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International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Abstract:
The presence of arsenic (As) has been reported across the globe in drinking water sources, Asia being the most significantly affected
area for arsenic contamination around the world. In Asia around 100 million people are at risk of arsenic contaminated water sources
and more than 700,000 cases have been reported for arsenic related diseases. Many research studies have been conducted for arsenic
contamination, furthermore many studies are being carried out but still there is significant lack of knowledge about the prevalence and
impact of arsenic and its epidemiology in under developed countries like Pakistan. The focus of this study is on the rural areas of
Sindh using ground water as major source of drinking water. In Pakistan groundwater arsenic concentration has reached up to 1100
g/L compared with WHO limits of 10g/L internationally and 50g/L for Pakistan. In the province of Sindh, around 36% of the
population is exposed to arsenic contamination above WHO limits. Therefore, keeping in view the catastrophic situation, a study on
arsenic prevalence in the district of matiari has been conducted to identify presence of arsenic in ground water. 85 water samples were
taken from district matiari from hand pumps and boring and did field analysis for salinity and total dissolved salts (TDS). Further, the
samples were brought in water testing and surveillance laboratory, LUMHS, Jamshoro where samples were tested for turbidity and
arsenic. Arsenic presence was tested by Merck arsenic kit for 0.00-0.5 mg/L. The concentration for arsenic was estimated by visual
comparison of the reaction zone of analytical test strip with the color scale. From the total of 85 samples, 60 samples are positive for
arsenic, and among those 22 samples are positive above WHO criteria for Pakistan (0.05mg/L or50g/L). This research is part of the
efforts taken to evolve and develop a community based awareness of arsenic hazards and sustainable arsenic mitigation system by
establishing spatial and temporal prevalence of arsenic in the study area.
Keywords: Arsenic, ground water, Matiari, Sindh
1. Introduction
Water is the most important and basic necessity for the
human life. Without water life cant exist and as the
population of the world is increasing the supply of safe
and healthy water has become a great concern. This is the
important debate for both policy makers and international
organizations dealing with the subject of water shortage
and safe water supply[1].
Among the safety and quality of water, arsenic has been
one of the important components in contamination of
drinking water specifically in the south East Asian region.
Considerable literature has been published in recent years
on the presence of arsenic in groundwater being utilized
by humans around the globe and particularly in Asia.
Arsenic has been identified in the underground water
sources of south East Asian countries and most
prominently in Bangladesh, along with India, Pakistan
and Nepal. In this research our main focus is on Pakistan.
The main source of drinking water in Pakistan is ground
water. Majority of people use the water without any
treatment or filtration so it gives rise to a number of water
based diseases. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element
and widely distributed in earth crust in the form of
Figure 1 Countries affected on the current global scenario on arsenic contamination emphasizing on Asia [3]
260
261
S.
5
6
8
32
34
39
40
48
49
60
61
Sampling Area
UC Matiari Kacho
UC Matiari Kacho
UC Matiari Memon colony
Pir Noor Shah Colony; Matiari
Pir Noor Shah Colony; Matiari
Matiari Stop
Govt. School; Matiari Stop
Noor Shah Colony; Matiari
Noor Shah Colony; Matiari
NasarPur
NasarPur
Arsenic mg/L
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
62
64
65
67
68
69
70
77
82
83
84
NasarPur
NasarPur
NasarPur
NasarPur
NasarPur
NasarPur
NasarPur
New Hala
UC I Hala
Talabulmola colony hala
UC I Hala
0.25
0.1
0.1
0.25
0.1
0.25
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.05
Arsenic
positive
Arsenic 0.05mg/L
or above
Hand pump
45
26
10
Motor pump
40
34
12
4. Conclusion:
This research is part of the efforts taken to evolve and
develop a community based awareness of arsenic hazards
and sustainable arsenic mitigation system by establishing
spatial and temporal prevalence of arsenic in the study
area. From the data collected and analyzed, the samples
collected from district Matiari have given alarmingly high
concentration of arsenic in the drinking water ranging
from 0.005-0.25mg/L. And it shows that this water is very
unsafe for human consumption and efforts should be
taken to decrease it, provide alternate source and educate
the community.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
262
[7]
Ahmed, T., Kahlown, M. A., Tahir, A., & Rashid, H. Peoplecentred approaches to water and environmental sanitation:
Proceedings of the 30th wedc conference, lao national cultural
hall, vientiane, lao pdr, october 2004. In 30th WED international
conference, viantiane:2004, 662.
[8]
[5]
[9]
[6]
Khan, M. M., Sakauchi, F., Sonoda, T., Washio, M., & Mori, M.
Magnitude of arsenic toxicity in tube-well drinking water in
bangladesh and its adverse effects on human health including
cancer: Evidence from a review of the literature. [Review]. Asian
Pac J Cancer Prev, (2003). 4(1): 7-14.
Yu, G., Sun, D., & Zheng, Y. Health effects of exposure to natural
arsenic in groundwater and coal in china: An overview of
occurrence. [Research Paper]. Environ Health Perspect, (2007).
115(4): 636-42. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9268
[4]
263
Appendix
Table 1(table of all parameters tested)
S.NO.
Sampling Area
Source
Turbidity NTU
Salinity %
TDS mg/L
Arsenic mg/L
UC Matiari Kacho
Hand pump
42
1.8
2028
0.005
UC Matiari Kacho
Hand pump
1.6
1981
0.005
UC Matiari Kacho
motor pump
2.5
3718
0.025
UC Matiari
Hand pump
1.4
1792
0.005
UC Matiari Kacho
Hand pump
3.1
3819
0.05
UC Matiari Kacho
Hand pump
2.7
3723
0.1
motor pump
0.4
535
0.005
Hand pump
3.3
4065
0.05
motor pump
1.6
1995
0.01
10
motor pump
2.9
4419
0.025
11
UC Faqir Nuhthiani
Hand pump
1.2
1582
0.005
12
motor pump
1.2
1589
0.005
13
motor pump
0.7
969
0.005
14
motor pump
1.7
2430
15
motor pump
1.1
1342
16
motor pump
1.4
1722
17
motor pump
2670
18
Hand pump
0.4
516
0.005
19
Hand pump
3.1
3820
0.005
20
motor pump
4.1
5318
0.005
21
motor pump
0.4
501
0.01
22
motor pump
3.1
3818
0.005
23
motor pump
0.4
498
0.01
24
Hand pump
2.9
3517
0.01
25
Hand pump
64
0.4
548
0.01
26
Hand pump
0.4
485
0.01
27
Bhit Shah
motor pump
0.8
1014
28
Bhit Shah
motor pump
1.4
1771
29
Bhit Shah
motor pump
1.4
1736
0.005
30
Bhit Shah
motor pump
1.6
2319
31
Bhit Shah
motor pump
1272
0.005
32
Hand Pump
1.9
2418
0.05
33
motor Pump
0.4
533
0.01
34
Hand Pump
2.2
2810
0.08
35
Matiari Stop
Hand Pump
0.4
496
0.005
36
Matiari Stop
Hand Pump
0.4
520
0.005
37
Matiari Stop
motor pump
0.4
481
0.005
38
motor Pump
0.4
489
0.005
264
Sampling Area
Source
Turbidity NTU
Salinity %
TDS mg/L
Arsenic mg/L
39
Matiari Stop
Hand Pump
48
0.5
579
0.1
40
Hand Pump
0.5
654
0.1
41
Matiari Stop
Hand Pump
0.5
720
42
Hand Pump
1.3
1673
43
Hand Pump
2.2
2720
44
Hand Pump
1.1
1389
45
Bughiomohalla; Matiari
Hand Pump
2.5
3815
46
Bughiomohalla; Matiari
Hand Pump
1.2
1498
47
Hand Pump
2.1
2780
0.01
48
motor pump
0.4
554
0.05
49
motor pump
1.2
1519
0.05
50
Noor Shah
motor pump
0.4
488
0.01
51
motor pump
0.7
844
0.025
52
Hand Pump
99
2.7
3728
0.005
53
Hand Pump
3.1
3910
0.01
54
Hand Pump
3780
55
Bhit Shah
Hand Pump
2.7
3721
56
Bhit Shah
Hand Pump
3785
57
Bhit Shah
Hand Pump
3.5
4210
58
Bhit Shah
Hand Pump
3670
59
Bhit Shah
Hand Pump
1.6
2310
60
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.4
506
0.25
61
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.4
511
0.25
62
NasarPur
Hand Pump
0.4
528
0.25
63
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.8
1198
64
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.3
427
0.1
65
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.4
496
0.1
66
NasarPur
Hand Pump
1.8
2792
0.005
67
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.3
419
0.25
68
NasarPur
Motor Pump
1218
0.1
69
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.3
400
0.25
70
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.3
374
0.1
71
NasarPur
Hand Pump
0.4
491
72
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.5
567
73
NasarPur
Motor Pump
0.4
484
0.005
74
Matiari
motor Pump
89
0.3
358
0.025
75
UC I Hala
Hand Pump
0.3
425
0.025
76
Matiari
motor pump
1.6
2311
0.025
77
New Hala
motor pump
0.9
1.84
0.1
78
New Hala
motor pump
0.5
634
0.01
79
New Hala
motor pump
0.5
672
80
UC I Hala
motor pump
1.6
2317
0.01
Colony; Matiari
265
Sampling Area
Source
Turbidity NTU
Salinity %
TDS mg/L
Arsenic mg/L
81
UC I Hala
Hand Pump
1.4
1750
82
UC I Hala
Hand Pump
1167
0.05
83
Hand Pump
0.9
1084
0.1
84
UC I Hala
motor Pump
0.5
716
0.05
85
UC I Hala
Hand Pump
0.5
627
266