An Analysis Implicature in Activity of Transaction

at KOPMA AL-FATA STAIN Curup

PROPOSAL
This Proposal is submitted to fulfill the requirement
for ‘Sarjana’ degree in English Language Education

Mengetahui, Pemohon,
Dosen Pembimbing Akademik

Hendra Harmi, M.Pd Raga Buana

NIP.19751108 200312 1001 NIM. 0655105

ENGLISH TADRIS STUDY PROGRAM

EDUCATION (TARBIYAH) DEPARTMENT
STATE COLLEGE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES
(STAIN) CURUP
 2009
A. Backround of The Research
Language is the equipment of the communication used by human being.
There is not any people do not use the language because language is important in
social interaction. Language is used when man communicates to others to
convey a purpose when they meet others or themselves. Djoko kentjono
mentions language is an arbitrary by the members of social groups to work
together, communicate, and identify1.The language as an arbitrary is generated
by human`s tool of speech is a natural phenomenon, but the language as an
equipment of social interaction in human society is a social phenomenon2.
Human can not separate from the language because the language is a tool
used to establish a social interaction. Communication activity involves not only a
participant, but also involves other participants. In order to participants to
understand each other's utterance, therefore it must has a good cooperation.
Cooperation is a common background knowledge of participants. If the
participant in the speech event does not understand the purpose of speech, it will
be able to create a distorted interpretation and the message conveyed by the
speaker can not be received well.
Speech between student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup
in the speech event that occurs in transaction. There is not only has a literal
meaning, but also unliteral meaning. George Yule (1985:91) mentions the natural
and unnatural meaning. To understand unnatural meaning in the speech between
student and officer KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup that is needed explaning
by Pragmatic. According to Yule (1996:3) pragmatic is the study of speaker
meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, the
expression of relative distance.
For first example
1
Abdul Chaer, Linguistik umum, Penerbit Rineka Cipta.Jakarta.2007.P32
2
Abdul Chaer, Kajian Bahasa, Struktur Internal, Pemakaian dan
Pemelajaran, Penerbit Rineka Cipta.Jakarta.2007.P9

2
 Examples of speech above has a unliteral meaning beside the literal
meaning. So that 'what is speak' and 'what is meant' are different. So how the
listener interpreted it. This condition is commonly called implicature. Abdul
Chaer (2004:59) said that Implicature is the relationship between utterances that
said by two men were talking. This relation does not understand literally, but
only implicitly. And Yule (1996:34) mention that when the listener hears the
expression, she first has to assume that the speaker is being cooperative and
intends to communicate something. That something must be more than just what
the words mean. It is additional conveyed, meaning.

So, Implicature be easily understood by speaker and hearer if they have

shared experiences and knowledge.
Based on explaining above, It is very interesting to be studied, because it is
an action as to inform, request, offer and so on. As shown in the example at the
beginning of this description. This is because speech delivered by officer and
student at these examples have unliteral meaning and the literal meaning, is
usually called implicature. This has encouraged researcher to examine an
anylisis implicature in transaction between student and officer at KOPMA Al-
Fatah STAIN Curup.

B. Identification of the Problem

The research “An analysis Implicature in transaction between student and
officer at KOPMA Alfatah STAIN Curup”. Can identificated as follow :
1. Implicature is covered by pragmatic analysis.
2. Implicature is part of speech act in the particular speech
event.
3. Implicature have functions in various contexts.

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 4. In using implicature everyday often done that based on
violations of the principle of cooperation.
This research including in pragmatic research. It is said that because this study
focuses primarily explained nonliteral meaning that depend on context of the
interaction between student and officer in transaction. Unliteral meaning is always
different from the meaning of building a speech that made between student and
officer.
In term of pragmatic studies, this research is expected to produce a
description of form of implicature, implication pragmatic of speech of implicature,
the function of implicature and the violation of cooperative principle in using
implicature form between student and officer in transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah
STAIN Curup.
In terms of the teaching English, the results of this study is expected to be
used as teaching materials in English language teaching, especially in learning that
associated with the pragmatic subject in the colleges, especially STAIN Curup
College.

C. Scope of the Research

This study will only focus on the Implicature of the utterances from the
interaction between officer with student in transaction at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN
Curup. The aspects that will be discussed are the utterance implicature form, the
implicature, the function of implicature, and the violation of the principle of
cooperation in using implicature.

D. The Research Question

As the problems in this research is "How implicature form of the transaction
between the student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup? The problem
will divided in the following :

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 1) What are kinds of implicature in interaction between student and officer at
KOPMA Al-fatah ?
2) How the implicature of the utterance in interaction between student and
officer at KOPMA Al-fatah. ?
E. The Objectives of the Research
1. To Identify kinds implicature in interaction between student and officer.
2. To find out the implicature in interaction between student and officer.

F. The Operational Definition

- Implicature
Yule (1996) mention that when the listener hears the expression, she first has to
assume that the speaker is being cooperative and intends to communicate
something. That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is
additional conveyed, meaning.

G. Significan of The Research

The result of this study is expected the useful for :
1. Students
The result of this research can hopefully help the students to understand
more about implicature, by doing so they will have good awareness in producing
utterances especially in interaction.
2. English Teachers
The result of this research can hopefully improve the lecturers of STAIN
Curup in implementing various strategies to teach pragmatic.
3. The Researcher
The result of this research can hopefully the researcher have more
knowledge about implicature and the researcher can increase and improve ability
in the pragmatic study. Additionally, it will enrich the literature in pragmatic
research specifically research on implicature.

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 II. Riview of The Related Literature
a. Riview of The Related Finding
In previous studies there was only one study related to my research, the
study of cooperative principle by using a pragmatic analysis. By Deli Susanti (2009)
entitled: "A Pragmatics Analysis on the violation of Cooperative Principle (a
documentary study on the movie Pride and Prejudice)". The conclusion obtained
from these studies that indicates the cooperative principle is not accepted proofed by
the violation of the maxims in the movie Pride and Prejudice 3. So about my research
is not researched by researcher before.

b. Riview of the Related Theories

To understand this study, the researcher presented the theories that support
the development of this research, as for these theories are :
1. Pragmatic Theory
Leech (1993) mentions that pragamatic can be defined as the study of the
meaning of speech in certain situations. While, Yule (1996) deals to pragmatic is
the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated
than is said, the expression of relative distance. Pragmatics teaches people about
communicative meaning4.
In this study based on existing theory, this pragmatic study with the
purpose of speech analysis unit implicature, the pragmatic meaning of the
definition given in conjunction with speaker of the language. So that researcher
analyze and describe the purpose of the speech spoken by speaker on. And the
advantage of studying language via pragmatic that can talk about people`s

3
Deli Susanti, A Staff in office of English Study Program , interview,
curup, 12th of January 2010
4
Leffy Noviyenti, Diktat, Mata Kuliah Langguage Research.2003.STAIN
Curup

6
 intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kind of
action for example : “request”. That they are performing when they speak.

2. The Implicature
a. Definition of Implicature = Apa ESENSI OPERASIOTAL DFNSION????
Yule mention that when the listener hears the expression, she first has to
assume that the speaker is being cooperative and intends to communicate
something. That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is
additional conveyed, meaning called an implicature. Implicature is the implied
meaning of the utterance of a sentence in a context, although the meaning is not a
part or the fulfillment of what is spoken. Also Implicature can be interpreted as
meaning the implications of the pragmatic force of an utterance, either in speaking
or in writing. Implicature is analyzing the activities of the hidden meaning of a
speech that delivered by Speaker.
Yule (1996) said that there are two types of Implicature, namely
conventional implicature and konversasional implicature.
Implicature can bridge between what is spoken by speaker with what the
meaning of an utterance, it references to assumpt the principles of utterance that is
used. Furthermore, Grice (1975) (in Yule 1996:37) suggests that Implicature
basically related to the cooperative principles of pragmatic. cooperative principles
are the cooperation between speaker with hearer in a conversation. it meants that
between speaker and hearer expect the implications for the meaning of the speech
can be understood by the hearer. The implicature said by Grice is the utterance
has differences with the action in fact. Implicature can to provide a functional
explanation some linguistic fact that relate relating to the context of a speech,
there are principles such as cooperation Principle.

b. Variety Implicature

7
 George Yule (1996:35) mentions implicature divided into two types
namely Implicature conventional and nonconventional Implicature. Conventional
Implicature in contrast to all the conversational implicature , convensional
implicature is not based on the cooperative principle or maxim. They have not to
occur in conversation and they do not depend on special context for their
interpretation. So conventional implicature derived directly from the meaning of
the word (which is heard), instead the principle of conversation. It means that the
conventional implicature is the literal meaning as expressed with the formal
elements of structural sentence. while implicature conversationa is an illocution
act that it`s mplication of pragmatic from the principles of conversation.

3. Cooperative Principle
Through the implicature theory, we have known two kinds of theories. In
the natural meaning and unnatural meaning.
The principle used in the conversation of four maxims. By Yule (1996)
fourth maxim are as follow5 :
1. Maxim quantity
a. Make your contribution as informative as is required
b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
2. Maxim quality
a. Do not say what you what you believe to be false
b. Do not say that for which you lack edequate evidence
3. Relation be relevan
4. Manner be perspicuous
a. Avoid obscurity of wxpression
b. Avoid ambiguity
c. Be brief
d. Be orderly
5
Ibid; P37

8
 Leech (1993) comment on that maxim as a constraint in using the
language.The maxims apply in different contexts, there is no principle that is
absolutely true. On the other hand, it is not true at all. maxim can against to each
other and can be violated without eliminating the type of action driven.
commented that it is precisely because it is necessary the pragmatic to explain
how the different communities use these maxims.

J. Context
Speech is always realized in a particular context. Context holds an
important role in interpreting the meaning of the speech because the meaning of
the speech is variety in different contexts. in other words, an utterance can mean
completely different from that intended by speaker that due to differences in the
context of utterance in progress. The ability to interpret the meaning of the speech
is in many ways dependent on the heare`s ability to connect the speech with the
surrounding context.
The details in this context to note are as follows.
First, the linguistic context or co-text (Yule, 1996). Co-text of a word is a
group of other words that are used in the same a phrase or sentence . Co-text has a
strong influence on the interpretation of the meaning of the spoken word. For
example, the word 'bisa' as a homonym, in the sentence 'Ular itu memiliki bisa'
and 'anak itu bisa mengerjakan soal itu' has a Different meanings. How do know
the meaning contained in it? Usually to find out based on linguistic context.
Second, the physical context which involves the characteristics possessed
by people, object, animal or physical characteristic related to foreign ownership.
If there is a snake charmer is holding the snake and taking something from the
mouth of the snake, he is saying ''Bisanya sudah tidak berbahaya lagi ", the
meaning of the word 'bisa' can be interpreted from the context.
Third, which is also related to the context of the speech situation and

9
 speech event. The speech situation include anyone speaker and hearer, the context
of speech, and speech purposes.
This theory can be used to know the function of speech that is spoken by
the student of STAIN Curup in the transaction.

III. Research Methodology

A. Kind of the Research
This research is Pragmatic analysis represented in qualitative
way. This study examined the form of implicature in transaction between
student and officer. Qualitative is research that intend to understand the
phenomenon of what is experienced by subject such as behavior, perception,
motivation, action, etc.. In a holistic manner and description in form of words
and language, in a specific context by exploiting the natural and scientific
methods6. So with this theory, surely rearcher would be able to find meaning
in the language used in a transaction, because the meaning of language which
researcher want to know is the phenomenon that has not been in touch by
previous researcher where the student and officer do the transaction with the
language and they have a special context on each transaction, so it needs to be
described as holistic.
Qualitative approach have the characteristics of (a) natural
background, (b) descriptive, (c) prioritize the process than results, and (d)
inductive data analysis7.
Natural background, the research data that is derived from
communication events and situations that take place naturally in the
transaction between student and officer. There is no attempt by researcher to

6
Lexy J.Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisi
Revisi.2008.PT Remaja RosdaKarya.Bandung:P6
7
Ibid:P10-11

10
 control subjects, both inside and outside the room. Therefore, data collection
strategy unknown by student and officer.
a descriptive, refer to the data collected through description discourse
in the transaction. Data are equipped with the context of interaction. Context
description strived to reach the small things. such as time, place, and position
of participant. The result of data analysis are reported in the form of a
phenomenological description, which means that the analysis presented in
accordance with the finding in the field without any associated with certain
variables.

More emphasis process than result, that is in the implementation of

this research, particularly the collection is more oriented toward the process.
Such as time data collection implementation is flexible. Therefore, the
schedule does not become a target. So it with the acquisition of data, both in
types and amounts are not based on planning or specific target.

Inductive data analysis, that study is not directed to strengthen or

reject a particular hypothesis. Therefore, the expose analysis related research
in the implicature form of transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah more natural
based on the data collected in the field, while the presence of more theoretical
framework served as a reference in identifying the implicature form, both
inside and outside room.

- Informant/Object of the Research = SIAPA INFORMANYA??????????

Informant/Object of the research is all of student and officer that held
transaction. All students are considered to have the same status as research
subjects. The relationship between data, data sources, and research
Informant/Object looked at the following chart:

DATA
- Kinds of implicature
- The implicature form

11
 Utterance Context of
Utterance

Student Officer
Informant/Object of
= Research.

Chart. Relation chart data, Data Source and Informant/Object of Research.

Data will analyzed during and after collecting data. That is, during
data collection, data transcribed (from tape recording to writing data) and
adjusted to the researcher note. If there is deviation, the following
observations can be made recording or recording data more carefully to avoid
mistakes.

B. Research Instrument
In qualitative research, (Moleong, 2008) mentions that the research
instrument is the researcher's own, or with the help of another person who is the
main data collection tool. This is because researcher in qualitative research is seen
as seeking out experienced in data collection.
In addition to the researcher as the main instrument, this research uses
other Instruments, namely a Mobile Phone Recorder and Field Notes.Mobile
Phone recorder used to record the utterance of student and officer in the
transaction, while the field notes used to record the context of utterances.

C. Technique of Data Collection

Data collection techniques in this study are :

12
1. Participant Observation and Field Note
While collecting data in the field, the researcher participate actively
and follow the community activities actively 8. The researcher enteres the
subject's experience by experiencing what they experienced9. Thus, researcher
participate directly in the transactions conducted by student and officer at
KOPMA STAIN Curup. By using this technique, researcher more freely
associate with the subject of the research with a natural setting.

Field recording techniques used to record the speech context that is

useful to interpret the data obtained

2. Recording
Recording technique in the study to carry out actual data that is a form
of implicature in interaction between student and officer at KOPMA Al-fatah.
The recording uses a Mobile Phone Recorder . This recording devices sensitive
enough to record data and edequately qualified.

D. Technique of Data Analysis : bagaimana

penerapannya???????????????
Analysis of data in this study using a pragmatic analysis that supported the
structure analysis and semantic analysis. Structural analysis is used to find the form
implicature. In this analysis, the data highlighted in terms of syntax, whereas
semantic analysis is used to determine the meaning of implicature delivered student
and officer. Pragmatic analysis is used to answer the problem of pragmatic the
implicature in the transaction.
This data analysis technique based on the techniques suggested by Miles and
Huberman (1992: 15-20). Analysis techniques are: (a) reduction of data, (b) the
presentation of data, and (c) inference. The third step is a cycle of inter-related and
8
Ibid;P9
9
Ibid; P164

13
carried out simultaneously during and after collecting data. In qualitative analysis
several simultaneous activities engage the attention of the reseacher10. The third step
is adequately presented below.
Source of Data
- The record, Conversation in
the transaction between
student and officer
- The field notes context of
utterances

Reduction of Data
- Identification (Data
selection)
- Classification (Data group)
- Giving code (Giving

Presents the Data

Classify implicature with the
table

Not Enough
Conclusion/Verification
Based on the pragmatic
analysis

Enough

Research Finding
- The utterance of Implicature form
- The implicature form
- The function of implicature
- The violation of CP in using
implicature

Chart. Process and Engineering Data Collection and Analysis (Adapted from
Miles and Huberman, 1992:20)

10
John W.Creswell.Research Design,Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches.SAGE Publications;London.P153

14
 Explaining the chart above as follow :
First, Reduction of the activity data analysis includes (a) identification, (b)
classification, and (c) coding data. Identification data is data the feasibility of
selecting activities, for example in terms of clarity and the presence or absence of
implicature in the transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah. Data classification is the activity
of sorting and classifying data on the speech context, such as setting the interaction
date and interaction topics. To code data is an activity to give the identity of the data
in the context of utterance. Presentation of data is the data grouping activities which
have been reduced.Grouping of data is done with using tables, which includes the
implicature table form, pragmatic implicature tables and table of data recording
transcripts. inference is expected to be smooth and focused for presenting this data.
Second, Withdrawal conclusion that is more analysis of activities devoted to
the interpretation of the data that has been presented. Interpretation is based on the
principles of pragmatic analysis. The principle of pragmatic analysis is more
relevant in the context of communication.
For example to anylis of data :
Data 1. ( The Utterances form of Implicature )
- The officer : Ado yang biso dibantu Mbak?
- Student : (Smile),Ado aqua Mbak ?
- Officer: (taking Aqua and giving it to the student)
Contex Purpose The sentence form
Expression: Speaker give the In Interrogative.
1. first, student`s information to hearer
express confused. that he can help the
2. the speaker Ask to the hearer.
hearer.
3. Officer get the Aqua and give it to
the student.
Participan : student and officer.

15
 Place : KOPMA (Indoor)

The pattern Pragmatic Analysis by Leech :

A. ? X (implicature )
B. n give the question ? X to t
C. function of B is maked t to inform n that X TRUE
D. n does not understand X is TRUE (quantyti)
E. n believe that t understand X is TRUE (relevan)
F. n want to know that X is TRUE (relevan)

By Yule give the example that the anilysis writed in the sentences
This Conversational Implicature. Because The student response does not
provide a “yes” or “no” answer. The officer must assume that student is being
cooperative, so he considers student`s question and clearly the answer “yes”.This
utterance provides inferencing with an answer “Of course not !” as part of the
implicature. So from the analysis we can get the finding that the implicature here is
essentially that officer want get the goods that will be bought by student. And
the Function of implicature to offering something.
an analysis Process and Purpose by Leech.
Note: area in x,y,z are indicating the contribution B to purpose of A. this symbol
(==========>) to draw the correlation of motivation between the purpose and the
action.

16
 X

1 3

Coopertv Principl
B
3

Y Z
Explaining : Picture I.I Speaker`s Question dan listener`s Answer
Explaining the picture.
The first condition : A is offering the helping.
(a) A ask to B. what is A can help .
B beware that A want help for getting the goods that will be bought.
(b) B tells A what is helping can be done.(getting Aqua)
The final condition : A understand what does B want
So, the process above give us the information that the implicature based on
Cooperative Principle.

Data 2. (The utterance form of implicature) Code : IM

Studen t : Beli kacang garuda mbak ?
Officer : Maaf, Belum belanjo dek ?

Contex Purpose Sentence form

Event: the student have got Speaker give the In Expressive
the money in his hand, he information to hearer
was going to buy something. that he request.

17
 Participan : student and
officer.
Time : December, 21th 2009. 08.00
am.)

Place : KOPMA

Analysis by Yule
This is Conventional Implicature form, because there is “yet” word.
S : Beli kacang garuda mbak ?
O :Maaf belum belanja → (=Not p)
→ Not p is true (+> expected to be true later)
So, the speaker produces an implicature that she expects the statement “Kacang
Garuda is here” later.
E. Enhancing Validity
Consequences for the researcher who conducts qualitative research is
often encountered negative case data and the data varies. Research activities
needed in a specific criteria that can meet the value of validity of the data the
researcher gathered information from the field, to anticipate the possibilities of
errors, deficient towards the data being analyzed. These concerns can be avoided
by doing Trianggulasi as one of the data examination techniques (Moleong:1994)
Checking the validity of the data by Moleong (1995:175) there are
nine techniques, namely: (1) extension of participation, (2) persistence of
observation, (3) triang-gulasi, (4) examination of colleagues through the
discussion, (5) analysis of case negative, (6) adequacy references, (7) checking
account, (8) detailed description, and (9) auditing. In this study, examination
of the validity of the data is only focused on the persistence of observation,
trianggulasi, and referential adequacy.

18
 Perseverance observations intended to hold constant and continuous to
factors that stand out in a form implicature in transactions between student and
officer at KOPMA Alfatah STAIN Curup.
Trianggulasi is a technique that checks the validity of data using
something other than the data that (Maleong, 1995:178). Trianggulasi technique is
most widely used tests that utilize the use of sources, methods of investigating
and theories (Moleong, 1995). The need to be held Trianggulasi is to examine the
trust and validation of the results of research findings. Trianggulasi as one of the
appropriate tools to overcome the differences in the sources of research findings.
Some experts say that triang-gulasi done to check the data that research has a high
degree of trust (Miles and Huberman, 1984). In this study, Trianggulasi used to
check the validity and data errors as a strategy that can improve the quality of
research.
Adequacy of reference can be used as a boundary / benchmark to test any
time of analysis and interpretation of data. Research on forms implicature in
transactions between student and officer of KOPMA Al-Fatah. There is adequacy
of reference when research found that focusing on the utterance implicature form,
the implicature, the function of implicature, and the violation of the principle of
cooperation in using implicature.in transaction activity at KOPMA Al-Fatah
STAIN Curup.

19
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