydrostatic
skeleton-fluid-filled body cavity-bathes
internal organs-lined by peritoneum -contains
organs concerned with: reproduction,
excretion, digestion
Seen in: annelids
body wall of annelids
-movement occurs by contraction &

relaxation of muscle layersouter
inner)cuticle epidermis dermis circular
muscle longitudinal muscle ( oblique
muscle) peritoneum
epidermis
-2nd layer of body wall in

annelids-has scattered gland
cells
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dermis
-3rd layer of body wall of

annelid-mostly composed of
connective tissue
prostomium
-most anterior region

of annelid body
pygidium
-most posterior region

of annelid
P. Nemertea
SPECIES: ~1150- mostly

marine benthic wormsSIZE:
<20 cm SEGMENTATION:
none
Phylum Annelida
Segmented Worm
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Simple body planBilateral symmetryTissues

are organized into organs and organ
systemsDorsiventrally flattened bodyex.
Tapeworm- incomplete digestive
systemFlukes-parasitic and live in as adults in
vertebratesPhylum Platyhelminthes has organ
level development
Phylum
Platyhelminthes- Flatworms
Phylum Rotifera
P. Annelida
SHAPE: vermiform- many microscopic

- "large worm" nicheLOCATION: moistterrestrial, marine, freshwaterADAPTIVE
ZONE: dwell in or on substrate (benthic or
terrestrial), but some pelagic
SEGMENTATION: metamerism, chaetae
annelid development
1. trochophore (larvae)- feeding (pelagic) indirect development

2. segmentation- teloblastic growth3.further
segmentation
why segmentation
1. elongation strategy2. allows evolutionary

flexibility & specialization of body partsexplains current diversity of annelids
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Annelid organ system
in each segment:- coelomparapodia- nephridia- gonads
annelid locomotion
hydrostatic skeleton - coelom fileld with fluid &

divided by septa- well developed musculature
- circular + longitudinal = complex movement serially repeated external structures(chaete +
paired appendages)
epitoky
- formation of a pelagic spawning statetransformation of adult- asexual reproduction

of pelagic individuals
parapodia
- paired of unjointed appendages associated with bundles of chaete & cirri

(sensory structure)
direct deposit feeders
- eat dirt & process nutrients- feed by everting

pharynx as they burrow through
sedimentHABIT: many families of
polychaetes- important for ecosystems &
nutrient cycling
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clitellum
thickened glandular section of body wallencompasses/near to female gonoporessecretes mucus for copulation- produces
albumin for eggs- creates cocoon for eggs &
albumin - direct development: zygotes
develop in cocoon
prostomium
(annelid)most anterior
region of body
peristomium
(annelid)first true
segment
pygidium
(annelid)most
posterior region of
body
cirri
appendages that create water

flow in class cirripedia
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notopodia
dorsal notopodium (can

function as gills)
neuropodia
ventral neuropodium(can
function as gills)
acicula
chitonous &
sclreproteinaceous
supporting rods for large
parapodia
radiole
feather-like structure or tentacle on a feather

duster worm that is used for eating( F.
Serpulidae, F. Spirorbidae, F. Sabellidae
operculum
protective flap covering the

gills of bony fish
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Elytra
(F. Polynoidae)- 2 rows of

overlapping scales on dorsal
surface
papilla
(P. Onchophora)- on
chitonous cuticle
hemocoel
(arthropod)large tissue space

within an arthropod that
contains blood
podites
- limb segments- single pair of

outgrowths
coxa
basal-most article
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biramous
(crustaceans & trilobites)

two-branched limbs
uniramous
(chelicerates, hexapods,
myriapods, some
crustaceans)- 1-branched
appendage- used for walking
epipods
broad or elongated exites that

function as gills or gill
cleaners
exites
additional structure that arises

from distal-most article
laterally
maxilla (endite)
basal segment of each

pedipalp; aids in mechanical
preparation of food
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pedipalp
used for sperm transfer

do not touch the ground
pull in prey
gnathobases
(horseshoe crabs)endites that form grinding

surfaces - tear up food & pass it to mouth
(end of appendage)
thoracopods
appendages of thorax
maxillipeds
anterior 3 pairs of thoracic

appendages
biramous
chelipeds
- 1st pair of appendages - sometimes

enlarged with pincers FUNCTION: - defense
& crushing prey
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pereopods
- 5 pair- THORACIC
appendages concerned with
walking & swimming
uropods
last abdominal
appendages
labial palps
collect food particles from gills

and transport them to the
mouth
Nauplius
(crustaceans: copepods) Larval form, with

three pairs of appendages and single median
eye. (appendages of the head for
swimming)
pleopods
(crustacea) abdominal
appendages that are used for
swimming
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pleuron
the middle section of the

thorax (horizontal)
Setae
(annelids)Hairs that project from the sides or

the body; functions. 1) Anchor segments
during locomotion to prevent backward
slipping.2) prevent the animal from being
swept from its home.
Compound body section of

arthropod resulting from
embryonic fusion of two or
more segments
Tagmata
Telson
tail-like structure; aids in

anchoringspiked structure that
extends from the posterior
edge
chelate
pincer-like
appendage
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cephalon
(trilobites)anterior
portion of body
glabella
(trilobites)raised portion of
cephalon, gives 3 lobed
appearance
prosoma
(P. Arthropoda: SP:: Chelicerata)head +

thorax fused - covered by dorsal shieldcomprised of presegmental acron
opisthosoma
(Subphylum: Chelicerata)- abdomen

(contains digestive, reproductive, excretory, &
respiratory organs)- 12 segments +
postsegmental telson - uniramous
chelicerae
(Subphylum: Chelicerates)clawlike feeding appendagesfirst pair of appendages uniramous
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gonopores
openings where
sperm/egg comes out
ommatidia
many small hexagonal units

making up compound eyes
diplosegment
(Cl. Diplopoda:
Millipedes)trunk segments
fused into pairs
prehensor
(Cl. Chilopoda)- 1st pair of

legs modified into large poison
claws (also forcipule)
What are chilaria?
(horseshoe crab)- 1st pair of appendages of

opisthosoma- plates that function to push
fragments of food forward
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repugnatorial glands
(Cl. Diplopoda:
Millipedes)glands that secrete
unpleasant tasting
compounds-used for defense
ovigers
(P. Arthropoda: Cl. Pycnogonida)specialized appendages located between

pedipalps & 1st walking legs- brooding in
males
anabiosis
(P. Tardigrada)condition of
living again after a period of
dormancy
cryptobiosis
(P. Tardigrada)- suspended animation- loses

90% of its water, the legs retract, and can with
stand extreme environments.
holoplankton
(Copopoda)- live entire life as

plankton
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meroplankton
spend part of life as

plankton
crypid
creature or plant whose existence has been

suggested but is unrecognized byscientific
consensus and often regarded as highly
unlikely.
Megalopa
Young crab, post-larval but not

yet adult
Zoea
larvae of a crustacean (crab) that is the next

step after Nauplius (thoracic appendages for
swimming)
cephalothorax
the fused head and thorax structure in species

of the class Arachnida ( ex. spiders) and
Crustacea ( ex. crabs)
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hepatopancreas
-arthropoda (crayfish)- large

gland that secretes digestive
enzymes into the stomach
Pyloric Region of the

Stomach
contains narrowingcalled pyloric canal that

terminates in pyloric sphincter
(largestsphincter in the body) that regulates
passage
Pericardial sac
around the heart
thoracopods
thoracic appendages
branchial chamber
cavity under carapace of

arthropods housing the gills
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growth
increase in mass (tissue

weight)increase in linear size
differentiation
progressive change in
shapedevelopment of
structures
metamorphosis
radical & rapid change in

shape over a single molt (in
an arthropod)
instar
the stage between 2 molts (or

after the last molt)
ecdysis
the actual shedding of the old

cuticle("the molt")
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the shed skin (the old

cuticle)
exuvia
-outer layers of the procuticle

that are hardened pigmented layer with bonded
proteins
exocuticle
-inner unsclerotized layer

- calcified layer: inflexible
Endocuticle
membranous layer
uncalcified layerproteins not

bonded: flexible
overview of molt cycle
1) key events occur long

before ecdysis2) divided
process into sequence of
stages (A-E)
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post-molt stages
A-C 3 1) chitinization, 2)
calcification, 3) sequential
hardening
inter-molt stage
C 4 cuticle inactive
pre-molt stages
D 0-D 4 1) formation of new cuticle 2)

programmed duplication of cuticular features
(such as sense)
apolysis
separation of old exoskeleton

from underlying epidermal
cells
D 0 phase
critical phase - initiation of pre-molt

Epidermis: mitotic burst: greatly expands # of
cells available to secrete new cuticle
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apolytic space
permits biochemical interaction with old

cuticle- enables old cuticle to serve as
template for new cuticle
Postmolt stage (A)
Duration: 1-2 hr- very soft: exoskeletonepidermis transparent- no feeding- weak

activity- matrix fills new spines - bend under
slight pressure
Postmolt stage (B)
Duration: 2-5 hr- soft (little hard) exoskeletonepidermis granular- feeding restored- activity
minimal- conical base of spine
Intermolt stage (C)
Duration: 8-10 days- exoskeleton hardfeeding maximal- activity maximal- conical

base of spines complete
Premolt stage (D 0)
Duration: 1-2 days- no setal developmentfeeding maximal- activity minimal- no new

cuticle- epidermis starts apolysis
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Premolt stage (D 1)
Duration: 1-2 days- new pigmented layerfeeding decreased- activity maximal- new
spine formation begins- morphological details
of new spines become visitble
Premolt stage (D 2)
Duration: 2 days- formation of

pre-exuvial layers of new
skeleton
Premolt stage (D 3)
Duration: 1 day- resorption of old

exoskeleton- feeding decreased- activity
minimal- new setae developed
Premolt stage (D 4)
Duration: 1 day- no feeding- water absorbedold exoskeleton splits in preparation of

ecdysis- spine well developed
Ecdysis stage (E)
Duration: 15 min- old cuticle

shed- body expanded- no
feeding
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ecdysial sutures
molt lines
Order Araneae
(taxonomy)
Prosoma: connected to opisthosoma by

pedicle Opisthosoma: not segmented,
terminal spinnerets (3-4 pr) Chelicerae: large
fangs, terminal segment folded into groove
Pedipalps: short, leg-like, copulatory organs
of males Book lungs Venomous, can be
fatal
Order Araneae
(backgound)
Adaptive Zone: terrestrial predators, some

aquatic, intertidal, aerial #: 32,000 abundant +
ecologically important Size: 5 mm - 9 cm
O. Aranae: Silk
production
emerges from spider's body

through elaborate nozzle (
spinnerets) - located at tip of
abdomen
Components of Silk
Protein: ala + gly + ser +tyr #: 6 different

kinds from different glands- comes out as
liquid, hardens, and strengthens as it
stretches Orb: spun in 20 min; 10-30 miles,
1500 ocnnections- can eat & recycle protein
in a few min Function: frames, viscid, preywrapping, cocoons
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Gladiator spiders
"net-casting" - captures prey with net Silk:

many stranded, very elastic, not stickyroughened by spider = fuzzy to entangle prey
trapdoor spider
a spider that digs a hole in the ground, lines

the hole with silk, builds a silk trapdoor over
the hole, and lies in wait for passing insects
Order
Pseudoscorpiones
(background)
Adaptive Zone: cryptic predators, under bark,

leaf litter, beach drift, predators on very small
arthropods (mites) #: 2,000 Movement: slow;
long-lived for small animal (2.5 years) Size: 210 mm
O. Pseudoscorpiones
(taxonomy)
Opisthosoma: segmented; short; no terminal

sting Chelicerae: small, chelate Pedipalps:
large, chelate, poison gland at tip of finger
Respiration: tracheae Sex: similar, complex
mating rituals
O. Solufgae
(background)
sun spiders, wind scorpions, camel spiders

Adaptive Zone: diurnal powerful predators,
tropical & warm arid climates; hide under
stones, in burrows #: 900,100 (SW USA), 1 in
SB Movement: fast; short-lived for large
arachnid (annuals) Size: 5mm - 7 cm
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O. Solifugae
(taxonomy)
Prosoma & Opisthosoma: segmented

Chelicerae: very large; vertically chelate;
scissors-like action Pedipalp: leg-like with
termnial adhesive organ NO VENOM
Respiration: 3 pr spiraclse, tracheae Sex:
similar, complex mating riuals
O. Opiliones
(background)
harvestmen, phalangids, daddy longlegs

Adaptive Zone: temperate & tropical, prefer
humid habitats, forest floor, under rocks, logs,
tree bark, caves, predators on tiny
arthropods, scavengers #: 4500 Size: 5-10
mm (body), 16 cm (legs)
O. Opiliones
(taxonomy)
Prosoma: fused to opisthosoma Chelicerae &

Pedipalps: small Eyes: on tubercle
Repugnatory glands: present Respiration:
tracheae Fertilization: internal (males have
penis)
O. Acari (background)
O. Acari (taxonomy)
ticks & mites Adaptive Zone: terrestrial &

aquatic, freshwater e& marine; free-living
herbivores & predators, parasites,
micropredators #: >30,000 Size: 1mm - 3 cm
(ticks); 0.25 mm - 1mm (mites) Very
Important: parasites (scabies, mange,
chiggers, feather mites, water mites), vectors
(arboviruses, Lyme disease, allergens,
sophisticated blood feeders)
Prosoma: broad; fused with opisthosoma;

covered with carapace Chelicerae: chelate or
stylets Pedipalps: fused with head During
feeding: endocuticle stretches
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Hexapoda
(morphology
Tagmata: 3 (head/thorax/abdomen) [(57)/3/(9-11) segments] Thoracic Segments: 3

(each with pair of legs: DEFINING FEATURE)
Abdominal Segments: genitalia & ovipositor
Head Appendages: heavily modified
mandibulate condition
is ancestral
Head appendages
Hexapoda:
Hexapoda
(background)
Adaptive Zone: dominate

terrestrial > freshwater/aerial >
very few marine
Hexapoda: Land
adaptations
Waterproof: cuticle, egg shells Gas

exchange: gated tracheal system Nitrogen
metabolism: Malpighian tubules - uric acid
&/or guanine - active reabsorption of water &
ions Sensory apparatus: diverse; adapted to
land & air Wings: powered flight
Hexapoda: tracheal
system
Branching tubes: air-filled, spiracle as gated

hatch - aquatic species: secondarily have
gills Muscular contraction + diffusion
exchanges: directly with cells (NOT using
hemal system) - can penetrate cells & go
straight to mitochondira
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Hexapoda: Malpighian
tubules
Uric acid: insoluble, relatively non-toxic,

requires little water for elimination - tubules
dump uric acid into hindgut for elimination guanine sometimes used as well
Hexapoda: Flight
Origin: homologous to gills - integration of

windspeed data + gravitational orientation
+ visual data + odor plume tracking- all
coupled tightly to 3D movement control
Hexapoda: WHY SO
MANY
1) species # = birth-death process2)

speciation3) extinction4) speciation extinction = DIVERSIFICATION
Hexapoda: Population
biology + design
1) they are small: large population + short

generation times2) Motility & dispersal:
colonization ability due to WINGS + small size
= ISOLATION
Hexapoda: HOW
become so numerous
1) herbivory: specialists on plants2)

parasitoidism: specialists on other insects3)
parasitism: specialists on land vertebrates
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Hexapoda: HOW becomes so

numerous - HERBIVORY
1) evolution of land plants open new front

for consumers - exploit before it can go
further - coevolution between plants & insects
(later with flowering plants)
Hexapoda: InsectPlant interactions
- Herbivores: (parasite & micropredator) to

mutualists- Pollination: 70% all flowering
plants- Herbivore resistance: nicotine,
caffeine, atropine, tannins etc

numerous - PARASITOIDS
(esp. hymenoptera + diptera)- kills & eats

host- coevolution between parasitoid + hostspecies have specialist parasitoid on eggs,
another on larvae, another on pupae, and
another on adult

numerous - PARASITE
(esp. dipterans +
bugs (bed bugs))
Hexapoda: Development &

Metamorphosis
1) Ametabolous2)
Hemimetabolous3)
Paurometabolous4)
Holometabolous
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Hexapoda:
Ametabolous
development
- direct development- Immature stages:

nymphs- Adult: similar except bigger &
sexually mature- Wings: absent (NO stages)Ecdysis: NONE
Hexapoda:
Paurometabolous
Development
similar to hemimetabolous Nymphs & Adults:

morphologically & ecologically similar Adults:
wings, sexually mature, NO MORE GROWTH
ex: grasshoppers, cockroaches, earwigs,
bugs, etc
Hexapoda:
Hemimetabolous
development
Nymphs: aquatic Adults: aerial; wings; no

growth or molt- each exploit different
resources ex: mayflies, dragonflies,
damselflies, stoneflies
Hexapoda:
Holometabolous
development
Larvae: vermiform ("instars") Adults: winged;

sexual; non-growing ("imago") Pupa: in
between larva & adult Imaginal disks:
undifferentiated cells that give rise to adult
tissues
Entognatha
non-insectan hexapods: Adaptive Zone:

terrestrial in moist environments; few aquativ
Ametabolous: direct development Wings:
absent Ecdysis: no terminal: molt as adults
Mouthparts: retracted within head Sperm
transfer: indirect 4 Orders: Collembola most
common
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#: 6000 Size: <10 mm Adaptive Zone: moist

topsoil (abundant) - most important consumers
in some habitats (arctic soils) Furca/furcula:
tail-like spring Dispersal: windborne
O. Collembola
Apterygote insects
wingless Ametabolous: indirect sperm

transfer Ecydsis: no terminal Adults: molt 2
orders: O. Archaeognatha (jumping
bristletails)O. Zygentoma (silverfish &
firebrats)
Apterygote insects:
"wing" structure
Ancestrally: 2 pr Outgrowths: 2nd & 3rd

thoracic segments- 2 layers of
integument/cuticle with veins in betweenhinge composed of resilin (highly elastic
protein)- develop at PUPAL stage or ADULT
MOLT
Wing types
paleoptera ("ancient" wing) - does NOT fold

back over abdomen Neoptera ("new" wing) fold back over abdomen
Phylum Arthropoda:
Subphylum Hexapoda: Cl. Insecta: Subclass
mayflies #: 2100 Hemimetabolous: direct

sperm transfer- IMMATURE: aquatic, feeding
nymphs - development takes 1 - several years
(<27 instars)- ADULT: non-feeding (vestigial
mouth); - do not grow ("ephemeral" sex &
dispersal stages) Eggs: hatching occurs after
1-several weeks Feeding:
scavengers/herbivores Lateral ab. gills
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Pterygota: Infraclass Palaeoptera: O.

Ephemeroptera
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dragonflies, damselflies #: 6500 Size: 2-14 cm

Hemimetabolous: direct sperm transferNYMPHS: aquatic; voracious predators
(hinged labial mask)- ADULT: terrestrial
Wings: outstretched (dragonflies) or straight
up (damsel)
Phylum
Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Cl.
Insecta: Subclass Pterygota: Infraclass
Palaeoptera: O. Odonata
Griffinflies
Protodonata: really big extinct Odonates

Size: largest insects to have ever lived NYMPHS: >45 cm - ADULT: (wingspan) >70
cm
Review Polyneoptera??
Orthopteroids
Dictysoptera (Blattodea, Mantodea, Isoptera)
Plecoptera, Phasmatodea, Orthoptera,
Dermaptera
Adults: wings; sexually mature; NO growth
stoneflies - intolerant of water pollution

(presence in stream = indicator of good water
quality) #: 2000 Hemimetabolous: IMMATURE: aquatic nymphs; herbivorous,
some predators- ADULT: can feed, but short
lived (herbivorous)
Phylum Arthropoda:
Pterygota: Infraclass Neoptera: O.
Plecoptera
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stoneflies - intolerant of water pollution

(presence in stream = indicator of good water
quality) #: 2000 Hemimetabolous: IMMATURE: aquatic nymphs; herbivorous,
some predators- ADULT: can feed, but short
lived (herbivorous)
Phylum Arthropoda:
Plecoptera
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crickets, grasshoppers, katydids #: 22500

- paurometabolous - produce sound by
rubbing wings Enisfera: specialized area on
wing against corresponding area on other
Caelifera: scraping legs against stiff edges of
forewings Hearing: tibial tympana
Phylum Arthropoda:
Orthoptera
webspinners - brown/black #: 360 Social: live

in silk galleries - silk extruded from specialized
setae on fortarus Females & Larvae: wingless
Eyes: kidney shaped- long antennae Body:
cylindrical
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Embioptera
Paurometabolous
Development
-wing pads develop externally Immature/adult

occupy same niche Immature stage: nymph
grasshoppers, cockroaches, termites, earwigs,
true bugs
O. Phasmida
stick & leaf insects #: 3000 Apterous:

implication for dispersal Crypsis: behaviors
(swaying) Capitulum: resembles elaisomes of
seeds
earwigs #: 1900
Cerci: pair of forceps pincers on abdomenhttps://www.studyblue.com/?closeForm=false&error=true#flashcard/view/2638121
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membranous wings folded underneath short

forewings ( elytra-like, fly with hindwings)
Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Cl.

Neoptera: O. Dermaptera
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mantids- 2 grasping, spiked forelegs Thorax:

pro- + meso- + meta- prothorax longer than
the rest
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Mantodea (Dictyoptera)
O. Blatteria
#: 4000 Adaptive Zone: wet tropics Legs:

fast running + strong fliers Polyphagous:
decaying leaves, fruits, fungi Eggs: laid in
pods**linked to allergies & athsma
Cryptocercus
wingless, long-lived roaches Feeding: inside

rotting logs (1 pr parents + 20 offspring =
family) Nymphs: 20% grooming the adults
Proctodeal trophallaxis for first year of life
(feed out of anus) - acquire mutualistic gut
flora that digest cellulose
termites - eusocial (NOT haplodiploid) #: 3000

(10% of tropical biomass) Proctodeal
trophallaxis: extended biparental care, &
allogrooming Gut flora: shed with molt
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Isoptera
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mantids- 2 grasping, spiked forelegs Thorax:

pro- + meso- + meta- prothorax longer than
the rest #: 2300 Predators: raptorial forelegs
+ great vision + crypsis
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Mantodea (Dictyoptera)
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O. Phthriaptera
LICE #: 5000 Morph: D-V flattened Apterous

Eyes +/- Specialized for hair & feather
living
(" thysanos" = fringe)thrips, thunderflies, corn

lice- not good fliers - cigar-shaped body:
elongate with transversely constricted
bodies #: 5500 Size: <1mm - 15 mmPlant
pestssome gall forming Haplodipoid eusocial
Neoptera: O. Thysanoptera
true bugs (cicadas, aphids,

planthoppers) #: >85000
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Hemiptera

Neoptera: O. Hemiptera: SubO.
Sternorrhyncha
#: 13000hairlike feeding stylets probe for

phloem Apterus: sedentary or sessile
(alternation of generations) endocellular
bacteria Eusocial Defense: secrete wax, live
in shells, gall, mercenaries
tending from ants
Honeydew: large colony of

Formica ants can harvest 500
kg/year
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Sternorrhyncha: SupF. Coccoidea
#: 7700scale insects

Auchenorryncha
spittlebugs, leaf/tree hoppers, cicadas #:

25000 Feeding: plant vascular tissue
Cicadas: emerge on prime #d years - NYMPH
forelegs: fossorial for soil dwelling; root
feeders

Neoptera: O. Hemiptera: SubO. Heteroptera
"true bugs" #: 40000 Scent glands: on

tergites (nymphs) - defensive fxn. - lost in
aquatic species Hemelytrous forewings

Heteroptera: InfO. Gerroporpha
striders/skaters #: 2000
Adaptive Zone: marine communicate + sense prey via
water ripples
four stages of
holometabola
Egg
Larva (no external wing buds +
no thoracic legs)
Pupa (quiescent - except in
snakeflies)
Adult
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Neuropterida
1) Raphidioptera (snakeflies)2) Megaloptera

(snake & dobson flies)3) Neuroptera
(lacewings)
P. Arthropoda: Cl. Insecta: Inf.

Neoptera: O. Raphidioptera
snakefly #: 220 (relics from

PERMIAN) Feeding:
predators (both larvae & adult)
P. Arthropoda: Cl. Insecta: Inf.

Neoptera: O. Megaloptera
alderflies, dobsonflies #: 300 Larvae:

aquatic, predatory Adults: short lived,
pollenivorous
P. Arthropoda: Cl. Insecta:

SubC. Pterygota: InfC.
Neoptera: O. Neuroptera
lacewing #: 6000 Larvae:

predatory, some aquatic, many
terrestrial Adult: predatory
scorpionflies ("meco-" = long, "-ptera" =

wings) #: 600 Larvae: scavengers Adult:
some predators Males: enlarged genitals
(looks like stinger of scorpion) Body: slender,
elongated- long madibles, fleshy palps
ectoparasites on dinosaurs
Neoptera: O. Mecoptera
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SubC. Pterygota: O.
Siphonaptera
fleas #: 2500 Origin: radiated

with mammals in Paleocene

SubC. Pterygota: O. Diptera
true flies #: 120000 (most ecologically

diverse)- leaf miners- gall formers- wood
borers- vertebrate parasites + parasitoids +
predator NO EUSOCIAL speices Vectors:
mosquitos, blackflies, tsetse flies Hindwing:
reduced to haltere (covered in sensory app)
Midge
Class 3. Complete metamorphosis.

Larvae- Cylindrical, thin, soft, and
often curled. ae Front and back
prologs and hardened head
capsule. Use saliva to make
tubes/tunnels where they live.
Gathering collector. (Pupa only ~3
days)
Adults - swarm at night to
mate. ~3-5 days (don't eat).
"Blind mosquitoes". Eggs in
gelatinous substance (larvae
feen when hatch)
sand flies: vectors of leishmaniasis

very hairy
wings don't fold over body
mouthparts as long as head
male terminalia very large
Family
Psychodidae (Sand Flies)
Horse flies and Deer flies #: 80000 Adult:
parasite; predator; cleptoparasites on mantis,
spider prey; flower feeders
Large heads with slashing mouth
parts very big wounds result
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Active only in the daytime during

summer months
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
F. Brachycera
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SupO. Amphiesmenoptera
O. Lepidoptera (butterflies &

moths) O. Trichoptera
(caddisflies)

SupO. Amphiesmenoptera:
O. Trichoptera
caddisflies #: 11500 Larvae: aquatic (gills

sometimes apparent) - mandibulate
mouthparts (chewing)- herbivores,
scavengers, or predators- Development:
several months - year Adults: non-feeding or
liquid feeders Silk: spinnerets on labium of
larval head

SupO. Amphiesmenoptera:
O. Lepidoptera
Butterflies (14.5K) & moths #: >240,000most uniform order Adult: nectar, honeydew,
fermenting sap, OR non-feeding- proboscis
(internal musculature) Larvae: leaf, flower, or
fruit feeding Setae: modified as scales
hymenoptera, diptera, few beetlesparasites

that kill their hostslay eggs inside the
hostmoths lay eggs on leaves and larvae
create protective tunnels in leaves
Leaf-mining
moths and their parasitoids
mermecophily
"ant-love"positive interspecies
associatiosn between ants +
variety of other organisms
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long distance hearing
- 8 independent origins of tympanal organs

Arctiid moths: chirp back Bat chirps: dive
bombing, looping Diurnal species: wingless
sex
Aposematic signaling
Mullerian mimics: multiple toxic species

resemble each other Batesian mimics: nontoxic species imitate toxic species (parasitic)
P. Arthropoda: Cl. Insecta: O.

Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, sawflies, woodwasps #:

125000 named Haplodiploid Larvae: silk
secreted from head region Wings:
functionally, 1 (like Dipterans)- hamuli on hind
wing

Hymenoptera (SAWFLY)
Larvae: feed on leaf tissuesome leaf miners & gall

formers

Hymenoptera (WOOD
WASPS)
Fungi: symbiotic- Adult Female: mycangia

(sacs for carrying fungal spore) opening near
ovipositor - nourish fungi with specialized
spores Larvae: feed on fungus & rotting wood
Spores: injected with egg
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Emergence of
Parasitoids
When: 200 mya- did NOT immediately lead to

radiation of huge species # Orussids:
parasitize wood boring beetles & wood wasps
Emergence of
Parasitoids:
Morphology
Wasp Waist: constriction between 1st & 2nd

ab segments Common Theme: key
innovation + refinements, then explosive
diversity
Coevolution:
Parasitoid POV
1) detects plant volatiles released by aphid

herb ivory2) injects 1 egg + venom that
castrates: venom derived from a DNA virus3)
yolkless egg: develops "placenta" &
circulating cells- lyses aphid cells, etc.
Coevolution: Host
POV
1) aphid fights back: immune response2)

wasps (parasitoid) can detect whether an
aphid is infected with bacteria3) into these
aphids: lay more than 1 egg

Hymenoptera: SubO.
Apocrita
distinguished by narrow waist formed

between first 2 segments Larvae: legless &
blind 2 Groups: Aculeata & Parasitica
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Hymenoptera: SubO.
Apocrita: G. Aculeata
parasitoids + ants, bees, stinging wasps

Ovipositor: modified into defensive venom
injector- Eggs: emerge from new opening as
base of sting Sting: (first) to subdue large prey
in parasitoids Eusocial

Hymenoptera: SubO.
Apocrita: G. Aculeata: F.
Vespidae
wasps & ants #:

4500

Hymenoptera: SubO.
Apocrita: G. Aculeata: F.
Formicidae
ants #: 9500 Origin: 120 mya (dominant: 70

mya) myrmecophiles: infiltrate colonies as
parasites, predators, & commensals
mymecophytes: possess ant domatia
P. Arthropoda: Cl. Insecta: O. Hymenoptera:

SubO. Apocrita: G. Aculeata: F. Formicidae:
Gen. Polyergus
Amazon antsraid Formica colonies to get

slaves- workers incapable of caring for brood (
parasitism)
Anthophila
bees & relatives #: 20,000- most solitary impressive collective behaviors,

communication, & general brain power** most
important pollinators
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Parasitic Insect
Adaptive Strategies
1) blood-sucking predators (mosquitos,

blackflies, tse-tse flies, bedbugs)2)
Ectoparasites (fleas, lice, sometimes
vectors)3) Larvae = parasites4) Strepsiptera
(unique, highly evolved parasitic castrators)
Aphid Mummy &

Aphid Parasite
- small wasps attack aphids - female wasp

lays single egg in aphid - once egg hatches ,
parasite larva feeds inside aphid = pupates
- newly emerged adult parasites exit from
aphid body- dead aphid (mummy) has
bloated appearance
Host location
Adult searching stages- parasitoid

hymenoptera: good antennae + sensory
ovipositors 1) female wasp seeks host (simple
cues) 2) female searches within habitat
(partially randomly, using visual cues,
olfaction, sound, turns pheromones into
kairomones)3) genetically programmed
attack behavior: female oviposits on/in host
kairomone
a chemical which is beneficial

to the receiver, but harmful to
the emitter
Parasitoid energetics
1) very efficient ( 60% conversion, ~75% N)2)

resources very limited ( use the whole
host)3) sophisticated, regulated process
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Host selection
1) select instars2) discriminate unparasitized

from previously parasitized form3)
oviposition-deterring pheromones
Interference Competition in
Mixed Species Infections
1) outcomes predetermined2) when older

parasite survives: oxygen deprivation3)
when younger parasite survives: mandible
wounds4) host response melanizes
wounded or dead parasites
Solitary Parasitoid
1 female lays 1 egg - produces

1 larva ex: F. Tachinidae, F.
Bombyliidae
Polyembrony
1 female lays 1 egg - asexually produces

many larvae (each "cell" is an individual
larva in the clone)
Gregarious Parasitoid
1 female lays several eggseach produces 1 larva
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Obligate
Hyperparasitoid
a parasitoid of a
parasitoid
Facultative
Hyperparasitoid
a parasitoid of an uninfected
host, a hyperparasitoid in a
previously infected host
Parasitoid: Regulators of
Insect Host populations
1) efficient searchers (find rare hosts)2)

density dependent (kill proportionately more
when pest is abundant)3) often host-specific
(less non-target damage)
Leaf Cutter Ants
evolved a defensive caste:

MINIMA: defend workers
against parasitoids
Dipteran Parasitoid:
Disadvantages
1) antennae not as suitable for

sensing by touch 2) lack an
ovipositor
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Dipteran Parasitoids:
Compensations
1) lay eggs in enclosed galleries, leaf mines,

galls2) use larval searching stage
(hypermetamorphosis)3) host must
accidentally eat eggs4) high fecundity (if
larval searchers) or egg ingestion
tachinidae (parasitoid
exception)
-diptera- endoparasitoid:
respirator funnel- independent
evolution of ovipositor
Parasitoid fly
Planidia 1st instar Larval

searching stage
Hyptermetamorphic Life Cycle:

T ypical Insect
1) egg2) Larvae (1-5)

[GROWTH]3) pupa
[DIFFERENTIATION]4) adult
[REPRODUCTION]
Hyptermetamorphic
Life Cycle: Bee Fly
1) Egg2) Planidia [HOST LOCATION]3)

Larvae (2-5) [GROWTH]4) Pupa
[DIFFERENTIATION]5) Adult
[REPRODUCTION]
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Phorid fly vs. Fire ant
1) Fly hovers over ant target until Fly can

dart in to INJECT AN EGG2) egg hatches larva eventually enters ant's head3) In Ant
head: Phorid larva consume muscle tissue] Ant's head falls off within 10 days
internal parasites of bees & wasps parasitic

castrators Adult female: legless; wingless;
no gut; no antennae- mouth & anus
nonfunctional- food absorbed thru cuticleseveral genital openings- molted skin forms
brood chamber- hypermetamorphosis
Males: can fly; dwarf; non-feeding; ephemeral
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Strepsiptera
Stepsiptera Life Cycle
1) egg2) Triungulin [HOST LOCATION]3)

Larvae (2-5) [GROWTH]4) Pupa
[DIFFERENTIATION]5) Adult
[REPRODUCTION]
Bot Flies
Adults: free living Larvae:

parasitic under skin Major
Diseases: cattle (screwworm)
Dermatobia hominis
Human botfly; larva penetrate skin and

emerge 2-3 months eggs: carried by
mosquitos + stable flies larvae: enter small
wounds (mosquito bites)- feed on flesh: keep
wound free of bacteriaUSUALLY HARMLESS
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lice host: mammals #: 500 Life cycle: spent

on host; PATHOGEN Eggs: (nits) on hairs 3
Human Species: head + body + crab Vector:
typhus
Phylum Arthropoda:
Phthiraptera: SubO. Anoplura

Neoptera: O. Phthiraptera: SubO.
Mallophaga
chewing lice Host: birds, some mammals life

cycle: on host; PATHOGEN eggs: (nits) on
feathers- most feed on bird feathers host &
site specific importance of grooming
Rabbit flea
stick-tight flea life cycle: synchronized with

rabbit life cycle- read female reproductive
hormones
Problems for Blood Feeders

(leads to convergent
evolution)
1) host movement, tail swishing, swatting,

grooming2) blood distribution in skin ( only in
capillaries)3) vasoconstriction4) coagulation (
small injuries are plugged in seconds by
platelets)5) inflammation6) immunity
Solutions for Blood

Feeders
1) anesthetics (mosquitos, ticks, kissing bugs,

leeches)2) seek highly vascularized sites
(mosquitos)3) very rapid feeding (tsetse
flies)4) repeated probing5) vasodilators6)
anticoagulants7) antihistamines8)
immunosuppresion
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some bloodsucking micropredator speices

Cimex: bedbug nymphs & adults:
haematophagous - feed for 10-15 min- exc.
anesthetic NOT VECTORS
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Hemiptera (parasites)
multiple independent evolution & radiation as

blood-sucking micropredators Adults: only
are haematophagousex: mosquitos, horseflies,
sand flies, biting midges important vectors!!
Phylum
Neoptera: O. Diptera (predators)
Solenophagy
feeding from blood vesselsuses slender proboscis
African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping

sickness) larva: non-feeding- 3rd instar:
pupates soon after birth adult: female gives
birth to 1 live young at a time- nurtured in
uterus!- long lived- may give birth ~30 larvae
(Glossina sp)
TSE-TSE FLY
Name the disease associated with this vector.

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Telmophagy
feeding from blood pools- uses

scissor-like mouthparts
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ticks & mites Adaptive Zone: terrestrial &

aquatic; freshwater & marine; free-living
herbivores & predators; parasites;
micropredators #: 30,000 Size: 1mm-3cm
(ticks); 0.25-1mm (mites) VERY IMPORTANT:
parasites (scabies, mange, chiggers, feather
mites, water mites); vectors (arboviruses),
allergens, sophisticated blood feeders
Phylum
Arthropoda: Subphylum Chelicerata: Cl.
Arachnida: O. Acari (parasites)
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EEMB 116 Cards

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5/8/2015

StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116

Phylum:Annelida anatomical features

-divides body into segments

-separates metameres-has gut, nerve cord, &

-trunk segmentations visibly externally as

-lateral external bristles in segments

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-describes body structure of

-describes body structure of annelid- groups of

Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, &

body wall of annelids

-movement occurs by contraction &

-2nd layer of body wall in

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-3rd layer of body wall of

-most anterior region

-most posterior region

SPECIES: ~1150- mostly

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Simple body planBilateral symmetryTissues

SHAPE: vermiform- many microscopic

1. trochophore (larvae)- feeding (pelagic) indirect development

1. elongation strategy2. allows evolutionary

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Annelid organ system

in each segment:- coelomparapodia- nephridia- gonads

hydrostatic skeleton - coelom fileld with fluid &

- formation of a pelagic spawning statetransformation of adult- asexual reproduction

- paired of unjointed appendages associated with bundles of chaete & cirri

direct deposit feeders

- eat dirt & process nutrients- feed by everting

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appendages that create water

StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116

dorsal notopodium (can

feather-like structure or tentacle on a feather

protective flap covering the

StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116

(F. Polynoidae)- 2 rows of

(arthropod)large tissue space

- limb segments- single pair of

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(crustaceans & trilobites)

broad or elongated exites that

additional structure that arises

basal segment of each

StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116

used for sperm transfer

(horseshoe crabs)endites that form grinding

anterior 3 pairs of thoracic

- 1st pair of appendages - sometimes

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collect food particles from gills

(crustaceans: copepods) Larval form, with

StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116

the middle section of the

(annelids)Hairs that project from the sides or

Compound body section of

tail-like structure; aids in

StudyBlue Flashcard Printing of EEMB 116

(P. Arthropoda: SP:: Chelicerata)head +

(Subphylum: Chelicerata)- abdomen

(Subphylum: Chelicerates)clawlike feeding appendagesfirst pair of appendages uniramous