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Table of Contents
1. Overview of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis ........................................................................ 1
2. Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ...................................................... 3
3. Elements and Commands Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis ............................... 9
3.1. Available Elements ............................................................................................................................ 9
3.2. High-Frequency Commands ............................................................................................................ 11
4. Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis ............................................................................... 13
4.1. Creating the Physics Environment ................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1. Specifying Element Types ....................................................................................................... 14
4.1.2. Specifying the System of Units ................................................................................................ 15
4.1.3. Specifying Material Properties ................................................................................................ 15
4.2. Building the Model, Assigning Region Attributes, and Meshing ........................................................ 17
4.2.1. Defining Model Region Attributes .......................................................................................... 18
4.2.2. Meshing the Model ................................................................................................................ 18
4.3. Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads) .................................................................... 18
4.3.1. Applying Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................... 19
4.3.1.1. Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) ..................................................................................... 19
4.3.1.2. Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) ................................................................................ 20
4.3.1.3. Surface Impedance and Impedance Loads ..................................................................... 21
4.3.1.4. Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) ...................................................................................... 24
4.3.1.5. Periodic Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................ 27
4.3.2. Applying Excitation Sources ................................................................................................... 30
4.3.2.1. Excitation Ports ............................................................................................................. 30
4.3.2.2. Current Source .............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.2.3. Plane Wave Source ......................................................................................................... 35
4.3.2.4. Surface Magnetic Field Source ....................................................................................... 36
4.3.2.5. Electric Field Source ....................................................................................................... 37
4.3.2.6. Equivalent Source Surface ............................................................................................. 37
4.4. Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses .................................................................................... 39
4.4.1. Defining the Analysis Type ...................................................................................................... 39
4.4.2. Defining Analysis Options and Estimating Computer Resources .............................................. 39
4.4.3. Setting the Analysis Frequencies ............................................................................................ 39
4.4.4. Defining a Scattering Analysis ................................................................................................ 40
4.4.5. Defining a Radiation Analysis for a Phased Array Antenna ....................................................... 40
4.4.6. Defining a Modal Port Solution ............................................................................................... 40
4.4.7. Characteristic Impedance ....................................................................................................... 40
4.4.8. Starting the Solution .............................................................................................................. 41
4.4.9. Finishing the Solution ............................................................................................................ 43
4.5. Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses ........................................................................ 44
4.5.1. Reviewing Results .................................................................................................................. 44
4.5.2. Commands to Help You in Postprocessing .............................................................................. 45
4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters ..................................................... 46
4.5.3.1. Near Fields .................................................................................................................... 46
4.5.3.2. Far Fields and Far Field Parameters ................................................................................. 47
4.5.3.3. Symmetry ..................................................................................................................... 49
4.5.3.4. Radiation Solid Angle .................................................................................................... 49
4.5.4. Calculating Circuit Parameters for High-Frequency Devices ..................................................... 50
4.5.4.1. Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters) ............................................................................. 50
4.5.4.2. Power and Frequency Selective Surface Parameters ....................................................... 51
4.5.4.3. Voltage, Current, and Impedance .................................................................................... 51
4.5.4.4. Displaying Network Parameters and Losses .................................................................... 53
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List of Figures
2.1. Computational Domain for a FEM Analysis .............................................................................................. 5
2.2. Open Microstrip Structure ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Equivalent Circuit ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Open Microstrip Structure Model ............................................................................................................ 8
3.1. Mixed Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2. Object with a Large Aspect Ratio ........................................................................................................... 10
4.1. Flow Chart for a Harmonic Analysis ....................................................................................................... 13
4.2. Electric Field Distributions ..................................................................................................................... 18
4.3. Solid and Finite Element Models ........................................................................................................... 19
4.4. PEC Boundary Condition ....................................................................................................................... 20
4.5. PMC Boundary Condition ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.6. Impedance Sheet .................................................................................................................................. 23
4.7. Shunt RCL Lumped Circuit on a Surface ................................................................................................. 24
4.8. Microstrip Structure with PML Regions .................................................................................................. 24
4.9. PML Region Attached to Interior Region ................................................................................................ 25
4.10. Attenuation Distribution ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.11. Buffer Elements in Interior Domain ...................................................................................................... 26
4.12. Distance between Source/Objects and PML Region ............................................................................. 27
4.13. Arbitrary Infinite Periodic Structure ..................................................................................................... 27
4.14. Unit Cell .............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.15. Periodic Array Models ......................................................................................................................... 29
4.16. Exterior and Interior Ports ................................................................................................................... 32
4.17. Interior Ports ....................................................................................................................................... 33
4.18. Model for Scattering Analysis of Periodic Structure .............................................................................. 33
4.19. Spherical Coordinates ......................................................................................................................... 35
4.20. Exterior Hard Surface Magnetic Field Excitation ................................................................................... 36
4.21. Soft Interior Surface Magnetic Field Excitation ..................................................................................... 36
4.22. Equivalent Source Surface ................................................................................................................... 38
4.23. Spherical Coordinates ......................................................................................................................... 47
4.24. Solid Angle - Dipole Antenna .............................................................................................................. 49
4.25. Solid Angle - Monopole Antenna above Ground Plane ......................................................................... 50
4.26. Multi-port Network ............................................................................................................................. 50
4.27. Voltage Paths for Transmission Lines .................................................................................................... 52
4.28. Current Paths for Transmission Lines .................................................................................................... 52
4.29. Ten-Degree Symmetry Model of a Coaxial Waveguide .......................................................................... 53
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List of Tables
2.1. Physical and Model Features ................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. High-Frequency Elements ....................................................................................................................... 9
4.1. Element DOFs ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2. Material Guidelines ............................................................................................................................... 16
4.3. High-Frequency Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................... 19
4.4. Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions .............................................................................................. 21
4.5. High-Frequency Excitation Sources ....................................................................................................... 30
4.6. Port Types ............................................................................................................................................. 31
4.7. Postprocessing Commands ................................................................................................................... 45
4.8. Plotting Commands ............................................................................................................................. 45
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Antennas
Biomedical applications
The ANSYS high-frequency electromagnetic simulator (ANSYS Emag - High Frequency) uses tangential vector
finite element technology. It provides 3-D elements to perform harmonic analyses (see Chapter 4, Performing
a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis (p. 13)) and 2-D and 3-D elements to perform modal analyses (see
Chapter 5, Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis (p. 57)) analyses, with an exp (jt) dependence assumed.
ANSYS Emag - High Frequency has a preprocessor, a solver, and a postprocessor. The preprocessor provides
facilities for describing the high-frequency structure to be simulated, the excitation to be applied, and the
boundary conditions or other constraints to be imposed. It includes the following:
Geometry Tool
Meshing Tool
Automatic Meshing
Manual Meshing
Adaptive Meshing
Material Model
Boundary Conditions
Excitation Sources
The solver generates the element descriptions, assembles the element matrices into global finite element
matrices, imposes the appropriate boundary conditions, constraints, and excitation sources, and then solves
the equations. It consists of the following:
Modal Analysis
Harmonic Analysis
The postprocessor provides facilities to calculate parameters and visualize results. This includes the following:
Antenna Parameters (Radiation Pattern, Directive Gain, Directivity, Radiation Power, Radiation Gain, Radiation Efficiency)
Time-Averaged Power
Joule Heat
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Surface 0 enclosing
FEA
Perfect electric
conductor or perfect
magnetic conductor
Feed aperture, f
Current volume, s
Dielectric volume
(enclosed by d )
Resistive or impedance
surface, r
The high-frequency FEA procedure uses a weak integral form of the electric field vector Helmholtz equation
as the basis. For improved accuracy for scattering applications, the scattered field is investigated instead of
the total electric field. Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the Theory Reference for
the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information on the pure scattering field formulation.
The ANSYS high-frequency elements use the tangential vector finite element method. The vector electric
field consists of the linear combination of the vector basis functions. The associated coefficients are the degree
of freedom (DOF) of the final matrix equation. The DOFs of the tangential vector method are the projections
of the vector electric field on the edges and faces of the element. For example, for the first order tetrahedral
element, its DOFs are the projection of the electric field along the edge of the element at the middle of the
edge:
DOF = t
at middle of edge
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Model Features
Non-perfect Electric Conductor, Air-Dielectric Interface, Standard Impedance Boundary Condition (SIBC)
Dielectric Coating on PEC
EM Field Symmetry
Modal Field
For an enclosed structure, you must mesh the entire structure. For propagation, radiation, and scattering
problems, the electromagnetic field extends to infinity. You must trunicate the infinite space using absorbing
boundary conditions. Usually, the inside of an electric conductor is not meshed because a high-frequency
electromagnetic wave can only penetrate the surface a short distance.
If the ohmic loss does not play a significant role or is not a major concern in the design, a perfect electric
conductor (PEC) is a very good approximation for metallic objects. The tangential electric field vanishes on
the surface of a PEC. It leads to a constraint condition DOF = 0 on the surface.
Often, meshing the skin of a non-perfect electric conductor or a dielectric coating on a PEC leads to extremely
small elements inside of those layers. Instead of meshing those very small layers, apply a standard impedance
boundary condition on those surfaces to obtain a good approximation.
You can reduce the size of your model by taking symmetry of the electromagnetic field into account. If the
tangential electric field is zero (that is, only the normal electric field exists on the symmetry plane), apply a
PEC boundary condition to the symmetry plane. If the tangential magnetic field is zero (that is, only the
normal magnetic field exists on the symmetry plane), apply a PMC boundary condition to the symmetry
plane. In a ANSYS high-frequency analysis, a PMC boundary condition is a natural boundary condition. You
do not need to apply a constraint condition to a PMC symmetry plane.
If an electromagnetic wave radiates into infinity, you must use an absorbing boundary condition to truncate
the finite computational domain. If an electromagnetic wave in a propagating system is absorbed by a
matching load, you must replace that matching load with an absorbing boundary condition.
The following example of an open microstrip structure with a capacitance gap shows you how to create a
model.
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The equivalent circuit including a matched source, s-parameter extractor, and matching load is shown in
Figure 2.3: Equivalent Circuit (p. 7).
ZL
ls
Z0
Z0
ZL
To create the model, you need to make use of the characteristics of electromagnetic fields and simplify the
model as follows:
The thickness of the microstrip is assumed to be small compared to the other dimensions and is ignored.
The ohmic loss of the microstrip is also assumed to be small and is ignored. These assumptions lead to
a PEC microstrip with zero thickness.
For the fundamental mode, the electric field is assumed to be symmetric about a vertical center line
on the cross section. Accordingly, the analysis can be done on a half model. A PMC boundary is applied
to the symmetry plane.
Since the electromagnetic field decays rapidly in the transverse direction with the distance from a microstrip, PEC boundaries are added to enclose the open space at a proper separation distance. The
distance from the microstrip to the top PEC boundary should be at least equal to two times the height
of the substrate. The distance from the microstrip to the side PEC boundary should be at least two times
the width of the microstrip.
The wave source is assumed to be a matched electric current source and the output of the two-port
network is terminated by a matching load (see Figure 2.3: Equivalent Circuit (p. 7)). Absorbing boundary
conditions are added to represent the matching loads.
The real current source will be equivalent to the impressed current density. Considering the electric
field distribution on the transverse cross section, the line current density pointing from the microstrip
to the ground will excite the fundamental mode in the microstrip. Since the line current density source
launches a bidirectional electromagnetic wave, an absorber must be located behind the line current
density source to prevent a reflected wave.
These electromagnetic field characteristics and assumptions yield the following unmeshed model for the
open microstrip structure.
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2-D or
3-D
DOFs
HF118
2-D
HF119
3-D
10-Node Tetrahedral
HF120
3-D
You can use one element shape (hexahedral, wedge, pyramid, or tetrahedral) or any combination of shapes
in your 3-D model. Figure 3.1: Mixed Elements (p. 9) (a) shows a mix of hexahedral and wedge elements and
(b) shows a mix of hexahedral, pyramid, and tetrahedral elements. The pyramid elements are transitional
elements between the hexahedral and tetrahedral elements.
As an example, the following command input listing creates mixed hexahedral and wedge elements:
/prep7
et,1,120
et,11,200,5
et,12,200,7
rect,0,1,0,1
rect,1,2,0,1
aglue,all
esize,0.25
asel,s,loc,x,0,1
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
define
select
select
create
element operation
hexahedral element
2-D element
3-D elements by extruding 2-D elements
As an example, the following command input listing creates mixed hexahedral, pyramid, and tetrahedral
elements:
/prep7
ch=10.16e-3
cw=22.86e-3
cl=2.e-2
h=2.e-3
et,1,hf120,1
et,2,hf119,1
block,-cw/2,0,-ch/2,ch/2,0,cl/2
block,-cw/2,0,-ch/2,ch/2,cl/2,cl
vglue,all
esize,h
type,1
mshape,0,3d
mshkey,1
vmesh,1
mshape,1,3d
mshkey,0
vmesh,3
tchg,120,119,2
fini
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Although a geometrically complex structure can be meshed with tetrahedral elements, it may require many
elements and that may lead to simulation failure because of computer resources. Even a regular shaped
volume may require many tetrahedral elements if it has a very large aspect ratio. Here, hexahedral or wedge
elements would be a better choice. Figure 3.2: Object with a Large Aspect Ratio (p. 10) illustrates this difference.
It shows that the number of tetrahedral elements (a) is much larger than the number of hexahedral elements
(b), if a similar mesh density is maintained on the transverse cross section.
You can automatically refine a model meshed with HF119 elements. To decrease discretization error, the
HFEREFINE macro refines elements that exceed a specified error limit. Moreover, based on the error indicated
by HFEREFINE, you can manually refine a model meshed with HF120 elements. For more information on
this capability, see Chapter 6, Adaptive Meshing (p. 63) in this guide and HFEREFINE in the Command Reference.
See HF118, HF119, and HF120 in the Element Reference for more details on these elements. Refer to HighFrequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical
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HFADP
HFANG
HFARRAY
HFDEEM
HFEIGOPT
HFEREFINE
HFMODPRT
HFPA
HFPCSWP
Calculates propagating constants and characteristic impedance of a transmission line or waveguide over a frequency range.
HFPORT
Specifies input data for waveguide, modal, lumped gap, or plane wave ports.
HFPOWER
HFSCAT
HFSYM
Indicates the presence of symmetry planes for the computation of high-frequency electromagnetic fields in the near and far field domains (beyond the
finite element region).
LPRT
PLFAR
PLFSS
PLNEAR
Plots the electric field in the near zone exterior to the equivalent source surface.
PLSCH
PLSYZ
Converts and plots network parameters versus frequency or plots losses versus
frequency.
PLTD
PLTLINE
Plots port transmission line data generated by the HFPCSWP or SPSWP macros.
PLWAVE
PMLOPT
PMLSIZE
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PRNEAR
Prints the electric field in the near zone exterior to the equivalent source surface.
PRNSOL
PRSYZ
QFACT
SPADP
SPFSS
SPARM
SPSWP
SPICE
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Build a model.
Obtain a solution.
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13
2nd Order
Quadrilateral
12
Triangle
Tetrahedral
20
Hexahedral
12
54
Wedge
36
Pyramid
Not available
You cannot mix first and second order elements in a model. Both first and second order elements have
midside nodes to follow the curvature of a model. If you use MESH200 elements to generate 3-D high-frequency electromagnetic elements (HF119 or HF120) choose one of the MESH200 options for midside nodes,
KEYOPT(1) = 5 for 3-D triangle elements or KEYOPT(1) = 7 for quadrilateral elements.
KEYOPT(4) allows you to specify element types for special high-frequency electromagnetic applications.
KEYOPT(4) = 0 defines the normal element (default). KEYOPT(4) = 1 defines an electromagnetic wave absorbing
element referred to as a perfectly matched layer (PML) element. KEYOPT(4) = 2 defines a special scattering
element. You need to specify KEYOPT(4) = 2 for the region of the domain receiving the reflected wave when
you are using a soft magnetic field excitation source that propagates in one direction (BF,,H option). For
example, the following command input listing defines first order normal and PML elements:
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See Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) (p. 24) for information on the PML element. See Surface Magnetic Field
Source (p. 36) for information on the scattering element and soft source magnetic field excitation.
The HF118 element applies only to modal analyses. Chapter 5, Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis (p. 57) describes this type of analysis in detail.
= r' - j r
15
= r' + j r
Guideline
Air
Lossless Dielectric
For example, the following command input listing defines two isotropic lossy materials:
mp,perx,1,2.5
mp,murx,1,1.0
mp,rsvx,1,1.E-4
mp,perx,2,9.8
mp,murx,1,2.0
mp,lsst,2,0.5
!
!
!
!
!
!
the
the
the
the
the
the
1 is 2.5
1 is 1.0
2 is 9.8
2 is 2.0
If you want to calculate the specific adsorption rate (SAR) of a lossy material, you must specify the mass
density of the material (Lab = DENS on the MP command).
You can use a TB table to define the following material properties:
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Tensors are in the element coordinate system specified by the ESYS command. For detailed information on
how to define material properties using a TB table, see High-Frequency Electromagnetic Material Models in
the Element Reference.
For B-H nonlinear material, use the Opt field (TB, MUR,Mat,,,Opt) to specify a uniform (Opt = 1) or non-uniform
dc magnetic field (Opt = 2). You can perform a magneto static analysis using a SOLID96, SOLID97, or SOLID117
element model to determine a non-uniform dc magnetic field. You can then apply that field to a high-frequency model using the LDREAD,H command. The following is an example command input listing.
/batch, list
! perform a magneto static analysis
/prep7
et,1,96
! 8-node brick magneto static element
mp,murx,1,1
! define free space permeability
mp,mgxx,1,10000
! define magnetic coercive forces
block,0,1,0,0.1,0,0.1 ! define the geometry
esize,0.05
! define mesh size
vmesh,1
! meshing
nsel,s,loc,x,0
d,all,mag,0
! define scalar magnetic potential
nsel,all
fini
/solu
! solve
solve
fini
! perform a high frequency electromagnetic analysis
/prep7
et,1,120
! 20-node brick HF element
modmsh,deta
! release all associativity between solid and finite element models
emid,add
! add mid nodes (from 8-node brick to 20-node brick)
mp,perx,1,1
! define permittivity
tb,MUR,1,,,2
! define B-H nonlinear material with non-uniform dc magnetic field
tbdata,1,1000,2,100,,2,0,0 ! define the parameters of B-H nonlinear material
nsel,s,loc,x,0
! set up excitation source
bf,all,js,1,2,3
nsel,all
asel,all
nsla,s
d,all,ax,0
! set up boundary condition
alls
fini
/solu
ldread,h,,, ,,file,rmg
antype,harmic
harfrq,1.e6
solve
fini
! solve
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17
Note
If the propagating wavelength is 1 cm in free space, the wavelength is 0.5 cm in a dielectric with
relative permittivity r = 4.
To obtain accurate S-parameters, the elements located at the ports should have as close to a 1:1 aspect ratio
as possible in the direction of the wave propagation.
You should also employ your knowledge of electromagnetic fields to determine an appropriate mesh
density. For example, consider the following electromagnetic fields shown in Figure 4.2: Electric Field Distributions (p. 18) :
Since the electric field of a TE10 mode varies sinusoidally along the wide side of a rectangular waveguide
and is uniform along the narrow side, there should be at least five elements along the wide side. Since the
electromagnetic field concentrates under the metallic microstrip, to obtain the acceptable results, there
should be at least four elements along the thickness of the substrate and at least five elements along the
width of the microstrip.
(a)
(b)
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Finite Element
Model Entities
Lines or Areas
Nodes
Areas
Nodes
Not Applicable
Elements
Areas
Nodes
1.
You do not need to specify a PMC boundary condition because it is a natural boundary condition.
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Symmetric Plane Et = 0
,
Et distribution
To reduce your model size, you can also apply PEC boundary conditions to symmetry planes that have a
zero tangential component of the vector electric field. You must know the electric field distribution before
you can take advantage of the symmetry.
To specify PEC boundary conditions, you can use the DL or DA command to set the AX DOFs to zero on
the surface of the model or you can use the D command to set the AX DOFs to zero on the nodes of the
finite element model. Alternatively, you can specify a PEC boundary condition from the GUI, which will impose
AX = 0.
Command(s): D, DL, or DA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall> On
Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall> On
Areas
Symmetric Plane Ht = 0
,
Et distribution
To reduce your model size, you can also apply PMC boundary conditions to symmetry planes that have a
zero tangential component of the vector magnetic field. You must know the magnetic field distribution
before you can take advantage of the symmetry.
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Note
You do not need to specify a PMC boundary condition because it is the natural boundary condition
in ANSYS Emag - High Frequency. Any exterior surface without a specified boundary condition
assumes a PMC boundary condition.
SIBC Approximations
o
o
INF
Z=
IMPD
Z=
SIBC
Air-dielectric Interface
Dielectric
SIBC
Z=j
tan (2 f )
IMPD
SIBC
PEC
Non-perfect
Electric Conductor
Z =
Non-PEC
o r
( 1+ j )
2
SIBC
1.
Enter the Z value calculated by this equation in the VALUE field of SF or SFA.
2.
o and
SHLD
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21
Note
Be sure to specify conductivity in MKS units (Siemens/meter). The default for relative permeability
is 1.0.
You can flag any exterior boundary and assign it as an infinite boundary using one of the following commands
or menu paths (Lab = INF):
Command(s): SF,Nlist,INF,VALUE,VALUE2 SFA,AREA,LKEY,INF,VALUE,VALUE2
SFL,LINE,INF,VALUE,VALUE2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface> On
Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface> On
Lines
For modeling a far-field radiating boundary, you need to flag the exterior nodes or exterior areas where the
propagating wave is treated as a plane wave. When such an infinite far-field radiation boundary is close to
the objects and the scattering wave is not a plane wave or a spherical wave, numerical error will occur. Using
perfectly matched layers (PML) is a more accurate method for modeling the far-field radiation boundary (see
the next section).
Applying boundary conditions to the solid model offers the advantage that they are independent of the
underlying finite element mesh. This allows you to make mesh modifications without having to reapply the
loads.
Meshing very thin conductive layers can lead to extremely small elements within those layers. Instead of
meshing those layers, you can use an impedance sheet to obtain a good approximation. An impedance
sheet is an interior surface.
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Current (I)
Impedance (Z)
Voltage (V)
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23
Excitation plane
Strip
Eexcit
Erefl
1-D PML Region
Extraction plane
Discontinuity
Eexcit
Substrate
Etrans
1-D PML Region
A 3-D PML region consists of layers of elements extending from the interior volume towards the open domain
as shown in the following figure. You construct a block about the origin of the global Cartesian coordinate
system or a local Cartesian coordinate system. You align the edges of the 3-D PML region with the axes of
the Cartesian coordinate system.
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Symmetric Plane
Interior Computational Domain
Radiator
Symmetric Plane
To optimize the absorbing efficiency of the PML, you must properly construct the PML regions and appropriately choose the following PML parameters:
Attenuation Parameters
Number of Normal Elements between the PML Region and Objects or Discontinuities
Use the ET command to define PML elements. Set KEYOPT(4) = 1 for HF119 or HF120 and then mesh the
PML region. Use any element shape to mesh the PML block.
More than one 1-D PML region may exist in a finite element model. The element coordinate system (ESYS
command) uniquely identifies each PML region. Use the LOCAL command to define a Cartesian coordinate
system, and then assign this coordinate system to the elements in the PML region (VATT or ESYS command
prior to meshing or the EMODIF command after meshing).
The attenuation from the PML interface to the PML exterior surface is a parabolic distribution that minimizes
numerical reflections from the PML elements. The numerical reflections are caused by the discretization of
a continuous distribution of material from element to element. To obtain satisfactory numerical accuracy,
you should use at least four layers of PML elements. At lower operating frequencies (< 1 GHz), the PML
thickness may need to be greater than a quarter wavelength.
PML Elements
PML/Interior Domain Interface
Numerical PML Step Distribution
Backed PEC
Since PML acts as an infinite open domain, any boundary conditions and material properties need to be
carried over into the PML region. Material properties such as permittivity, permeability, and conductivity in
the PML region must be the same as the adjacent interior region. For example, in the model of a microstrip
structure with PML regions, you should carry over the dielectric and air properties to the adjacent PML layers
(see Figure 4.8: Microstrip Structure with PML Regions (p. 24)).
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Object/Discontinuity
Buffer Elements
PML
Since PML is an artificial anisotropic material, excitation sources are prohibited in the PML region.
The attenuation of the electromagnetic wave in a PML region may be controlled. You can specify the normal
reflection coefficient (harmonic) for propagating waves by using one of the following:
Command(s): PMLOPT,ESYS,Lab,Xminus,Xplus,Yminus,Yplus,Zminus,Zplus
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On
Nodes
The direction designations are Xminus, Yminus, Zminus, Xplus, Yplus, and Zplus. The minus and plus refer
to the negative and positive directions along the Cartesian coordinate axes, respectively. If the propagating
wave is only absorbed in one direction, you define a 1-D PML region (Lab = ONE). You only need to specify
the Xminus argument for a 1-D PML region. For a 3-D PML region, you can define a different normal reflection
coefficient for each direction (Xminus, Yminus, Zminus, Xplus, Yplus, and Zplus). The normal reflection
coefficients default to 1.E-3 (-60 dB) for a harmonic analysis. Normal reflection coefficients should be less
than 1.0. If only a few PML layers are used (for example, four layers), specifying a very small normal reflection
coefficient (such as -100 dB) may lead to significant numerical reflection. Increase the number of layers before
specifying a very small reflection coefficient. Repeat the PMLOPT command for additional PML regions. Refer
to the PMLOPT and PMLSIZE commands in the Command Reference and Perfectly Matched Layers in the
Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information.
The number of PML layers dominates the absorbing efficiency of PML. However, an excessive number of
PML elements will significantly increase the computational requirements. The number of PML layers (n) for
acceptable numerical accuracy can be determined by one of the following:
Command(s): PMLSIZE,FREQB,FREQE,DMIN,DMAX,THICK,ANGLE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> PML
where: DMIN, DMAX, and THICK are shown in the following figure.
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DMIN
DMAX
Radiator/Object
If n is less than 5, the number of layers is set to 5 in order to reduce the numerical reflection. If n is greater
than 20, the number of layers is set to 20 to avoid having an excessive number of PML elements.
The PMLSIZE macro must be issued before you mesh your model. If the thickness of the PML region is known,
it specifies an element edge length. If the thickness of the PML region is unknown, it species the number
of layers (n).
Refer to the PMLOPT and PMLSIZE commands in the Command Reference and Perfectly Matched Layers in
the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information.
S1
Ds2
Ds1
For scattering problems, an arbitrarily polarized plane wave impinges on the periodic structure at some arbitrary oblique arrival angle with respect to the Z direction. The reflection, transmission, absorption, and
polarization characteristics of the periodic structure are simulated. For most scattering problems, the periodic
structure will not include internal excitation sources. For radiation problems, an electromagnetic current
source or other excitation source will exist inside the periodic structure.
The infinite extension assumption allows you to investigate a single periodic unit cell as shown in the following figure. The electromagnetic fields on the cell sidewalls exhibit a dependency described by the theorem
of Floquet. Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information on this theorem.
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27
! cycle element
local,11
wpcsys,,11
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nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*b2,0,1
alls
finish
The finite element models created are shown in the following figure.
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29
Excitation Port
Areas
Nodes
Volumes
Nodes or Elements
Area
Nodes or Elements
Lines
Nodes
Keypoints
Nodes
Plane Wave
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Areas
Nodes
Electric Field
Lines or Areas
Nodes
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Not Used
Modal (MODAL)
1.
The subscripts m and n mean the variation of the field along the wide side and narrow side of the
waveguide, respectively.
2.
The subscripts m and n mean the variation of the field along the angular and radial directions of the
waveguide, respectively.
3.
The subscript zero means no field variation and the subscript n means the variation of the field between
the plates.
The VAL1 - VAL11 arguments define the other port inputs. See the HFPORT command for additional information.
As shown in the following figure, a port may exist on the exterior surface or interior surface of a modeled
domain. An exterior port allows you to launch an incident wave and the port absorbs the reflected wave
for the launched mode. An interior port allows you to launch a bidirectional incident wave. All reflected
modes will pass through the interior port and will be absorbed by a PML absorbing boundary condition if
the interior port is assigned as a matched port. The Opt2 argument controls the ability to launch a wave
and to pass reflected waves.
Etrans
Erefl
exterior port
Eexcit
Eexcit
Etrans
Erefl
discontinuity
interior port
discontinuity
When launching a fundamental mode using the exterior port option (Opt2 = EXT), you should locate the
port at least half of a wavelength away from any discontinuity or structure to ensure that other reflected
higher order modes are damped out. You may extract S-parameters at this port for the single mode.
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Eexcit
Erefl
PML
Etrans
Discontinuity
Buffer Element
Buffer Element
PML
The plane wave source port (Porttype = PLAN, Opt2 = INT) launches a plane wave for a scattering analysis of a periodic structure. The plane wave port must be an interior soft port as illustrated in the following
figure. You need to define the coupled master and slave surfaces of the solid model or nodes of the finite
element model. You must use PML to truncate the open space because Floquet's electromagnetic wave
propagates in the periodic structure. The specified harmonic component of the reflected and transmitted
Floquet wave is extractable. You should define an output plane wave port when transmission parameters
are required. For information on how to define a plane wave, see Plane Wave Source (p. 35).
Slave Surface
PML
1.
If time-averaged power is input, it overrides the applied voltage or field input. See the HFPORT command for more information on the VAL1 -VAL8 arguments.
2.
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To avoid the parasitic modes around the excitation source, locate parameter extraction planes at least
1/4 wavelength away from the excitation position.
Use PML to terminate the computational domain along the wave propagating direction.
You can also define a radiation source using a current density distribution in terms of a conducting current
distribution on the radiator. For example, you can choose a sinusoidal current distribution to model a very
thin half-wavelength dipole antenna.
E = E0
If a plane wave port is assigned, you can define a plane wave in a local Cartesian coordinate system.
Define a external plane wave (a free-space harmonic incident plane electromagnetic wave) using one of the
following:
Command(s): PLWAVE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Plane Wave>
Define Wave
You need to specify the following plane wave attributes:
Angle between the X-axis and the projection of the incident plane wave vector on the X-Y plane ().
Angle between the Z-axis and the incident plane wave vector.
y
x
Note
As shown in Figure 4.19: Spherical Coordinates (p. 35), the wave vector points to the origin of the
Cartesian coordinate system.
When used together with an unbounded domain model (using PML as an absorber), the scattering effects
of an incident field on a body can be simulated using the scattering analysis command HFSCAT.
You cannot use the PLWAVE command to define an incident plane wave for a scattering analysis of a periodic structure. Here, a plane wave port must be specified using the HFPORT command. The scattering
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35
Discontinuity
Htrans
Matched Output
For a surface magnetic field source, you should specify the magnetic field at three nodes on an element
face, at least. The surface magnetic field source must coincide with the element faces. The magnetic field is
input by defining up to three components of a vector quantity (HX, HY, HZ) and a phase angle. If the magnetic field vector does not align with the global Cartesian coordinate system, you may take advantage of a
rotated nodal coordinate system (NROTAT command). The magnetic field specified at nodes (BF command)
or transferred to nodes from a solid model entity (BFA, BFL, or BFK) may use a rotated nodal coordinate
system to align the magnetic field vector. To view the magnetic field vectors, use the /PBC,H,,2 command
option.
You can also apply a soft excitation source as shown in the following figure. It allows reflection waves to go
through the source surface without any reflection. To do so, you define an interior surface magnetic field
source using the BF or BFA command. The HF119 or HF120 elements in the region that the reflection wave
propagates into must be scattering elements (KEYOPT(4) = 2). However, you still define the elements in the
PML region by a KEYOPT(4) = 1 setting.
KEYOPT(4)=2
Hexcit
Hrefl
KEYOPT(4)=0
Htrans
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37
PML
y
Radiator
y-z Symmetric Plane
Equivalent Surface
For radiation and scattering problems, you must use an absorbing boundary condition, either PML or farfield radiation boundary (INF). Since the ideal radiation or scattering plane wave leads to a very large
spherical computational domain for an acceptable numerical accuracy, you should use PML to truncate the
computational domain. The equivalent source surface should be between the radiator or scatter and the
PML region. In principle, the equivalent source surface should be close to the radiator or scatter to obtain
good near-field and far-field results. However, because of the lower order element discretization of the
computational domain and the numerical integration on the equivalent source surface, you should use half
a wavelength or greater separation between the radiator or scatter and the equivalent source surface. You
should also place some buffer elements between the equivalent source surface and the PML region.
You define an equivalent source surface using a surface boundary condition with the Maxwell flag MXWF.
Exercise care when applying a MXWF surface load to define an equivalent source surface. Do not flag any
surface on a symmetry plane (for example, the y-z and x-z planes in Figure 4.22: Equivalent Source Surface (p. 38)). The following is one way to flag an equivalent source surface:
1.
2.
3.
Reselect just the exterior nodes to work with only the surface nodes (NSEL,R,EXT).
4.
The following is another way you can flag an equivalent source surface:
1.
2.
Select the elements attached to the selected nodes, only if all of its nodes are in the selected nodal
set (ESLN, S, 1, ALL).
3.
4.
Caution
Do not apply the surface flag using the SFA command. This option will transfer the surface flag
to adjacent elements on either side of the equivalent source surface and may lead to erroneous
results.
You do not need to define an equivalent source surface when performing a scattering analysis of a periodic
structure. The interior plane wave port surface serves as the equivalent source surface.
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Use the scattering formulation and store the scattering field Esc(Lab = SCAT).
Use the scattering formulation and store the total electromagnetic field Etotal = Einc + Esc (Lab = TOTAL)
If a Radar Cross Section (RCS) is required at postprocessing, you must specify Lab = SCAT. You must also
flag the virtual equivalent current source surface that encloses the scatter using the SF command (Lab =
MXWF).
Note
Only first order HF119 or HF120 elements are available for a scattering analysis.
40
2
Power-Current (PI) definition: ZPI = P / I
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2
Power-Voltage (PV) definition: ZPV = V / P
Z VI = V / I =
ZPIZPV
where:
P = power passing through a port:
P = s E H ds
I = c H dl
A voltage line is referred to as an impedance line and it is defined by the maximum voltage between two
points when the ports are set up. You can define an impedance line using the LPRT command.
The three definitions of characteristic impedance may give significantly different values because of wave
dispersion. For quasi-TEM waves, the ZPV and ZPI values are the upper and lower impedance boundaries,
respectively. Therefore, the value of ZVI approaches the actual impedance for quasi-TEM waves.
For a multi-conductor port, current and voltage are vectors, i.e. {I} and {V}. The vector {I} contains the current
on each conductor. The vector {V} represents the voltage defined on each conductor. The number of voltage
lines must be identical to the number of conductors on the port section. There are N modes in a N+1 conductor system, where N is the number of inner conductors.
To obtain the characteristic impedances for a 2-D eigenvalue model of a transmission line, you can use the
HFPCSWP command. For a 3-dimensional model, you can obtain the port surface characteristic impedances
by issuing the HFPORT command with Porttype = MODAL and specify a characteristic impedance definition (VAL2 = PI, PV, or VI). The impedance multiplier (VAL1) is the ratio of the whole structure to the numerical model. For example, the impedance multiplier for a half symmetry model is 2.
You do not have to define the inner conductor if there is only one inner conductor in the model. If there
are multiple inner conductors in the model, you must define the inner conductors using BF, BFL , or BFA
with Lab = CHRGD. Each impedance line should connect the inner and outer conductors and have the same
line number as the connected inner conductor (see the LPRT command). That is, the impedance line N will
connect the inner conductor N with the outer conductor.
41
starts with a #
42
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Note
The following is an example of the first two lines.
! 2-port S-parameter file, 3 frequency points
# GHz S MA R 50. 50.
The output then lists the S-parameters in row format for each frequency. Up to four ports are listed in a row.
Rows are repeated for each frequency until all port data is listed. The following examples demonstrate the
format. Frequency appears as f and magnitude and phase appear as m and p, respectively.
Two port data appears in one row as follows:
f m(S11) p(S11) m(S21) p(S21) m(S12) p(S12) m(S22) p(S22)
Three port data appears in three rows as follows:
f m(S11) p(S11) m(S12) p(S12) m(S13) p(S13)
m(S21) p(S21) m(S22) p(S22) m(S23) p(S23)
m(S31) p(S31) m(S32) p(S32) m(S33) p(S33)
Six port data for one frequency appears in 12 rows as follows:
f m(S11) p(S11) m(S12) p(S12) m(S13) p(S13) m(S14) p(S14)
m(S15) p(S15) m(S16) p(S16)
m(S21) p(S21) m(S22) p(S22) m(S23) p(S23) m(S24) p(S24)
m(S25) p(S25) m(S26) p(S26)
.
.
.
m(S61) p(S61) m(S62) p(S62) m(S63) p(S63) m(S64) p(S64)
m(S65) p(S65) m(S66) p(S66)
The SPSCAN macro automatically performs harmonic analyses over a range of angles and executes the
SPARM macro to calculate S-parameters at the input port of a phased array antenna. It outputs a Touchstonelike file of S-parameters, filename.snp. The Variational Technology solution method is not available in SPSCAN.
To execute the SPSCAN macro, use either of the following:
Command(s): SPSCAN
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> S-Par Ang Sweep
The SPFSS macro automatically performs harmonic analyses over a range of frequencies or angles and executes the FSSPARM macro to calculate reflection and transmission parameters for a frequency selective
surface. It outputs a results file (filename.fnp where n is equal to 1 or 2) which contains reflection and
transmission coefficients, power reflection and transmission coefficients, and insert and return losses. The
Variational Technology solution method is only available for a frequency sweep in SPFSS. An interior plane
wave port must be flagged by the BF or BFA command and defined by the HFPORT command.
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43
and so on
Additional data are available. See the Element Reference for details.
You can review analysis results in POST1, the general postprocessor. In general, the results are out-of-phase
with the input loads. The solution is calculated and stored in terms of real and imaginary components as
detailed above.
Use POST1 to review results over the entire model at specific frequencies. For viewing results over a range
of frequencies, use the time-history postprocessor, POST26.
To choose a postprocessor, use one of the following:
Command(s): /POST1 or /POST26
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro
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Command(s)
SET,1,1,,0
SET,1,1,,1
PRVECT,EF
PRVECT,P
PRVECT,H
PRVECT,JC
PRESOL,JHEAT
Create element table item for centroid electric field[3], X component. (Issue similar commands for Y, Z, and SUM components.)
ETABLE,Lab,EF,X
Create element table item for centroid magnetic field[3], X compon- ETABLE,Lab,H,X
ent. (Issue similar commands for Y, Z, and SUM components.)
Create element table item for centroid conducting current[3], X
component. (Issue similar commands for Y, Z, and SUM components.)
ETABLE,Lab,JC,X
ETABLE,Lab,JHEAT
PRETAB,Lab,...
1.
2.
3.
4.
RMS value: measurable values are the sum of real and imaginary parts.
See the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information on the
notation. The ETABLE command lets you view less frequently-used items. The HF119 and HF120 descriptions
in the Element Reference discuss these items.
You can view most of these items graphically. To do so, substitute plotting commands or GUI paths (see
the individual commands for the appropriate GUI paths) for the commands whose names begin with "PL"
(for example, use PLNSOL instead of PRNSOL, as illustrated below):
PRNSOL
PLNSOL
PRVECT
PLVECT
PRESOL
PLESOL
PRETAB
PLETAB
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4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters
Postprocessing commands are available for calculating the near or far electromagnetic fields beyond the
FEA computational domain. The commands PRNEAR, PLNEAR, PRFAR, and PLFAR use the surface equivalence
principle to determine the fields. The surface equivalence principle states that equivalent currents can exactly
represent the electromagnetic fields exterior to the surface. Refer to Surface Equivalence Principle in the
Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for more information.
Use of near and far-field commands requires that an equivalent source surface be defined in the preprocessor.
See Equivalent Source Surface (p. 37) for details.
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4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters
To use PRNEAR or PLNEAR, you must first define an equivalent current source surface in the preprocessor.
You must issue the HFSYM command to account for symmetry planes in the modeled region.
y
x
The RCS can be normalized by the wavelength in a 2-D analysis and the wavelength squared in a 3-D analysis.
To print RCS or RCSN, use one of the following:
Command(s): PRFAR
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> RCS (or RCS Normalized)
To plot RCS or RCSN, use one of the following:
Command(s): PLFAR
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48
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4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters
4.5.3.3. Symmetry
You must account for symmetry planes in the modeled domain for postprocessing near or far electromagnetic fields beyond the computational domain. To do so, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFSYM
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Map onto Path> HF Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Far Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> RCS (RCS Norm)
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna Param
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Far Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> RCS (RCS Norm)
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Antenna Para
The HFSYM command accounts for PEC or PMC symmetry planes that coincide with the X-Y, Y-Z or Z-X
planes of the global or a local Cartesian coordinate system. It applies the image principle on the symmetric
part of the computational domain to represent the radiation effect of the partial equivalent current source
beyond the modeled domain. HFSYM accounts for the radiation that would be present if the entire structure
was modeled. If there is a PEC or PMC symmetry plane, you must issue the HFSYM command before issuing
PRNEAR, PLNEAR, PRFAR, or PLFAR. Although a PMC symmetry plane is a natural boundary condition in
a finite element analysis, it must be defined by the HFSYM command.
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A phased array antenna is approximated by an infinite array of unit cells with periodic boundary conditions.
When you calculate the antenna parameters of the entire array based on the solution of the unit cell , only
half a radiation space should be defined (that is, [ 0,360] and [ 0,90]).
You can do this in POST1 by first reading in the solution for a given frequency and then performing certain
postprocessing tasks based on the corresponding definition of a parameter.
This section illustrates the basic steps you need to do to calculate parameters for high-frequency devices.
ai
[S]
bi
50
aj
bj
b
Sii = i
ai a j = 0
S ji =
bj
ai a j = 0
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Vba = - E dl
To calculate it you need to define a path from the central conductor to the ground as shown in the following
figure for a coaxial waveguide (a), a microstrip line (b), and a coplanar waveguide (c).
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Central Conductor
Strip
Voltage Path
Voltage Path
Voltage Path
Ground
Outer Conductor
(a) Coaxial Waveguide
Ground
You first define the path using the following commands or GUI paths:
Command(s): PATH, PPATH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> Path Status> Defined Paths
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes (or By Location)
You then calculate the voltage using one of the following:
Command(s): EMF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Path Based> EMF
The EMF command macro stores the results as the EMF parameter. All path items clear after EMF executes.
Current is defined as the line integral of the magnetic field H along a closed path containing the inner
conductor:
I = H dl
To calculate it you need to define a closed current path contain the central conductor as shown in the following figure for a coaxial waveguide (a), a microstrip line (b), and a coplanar waveguide (c).
Strip
Current Path
Current Path
Central Conductor
Current Path
Ground
Ground
Outer Conductor
(a) Coaxial Waveguide
After defining the current path using PATH or PPATH, you calculate the current using one of the following:
Command(s): MMF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Path Based> MMF
A counter clockwise ordering of points on the PPATH command will yield the correct sign for MMF. The
MMF command macro stores the results as the MMF parameter. All path items clear after MMF executes.
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Z =
V
I
To calculate the impedance, you calculate both the EMF (voltage drop) and the MMF (current). The IMPD
macro calculates the complex impedance at the specified location. You must define the voltage and current
paths before issuing IMPD. The impedance calculation can work with a symmetry sector of a model. For
example, if you model only 10 degrees of a coax cable, you can supply a multiplier term on the MMF (current)
calculation to account for a full model.
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53
HF Emag
Design Rules
S-parameter
Transient Waveforms
SPICE Model
SPICE
To create a SPICE macromodel, you first generate a Touchstone file from either a high-frequency full-wave
electromagnetic solution or the measurement of a high-frequency structure. You can use the SPSWP command
to generate the Touchstone file. You then generate the macromodel using the SPICE command.
The following are important points to remember when you are creating a SPICE macromodel.
54
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The generated equivalent circuit is a subcircuit (SUBCKT in SPICE nomenclature) consisting of a set of nested
SUBCKTs. The main SUBCKT, and the only one called, is named NPORT 1 2 3 4 Nodes 1 and 2 define port
1, nodes 3 and 4 define port 2, etc. Hence, there are 2M nodes for an M-port component. All elements in a
synthesized subcircuit are standard elements in SPICE. Therefore, total compatibility is expected with most
SPICE based circuit simulators.
For more information, refer to RLCG Synthesized Equivalent Circuit of an M-port Full Wave Electromagnetic
Structure in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications. For example problems,
see SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna and SPICE Synthesized
Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network
55
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57
PEC
Field
E, D, H, B Contour
E, D, H, B Vector
Postprocessor
Parameter
Resonant Frequencies
Propagating Constants
Q-Factor
5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor and Specifying the Modal Analysis
Type
To enter the SOLUTION processor, use one of the following:
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
58
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For a 2-D propagating constant analysis, only the first order HF118 element option (KEYOPT(1) = 1) is available.
To obtain propagating constants over a frequency range, you have to execute a separate solution for each
frequency and manually process each result. See the HFEIGOPT command for details.
To specify solver options for your modal analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): MODOPT
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
For a modal analysis, the Block Lanczos solver (MODOPT,LANB) should be selected.
Specifying a proper frequency range will make eigenvalue calculations more efficient and accurate. Input a
lower-end frequency just below the anticipated frequency, using the FREQB argument on the MODOPT
command. In addition, specify an upper-end frequency using the FREQC argument. Use the NMODE argument
to request the number of modes to extract. Normalizing the mode shapes to unity (via the Nrmkey argument)
is recommended.
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59
Zpi (ohms)
0.583970E+02
0.612517E+02
Effective Epsilon_r
0.102075E+02
0.103486E+02
You can use the PLTLINE command to display the results graphically.
To invoke HFPCSWP, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFPCSWP
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Electromagnet> HF Emag> 2D Freq Sweep
It is strongly recommended that you perform an initial solution at a single frequency to ensure that all input
arguments are properly posed before you run a frequency sweep. To run a single frequency, set the beginning
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1
1
1
=
+
Q
Qs Qd
Use one of the following to execute QFACT:
Command(s): QFACT
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Cavity> Q-Factor
Average radiation pressure over the lossy surfaces is given by:
P=
1 2
|
H
|
|
E
|2
You can use it to calculate frequency shift after a thermal analysis. Radiation pressures are available as SMISC
records for HF119 and HF120.
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61
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For tetrahedral elements, you can also perform S-parameter adaptive meshing. The SPADP macro automatically refines a mesh until an S-parameter convergence criteria is met or a maximum number of iterations
is reached. You input a convergence criteria, a maximum number of refinement iterations, and beginning
and ending refinement factors. The refinement factor varies linearly between the beginning and ending refinement factors to avoid a very quick increase in the number of elements. Start with a reasonable coarse
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63
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using Adaptive Meshing (Command
Method)
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using S-Parameter Adaptive
Meshing (Command Method)
Adaptive meshing is not available for the hexahedral element. However, HFEREFINE will list the elements
with the largest errors. You can then manually refine the local meshes by adjusting the mesh size on the
associated solid model.
64
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67
Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
Near-field at point (1,0,0): |E| = 1.862 V/m
Far-field at r = 10 m: r*|E| = 1.89 V/m
Radiation pattern: Normalized electric field = 0 dB
68
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= 1.0
Note
Nodes nbo, nbi, and nba are shown on the sketch for clarity. (These nodes are used in postprocessing.)
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71
Loading Used
Port voltage = 1.0
= 0.8 GHz
72
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Activate the ANSYS GUI. When the GUI is fully active, choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. A
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click OK.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
In the scrollable lists, choose (highlight) HF Electromagnet and 3D Brick 120 (HF120).
4.
Check that the element type reference number is set to 1, then click OK.
5.
Click Options. For "Element polynomial order K1, choose "Second order elm." Then click OK.
6.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model
Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Electromagnetics,
Relative Permeability, Constant. A dialog box appears.
3.
Enter 1 for MURX (Relative permeability), and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the
Material Models Defined window on the left.
4.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Relative Permittivity,
Constant. A dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click on menu path Material>Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
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73
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Cylinder> By Dimensions. The
Create Cylinder by Dimensions dialog box appears.
2.
Z1 field: 0
THETA1 field: 0
Z2 field: .375
THETA2 field: 5
3.
Click OK. The ANSYS Graphics Window will show a wedge shape.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate. Click Iso. Click Close.
2.
Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
3.
Change the setting of the top button on the menu from Nodes to Lines.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> All Lines. The Element Sizes on
All Selected Lines dialog box appears.
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Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
Reset the top button to Areas and leave the next button set to By Location.
3.
4.
5.
Click Apply.
6.
7.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric
Wall> On Areas. A picking menu appears.
Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
Reset the top button to Areas and leave the next button set to By Location.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port>
Exterior> On Areas. A picking menu appears.
7.
Click the Pick All button. The Define Waveguide Port on Areas dialog box appears.
8.
Set the port number to 1 and click OK. The Define Waveguide PORT Options dialog box appears.
9.
75
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substps. The Harmonic
Frequency and Substep Options dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click OK.
7.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Solve >Current LS. A pop-up window displays the solution options
you have defined. Review this information and click Close when you have finished reading it.
8.
In the Solve Current Load Step dialog box, click OK to start the solution. A pop-up message notifies
you when the solution is done. Click Close to close the message window.
9.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Port> S-Parameters. The Calculate SParameters dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Click OK. A pop-up window displays the scattering (s) parameters and their values. When you have
read this information, click Close.
Step 10: Display Vector Plots of the Magnetic and Electric Fields
1.
76
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step. The Read Results by Load
Step Number dialog box appears.
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For both the "Load step number" and "Substep number" fields, enter 1.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog box
appears.
5.
In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & Gradient and Mag Field H.
6.
7.
In the "Vector location for results" field, click Elem Nodes on.
8.
Click OK. The image in the Graphics Window becomes a vector plot of the magnetic field (H).
9.
Again, choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog
box appears.
10. In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & Gradient and Elec Field EF.
11. In the "Mode" field, click vector mode on.
12. In the "Vector location for results" field, click Elem Nodes on.
13. Click OK. The Graphics Window now displays a vector plot of the electric field (EF).
14. Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
Step 11: Define Paths for EMF (Voltage Drop) and MMF (Current)
1.
2.
Choose Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box appears.
3.
4.
Click Close.
5.
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes. The picking
menu appears. At this point you may use the mouse to pick the nodes defining a path from the inner
coax radius to the outer coax radius identified as "nbi" and "nbo" in Figure 1: Symmetry Model of a Coax
Waveguide (p. 71). Alternatively, since we have captured the node numbers at those locations as
parameters, you can input the parameter values in the picker command line. We will detail this last
procedure here (although the former procedure is simpler).
6.
7.
8.
9.
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77
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Path Based> Impedance. The Calculate
Impedance dialog box appears.
2.
Check that the "Voltage drop path name" is VLTG and the "Current calc path name" is CURR. (VLTG
and CURR should be highlighted.)
3.
4.
5.
Click OK. A pop-up window displays impedance results. Click Close to close the results pop-up.
Step 13: Calculate Reflection Coefficients, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and
Insert Loss, and Finish the Analysis
1.
2.
A pop-up window appears, showing you the reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, return
loss, and insertion loss.
3.
4.
5.
Click on QUIT on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and click OK.
Calculated results: (see commands SPARM and IMPD for parameter definitions): S11 = 4.683E-06, S21 = 1.00,
ZRe = 65.11 , Zim = -0.16 , REFLC = 4.683E-06, VSWR = 1.000, RL = 106.59 (dB), IL = 0 dB.
78
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79
80
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= 2.05
= 1.0361x105
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83
84
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Activate the ANSYS GUI. When the GUI is fully active, choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. A
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
In the scrollable lists, choose (highlight) HF Electromagnet and 3D Brick 120 (HF120).
4.
Check that the element type reference number is set to 1, then click OK.
5.
Click Options. For "Element polynomial order K1," choose "Second order elm." Then click OK.
6.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model
Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Electromagnetics,
Relative Permeability, Constant. A dialog box appears.
3.
Enter 1 for MURX (Relative permeability). Click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
4.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Resistivity, Constant.
A dialog box appears.
5.
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85
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the icons next to the following options: Relative Permittivity, Constant. A dialog box appears.
7.
8.
Choose menu path Material>Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Block> By Dimensions. The
Create Block By Dimensions dialog box appears.
2.
Enter the values shown below in the appropriate fields. (Use the Tab key to move between fields.)
X1 field: 0
Y1 field: 0
Z1 field: 0
X2 field: 1
Y2 field: .4
Z2 field: .3
3.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate. Click Iso. Click Close.
2.
Under the Size Controls section of the MeshTool, click the Set button beside "Globl." The Global Element
Sizes dialog box appears.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Step 6: Apply the Electric Wall Condition and Specify Surface Shielding Properties
1.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric
Wall> On Areas. The Apply Electric Wall picking menu appears.
2.
Click Pick All. The Graphics Window displays the electric wall boundary condition
3.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield>
On Areas. The Apply SHLD on Areas picking menu appears.
4.
Click Pick All. The Apply SHLD on Areas dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click OK.
7.
86
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Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis dialog box
appears.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Click OK. The Block Lanczos Method dialog box appears.
11. In the "FREQB Start Freq" field, enter 2.2e8.
12. In the "FREQE End Frequency" field, enter 4.0e8.
13. Set the Nrmkey Normalize mode shapes button to To Unity.
14. Click OK.
15. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. A pop-up window displays the analysis options
you specified. Review the window contents and then click Close.
16. In the Solve Current Load Step dialog box, click OK. A pop-up message notifies you when solution is
complete. Click Close to close it.
17. Choose Main Menu> Finish.
2.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Viewing Direction. The Viewing Direction dialog
box appears.
3.
4.
5.
Click OK.
6.
Choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog box
appears.
7.
In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & gradient on the left and Mag field
H on the right.
8.
9.
87
Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Cavity> Q-Factor. A dialog box appears.
Click OK. The ANSYS program displays the results of the quality factor calculation in a pop-up window.
2.
Review the results, then click Close to close the pop-up window.
3.
4.
Click Quit on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and click OK.
88
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89
90
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Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
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91
10.309
10.309
10.193
Frequency (f )
87.911 MHz
87.911 MHz
114.82 MHz
92
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Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
Method of Moment (MoM) Results:
Angle (Degrees)
RCS (dB)
E-plane ( = 0)
H-plane ( = 90)
10.5
10.5
10
9.9
9.9
20
8.5
9.0
30
6.2
7.5
40
3.0
5.0
50
0.0
1.9
60
-2.0
-1.8
70
-2.1
-6.2
80
-2.05
-12.5
1 wavelength x 1 wavelength
with PHI = 90 (degree)
x-z plane & y-z plane
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95
Harmonic Analysis for Plane Wave Scattering from a Metallic Plate (Command Method)
nx=8 $ny=8 $nz=3
npml=4
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1
et,2,120,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
rect,0,a1,0,b1
rect,0,a2,0,b2
asba,2,1,,delete,keep
aglue,1,3
type,11
lesize,1,,,nx
lesize,2,,,ny
lesize,3,,,nx
lesize,4,,,ny
amesh,1
lesize,9,,,npml
lesize,6,,,ny+npml
lesize,7,,,nx+npml
lesize,10,,,npml
amesh,3
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz
asel,s,area,,1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,area,,1
vext,all,,,0,0,c1
type,2
esize,,nz
asel,s,area,,3
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,area,,3
vext,all,,,0,0,c1
esize,,npml
asel,s,loc,z,-c1
vext,all,,,0,0,-l1
asel,s,loc,z,c1
vext,all,,,0,0,l1
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
allsel,all,all
nummrg,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0,a+1.01*a1/nx
nsel,r,loc,y,0,b+1.01*b1/ny
nsel,r,loc,z,-1.01*c1/nz,1.01*c1/nz
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0.99*(a+a1/nx),1.01*(a+a1/nx)
nsel,a,loc,y,0.99*(b+b1/ny),1.01*(b+b1/ny)
nsel,a,loc,z,-1.01*c1/nz,-0.99*c1/nz
nsel,a,loc,z,0.99*c1/nz,1.01*c1/nz
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
nsel,a,loc,z,-c2
nsel,a,loc,z,c2
nsel,a,loc,y,0
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
nsel,s,loc,z,-0.001,0.001
nsel,r,loc,x,-0.001,1.001*a
nsel,r,loc,y,-0.001,1.001*b
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
plwave,0,1,0,90,0
finish
/solu
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
96
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! 2-D meshing
! harmonic analysis
! working frequency
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Harmonic Analysis for Plane Wave Scattering from a Metallic Plate (Command Method)
eqslv,sparse
hfscat,scat
solve
finish
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,pmc,pec
prfar,rcs,total,90,90,,0,90,18
prfar,rcs,total,0,0,,0,90,18
finish
! SPARSE solver
! define a scattering solution
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97
98
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101
102
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103
Figure 3: Directive Gain of Unit Cell with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
104
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Figure 4: Directive Gain of a 2525 JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
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105
106
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Master boundary
Pair 2
Master boundary
Pair 3
Slave boundary
Pair 3
Slave boundary
Pair 2
Slave boundary
Pair 1
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109
Target Results
The figure below depicts the S-parameter at the waveguide port over a range of angles, from 0 to 55.
110
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111
112
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113
Target Results
Figure 2: S-Parameter of Line-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (p. 115) depicts the S-parameter at the microstrip
line feeding port from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. The pattern of the electric field at 7.5 GHz is shown in Figure 3: Contour
of Electric Field Magnitude at 7.5 GHz (p. 115).
114
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115
116
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0/3
0/3
20
20/3
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117
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
b(4)=-lambda/6
b(3)=b(4)-lambda/8
b(2)=b(3)-lambda/8
b(1)=b(2)-lambda/4
b(5)=lambda/6
b(6)=b(5)+lambda/8
b(7)=b(6)+lambda/8
b(8)=b(7)+lambda/4
c(6)=0
c(5)=c(6)-5*lambda/3
c(4)=c(5)-lambda/3
c(3)=c(4)-lambda/8
c(2)=c(3)-lambda/8
c(1)=c(2)-lambda/4
c(7)=c(6)+lambda/8
c(8)=c(7)+lambda/6
c(9)=c(8)+lambda/2
et,11,200,7
! temporary element
et,1,120,1
et,2,120,1,,,1
! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
h1=lambda/15
h2=lambda/12
*do,i,1,8
nnz(i)=nint((c(i+1)-c(i))/h2)
*enddo
*do,i,1,4
*do,j,1,7
rect,a(i),a(i+1),b(j),b(j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
agen,2,all,,,0,0,-(c(6)-c(2))
asel,s,loc,z,c(6)
adel,all
asel,s,loc,z,c(2)
asel,s,loc,x,a(1),(a(3)+a(4))/2
asel,r,loc,y,(b(2)+b(3))/2,(b(6)+b(7))/2
cm,airs,area
asel,all
! 2-d meshing
type,11
esize,h1
amesh,all
! 3-d meshing
mat,1
! PML element
type,2
asel,s,loc,z,c(2)
esize,,nnz(1)
vext,all,,,0,0,-(c(2)-c(1))
*do,i,2,7
asel,s,loc,z,c(i)
*if,i,eq,2,then
asel,u,,,airs
*endif
esize,,nnz(i)
vext,all,,,0,0,c(i+1)-c(i)
*enddo
! normal element
type,1
*do,i,2,7
asel,s,loc,z,c(i)
asel,r,loc,x,a(1),(a(3)+a(4))/2
asel,r,loc,y,(b(2)+b(3))/2,(b(6)+b(7))/2
esize,,nnz(i)
vext,all,,,0,0,c(i+1)-c(i)
*enddo
! PML element
type,2
asel,s,loc,z,c(8)
118
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Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
esize,,nnz(8)
vext,all,,,0,0,(c(9)-c(8))
asel,s,loc,z,c(2)
aclear,all
alls
nummrg,all
! flag equivalent source surface
nsel,s,loc,x,a(1),a(3)
nsel,r,loc,y,b(3),b(6)
nsel,r,loc,z,c(3),c(7)
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a(3)
nsel,a,loc,y,b(3)
nsel,a,loc,y,b(6)
nsel,a,loc,z,c(3)
nsel,a,loc,z,c(7)
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define PEC
nsel,s,loc,x,a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,b(4),b(5)
nsel,r,loc,z,c(4),c(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,b(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(1),a(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,c(4),c(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,b(5)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(1),a(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,c(4),c(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(1),a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,b(4),b(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,a(5)
nsel,a,loc,y,b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,b(8)
nsel,a,loc,z,c(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,c(9)
d,all,ax,0
alls
! set up excitation line current
nsel,s,loc,z,c(5)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(1)
nsel,r,loc,y,b(4),b(5)
bf,all,js,0,1.e-3,0
alls
fini
! perform solution
/solu
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
solve
finish
! post-processing
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,pmc
prfar,ant,epct,0,0,,0,360,360
/yrange,-35,0
plfar,ant,epct,0,0,,0,360,360
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: Radiation Pattern of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare on E-Plane (p. 120) depicts the radiation pattern
of the waveguide antenna on the E-plane (=0). Figure 3: Electric Field Contour of Waveguide Radiator Without
Flare (p. 120) shows the electric field contour in the computational domain.
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119
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
120
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121
122
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!set up symmetry
!set up radiation solid angle
!plot far field r*|E|
!plot radiation pattern
!plot directivity
!print out maximum directivity
!print out radiation power
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123
124
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125
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5.65 mm
2.54 mm
5.65 mm
0.794 mm
r=2.2
12.257 mm
2.413 mm
(a) Top view
129
130
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131
Target Results
Figure 2: S11 of microstrip low-pass filter (p. 132) and Figure 3: S21 of microstrip low-pass filter (p. 132) depict the
S11 and S21 of the microstrip low-pass filter from 0.5 GHz to 20 GHz, respectively.
132
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Figure 1: Side View and FEA Model of Filter (Dimensions are in mm)
18.9
19.05
17.23
2.86
17.23
2.01
2.86
19.05
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134
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135
Target Results
Figure 2: |S11| of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter (p. 136) depicts the S11 of simulated 3-stub waveguide filter from
10 GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 3: Electric Field Contour of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter at 15 GHz (p. 137) shows the
electric field contour at 15 GHz.
136
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137
138
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139
1.2 mm
5.6 mm 1.2 mm
1.2 mm
6.0 mm
2.2 mm
6.0 mm
1.2 mm
140
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141
142
---
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Target Results
Figure 2: S11 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect (p. 143) and Figure 3: S21 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect (p. 143) depict the magnitude of S11 and S21 fro 0.55 GHz to 10 GHz, respectively. The pattern of
electric field at 6.5 GHz is shown in Figure 4: Electric Field Contour of Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect at 6.5
GHz (p. 143).
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143
# GHz S DB R 0.
! Freq
|S11|
<S11
0.5000 -16.016 -130.002
0.7500 -12.968 -153.539
1.0000 -11.459 -175.546
1.2500
-9.660 163.686
1.5000
-8.762 142.838
1.7500
-8.249 122.327
2.0000
-8.038 102.236
2.2500
-8.090
82.522
2.5000
-8.311
63.738
2.7500
-9.047
43.007
3.0000
-9.969
22.466
3.2500 -12.312
-0.330
3.5000 -15.817 -22.767
3.7500 -22.744 -45.071
4.0000 -35.038 106.666
4.2500 -19.850
86.793
4.5000 -15.252
64.153
4.7500 -12.947
41.800
5.0000 -11.814
19.653
5.2500 -11.520
-2.503
5.5000 -12.009 -24.932
1.0000 -11.459 -175.546
1.2500
-9.660 163.686
1.5000
-8.762 142.838
1.7500
-8.249 122.327
2.0000
-8.038 102.236
2.2500
-8.090
82.522
2.5000
-8.311
63.738
2.7500
-9.047
43.007
3.0000
-9.969
22.466
3.2500 -12.312
-0.330
3.5000 -15.817 -22.767
3.7500 -22.744 -45.071
4.0000 -35.038 106.666
4.2500 -19.850
86.793
4.5000 -15.252
64.153
4.7500 -12.947
41.800
5.0000 -11.814
19.653
5.2500 -11.520
-2.503
5.5000 -12.009 -24.932
5.7500 -13.430 -47.857
6.0000 -16.301 -71.056
6.2500 -22.515 -93.428
6.5000 -37.070
30.743
6.7500 -20.415
26.604
7.0000 -15.965
2.022
7.2500 -14.553 -23.624
7.5000 -15.730 -49.455
7.7500 -23.252 -67.160
8.0000 -17.686
47.506
8.2500
-8.079
16.762
8.5000
-3.980 -19.479
8.7500
-2.232 -51.600
9.0000
-1.515 -78.516
9.2500
-1.212 -101.549
9.5000
-1.080 -122.002
9.7500
-1.020 -140.775
10.0000
-0.992 -158.414
144
|S21|
-0.646
-0.789
-0.764
-1.148
-1.340
-1.461
-1.490
-1.437
-1.329
-1.194
-1.046
-0.802
-0.622
-0.514
-0.493
-0.549
-0.656
-0.773
-0.861
-0.896
-0.856
-0.764
-1.148
-1.340
-1.461
-1.490
-1.437
-1.329
-1.194
-1.046
-0.802
-0.622
-0.514
-0.493
-0.549
-0.656
-0.773
-0.861
-0.896
-0.856
-0.762
-0.645
-0.549
-0.514
-0.553
-0.637
-0.697
-0.668
-0.570
-0.647
-1.454
-3.388
-6.062
-8.849
-11.437
-13.696
-15.606
-17.125
<S21
-43.440
-64.678
-85.543
-106.101
-126.158
-145.940
-165.749
174.154
153.303
132.837
111.565
90.020
67.502
44.425
21.066
-2.279
-25.400
-48.252
-70.918
-93.597
-116.603
-85.543
-106.101
-126.158
-145.940
-165.749
174.154
153.303
132.837
111.565
90.020
67.502
44.425
21.066
-2.279
-25.400
-48.252
-70.918
-93.597
-116.603
-140.202
-164.609
170.080
143.972
117.334
90.356
62.949
34.455
3.560
-31.340
-70.052
-108.292
-141.480
-169.145
167.221
146.135
126.689
108.334
|S12|
-0.646
-0.789
-0.764
-1.148
-1.340
-1.461
-1.490
-1.437
-1.329
-1.194
-1.046
-0.802
-0.622
-0.514
-0.493
-0.549
-0.656
-0.773
-0.861
-0.896
-0.856
-0.764
-1.148
-1.340
-1.461
-1.490
-1.437
-1.329
-1.194
-1.046
-0.802
-0.622
-0.514
-0.493
-0.549
-0.656
-0.773
-0.861
-0.896
-0.856
-0.762
-0.645
-0.549
-0.514
-0.553
-0.637
-0.697
-0.668
-0.570
-0.647
-1.454
-3.388
-6.062
-8.849
-11.437
-13.696
-15.606
-17.125
<S12
-43.440
-64.678
-85.543
-106.101
-126.158
-145.940
-165.749
174.154
153.303
132.837
111.565
90.020
67.502
44.425
21.066
-2.279
-25.400
-48.252
-70.918
-93.597
-116.603
-85.543
-106.101
-126.158
-145.940
-165.749
174.154
153.303
132.837
111.565
90.020
67.502
44.425
21.066
-2.279
-25.400
-48.252
-70.918
-93.597
-116.603
-140.202
-164.609
170.080
143.972
117.334
90.356
62.949
34.455
3.560
-31.340
-70.052
-108.292
-141.480
-169.145
167.221
146.135
126.689
108.334
|S22|
-16.016
-12.968
-11.459
-9.660
-8.762
-8.249
-8.038
-8.090
-8.311
-9.047
-9.969
-12.312
-15.817
-22.744
-35.038
-19.850
-15.252
-12.947
-11.814
-11.520
-12.009
-11.459
-9.660
-8.762
-8.249
-8.038
-8.090
-8.311
-9.047
-9.969
-12.312
-15.817
-22.744
-35.038
-19.850
-15.252
-12.947
-11.814
-11.520
-12.009
-13.430
-16.301
-22.515
-37.070
-20.415
-15.965
-14.553
-15.730
-23.252
-17.686
-8.079
-3.980
-2.232
-1.515
-1.212
-1.080
-1.020
-0.992
<S22
-130.002
-153.539
-175.546
163.686
142.838
122.327
102.236
82.522
63.738
43.007
22.466
-0.330
-22.767
-45.071
106.666
86.793
64.153
41.800
19.653
-2.503
-24.932
-175.546
163.686
142.838
122.327
102.236
82.522
63.738
43.007
22.466
-0.330
-22.767
-45.071
106.666
86.793
64.153
41.800
19.653
-2.503
-24.932
-47.857
-71.056
-93.428
30.743
26.604
2.022
-23.624
-49.455
-67.160
47.506
16.762
-19.479
-51.600
-78.516
-101.549
-122.002
-140.775
-158.414
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
0.8 mm
5.0 mm
1.2 mm
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145
146
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Target Results
Figure 2: S11 of the Microstrip Meander Line (p. 148) depicts the S11 of the microstrip meander line from 0.5
GHz to 10 GHz. Figure 3: The Contour of Electric Field Magnitude (p. 148) shows the contour of electric field
magnitude.
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147
148
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
7.619
9.524
1.016
19.05
149
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
*dim,b,array,3
a(1)=0
a(2)=a(1)+w/2
a(3)=a(2)+w
a(4)=cw/2
b(1)=-ch/2
b(2)=b(1)+h
b(3)=ch/2
c3=0
c2=c3-dp
c1=c2-dpml
c4=c3+dw
c5=c4+ds
c6=c5+l
c7=c6+ds
c8=c7+dw
c9=c8+dp
c10=c9+dpml
*do,i,1,3
*do,j,1,2
rect,a(i),a(i+1),b(j),b(j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! set up the mesh
nx1=4
nx2=8
nx3=18
ny1=18
ny2=8
nz1=2
nz2=14
nz3=3
nz4=15
nzpml=4
hx1=(a(2)-a(1))/nx1
hx2=(a(3)-a(2))/nx2
hx3=(a(4)-a(3))/nx3
hy1=(b(2)-b(1))/ny1
hy2=(b(3)-b(2))/ny2
lsel,s,loc,y,(b(1)+b(2))/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1,,ny1,1.0
lsel,s,loc,y,(b(2)+b(3))/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2,,ny2,1.0
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(1)+a(2))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(2)+a(3))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(3)+a(4))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
alls
! 2d mshing
type,11
amesh,all
alls
! 3d meshing
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,c3
vext,all,,,0,0,-(c3-c2)
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,c3
vext,all,,,0,0,c4-c3
esize,,nz3
asel,s,loc,z,c4
vext,all,,,0,0,c5-c4
150
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Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
esize,,nz4
asel,s,loc,z,c5
vext,all,,,0,0,c6-c5
esize,,nz3
asel,s,loc,z,c6
vext,all,,,0,0,c7-c6
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,c7
vext,all,,,0,0,c8-c7
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,c8
vext,all,,,0,0,c9-c8
type,2
esize,,nzpml
asel,s,loc,z,c2
vext,all,,,0,0,-(c2-c1)
asel,s,loc,z,c9
vext,all,,,0,0,c10-c9
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
etdele,11
alls
nummrg,all
! PEC on waveguide wall
nsel,s,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,a,loc,y,-ch/2
nsel,a,loc,y,ch/2
nsel,a,loc,z,c1
nsel,a,loc,z,c10
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,a(1),a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,b(1),b(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,c5,c6
d,all,ax,0
alls
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! define input and output port
hfport,1,rect,,TE10,INT,cw*scal,ch*scal,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,scal*c3
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,rect,,TE10,INT,cw*scal,ch*scal
nsel,s,loc,z,c8*scal
bf,all,port,2
alls
save
fini
! perform the solution
/solu
spswp,10e9,15e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
/post1
/yrange,-45,0
plsyz,file,s2p,s,db,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: |S21| of the Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (p. 152) depicts the |S21| of the simulated
structure from 10 GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 3: Electric Field Contour of the Waveguide with a Ridge at 15 GHz (p. 152)
shows the electric field contour at 15 GHz.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
151
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
152
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
6.0
10.16
10.16
12.0
22.86
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
153
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using Adaptive Meshing (Command
Method)
mp,perx,1,1.
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,epsr
block,-cw/2,cw/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-cl/2,cl/2
block,-c/2,c/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-d/2,d/2
vsbv,1,2,,delete,keep
vglue,all
! 3-d meshing
h1=cw/5
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,3
mat,2
vmesh,2
! Tangential E is zero on all side walls
asel,s,loc,y,-ch/2
asel,a,loc,y,ch/2
asel,a,loc,x,-cw/2
asel,a,loc,x,cw/2
da,all,ax,0.
! define waveguide ports
asel,s,loc,z,-cl/2
sfa,all,,port,1
hfport,1,rect,,te10,ext,cw,ch,1
asel,s,loc,z,cl/2
sfa,all,,port,2
hfport,2,rect,,te10,ext,cw,ch
alls
fini
! set up adaptive loop and perform solution at 10 GHz
n=3
*do,i,1,n
*if,i,gt,1,then
/prep7
hferefine,i-1
fini
*endif
/solu
ANTYPE,harmic
harfre,10e9
HFADP,on
eqslv,sparse
solve
fini
/post1
sparm,1,1
fini
*enddo
! perform final solution on refined mesh over frequency band
/solu
spswp,8e9,12e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
/post1
/yrange,0,1
plsyz,file,s2p,s,mag,1,1
fini
154
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using Adaptive Meshing (Command
Method)
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
155
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using Adaptive Meshing (Command
Method)
Figure 4: |S11| of Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post from 8 GHz to 12 GHz
156
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6.0
10.16
10.16
12.0
22.86
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
157
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using S-Parameter Adaptive Meshing
(Command Method)
block,-c/2,c/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-d/2,d/2
vsbv,1,2,,delete,keep
vglue,all
! 3-d meshing
h1=cw/5
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,3
mat,2
vmesh,2
! Tangential E is zero on all side walls
asel,s,loc,y,-ch/2
asel,a,loc,y,ch/2
asel,a,loc,x,-cw/2
asel,a,loc,x,cw/2
da,all,ax,0.
! define waveguide ports
asel,s,loc,z,-cl/2
sfa,all,,port,1
hfport,1,rect,,te10,impd,cw,ch,1
asel,s,loc,z,cl/2
sfa,all,,port,2
hfport,2,rect,,te10,impd,cw,ch
alls
fini
/solu
! adaptively refine mesh at 10 GHz
spadp,10e9,4,1.e-2,0.1,0.5
! perform final solution on refined mesh over frequency band
spswp,8e9,12e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
/post1
/yrange,0,1
! plot magnitude of s11
plsyz,file,s2p,s,mag,1,1
158
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Harmonic Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post Using S-Parameter Adaptive Meshing
(Command Method)
Figure 2: |S11| of Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post from 8 GHz to 12 GHz
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
159
160
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Zo
Zo
The circuit loads applied are equivalent to the circuit load for the 1-D transmission line. As shown in Figure 3: Lumped Circuit Loads (p. 162), since there are three elements on a cross section and the lumped loads
are applied at the vertical edges of the hexahedral elements, 2Z/3 is applied at the mid-nodes of the edges
using the BF command with Lab = LUMP. ANSYS Emag - High Frequency imposes the lumped circuit loads
on the end nodes of the element edges as well as the mid-nodes. Impedance Z represents a shunt RCL circuit
as shown in Figure 4: Shunt RCL Circuit (p. 162).
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
161
Harmonic Analysis of a Parallel-Plate Waveguide with a Lumped Circuit Load (Command Method)
2Z/3
2Z/3
2Z/3
2Z/3
2Z/3
PEC
162
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Harmonic Analysis of a Parallel-Plate Waveguide with a Lumped Circuit Load (Command Method)
hfport,2,para,11,tem,impd,cw,ch
nsel,s,loc,z,cl
sf,all,port,1
nsel,s,loc,z,-cl
sf,all,port,2
! define shunt RCL circuit at vertical edges
nsel,s,loc,x,-cw/2
nsel,a,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,r,loc,z,0
bf,all,lump,1,_R,_C,_L
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
! extract s-parameter
/post1
sparm,1,1
fini
Target Results
A S11 value of 0.5002 is calculated for 5 GHz. Transmission line theory gives value of 0.5.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
163
164
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Z1
Z2
Z01
Z03
Z02
where:
Z1 = 1/jC, Z2 = jL; Z3 = R + j(L -1/C)
R = 10
C = 10-11 F
L = 7 x 10-9 H
Z01 = 50 ; Z02 = 75
= angular frequency
The Touchstone file T_network.s2p of S-parameters for the T-type network follows:
# GHz S MA R 50. 75.
1.000 0.6297 169.6
2.000 0.6470 100.7
3.000 0.7459 73.82
4.000 0.8192 58.46
5.000 0.8681 48.31
0.5316
0.6755
0.6105
0.5315
0.4622
26.08
-9.873
-28.45
-40.29
-48.53
0.5316
0.6755
0.6105
0.5315
0.4622
26.08
-9.873
-28.45
-40.29
-48.53
0.7363
0.7126
0.7846
0.8442
0.8855
99.68
65.89
51.31
41.82
35.09
Smith Charts
To plot network parameters on a Smith chart, the following commands are issued in interactive mode:
/post1
PLSCH,T_network,s2p,S,1
PLSCH,T_network,s2p,Y,1
fini
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
165
166
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
PLSYZ T_network,s2p,Y,MA converts the S-parameters to Y-parameters and creates the following Touchstone
file with the name T_network_SYZ.s2p.
! 2-port Y-parameter file,
# GHz Y MA R 50. 75.
!freq
magY11
angY11
1.00000 0.24744 -25.2489
2.00000 0.02924 -85.4203
3.00000 0.01681 -87.4959
5 frequency points
magY21
0.10135
0.01401
0.00826
angY21
143.034
90.8503
90.1989
magY12
0.10135
0.01401
0.00826
angY12
143.034
90.8503
90.1989
magY22
angY22
0.05352 -56.8150
0.01264 -89.9250
0.00791 -89.9931
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167
168
0.01203 -88.2378
0.00943 -88.6262
0.00596
0.00468
90.0865
90.0374
0.00596
0.00468
90.0865
90.0374
0.00582 -89.9947
0.00461 -90.0011
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
169
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
10.0000
10.2500
10.5000
10.7500
11.0000
11.2500
11.5000
11.7500
12.0000
12.2500
12.5000
12.7500
13.0000
13.2500
13.5000
13.7500
14.0000
14.2500
14.5000
14.7500
15.0000
15.2500
15.5000
15.7500
16.0000
16.2500
16.5000
16.7500
17.0000
17.2500
17.5000
17.7500
18.0000
18.2500
18.5000
18.7500
19.0000
19.2500
19.5000
19.7500
20.0000
-5.468
-3.512
-2.135
-1.687
-1.673
-2.010
-2.847
-4.537
-6.290
-5.803
-4.261
-2.943
-2.210
-1.860
-1.792
-2.046
-2.890
-4.954
-6.454
-4.642
-2.763
-1.857
-1.423
-1.248
-1.297
-1.663
-1.785
-1.707
-2.023
-2.868
-4.565
-7.199
-13.982
-14.135
-8.219
-5.874
-5.127
-5.418
-6.816
-10.218
-8.570
172.718
84.728
41.498
14.074
-8.677
-31.650
-59.220
-97.795
200.465
135.734
82.991
48.028
22.310
0.587
-20.442
-43.880
-74.822
234.848
153.034
74.115
32.483
7.164
-11.444
-26.945
-41.040
-53.607
-63.174
284.730
269.535
251.069
225.756
190.492
139.169
13.143
-37.094
291.005
260.781
225.077
188.096
127.458
42.037
170
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
Command Input
The command input stream to extract a SPICE synthesized RLCG equivalent circuit is shown below. Text
preceded by an exclamation point (!) is a comment.
/post1
SPICE, Ant_patch, s1p
fini
Generated Subcircuit
The SPICE subcircuit is shown below. It was extracted on a SGI 64-bit machine.
.SUBCKT Y001001P 1 2
R001
1
3
L001
3
4
RG001
4
2
C001
4
2
R002
1
5
L002
5
6
RG002
6
2
C002
6
2
R003
1
7
L003
7
8
RG003
8
2
C003
8
2
R004
1
9
L004
9
10
RG004
10
2
C004
10
2
R005
1
11
L005
11
12
RG005
12
2
C005
12
2
R006
1
13
L006
13
14
RG006
14
2
C006
14
2
R007
1
15
L007
15
16
RG007
16
2
C007
16
2
R008
1
17
L008
17
18
RG008
18
2
C008
18
2
R009
1
19
L009
19
20
RG009
20
2
C009
20
2
R010
1
21
L010
21
22
RG010
22
2
C010
22
2
R011
1
23
L011
23
24
RG011
24
2
C011
24
2
R012
1
25
L012
25
26
RG012
26
2
C012
26
2
R013
1
27
L013
27
28
RG013
28
2
C013
28
2
R014
1
29
L014
29
30
RG014
30
2
96.9845249338
65.6672620707N
2699.8095910351
0.2507917989P
0.0918336874
3.2009617547N
12978.2584621903
2.6857281016P
33.1266297413
24.8776551283N
4073.0874052012
0.1843777282P
58.1328688897
9.8798032570N
100000000.0000000000
0.4485850398P
53.6142954630
5.0666820393N
226.2020914054
0.4177788322P
3.1254832709
10.3517458587N
55776.7511050745
0.0593804123P
11.5984048822
40.8363247219N
100000000.0000000000
0.0149651164P
13.9703417167
17.5827795885N
50812.6448875777
0.0247690130P
15.3999268610
15.2359869069N
100000000.0000000000
0.0166838797P
17.7632242713
9.0966720285N
100000000.0000000000
0.0190913008P
3270.0028918347
2481.0581882219N
10966250.4167895820
0.0000691880P
17.6235836965
11.6144382252N
100000000.0000000000
0.0104976323P
21.6774154176
7.3031098938N
100000000.0000000000
0.0110327605P
163.8302009054
68.2561028602N
381025.4428528495
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171
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
C014
30
2
R015
1
31
L015
31
32
RG015
32
2
C015
32
2
R016
1
33
L016
33
34
RG016
34
2
C016
34
2
.ENDS Y001001P
*
*
.SUBCKT NPORT 1 2
E001001P
3
0
V001001P
3
4
X001001P
4
0
F001001P
1
2
RGND002
2
0
.ENDS NPORT
0.0010934365P
9.7981746604
6.5640819762N
66151.4153415732
0.0101272068P
12.6111902503
1.1302953551N
100000000.0000000000
0.0461187343P
1
2
DC 0
Y001001P
V001001P
1.00
1.00
100.0000000000MEG
Verification
The SPICE3 simulation tool is used to perform a harmonic analysis of the synthesized equivalent circuit.
Note
For information on SPICE3, go to http://infopad.eecs.berkeley.edu/~icdesign/SPICE/.
The SPICE3 control deck is shown below.
* Synthesized Equivalent Subcircuit for Line-fed Patch Antenna AC Analysis
*
*copy subcircuit here or use SPICE .include command to include the subcircuit
*
V1 vin 0 DC 0 AC 1.0
R1 vin 1 50
xnport 1 0 NPORT
.AC LIN 201 500Meg 20G
.END
The admittance parameters generated by SPICE3 using the synthesized equivalent circuit are shown in Figure 2: |Y11| Generated by SPICE3 Using Synthesized Equivalent Circuit (p. 173). For comparison, admittance
parameters generated by an ANSYS full-wave solution are shown in Figure 3: |Y11| Generated by ANSYS FullWave Solution (p. 173).
172
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SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
173
174
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
/4
Z
Zo = 50
Zo = 50
Zo = 50
Figure 2: SPICE Transmission Line Circuit Model (p. 176) shows the model used to verify the synthesized SPICE
model shown in Figure 3: SPICE Subcircuit Macromodel (p. 176).
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175
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
/4
Z
Zo = 50
Port1
50
Zo = 50
Port2
Zo = 50
ZL
To calculate the admittance parameters in the SPICE model, ZL is set to zero and a shorted independent
voltage source is used to extract the current at port 2 (load). The admittance parameters are extracted from
50 MHz to 5 GHz.
For a transient analysis, a 0-1 volt trapezoidal pulse is launched with a 250 ps rise and fall time, 1 ns pulse
width, and 6 ns period. ZL is set to 50 to match the network.
50
SUBCIRCUIT
[Y]
ZL
The following admittance parameters were determined and stored in a Touchstone file T_network.s2p.
! 2-port Y Parameter file using 50 frequency points
# GHz Y MA R 50. 50.
!freq
magy11
angy11
magy21
angy21
magy12
angy12
magy22
angy22
0.05000 0.07787 -90.00000 0.01623
90.00000 0.01623
90.00000 0.07787 -90.00000
0.15102 0.02092 -90.00000 0.00636
90.00000 0.00636
90.00000 0.02092 -90.00000
0.25204 0.00586 -90.00000 0.00546
90.00000 0.00546
90.00000 0.00586 -90.00000
0.35306 0.00545
90.00000 0.00730
90.00000 0.00730
90.00000 0.00545
90.00000
0.45408 0.02471
90.00000 0.01783
90.00000 0.01783
90.00000 0.02471
90.00000
0.55510 0.08650 -90.00000 0.10530 -90.00000 0.10530 -90.00000 0.08650 -90.00000
0.65612 0.01040
90.00000 0.03781 -90.00000 0.03781 -90.00000 0.01040
90.00000
0.75714 0.33868 -90.00000 0.32957
90.00000 0.32957
90.00000 0.33868 -90.00000
0.85816 0.01979 -90.00000 0.02129
90.00000 0.02129
90.00000 0.01979 -90.00000
0.95918 0.00194 -90.00000 0.01472
90.00000 0.01472
90.00000 0.00194 -90.00000
1.06020 0.01490
90.00000 0.02047
90.00000 0.02047
90.00000 0.01490
90.00000
1.16122 0.31981
90.00000 0.31676
90.00000 0.31676
90.00000 0.31981
90.00000
1.26225 0.01431 -90.00000 0.02726 -90.00000 0.02726 -90.00000 0.01431 -90.00000
1.36327 0.00799
90.00000 0.02303 -90.00000 0.02303 -90.00000 0.00799
90.00000
1.46429 0.06465
90.00000 0.06804 -90.00000 0.06804 -90.00000 0.06465
90.00000
1.56531 0.03246 -90.00000 0.03882
90.00000 0.03882
90.00000 0.03246 -90.00000
1.66633 0.00197 -90.00000 0.02193
90.00000 0.02193
90.00000 0.00197 -90.00000
1.76735 0.02658
90.00000 0.03626
90.00000 0.03626
90.00000 0.02658
90.00000
1.86837 0.05766 -90.00000 0.05710 -90.00000 0.05710 -90.00000 0.05766 -90.00000
1.96939 0.00879 -90.00000 0.01714 -90.00000 0.01714 -90.00000 0.00879 -90.00000
2.07041 0.00617
90.00000 0.01520 -90.00000 0.01520 -90.00000 0.00617
90.00000
2.17143 0.03000
90.00000 0.02856 -90.00000 0.02856 -90.00000 0.03000
90.00000
2.27245 0.09953 -90.00000 0.11254
90.00000 0.11254
90.00000 0.09953 -90.00000
2.37347 0.00174
90.00000 0.03690
90.00000 0.03690
90.00000 0.00174
90.00000
176
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
2.47449
2.57551
2.67653
2.77755
2.87857
2.97959
3.08061
3.18163
3.28265
3.38367
3.48469
3.58571
3.68674
3.78776
3.88878
3.98980
4.09082
4.19184
4.29286
4.39388
4.49490
4.59592
4.69694
4.79796
4.89898
5.00000
0.19462
0.01665
0.00201
0.00941
0.02848
0.19426
0.04656
0.01524
0.00245
0.00951
0.04069
0.02468
0.02688
0.06552
0.01293
0.00236
0.02451
0.08423
0.00635
0.01553
0.46760
0.01868
0.00415
0.05754
0.02928
0.00385
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
0.18003
0.01244
0.00640
0.00544
0.00739
0.03913
0.01040
0.00577
0.00570
0.00878
0.03080
0.04901
0.04682
0.05989
0.01751
0.01507
0.02740
0.08998
0.02330
0.02646
0.46808
0.02839
0.02262
0.06422
0.03130
0.01540
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
0.18003
0.01244
0.00640
0.00544
0.00739
0.03913
0.01040
0.00577
0.00570
0.00878
0.03080
0.04901
0.04682
0.05989
0.01751
0.01507
0.02740
0.08998
0.02330
0.02646
0.46808
0.02839
0.02262
0.06422
0.03130
0.01540
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
0.19462
0.01665
0.00201
0.00941
0.02848
0.19426
0.04656
0.01524
0.00245
0.00951
0.04069
0.02468
0.02688
0.06552
0.01293
0.00236
0.02451
0.08423
0.00635
0.01553
0.46760
0.01868
0.00415
0.05754
0.02928
0.00385
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
90.00000
90.00000
-90.00000
-90.00000
Command Input
The command input stream to extract a SPICE synthesized RLCG equivalent circuit is shown below. Text
preceded by an exclamation point (!) is a comment.
/post1
SPICE,T_Network,s2p,1.e-2
fini
Generated Subcircuit
The SPICE subcircuit is shown below. It was extracted on a SGI 64-bit machine.
.SUBCKT Y001001P 1 2
R001
1
3
L001
3
4
RG001
4
2
C001
4
2
R002
1
5
L002
5
6
RG002
6
2
C002
6
2
R003
1
7
L003
7
8
RG003
8
2
C003
8
2
R004
1
9
L004
9
10
RG004
10
2
C004
10
2
R005
1
11
L005
11
12
RG005
12
2
C005
12
2
R006
1
13
L006
13
14
RG006
14
2
C006
14
2
R007
1
15
L007
15
16
RG007
16
2
0.0150048754
40.0033298758N
65.2024314190
40888.3851403803P
0.0000000952
42.3185277341N
100000000.0000000000
2.0871833267P
0.0000000975
33.3245147177N
100000000.0000000000
1.3513184594P
18.4975834679
186167.9612417941N
100000000.0000000000
0.0001048725P
0.0000086851
37.8777839679N
100000000.0000000000
0.4903493267P
0.0000032535
33.2399620549N
100000000.0000000000
0.3386807085P
0.1646519917
1570.1110474562N
100000000.0000000000
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
177
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
C007
16
2
R008
1
17
L008
17
18
RG008
18
2
C008
18
2
R009
1
19
L009
19
20
RG009
20
2
C009
20
2
R010
1
21
L010
21
22
RG010
22
2
C010
22
2
R011
1
23
L011
23
24
RG011
24
2
C011
24
2
R012
1
25
L012
25
26
RG012
26
2
C012
26
2
R013
1
27
L013
27
28
RG013
28
2
C013
28
2
R014
1
29
L014
29
30
RG014
30
2
C014
30
2
R015
1
31
L015
31
32
RG015
32
2
C015
32
2
R016
1
33
L016
33
34
RG016
34
2
C016
34
2
R017
1
35
L017
35
36
RG017
36
2
C017
36
2
R018
1
37
L018
37
38
RG018
38
2
C018
38
2
R019
1
39
L019
39
40
RG019
40
2
C019
40
2
.ENDS Y001001P
*
*
.SUBCKT Y001002P 1 2
R002
1
5
L002
5
6
RG002
6
2
C002
6
2
R005
1
11
L005
11
12
RG005
12
2
C005
12
2
R008
1
17
L008
17
18
RG008
18
2
C008
18
2
R010
1
21
L010
21
22
RG010
22
2
C010
22
2
R011
1
23
L011
23
24
RG011
24
2
178
0.0048178684P
0.0000031499
38.1931508030N
100000000.0000000000
0.1975680542P
0.0000016372
33.3165728856N
100000000.0000000000
0.1501806066P
0.0000237446
42.1932369664N
100000000.0000000000
0.0988430646P
3346.1727463665
420890.2572277713N
100000000.0000000000
0.0000085849P
0.0000053583
19.9995323793N
100000000.0000000000
0.1407270378P
0.0000581869
42.3568273272N
100000000.0000000000
0.0478421267P
0.0001049889
28.8274690500N
100000000.0000000000
0.0624841093P
0.0000411199
37.8753868212N
100000000.0000000000
0.0385002620P
0.0000150009
33.3319608365N
100000000.0000000000
0.0375279561P
0.0001425211
37.7767449743N
100000000.0000000000
0.0287156893P
1.3528312325
39.0970866933N
100000000.0000000000
0.0245422581P
0.4391635276
0.8688198736N
100000000.0000000000
0.3891304420P
0.0000000953
42.3919181494N
100000000.0000000000
2.0835699198P
0.0000086851
37.8777843467N
100000000.0000000000
0.4903493218P
0.0000031499
38.1931511785N
100000000.0000000000
0.1975680522P
0.0000238905
42.4523898026N
100000000.0000000000
0.0982396720P
41560.2973904034
5227561.6308523873N
100000000.0000000000
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
C011
24
2
R013
1
27
L013
27
28
RG013
28
2
C013
28
2
R015
1
31
L015
31
32
RG015
32
2
C015
32
2
R017
1
35
L017
35
36
RG017
36
2
C017
36
2
.ENDS Y001002P
*
*
.SUBCKT Y001002M 1 2
R001
1
3
L001
3
4
RG001
4
2
C001
4
2
R003
1
7
L003
7
8
RG003
8
2
C003
8
2
R004
1
9
L004
9
10
RG004
10
2
C004
10
2
R006
1
13
L006
13
14
RG006
14
2
C006
14
2
R007
1
15
L007
15
16
RG007
16
2
C007
16
2
R009
1
19
L009
19
20
RG009
20
2
C009
20
2
R012
1
25
L012
25
26
RG012
26
2
C012
26
2
R014
1
29
L014
29
30
RG014
30
2
C014
30
2
R016
1
33
L016
33
34
RG016
34
2
C016
34
2
R018
1
37
L018
37
38
RG018
38
2
C018
38
2
R019
1
39
L019
39
40
RG019
40
2
C019
40
2
.ENDS Y001002M
*
*
.SUBCKT Y002002P 1 2
R001
1
3
L001
3
4
RG001
4
2
C001
4
2
R002
1
5
L002
5
6
RG002
6
2
0.0000006912P
0.0000581869
42.3568277507N
100000000.0000000000
0.0478421263P
0.0000411824
37.9329324547N
100000000.0000000000
0.0384418557P
0.0001426327
37.8063134164N
100000000.0000000000
0.0286932306P
0.0751558986
200.3672887424N
326.5836729945
8163.3662317089P
0.0000000975
33.3296717523N
100000000.0000000000
1.3511093726P
6138.7849808623
61783480.3325333223N
100000000.0000000000
0.0000003160P
0.0000032709
33.4185319809N
100000000.0000000000
0.3368709884P
0.4604252233
4390.5860008040N
100000000.0000000000
0.0017229109P
0.0000016381
33.3344605587N
100000000.0000000000
0.1501000179P
0.0000267867
99.9792401951N
100000000.0000000000
0.0281505935P
0.0001269338
34.8529954425N
100000000.0000000000
0.0516816045P
0.0000150009
33.3319611697N
100000000.0000000000
0.0375279557P
3.2818813553
94.8470117986N
100000000.0000000000
0.0101166160P
100.6820616896
199.1845192460N
100000000.0000000000
0.0016973421P
0.0150048754
40.0033298758N
65.2024314190
40888.3851403803P
0.0000000952
42.3185277341N
100000000.0000000000
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
179
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
C002
6
R003
1
L003
7
RG003
8
C003
8
R004
1
L004
9
RG004
10
C004
10
R005
1
L005
11
RG005
12
C005
12
R006
1
L006
13
RG006
14
C006
14
R007
1
L007
15
RG007
16
C007
16
R008
1
L008
17
RG008
18
C008
18
R009
1
L009
19
RG009
20
C009
20
R010
1
L010
21
RG010
22
C010
22
R011
1
L011
23
RG011
24
C011
24
R012
1
L012
25
RG012
26
C012
26
R013
1
L013
27
RG013
28
C013
28
R014
1
L014
29
RG014
30
C014
30
R015
1
L015
31
RG015
32
C015
32
R016
1
L016
33
RG016
34
C016
34
R017
1
L017
35
RG017
36
C017
36
R018
1
L018
37
RG018
38
C018
38
R019
1
L019
39
RG019
40
C019
40
.ENDS Y002002P
*
*
180
2
7
8
2
2
9
10
2
2
11
12
2
2
13
14
2
2
15
16
2
2
17
18
2
2
19
20
2
2
21
22
2
2
23
24
2
2
25
26
2
2
27
28
2
2
29
30
2
2
31
32
2
2
33
34
2
2
35
36
2
2
37
38
2
2
39
40
2
2
2.0871833267P
0.0000000975
33.3245147177N
100000000.0000000000
1.3513184594P
18.4975834679
186167.9612417941N
100000000.0000000000
0.0001048725P
0.0000086851
37.8777839679N
100000000.0000000000
0.4903493267P
0.0000032535
33.2399620549N
100000000.0000000000
0.3386807085P
0.1646519917
1570.1110474562N
100000000.0000000000
0.0048178684P
0.0000031499
38.1931508030N
100000000.0000000000
0.1975680542P
0.0000016372
33.3165728856N
100000000.0000000000
0.1501806066P
0.0000237446
42.1932369664N
100000000.0000000000
0.0988430646P
3346.1727463665
420890.2572277713N
100000000.0000000000
0.0000085849P
0.0000053583
19.9995323793N
100000000.0000000000
0.1407270378P
0.0000581869
42.3568273272N
100000000.0000000000
0.0478421267P
0.0001049889
28.8274690500N
100000000.0000000000
0.0624841093P
0.0000411199
37.8753868212N
100000000.0000000000
0.0385002620P
0.0000150009
33.3319608365N
100000000.0000000000
0.0375279561P
0.0001425211
37.7767449743N
100000000.0000000000
0.0287156893P
1.3528312325
39.0970866933N
100000000.0000000000
0.0245422581P
0.4391635276
0.8688198736N
100000000.0000000000
0.3891304420P
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
.SUBCKT NPORT 1 2 3 4
E001001P
5
0
1
2
V001001P
5
6
DC 0
X001001P
6
0 Y001001P
E001002P
9
0
3
4
V001002P
9
10
DC 0
X001002P 10
0 Y001002P
E001002M 11
0
3
4
V001002M 11
12
DC 0
X001002M 12
0 Y001002M
E002001P 13
0
1
2
V002001P 13
14
DC 0
X002001P 14
0 Y001002P
E002001M 15
0
1
2
V002001M 15
16
DC 0
X002001M 16
0 Y001002M
E002002P 17
0
3
4
V002002P 17
18
DC 0
X002002P 18
0 Y002002P
F001001P
1
2 V001001P
F001002P
1
2 V001002P
F001002M
1
2 V001002M
F002001P
3
4 V002001P
F002001M
3
4 V002001M
F002002P
3
4 V002002P
RGND002
2
0
RGND004
4
0
.ENDS NPORT
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
100.0000000000MEG
100.0000000000MEG
Verification
The SPICE3 simulation tool is used to verify the extracted subcircuit macromodel.
Note
For information on SPICE3, go to http://infopad.eecs.berkeley.edu/~icdesign/SPICE/.
The SPICE3 control decks for the transmission line model and the subcircuit macromodel are shown below
for a harmonic analysis.
SPICE3 Transmission Line Model Control Deck (Harmonic Analysis)
* T-type Transmission Line Model for AC Analysis
*
v1 vin 0 dc 0 ac 1.0
rsource vin 1 50
vport1 1 2 dc 0 ac 0
t1 2 0 3 0 z0=50 f=1.5g nl=1
t2 3 0 4 0 z0=50 f=1.5g nl=0.25
t3 3 0 5 0 z0=50 f=1.5g nl=1
ct 4 0 1u
vport2 0 5 dc 0 ac 0
*
.ac lin 50 50meg 5g
.end
181
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
vport2 0 3 dc 0 ac 0
*
.ac lin 50 50meg 5g
.end
The SPICE3 control decks for the transmission line model and the subcircuit macromodel are shown below
for a transient analysis.
SPICE3 Transmission Line Model Control Deck (Transient Analysis)
* T-type Transmission Line Model for Transient Analysis
v1 vin 0 dc 0 pulse(0 1 0ns 0.25ns 0.25ns 1ns 6ns)
rsource vin 1 50
vport1 1 2 dc 0 ac 0
t1 2 0 3 0 z0=50 f=1.5g nl=1
t2 3 0 4 0 z0=50 f=1.5g nl=0.25
t3 3 0 5 0 z0=50 f=1.5g nl=1
ct 4 0 1u
vport2 6 5 dc 0 ac 0
rload 6 0 50
*
.tran 30ps 6ns
.end
The harmonic analysis results for the SPICE transmission line model and the SPICE subcircuit macromodel
are identical as shown in the figure below.
Note
You can use the PLSYZ command to plot the admittance parameters in a Touchstone file.
182
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
SPICE Synthesized Equivalent Circuit for a T-type Transmission Line Network (Command Method)
The transient analysis results for the SPICE transmission line model and the SPICE subcircuit macromodel
are shown below.
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
183
184
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Relative Permittivity = 4
Relative Permittivity = 1
185
Harmonic Analysis for Rectangular Waveguide Filled with Two Dielectric Materials (Command Method)
mat,1
esize,h
vmesh,1
mat,2
vmesh,2
nummgr,all
alls
!
! Tangential E is zero on all side walls
!
nsel,s,loc,y,-ch/2
nsel,a,loc,y,ch/2
nsel,a,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,a,loc,x,-cw/2
d,all,ax,0.
!
! port definitions
!
hfport,1,MODAL,11,1,impd,,,h0,ang,0,cl
! hfport,1,MODAL,11,1,impd,,, 0,0,0,cl
nsel,s,loc,z,-cl
sf,all,PORT,1
hfport,2,MODAL,11,1,impd,,,0,0,0,cl
! hfport,2,MODAL,11,1,impd,,,h0,ang,0,cl
nsel,s,loc,z,cl
sf,all,PORT,2
alls
save
fini
/solu
hfmodprt,freq4
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq4
solve
fini
!input port
!output port
!output port
!input port
Target Results
The analytical solution for this example is S11 = -0.455, S22 = 0. 455, and |S21| = |S12| = 0.891. The numerical solution is |S11| = 0.454, <S11 = -178.27, |S22| = 0.454, <S22 = 7.92, and |S21| = |S12| = 0.891.
The contour of the electric field is shown in the following figure.
186
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Harmonic Analysis for Rectangular Waveguide Filled with Two Dielectric Materials (Command Method)
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
187
188
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
= 11.7.
189
190
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Target Results
The following three figures depict the S11 parameter, insertion loss, and isolation loss from 7.5 GHz to 12.5
GHz.
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
191
192
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
193
194
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
195
196
0.90175
0.12871
-0.98222
0.48539
0.67874
-0.90975
-0.10995
0.97850
-0.50182
-0.66475
0.91743
0.91167E-01
-0.97442
0.51807
0.65052
-0.92478
-0.72339E-01
0.97001
-0.53412
-0.63607
0.93180
0.53485E-01
-0.96524
0.55000
0.62138
-0.93849
-0.34624E-01
0.96014
-0.56567
-0.60647
0.94485
0.15738E-01
-0.95469
0.58114
0.59135
-0.95086
0.31526E-02
0.94889
-0.59641
-0.57601
0.95654
-0.22031E-01
-0.94277
0.61146
0.56046
-0.96188
0.40913E-01
0.93630
-0.62630
-0.54473
0.96687
-0.59768E-01
-0.92950
0.64091
0.52879
-0.97152
0.78614E-01
0.92237
-0.65529
-0.51266
0.97582
-0.97421E-01
-0.91491
0.66945
0.49636
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0.87430
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0.74706
0.39790
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0.99738
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0.77163
0.36296
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0.26135
0.83517
-0.78351
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0.99940
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0.79511
0.32752
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0.29762
0.81380
-0.80642
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1.0000
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0.81744
0.29160
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0.33346
0.79128
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0.99916
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0.83861
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0.36883
0.76761
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0.99691
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0.21857
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0.74286
-0.86812
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0.99323
-0.42088
-0.73009
0.87734
0.18158
-0.99085
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
-0.89900
0.69702
0.46322
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0.15364
0.89058
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0.99998
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0.92833
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0.97226
-0.81757E-01
-0.92115
0.65767
0.50995
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
197
198
0.21550
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0.40654
0.74075
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0.26742
-0.99888
0.35711
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
0.63118
0.53944
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0.92717
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0.95745
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-0.59894
0.94790
0.62812E-02
-0.95184
0.58879
0.58370
-0.95375
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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200
-0.99992
0.32453
0.79702
-0.82285
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0.99950
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0.82818
Release 12.1 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
0.61146
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0.98611
-0.46600
-0.69473
0.90039
0.13186
-0.98280
0.48263
0.68109
-0.90844
-0.11311
0.97913
-0.49909
-0.66713
0.91618
0.94319E-01
-0.97512
0.51537
0.65294
-0.92359
-0.75495E-01
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
201
0.24006
0.84708
-0.76961
-0.36588
0.99839
-0.25836
-0.83689
0.78153
0.34823
-0.99929
0.27647
0.82640
-0.79318
-0.33046
0.99982
-0.29457
-0.81562
0.80454
0.31257
-1.0000
0.97076
-0.53146
-0.63852
0.93066
0.56645E-01
-0.96605
0.54737
0.62386
-0.93741
-0.37775E-01
0.96102
-0.56308
-0.60899
0.94382
0.18891E-01
-0.95563
0.57859
0.59390
-0.94989
-0.26938E-07
Target Results
The waveforms for the shorted single-ended transmission line are shown in the following figures.
202
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
203
204
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Dielectric material
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
205
Target Results
Reflection coefficient results for 1 GHz to 10 GHz are shown in the following table.
Frequency (GHz)
|| (analytical) [1]
||
0.153
0.153
0.287
0.287
0.392
0.391
0.469
0.468
0.521
0.520
0.554
0.553
0.570
0.568
0.571
0.569
0.556
0.555
10
0.524
0.524
1.
206
Analytical results are based on the equations given in Frequency-Dependent Lossy Dielectric of the
Element Reference and transmission line theory.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
R
D
H
Hs
209
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
Method)
hc=6
hs=1.
eps1=9.6
eps2=36
scal=1.e-3
! set up boundary key: _bc=0 PMC-PMC; _bc=1 PEC-PMC; _bc=2 PEC-PEC
_bc=1
! define elements and materials
et,11,200,5
et,1,120,1
mp,perx,1,1.
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,2,eps1
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,3,eps2
mp,murx,3,1.
! set up computational domain
hsize=r1/8
hz=h/12
_nz1=4
_nz2=nint(h/hz)+1
_nz3=nint((hc-h)/hz)+1
_c1=0
_c2=_c1+hs
_c3=_c2+h
_c4=_c3+(hc-h)
pcirc,r1,0,0,90
pcirc,r2,0,0,90
asba,2,1,,delete,keep
aglue,all
! 2d-meshing
esize,hsize
type,11
amesh,all
! 3d-meshing
mat,2
esize,,_nz1
type,1
asel,s,loc,z,0
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c2-_c1)
csys,1
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,r,loc,x,0,r1
cm,_area1,area
csys,0
esize,,_nz2
mat,3
type,1
asel,s,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
mat,1
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
esize,,_nz3
mat,1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c4-_c3)
alls
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edele,all
alls
nummrg,all
alls
! set up PEC boundary condition
csys,1
nsel,s,loc,x,r2
d,all,ax,0
csys,0
210
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
Method)
nsel,s,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c4
*if,_bc,eq,1,then
nsel,a,loc,x,0
*elseif,_bc,eq,2,then
nsel,a,loc,x,0
nsel,a,loc,y,0
*endif
d,all,ax,0
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
fini
! perform a solution
/solu
antype,modal
modopt,lanb,2,1.e6,10.e9,,on
mxpand,,,,yes
solve
fini
Target Results
The three lowest resonant modes are TM01, HEM and TE01. The corresponding resonant frequencies are
3.98 GHz, 5.18 GHz and 5.94 GHz, respectively. The electric fields of the three lowest modes are shown in
the following three figures.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
211
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
Method)
212
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
Method)
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
213
214
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
12 mm
11.43 mm
1.27 mm
r = 8.875
1.27 mm
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
215
216
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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217
Figure 5: Electric field of the Fundamental Mode in the Microstrip Line at 20 GHz
218
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
/2
2
hs
w1
s1 w2
s2
w3
h = 0.64 mm,
h / = 0.1,
hs / = 0.3,
w1 / = 0.1,
w 2 / = 0.1,
w 3 / = 0.1,
s1 / = 0.02,
s2 / = 0.02,
1 = 10 0
2 = 0
219
Modal Analysis for Propagating Constants and Characteristic Impedance of Three Coupled Microstrip Lines
(Command Method)
et,1,118
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,er
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! define numerical model and meshing
na=8
nb=3
*dim,a,array,na
*dim,b,array,nb
a(1)=0
a(2)=a(1)+(l/2-w1-s1-w2/2)
a(3)=a(2)+w1
a(4)=a(3)+s1
a(5)=a(4)+w2
a(6)=a(5)+s2
a(7)=a(6)+w3
a(8)=a(7)+(l/2-w3-s2-w2/2)
b(1)=0
b(2)=b(1)+h
b(3)=b(2)+hs
*do,i,1,na-1
*do,j,1,nb-1
rect,a(i),a(i+1),b(j),b(j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
nx2=10
nx1=nint(nx2*(a(2)-a(1))/w1)
nx3=3
nx4=nint(nx2*w2/w1)
nx5=nx3
nx6=nint(nx2*w3/w1)
nx7=nx1
ny1=12
ny2=2*ny1
! meshing
type,1
mat,1
mshape,0
! quad mesh
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(1)+a(2))/2
lesize,all,,,nx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(2)+a(3))/2
lesize,all,,,nx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(3)+a(4))/2
lesize,all,,,nx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(4)+a(5))/2
lesize,all,,,nx4
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(5)+a(6))/2
lesize,all,,,nx5
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(6)+a(7))/2
lesize,all,,,nx6
lsel,s,loc,x,(a(7)+a(8))/2
lesize,all,,,nx7
lsel,s,loc,y,(b(1)+b(2))/2
lesize,all,,,ny1
lsel,s,loc,y,(b(2)+b(3))/2
lesize,all,,,ny2
asel,s,loc,y,b(1),b(2)
amesh,all
mat,2
asel,s,loc,y,b(2),b(3)
amesh,all
alls
! pec on strip and on walls
nsel,s,loc,y,b(2)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(2),a(3)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,b(2)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(4),a(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,b(2)
220
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Modal Analysis for Propagating Constants and Characteristic Impedance of Three Coupled Microstrip Lines
(Command Method)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(6),a(7)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,a(8)
nsel,a,loc,y,b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,b(3)
d,all,ax,0
! flag central conductors and define impedance lines
nsel,s,loc,y,b(2)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(2),a(3)
bf,all,chrgd,1
lprt,1,1,impd,,0.5*(a(2)+a(3)),b(1),0,0.5*(a(2)+a(3)),b(2),0
nsel,s,loc,y,b(2)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(4),a(5)
bf,all,chrgd,2
lprt,1,2,impd,,0.5*(a(4)+a(5)),b(1),0,0.5*(a(4)+a(5)),b(2),0
nsel,s,loc,y,b(2)
nsel,r,loc,x,a(6),a(7)
bf,all,chrgd,3
lprt,1,3,impd,,0.5*(a(6)+a(7)),b(1),0,0.5*(a(6)+a(7)),b(2),0
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
! P-I definition solution
hfpcswp,FreqB,FreqE,1e9,3,0,0
! P-V definition solution
hfpcswp,FreqB,FreqE,1e9,3,0,1
! V-I definition solution
hfpcswp,FreqB,FreqE,1e9,3,0,2
fini
Target Results
Propagating constant and characteristic impedance results at 5 GHz are shown in the following table. Corresponding electric field contours are shown in the figures below.
Mode
P-I Characteristic
Impedance
P-V Characteristic
Impedance
V-I Characteristic
Impedance
Propagating Constant
1 (+ + +)
62.7
72.9
67.6
7.39
2 (+ 0 -)
35.3
39.1
37.1
5.96
3 (+ - +)
22.5
24.9
23.7
5.54
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221
Modal Analysis for Propagating Constants and Characteristic Impedance of Three Coupled Microstrip Lines
(Command Method)
222
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Modal Analysis for Propagating Constants and Characteristic Impedance of Three Coupled Microstrip Lines
(Command Method)
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223
224
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227
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
Figure 1: FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere
228
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
b=a+3*h
c=b+4*h
! define the elements and materials
et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,lsst,1,loss
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! set up numerical model
sphere,ra,rb,0,180
block,-a,a,0,a,-a,a
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
vsbv,4,3,,delete,keep
vsbv,3,2,,delete,keep
vsbv,2,1,,delete,keep
csys,2
vsel,s,loc,x,0,ra/2
vdel,all
alls
csys,0
vglue,all
! meshing
esize,wave1/10
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
esize,h
mat,2
vmesh,4,6,2
type,2
vmesh,5
alls
nummrg,all
! define equivalent source surface
nsel,s,loc,x,-a,a
nsel,r,loc,y,0,a
nsel,r,loc,z,-a,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
nsel,a,loc,x,-a
nsel,a,loc,y,a
nsel,a,loc,z,-a,
nsel,a,loc,z,a
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define boundary condition
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z, c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
d,all,ax,0.
csys,0
allsel,all
! define incident plane wave
plwave,1,0,0,0,180
fini
! perform solution
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
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229
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
! calculate normalized RCS
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,0,,pmc
plfar,rcsn,total,0,90,1,0,180,180
fini
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the lossy dielectric-coated metallic sphere is shown in Figure 2: Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere (p. 230). Figure 3: Normalized
RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and H-plane (p. 230) depicts the RCS of the
dielectric-coated metallic sphere on the E-plane (=0) and H-plane (=90), respectively.
Figure 2: Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere
Figure 3: Normalized RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and H-plane
230
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231
232
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233
Target Results
Figure 2: RCS of the Dielectric Sphere (p. 234) depicts the RCS of the dielectric sphere on E-plane (=0) (black
line) and H-plane (=90) (gray line). The contour of the scattering electric field is shown in Figure 3: Contour
of the Scattering Electric Field from a Dielectric Sphere (p. 234).
234
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235
236
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Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the metallic cube is shown in Figure 1: Scattering Electric Field
Contour from the Metallic Cube (p. 238). Figure 2: Normalized RCS of the Metallic Cube on E-Plane and HPlane (p. 238) depicts the RCS of the metallic cube on E-plane (=0) and H-plane (=90), respectively.
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237
238
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239
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
240
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
a=rb+4*h2
b=a+3*h2
c=b+4*h2
! --- define elements and materials --et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- set up the geometry --sphere,ra,rb,0,180
sphere,rb,a,0,180
vsel,all
cm,vequi,volu
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
vsbv,4,3,,delete,keep
vsbv,3,vequi,,delete,keep
csys,2
vsel,s,loc,x,0,ra/2
vdel,all
alls
csys,0
vglue,all
! --- meshing --csys,0
smrtsize,4
! meshing
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
mat,2
esize,h2
vmesh,3
esize,h2
vmesh,6
! --- PML element --type,2
vmesh,5
alls
nummrg,all
! define equivalent source surface
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,0,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define boundary condition
csys,0
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z,c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
d,all,ax,0.
csys,0
allsel,all
! incident plane wave
plwave,-1,0,0,0,0
fini
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
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241
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
solve
fini
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,,pmc
prfar,rcsn,total,0,0,,0,180,36
/yrange,-35,15
plfar,rcsn,total,0,0,,0,180,180
fini
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the dielectric-coated metallic sphere is shown in Figure 2: Scattering Electric Field Contour of The Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere (p. 242). Figure 3: Normalized RCS of the
Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-Plane (p. 242) depicts the RCS of the dielectric-coated metallic sphere
on the E-plane (=0).
242
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FSS
working frequency
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243
244
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Target Results
A 0.57 power transmission coefficient is calculated for 10 GHz. The mode matching method presented in
the paper Bandpass Grids with Annular Apertures by Ann Roberts and Ross C. McPhedran, IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 36, No. 5., May 1988, pp. 607611 gives a value of 0.52.
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245
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D
x
1 2
I1 I2
y
h
247
248
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Target Results
The following figure depicts the magnitude of the reflection coefficient |S11| from 12.5 to 17.5 GHz.
Note
Reflectance is equal to the power reflection coefficient and the square of the reflection coefficient.
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249
250
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Ds2
Master 1
Master 2
Ds1
(Ds1 = Ds2, d = 0.5 Ds1, Rs = 10 ohm/square)
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251
Harmonic Analysis for a Lossy Free-Standing Ohmic Plate Array (Command Method)
r0=10
! Rs = 10 ohms
freq1=3.e8/lamda1
freq2=3.e8/lamda2
freqinc=3.e8/lamdai
phi1=0
phi2=0
phiinc=phi2-phi1
theta1=0
theta2=0
thetainc=theta2-theta1
! define element
et,11,200,5
et,1,119,1
et,2,119,1,,,1
! PML element
! define material
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! numerical model
h1=lamda2/10
n1=4
npml=8
c1=0
c2=c1+npml*h1
c3=c2+n1*h1
c4=c3+0.25*lamda1
c5=c4+0.25*lamda1
c6=c5+n1*h1
c7=c6+npml*h1
tiny=1.e-3*h1
block,-a/2,a/2,-a/2,a/2,c1,c2
block,-a/2,a/2,-a/2,a/2,c2,c3
block,-a/2,a/2,-a/2,a/2,c3,c4
block,-a/2,a/2,-a/2,a/2,c4,c5
block,-a/2,a/2,-a/2,a/2,c5,c6
block,-a/2,a/2,-a/2,a/2,c6,c7
cm,_outv,volu
block,-b/2,b/2,-b/2,b/2,c1,c2
block,-b/2,b/2,-b/2,b/2,c2,c3
block,-b/2,b/2,-b/2,b/2,c3,c4
block,-b/2,b/2,-b/2,b/2,c4,c5
block,-b/2,b/2,-b/2,b/2,c5,c6
block,-b/2,b/2,-b/2,b/2,c6,c7
vsel,all
vsel,u,volu,,_outv
cm,_inv,volu
vsel,all
vsbv,_outv,_inv,,delete,keep
vglue,all
! 2d meshing
type,11
esize,h1
asel,s,loc,x,-a/2
asel,a,loc,y,-a/2
asel,u,loc,z,c3,c5
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-a/2
asel,a,loc,y,-a/2
asel,r,loc,z,c3,c5
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-a/2
agen,2,all,,,a
asel,s,loc,y,-a/2
agen,2,all,,,0,a
alls
nummrg,all
! 3d meshing
type,1
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,c2,c3
vsel,a,loc,z,c5,c6
vmesh,all
252
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Harmonic Analysis for a Lossy Free-Standing Ohmic Plate Array (Command Method)
vsel,s,loc,z,c3,c5
vmesh,all
type,2
! create PML element
vsel,s,loc,z,c1,c2
vsel,a,loc,z,c6,c7
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
! group the plate nodes
nsel,s,loc,z,c4
nsel,r,loc,x,-b/2-tiny,b/2+tiny
nsel,r,loc,y,-b/2-tiny,b/2+tiny
cm,ndapt,node
! assign master/slave pairs
nsel,s,loc,x,-a/2
nsel,a,loc,x,a/2
cpcyc,ax,,,a,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-a/2
nsel,a,loc,y,a/2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,a,0,1
alls
! set PEC on PML wall
nsel,s,loc,z,c1
nsel,a,loc,z,c7
d,all,ax,0
! assign resistive sheet
nsel,s,,,ndapt
bf,all,impd,r0
nsel,all
! define plane wave port
nsel,s,loc,z,c5
bf,all,port,1
hfport,1,PLAN,,TE,INT,0.,1.,0.,phi,theta
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
spfss,freq1,freq2,freqinc,phi1,phi2,phiinc,theta1,theta2,thetainc,1,0,2,0
fini
/post1
! plot power reflection coefficient
/yrange,0,0.6
plfss,file,f1p,mag,prefl
fini
Target Results
The power reflection coefficient for normal incidence is plotted from = Ds1/0.3 to =
figure.
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Ds1/1.1
in the following
253
Harmonic Analysis for a Lossy Free-Standing Ohmic Plate Array (Command Method)
254
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Index
A
adaptive meshing
high-frequency analysis, 63
analysis
high-frequency electromagnetic, 1
antenna arrays, 27
B
boundary conditions
harmonic high-frequency analysis, 19
perfect electric conductor, 19
perfect magnetic conductor, 20
perfectly matched layers, 24
surface impedance, 21
C
Cutoff frequencies, 91, 149
D
dispersion characteristics, 67, 91, 149
E
elements
high-frequency, 9
EMF command, 51
example problems
high-frequency advanced analysis, 101
high-frequency basic analysis, 67
wave propagation, advanced, 129
wave propagation, basic, 71
wave radiation, advanced, 101
wave radiation, basic, 67
wave resonance, advanced, 209, 219
wave resonance, basic, 83
wave scattering, advanced, 227
wave scattering, basic, 95
excitation ports, 30
HFEREFINE command, 9
HFPORT command, 30
HFSCAT command, 40
HFSYM command, 49
high-frequency analysis, 1
adaptive meshing, 63
advanced example problems, 101
basic example problems, 67
boundary conditions, 19
characteristic impedance, 39
circuit parameters, 50
commands, 11
current source, 33
electric field source, 37
elements, 9
excitation ports, 30
excitation sources, 30
far field results, 46
impedance, 21
material properties, 15
mesh refinement, 9
modal analysis, 57
near field results, 46
physics environment, 14
plane wave source, 35
quality factor, 61
S-parameters, 50
scattering field analysis, 40
surface magnetic field source, 36
units, 15
waveguide modal source, 30
I
IMPD command, 51
Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) solver,
39
M
MMF command, 51
modal analysis, 57
N
F
P
H
HF 118 element, 9
HF119 element, 9
HF120 element, 9
HFANG command, 49
HFEIGOPT command, 59
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255
Index
periodic boundary conditions, 27
permittivity, 15
physics environment
high-frequency electromagnetic analysis, 14
plane wave source port, 30
PLFAR command, 47
PLSP command, 50
PLWAVE command, 35
postprocessing, 45
power parameters, 51
PRFAR command, 47
PRNEAR command, 46
Propagating constants, 67, 91, 149
basic examples, 83
wave scattering
advanced examples, 227
basic examples, 95
waveguide port, 30
Q
QFACT command, 61
Quasi-Minimal Residual (QMR) solver, 39
R
relative permittivity, 15
S
scattering field analysis, 40
Smith chart, 53
solvers
Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient, 39
Quasi-Minimal Residual, 39
sparse direct, 39
SPARM command, 50
sparse direct solver, 39
specific absorption rate, 44
SPICE macromodel, 54
SPSWP command, 50
surface impedance, 21
T
time domain waveforms, 55
U
units, 15
W
wave propagation
advanced examples, 129
basic examples, 71
wave radiation
advanced examples, 101
wave radition
basic examples, 67
wave resonance
advanced examples, 209, 219
256
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