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HEADLINES
CEA/Gramat overview
Main activities
P.04
Blast-related studies
P.05
P.08
Numerical models
P.16
Analytical approaches
P.20
Conclusions
Choosing a model
P.27
Way forward
P.29
18 MAY 2015
CEA/Gramat overview
CEA/Gramat overview
Main activities: weapon effects
CEA/G history began just after WW II with the study of nuclear weapons effects
through the use of large-scale experimental facilities:
Blast and thermal effects.
Ground shock propagation / interactions with buried structures.
E/M Impulse and X-Ray generation.
CEA/Gramat overview
Blast-related studies
1/2
Free-field:
Blast effect of OTS and improvised high explosives.
Characterization of blast (and fragments) from ammunitions.
Semi-confined setup
Urban:
Various projects on the consequences of bombings.
Effects of VB-IEDs on buildings.
Prediction of collateral effects from air strikes.
Confined geometries:
Bunker setup
Urban setup
18 MAI 2015
CEA/Gramat overview
Blast-related studies
2/2
Free-field:
Overpressure time-history = f(R) or f(Z).
Second shock (modelling of afterburning ).
Empirical TNT equivalence for pressure and impulse.
Free-field results
Urban:
Reflection (normal, Mach ).
Canyon propagation.
Diffraction.
Interaction.
Confined geometries:
Superposition of:
- Blast waves (complex due to multiple reflections).
- Quasi-static Pressure (QSP) build-up.
Effects of:
- Venting (doors, windows)
- Collapse of partition walls / main walls.
18 MAI 2015
(1/4)
Historical abaci
Issues
Scaling (Hopkinson, Sachs, ).
Reproducibility of experiments.
Nature of the HE & initiation train (booster ?).
Confidence in experimental setup / measures.
Hopkinson scaling
(the simplest approach)
(2/4)
Comparison of some empirical overpressure models at intermediate (left) and long range (right).
18 MAI 2015
(3/4)
1,3
ton
100%
Death
100%
Collapse
18 MAI 2015
Comparison of some empirical overpressure models
(4/4)
R
E P0 1/ 3
Sachs scaling
Cube-root scaling based on HE mass is the simplest scaling, and is prominently used for HEs.
Energy scaling is a true (non-dimensional) scaling and accounts for variations of P0 (many
experiments have been performed with P0 standard atmospheric pressure)
Replacing mass scaling by energy scaling allows for comparison with other explosions (BLEVEs,
VCEs, pressurized vessels bursts) provided that the proper energy is considered many
references in the literature on industry accidents.
CYLINDRICAL
PLANE
sphere radius
cylinder radius
slab half-width
"Mass" formula
rho.4/3.Pi.R0^3
rho.Pi.R0^2
rho.2.R0
"Mass" unit
kg
kg/m
kg/m^2
R/M^(1/3)
R/M^(1/2)
R/M
m/kg^(1/3)
m^(3/2)/kg^(1/2)
m^3/kg
Generic formula
m^(3/n)/kg^(1/n)
Geometry considerations
CEA | APRIL 2015 | PAGE 11
(1/4)
(2/4)
Katz & al. Primary blast injury after a bomb explosion in a civilian bus
The estimated QSP and duration are 3.8 to 5.2 bar and 2 to 3 ms.
Eardrum injury: 76%, Lung injury: 38%, Abdomen injury: 14%.
Much more than for open-space detonations [reflected pressures also play a role].
Bombing forensics
CEA | APRIL 2015 | PAGE 13
Initial state
PQST
QSP variables
PQST = exp(A+B.[ln(M/V)]+C.[ln(M/V)]2+D.[ln(M/V)]3+E.[ln(M/V)]4+F*[ln(M/V)]5)
Other HEs accounted for through TNT equivalence = f(M/V).
1,8
AASTP-04
TNT coefficients
1,6
1,4
1,2
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,001
0,01
0,1
10
ANFO
Comp A3
Comp B
Comp C4
Cyclotol 70/30
DESTEX
H-6
HBX-1
HBX-3
Poudre M1
MINOL-II
Octol 75/25
Pentolite 50/50
Picratol
Tritonal
0,2
100
(4/4)
2 m3 CEA-Gramat Bunker
Comparison of CHEETAH fits with TNT experiments
(1/4)
Numerical models
From first-principles reliability.
Not limited to simple geometries (3D).
Added physics if required (multiphase ).
Possible integration of simple consequence models.
Handles reflections, diffractions, interactions, etc.
Current issues
Non ideal HEs.
Mesh size and peak pressure.
- AMR, shock capturing, a.s.o.
Weak or strong fluid / structure coupling.
Computational burden (no fast answer !).
(2/4)
18 MAY 2015
(3/4)
Configuration 4 : Charge in the upper-left corner, without roof opening, with obstacle.
(4/4)
Temperature maps
[A. Milne, FGE]
(1/6)
DEMOCRI E
(2/6)
Mirror-image principle
[from Pope, 2010]
(3/6)
ISTSS 2008
(4/6)
Tir 1
Zones with
100% damage
at real scale
B
A
1 kg
hemisphere,
L turn.
Tir 4
B
Overpressure and impulse comparisons: Markers: experiments, Lines: CEA model.
(5/6)
Remember the 2x6 coefficients for TNT in the AASTP-04 QSP model ?
CEA-Gramat QSP DAMOCLES model : all range of M/V, with NO PARAMETER.
CEA-Gramat
detonation calorimeter
The HE decomposition energy is used to heat the gases (Cv(T) from NIST data).
Decomposition energy means total combustion energy when oxygen is in excess
the combustion energy is measured in a combustion or a detonation calorimeter.
For large M/V ratios (oxygen-deficient atmospheres), decomposition energy means
(1-a).Edetonation + a.Ecombustion, a computed for total combustion with available O2.
the detonation energy is measured in a detonation calorimeter.
a decomposition scheme is required (empirical or from a thermochemistry code).
60000
35000
Detonation of V401
(6 bar N2)
30000
50000
y = 1218,2x + 3378,3
R2 = 0,9958
25000
30000
Q(cal)
40000
y = 2424,4x + 6250
R2 = 0,9982
20000
Q cal
Linaire (Q cal)
Q cal
15000
Linaire (Q cal)
20000
10000
5000
m V401 (g)
0
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
0
0,00
Q(cal)
10000
m V401 (g)
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
(6/6)
Conclusions
| PAGE 31
CEA | 10 AVRIL 2012
18 MAI 2015
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