UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KAMPUS PERLIS
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
PHYSICS LABORATORY
(INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATION)
PHY360
MINI PROJECT PROPOSAL
AS120
TITLE: MINI SOLAR CAR

PART A:

RESEARCHER BACKGROUND

i.

PROJECT LEADER/ MATRIC NO. /CONTACT NO.:

ALYANI NATASHA BINTI AMIN/2010669696/017-4160647

ii.

PROJECT MEMBERS:

NO

NAME

MATRIC NUMBER

CONTACT

.
1

NUR MAHFUZAH BINTI MOHAMAD

2010426222

NUMBER
019- 4304623

FATIN FARHANA BINTI SOPOMO

2010622544

012-4844349

NORZALENA BINTI ABDUL HAMID

2010414288

017-4062406

NURUL NASUHA BINTI MANSOR

2010814302

013-4345176

iii.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
ROSYAINI BINTI AFINDI ZAMAN

iv.

CO-SUPERVISOR

v.

LECTURER (Lecture/Laboratory)
ROSYAINI BINTI AFINDI ZAMAN

PART B: MINI PROJECT REPORT

i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, I would like to express my thankfulness to Allah s.w.t to giving me all the
strength in fulfilling and completely this final year project. All the praise and blessing be
upon Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. I would like to thank to those who had been involved
whether directly or in directly in helping to complete our final year project. It could not have
been written and produced without the help of many people.
Firstly, we are very grateful to thank our supervisor of this project Madam Rosyaini
binti Afindi Zaman, for the valuable guidance an advice. She inspired us greatly to work in
this project. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We also
would like to thank her for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project.
Besides that, we would like to thank the authority of Universiti Teknologi Mara
(UiTM) Arau to providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project.
Then, we would like to express our thanks to Assistance of laboratory Physics, En Zainal and
En Haris because give our group to borrow all the materials, substances that used in our
project.
Finally, honourable mention goes to our families and friends for their understanding
and support on us in completing this project in this semester. Without helps of the particular
that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this project.

ii) ABSTRACT/ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT
In this globalization era, suppliers of natural resources such as fuels, coal and etc face the
difficulties to meet the growing needs of the market. To solve this problem, a new exploration
of natural resources of energy and power is necessary. Sunlight is considered as the source of
energy in daily life. Solar energy has been used to generate electricity through sunlight. With
the help of new invention of technology, we intend to produce mini cars that powered by
solar energy. In this project, a key component to build solar car is solar panel which converts
light energy from the sun into electrical power that is passed through the wires to the motor.
Thus, the motor will use the energy to move the drive pulley causing the wheels to spin. At
the beginning, the objective of this project is to implement the ideas about mini solar car and
it is possible with the help of this prototype, we can expand this idea to realize the real car
construction using solar car.

ABSTRAK
Dalam era globalisasi ini, pembekal bahan semulajadi seperti bahan pembakar, arang dan
lain-lain mengalami kesukaran untuk memenuhi kehendak pasaran yang meningkat. Bagi
menyelesaikan hal ini, eksplorasi baru terhadap bahan semulajadi untuk tenaga dan kuasa
adalah diperlukan. Cahaya matahari dianggap sebagai punca tenaga yang digunakan dalam
kegunaan harian. Tenaga solar telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik melalui
cahaya matahari. Dengan bantuan teknologi, kami berhasrat untuk menghasilkan kereta mini
yang menggunakan tenaga solar. Dalam projek ini, komponen utama untuk membina kereta
solar adalah panel solar yang menukar tenaga cahaya daripada matahari kepada kuasa elektrik
yang dialirkan melalui wayar kepada motor. Seterusnya, motor akan menggunakan tenaga
tersebut untuk menggerakkan takal penggerak yang menyebabkan roda untuk berputar. Pada
permulaan, objektif projek ini adalah untuk melaksanakan idea tentang kereta solar mini dan
tidak mustahil dengan bantuan prototaip ini, kami dapat mengembangkan lagi idea ini untuk
merealisasikan pembinaan kereta sebenar yang menggunakan tenaga solar.
iii) INTRODUCTION

There must be some limitations that prevent the ability of the earth to yield energy for
growing population. Fortunately, population models suggest that the world's population will
probably level out at about two to three times the present numbers over the next hundred
years. The question is whether the earth's resources are sufficient to accommodate the
population at a high standard of living for all. When talking about this, the key issue is
energy.
Energy in earth can be divided to major categories that are non-renewable and
renewable energy. Renewable energy is natural resources that can be re-made or re-grown
and will never run out. There are some examples of renewable energy such as solar energy,
wind energy, hydropower, bio energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy. Renewable
energy brings significance benefits to humans and other organisms. The benefits are
environmental benefit, energy for future generations, jobs and the economy and energy
security.
Lately, dealers of natural resources like fuel and coal are facing an obstacle to keep
pace with the increasing demand. Now, there are many motor vehicles that dominate the
transport medium while these cars are being controlled by the fuel at the same time. As a
consequence, the fuel as a limited resource is continually being produced by the dealers to
satisfy world consumers which are leading us to an unpredictable future with having the
insufficient source of fuel and minerals. These phenomena shows that the present energy
consumption especially fuel cannot be use much longer. With the condition of earth
nowadays that faces a global warming, the continuous consumption of these resources will
bring negative role. Under this situation, it is compulsory for is to discover a new resource of
energy and power. But is it necessary for us to explore it even the resource is in front of our
eyes. With greatly improved energy efficiency, a transition to this energy based economy
capable of sustaining the anticipated growth in the world economy, is possible. This effective
source is Solar Energy.
In this project, we focused on research on solar energy. Solar energy is energy that
comes directly from the sun. Every day the sun radiates, or sends out, an enormous amount of
energy. The sun is constant natural source of heat and light, and its radiation can be converted
to electricity. The energy produced in the interior of the solar sphere at temperatures of many
millions of degrees must be transferred out to the surface and then be radiated into space.
Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that

does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. Much of
the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be
provided indirectly.
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional
solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector
simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of
energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the
non-constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation
will be received. Methods of collecting and storing solar energy vary depending on the uses
planned for the solar generator. In general, there are three types of collectors and many forms
of storage units. The three types of collectors are flat-plate collectors, focusing collectors, and
passive collectors.
Besides being used for heating and cooling, solar energy can be directly converted to
electricity. The energy of light is transmitted by photons; small packets or quantum of light.
Electrical energy is stored in electromagnetic fields, which in turn can make a current of
electrons flow. Thus a solar cell converts light; a flow of photons, to electric current; a flow
of electrons.
When photons are absorbed by matter in the solar cell, their energy excites electrons
higher energy states where the electrons can move more freely. The perhaps most well-known
example of this is the photoelectric effect, where photons give electrons in a metal enough
energy to escape the surface. In an ordinary material, if the electrons are not given enough
energy to escape, they would soon relax back to their ground states. In a solar cell however,
the way it is put together prevents this from happening. The electrons are instead forced to
one side of the solar cell, where the build-up of negative charge makes a current flow through
an external circuit. The current ends up at the other side (or terminal) of the solar cell, where
the electrons once again enter the ground state, as they have lost energy in the external
circuit.

OBJECTIVES

To study the alternative energy that can replace existing energy sources such
as fuel.

To determine the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point.

To determine if the angle of the sun at different time affects the power
generated by solar panels.

To plot the graph of velocity (m/s) versus hours.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MINI PROJECT

Build an innovation that can prevent noise pollution. In this case, solar energy

work silently and dont add to noise pollution already on the road.
The car provides a perfect illustration of the application and use of the energy
from re-useable sources and can be used as a starting point for further

investigation or comparison such as of transport modes.

As economical purposes, the energy used to run these cars comes directly from
the sun, so the necessities toward gasoline or other types of fuel can be reduce.

iv) THEORY/BACKGROUND

Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. However,
all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun.
Solar technologies are widely characterized as either passive or active depending on the way
they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels,
pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include
selecting materials with favourable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally
circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies
increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive
solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered
demand side technologies.
The theory of solar cells explains the physical processes by which light is converted
into electrical current when striking a suitable semiconductor device. The theoretical studies
are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of solar cell performance, and
give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and solar cell efficiency.

v) LITERATURE REVIEW
Solar energy has been acknowledged as a free and infinite source of energy and
provides an alternative energy where there is no pollution of the environment and its use

will decreases the rate of depletion of energy reserves (A. M. Sharan, 2008). As one of
renewable energy, solar energy represents a massive energy potential greatly.
Solar energy refers to the conversion of the suns rays into useful forms of energy,
such as electricity or heat. The amount of solar radiation a location receives depends on a
variety of factors including geographic location, time of day, season, local landscape, and
local weather. With the rising cost of fossil fuels, alternative energy sources are becoming
more and more necessary.
Malaysia lies in the tropical region between 1oN and 7oN, and 100oE and 119oE
(Kamaruddin et al, 2002). Its weather condition in Malaysia is very suitable for
photovoltaic implementation, this is because the weather condition is almost predictable
and the availability of sunlight for more than ten hours daily with almost six hours of
direct sunlight with irradiation of between 800 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2 (N. Amin et al,2009).
A solar cell also called a photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts the
energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells take the
energy from the sun and convert it directly to electricity. Article from The Star stated that,
Malaysia could become the third largest producer of solar cells after China and Germany
once related projects were completed next year. The countrys aspiration is to increase its
market share to 17% of world production and reach number two position behind China by
2020. Under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), Malaysia will use its
current capabilities in producing semiconductors advantage to go to into the solar industry.

Based on Deo Prasad and Mark Snow (2005), photovoltaic are solid-state devices
that simply make electricity out of sunlight, silently and with little to no maintenance, no
pollution and no significant depletion of material resources. According to T. Markvart,
(1994), the design of the photovoltaic system relies on the input of measured data close to
the site of the installation which is the regular daily and yearly variation due to the
apparent motion of the sun, irregular variations are caused by the climate condition (cloud
cover), as well as by general composition of the atmosphere. Besides that, different
materials and different structures of photovoltaic panels provide different efficiency in
term of power conversion.

A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by

direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert
the sun's energy directly into electric energy. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that
solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion. Solar power may be also
used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.
In a research article by Ranjeet Singh (2012), solar car are efficient in our daily life
because it can reduce pollution and fuel rate that having by petrol cars. It also can reduce
global warming and environment problem. A solar car is driven by solar energy obtained
from panels on the surface of the car. Sun energy is converted into electrical energy by
photovoltaic cells. Solar cars combine technology usually used in the bicycle, four wheeler
and automotive industries.
Based on Michael Boxwell (2012), all power on earth comes from the sun, directly or
indirectly. The power of the sun is immense - every square meter of sunlight to fall on the
earth provides the equivalent of 1kW of power. This solar power can be harnessed in
several ways, with varying amounts of efficiency. The most common way to harness this
power is through solar hot water heating, solar electricity generation, solar power car and
ground source heat. In order to use this solar power, we need a site with a lot of direct
sunlight and location with little and no shade.

Universities
Group T University

Related studies
Racing with the sun on Vesalius Campus,
GROUP T
Make stuff work is the main theme of the
Engineering Experiences in the second
program stage. Each of the projects is taken

up in such a way that each of the teams of

student designs and makes an original and
tangible product that effectively works.
Moreover, each team is also expected to
investigate whether there could be potential
Prince Muhammed University

customers for the product.

Solar car (to design an intermediate speed
solar car that can be manufactured and
assembled locally in Saudi awareness about

Bochum University

renewable energy systems)

Solar car (the ability and suitability for
daily use of vehicles with lightweight
design and high energy efficiency under
real conditions. The entirely autarkic driven
by two seater with usual automobile
dimensions should arouse further interest in
renewable energies and their potential. The
Solar Car team considers itself as an
ambassador

for

sustainable

mobility,

developed and built by young future

engineers from North Rhine Westphalia,
who are presenting The trademark German
Engineering on an entirely new manner

vi) MINI PROJECT METHOD

METHODOLOGY
A. Construct the Body
1. The foam board was cut into a piece measuring (17.5 cm x 7cm) and two basal sticks
measuring (7 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm).

2. The two balsa sticks was glue to the foam board.

3. The positions of the screw eyes were marked on the two balsa sticks.
4. The screw eyes were turned into the foam board piece and balsa sticks.
5. An axle was slip through the screw eyes to check their alignment.
B. Mount the Wheels
1.

Four tires were set in the position that attach to the axles.

2. The rear axle was assembled. Do this by slipping the axle through the screw eyes, then
adding the spacers followed by the drive pulley (the third small wheel) and wheels.
3. The front axle was added with its wheels and spacers.
C. Mount the Motor
1. The small black pulley was pushed onto the shaft of the motor.
2. The elastic band was stretched over the rear wheel and it was placed on the axlemounted drive pulley.
3. The location was marked on the foam board once the motor is located at the right place.
The motor was stick on the foam board in the position that has been marked using selfadhesive tape.
D. Prepare the Solar Panels
1. The alligator clip was cut leads into two pieces of equal length. Strip about 1 cm of
insulation from the two cut ends.
2. The positive and negative terminal was determined on the back of the solar panel.
3. To attach the alligator clip with the solar panel the soldering technique was used.

E. Mount the Panels

1. A small slot was cut in the large foam board section.
2. The panel was arranged and its support so that it sits at an angle (45) on the body of
solar car. Use a small piece of clear tape to fasten the lower end of the panel assembly
to the foam board.
3. The alligator clip was used to connect the wires to the terminals on the electric motor.

F. Test the solar car

1. The car was tested by placing it under the bright sunlight.
2. The race track was marked off on a smooth flat side walk that is at list 1 metre. Mark
both the start and finish line with a piece of tape.
3. The solar car was run on the hours, starting at 8 am, and continuing until noon.
( the time point is 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 12.00 ).
4. The angle of the sun was measured right before each test.
a) A string was tied to a meter stick. The stick was held straight up on the side
walk.
b) The string was pulled tight until it reaches the end of the stick shadow.
c) The protractor was used to measure the angle of the string from the surface of
the ground.
d) The angle of the sun was recorded at each time point of the experiment.
5. At each time point, the stopwatch was used to determine the time it taken for the car to
travel the distance of the track. The car was tested for three days continuously at the
same time.
6. The result was collected in the tabulated data.

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS/FACILITIES
1. 1 solar panels, with contacts
2. 2 axles
3. 4 screw eyes
4. 4 wheels
5. 1 elastic bands

6. 1 motor shaft pulley

7. 1 alligator clip test lead
8. 1 electric hobby motor
9. 1 self-adhesive tape
10. 1 piece of foam board ( 17.5 cm x 7 cm)
11. Hot glue gun with glue sticks
12. Stopwatch
13. Stick and string

vii) RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT

Test

Hour

Angle

Time taken (s) to reach end point

( A to B )

Velocity (m/s)

Average

08.00

25

10

11

10.5

0.10

09.00

40

8.5

0.12

10.00

55

5.5

0.18

4
5

11.00
12.00

70
83

4.5

0.20
0.22

13.00

80

5.5

0.18

14.00

65

0.17

15.00

47

7.5

0.13

Table 1: Velocity of solar car from 1800 to 1500 (Day 1)

Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Time

08.00
09.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00

Angle

Time taken (s) to reach end point

Velocity
(m/s)

27
39
54
71
81
79
64
46

( A to B )
1
9
5
5
5
4
5
5
7

2
10
6
5
4
4
5
6
6

Average
9.5
5.5
5
4.5
4
5
5.5
6.5

Table 2: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 2)

0.11
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.20
0.18
0.15

Test

Time

Angle

08.00

26

09.00

40

10.00

56

11.00

70

12.00

79

13.00

78

14.00

66

15.00

47

Time taken (s) to reach end point

Velocity

( A to B )
1

(m/s)
2

Average

11

12

11.5

10

9.5

5.5

4.5

7.5

Table 3: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 3)

DISCUSSION

0.09
0.10
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.17
0.13

The research is conducted to study the alternative energy that can replace existing
energy sources, to determine the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point and the
angle of the sun at different time affects the power generated by solar panels. The results of
the experiment were very close to our expectation after the experiment was conducted for
three days. From the results, we can prove that the power generated by solar panels is
optimum at angle of 83 for Day 1, 81 for Day 2 and 79 for Day 3.

velocity vs hours
0.25
0.2
0.15
velocity (m/s)

0.1
0.05
0
7

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

hours

Figure 1: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 1)

The figure 1 above shows our results for day 1. We start this experiment at 0800 to
1500. The velocity of the solar car increases rapidly from 0800 to 1200 and decrease slightly
from 1300 to 1500. From the graph, we can see that the peak time that the solar car obtained
higher velocity is at 1200. This is because the position of the sun is at 80 with velocity of
0.22 m/s. Meanwhile, the lowest velocity that we calculated is 0.10 m/s at 0800. The angle
that we measure is 25.

velocity vs time
0.3
0.25
0.2
velocity (m/s)

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
7

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

hours

Figure 2: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 2)

Figure 2 shows the output velocity for day 2. The angle that we measured for day 2 is
slightly different compared to day 1. The highest velocity that we obtained is 0.25 m/s with
the peak time is 1200. We also had measure the angle is 81. On the other hand, the lowest
velocity that we get is 0.11 m/s at 0800 with 27.

velocity vs hour
0.25
0.2
0.15
velocity(m/s)

0.1
0.05
0
7

10

11
hours

12

13

14

15

16

Figure 3: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 3)

The same trend also occurs in day 3 regarding the output velocity. Figure 3 show the
highest output velocity is 0.22 m/s with position of the sun at 79. The peak time for this
output velocity is at 1200. Meanwhile, the lowest output velocity that we calculated is 0.09
m/s at 0800 with measured angle at 26.

velocity vs hour
0.3
0.25
0.2
veolocity(m/s)

speed 1
speed 2

0.15

speed 3

0.1
0.05
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

Hours

Figure 4: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 1,2 and 3)
Figure 4 show the comparison of velocity at the peak time we can see that the average
velocity between 3 days show the peak time approximately the same from 1200 to 1300. The
highest output velocity is 0.25 m/s. On day 2, compare to the day 1 and day 2 that obtained
only 0.22 m/s. All three days have the same peak time at 1200. This is because at 1200 light
intensity increases, colour temperature changes (light becomes whiter). At 1200, there will be
more contrast and light will be more intense compared to 0800-1100. In the morning and
afternoon, the sun is still under the horizon. The light in the afternoon will have more or less,
the same characteristic as light we see in the morning. The difference is that in the afternoon,
as time goes by, contrast and light intensity decrease. From our observation, the average
temperature at noon for three days is 35.

In order to ensure that the experimental procedure going smoothly, we determine the weather
first for the three days by searching the weather forecast

through the

Malaysian

Meteorological Department.
There are several considerations that we must focus on before building the car. These
include chassis weight and stiffness, wheels selection, axels, solar power and transmission.
For weight and stiffness, obvious consideration is the car must have minimum weight as it is
easier the motor to push the light car than a big, heavy car. In solar car, we need to save the
energy and stiffness is very important. We used foam board and balsa stick, a commonly
chosen material as it has a light weight. Wheel selection also very important as wheel support
the chassis and allow the car to roll forward. Instead using rubber tire, we use plastic tire that
is lighter than rubber. The disadvantage of using rubber tire is weight in tires is more difficult
to move than weight in chasing. The heavier the wheel, the more energy it takes to get the
wheel turning. The axle must be stiff, narrow and round. We decide to use brass rod with
screw eyes to support the axle. To produce current, more electrons need to produce more
current. To produce current, more electrons need to be forced to move inside the panel. In our
experiment, we tilt the solar panel towards the sun. The more of the suns rays hit the panel,
the more current will flow and more power produced.
A cars transmissions transfer the power from the motor to the wheel. In this
experiment, we used belt drive. In order to reduce the quantity of light reflected off the base,
we suspend the solar panel in the middle of the column instead of close to the base.
This is how solar cell worked. Firstly, when sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light
particles) bombard the upper surface. Then, the photons carry their energy down through the
cell and the photon gives up their energy to electrons (in the lower, p-type layer). Next, the
electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper n-type layer and escape out
into the circuit. Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the solar car move.

viii)

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that solar energy is one of the alternative energy that can be replaced
existing energy sources such as fuel. In addition, the highest output velocity that we
calculated for day 1 is 0.22 m/s same as the result for day 3. For day 2 the result is slightly
different. It increases to 0.25 m/s. For these three days we get constant peak time that is at
1200. The highest angle for day 1, 2 and 3 are 83, 81 and 79. Among these three days, the
highest angle is 83 that is day 1. Hence, we can said that the greater the angle, the shorter the
time taken for the solar car to reach the end point.

FUTURE STUDY

Since the solar panel and the other devices are working and giving the required output
to drive the handmade car, it is quite expected that it is going to work when the circuit will be
implemented on the actual car. We just need to make sure that we get the appropriate solar
panel take the voltage-current-power rating accurately make the proper connection with the
proper chip (IC) and others circuitry.
In fine it can be said that to manage up with the increasing demand of fuel, it is
necessary to change out demand into the solar energy. This is because the solar energy is
reasonable, efficient, supplied by an endless source of energy- that is sun. The sun is free and
environmental friendly sources.
Finally, we hope that this type of energy can be adapted by our country. Perhaps, this
technology will increase our economy growth and at the same time reduce pollution when a
great percentage of Malaysians turn their car into or get their own Environment Friendly
Solar Car.

ix) REFERENCES
1. Anand, M. Sharan. (2009). Efficiency enhancement of stationary solar energy based
power conversion system in Canada. Applied Energy, 86(9), 1405-1409.
http://dx.doi.10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.11.032
2. Boxwell, M. (2012). Solar electricity handbook (6thed). United Kingdom: Green stream
publishing.
3. Build your own solar car. (2009). Retrieved December 24, 2012, from
http://curriculumhub.com/twiki/pub/Main/SolarPowerAsARenewableResource/Solar_P
owered_Car_Construction_Instructions_Pemina_Institute.pdf
4. Deo Prasad,& Mark Snow. (2005). Designing with Solar Power: A Source Book for
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV). London: Earth scan, pp. 23.
5. Harley, P. (1999). Model solar car racing. Sydney: University of New South Wales
Faculty of Engineering Department.
6.

Kamaruddin, R., B. J. Bailey, & J. I. Montero. (2002). A naturally ventilation

Greenhouse for temperate vegetable production in the tropics. Acta Horticulture,
pp.578.

7. Singh, R.., & Gaur, M.K., & Malvi, C.S. (2012). Study of solar energy operated hybrid
mild cars: a review. Retrieved from http://ijset.com/ijset/publication/v1s4/p
%20139148%20manoj%20published%20paper.pdf
8. Solar Speedway. (2012). Retrieved December 25, 2012, from
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Energy_p013.shtml
9. TPT. (2006). Solar car by Isaac and Anjali, Twin cities Public Television. Retrieved
December 25, 2012, from http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/show/solarcar.html

x) APPENDIX

Figure 5: The equipments used in this

projects

Figure 6: The track was marked off on a

smooth flat side walk that at least 1 meter

Figure 7: The plastic tires attached to

the axle

Figure 8: The position of the screw eyes

were marked on the two balsa sticks

Figure 9: The string was pulled tight until it

reaches the end of the sticks shadow

Figure 11: The two balsa sticks was

glue to the foam board

Figure 10: The protractor was used to

measure the angle of the string from the
surface of the ground

Figure 12: Four tires were set in the

position that attach to the axles

Figure 13: The elastic band was stretched

over the rear wheel and it was placed on
the axle-mounted drive pulley

Figure 14: a complete solar car

xi) DECLARATION AND SIGNATURE

We are hereby declaring that the mini project is based on our original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledge. We are conducting our
investigations with honesty and integrity

SIGNATURE OF MINI PROJECT LEADER: ________________________

(ALYANI NATASHA BINT AMIN )
SIGNATURE OF MINI PROJECT MEMBER:

1. NUR MAHFUZAH BINTI MOHAMAD :

2. FATIN FARHANA BINTI SOPOMO

3. NORZALENA ABDUL HAMID

4. NURUL NASUHA BINTI MANSOR

Signature of Supervisor: _________________________________

Received date: ____________________________

Returned date: ____________________________