Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Activist Phyllis Schafly wearing a "Stop ERA" badge, demonstrating with other women against
the Equal Rights Amendment in front of the White House, Washington, D.C. 1977. The
Library of Congress. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011648744/
>.
This is a picture of an activist named Phyllis Schafly wearing a Stop ERA badge along
with other women in front of the White House to protest against the passage of Equal
Rights Amendment. This picture shows how some women were against Alice Paul
regarding womens rights in employment. Those who opposed Paul thought that women
were meant to stay in home and support the family. This picture is contained in the Equal
Rights Amendment page.
Alice Paul, full-length portrait, standing, facing left, raising glass with right hand. 1920. The
Library of Congress. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97500088/>.
This is a photo of Alice Paul standing in front of the ratification flag, raising a glass with
her right hand, celebrating the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. This photo is
used in the Ratification page.
"Charter of United Nations." United Nations Treaty Collection. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
<https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf>.
This is a pdf version of the Charter of the United Nations. The second page of this file
was used as a picture in the United Nations page to indicate the inclusion of sex equality
in United Nations Charter. This file was also used to quote the preamble of the charter.
Civil Rights Act of 1964. National Archives. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/
education/lessons/civil-rights-act/>.
This website provided the Civil Rights Act of 1964 document in a pdf file. This pdf file
was used both as a picture, and to quote Article VII in the Civil Rights Act page.
Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment. Berkeley:
n.p., 1972. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?
docId=kt6f59n89c&query=&brand=oac4>.
This is an online version of interview of Alice Paul conducted by Amelia R. Fry. This
source was very helpful because it provided Alice Pauls own thoughts and perspective,
which helped with further understanding of the situation and suffragists stance. By

reading this interview, I was able to learn why she made such decisions and her feelings
on the treatments women were receiving.
Featured Documents: The 19th Amendment. National Archives and Records Administration.
Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/
amendment_19/>.
This website provides the archive of the Joint Resolution along with two other photos.
The Joint Resolution was a proposal of the 19th Amendment to the Congress. The two
photos illustrate a parade and the protest of the Silent Sentinels. The three images were
used in the project for various uses.
Front page of the "Woman's journal and suffrage news". 1913. The Library of Congress. Web. 19
Jan. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002716777/>.
This is an archive picture of the front page of the "Woman's journal and suffrage news"
with the headline: "Parade struggles to victory despite disgraceful scenes, that contained
an article that wrote about the Washington Parade. It is used as an image in the Coming
to US page to demonstrate that the parade helped suffragists opinions to be known to
others by making it appear on the front page of a newspaper.
Martha Griffiths and the Equal Rights Amendment. National Archives. Web. 22 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/griffiths/>.
This website provided the archive of the discharge petition and the resolution of the
Equal Rights Amendment. The joint resolution was first proposal of the ERA to the
House. The discharge petition was filed by Martha Griffiths to pass the ERA in the
House. These documents are used in the Equal Rights Amendment page as images. The
information about the ERA on this webpage was used as secondary sources.
McCay, Winsor. Suffrage march line. 1913. The Library of Congress. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002716780/>.
This is an illustration by Winsor McCay, which lays out the positioning of the marchers
of the Washington parade. The marchers were organized by country, state, occupation,
and organization. This layout shows how much preparation and organization was required
to handle thousands of marchers. This photo is used in the Coming to US page.
Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks 1897-1911. The Library of Congress. Web. 21 Jan. 2015.
<http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?rbcmillerbib:1:./temp/~ammem_T6RQ::>.
This is a scrapbook compiled by Elizabeth Smith Miller and Anne Fitzhugh Miller to
record the women suffrage movement. These scrapbooks later became a part of

NAWSAs collection. The articles I used from the scrapbook were about Alice Pauls
experience in jail. These articles provided first-hand records of the treatment Paul
received during her incarceration. The articles are used in the Protests page.
Miss Alice Paul. 1912. Getty Images. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=imh&AN=imh218034&site=src-live>.
This is an original photo of Alice Paul in her youth. This is found in the EBSCO
database, but is actually provided by Getty Images. This photo is used in the Coming to
US page.
National Photo Company Collection. The Library of Congress. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/npco/>.
This collection contains images of Washington D.C. from 1850 to 1945, but most of the
images were made between 1909 and 1932. Several pictures were used from this
collection to show the various looks of D.C. during the womens suffrage movement.
Occoquan Work House. Exterior. The Library of Congress. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hec2009007170/>.
This is a photo of the Occoquan Work House, which was the main prison for the
incarceration of the suffragists. In this prison, the suffragists, including Alice Paul,
received harsh treatments involving violence. This photo is a part of the Harris & Ewing
Collection and is used in the Protests page.
Pote, Louise. An unidentified woman signing the charter. 1938. Harvard University Library
Visual Information Access. Web. 13 May 2015. <http://via.lib.harvard.edu/via/deliver/
deepcontentItem?recordId=olvgroup1000200%2CRAD.SCHL%3A336322>.
This is a picture of a woman signing the WWP charter, along with other women, which
Alice Paul is one of them. This picture is used in the United Nations page.
Records of the National Woman's Party Collection. National Archives. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <
http://www.loc.gov/search/?fa=partof%3Arecords+of+the+national+woman%27s
+party>.
This is a collection of photos of the National Womans Party that were taken during the
1900s. Several pictures from this collection were used in various pages of my website.
From these pictures, the viewers can take a glimpse of what the suffrage movement
looked like.

Report of the Women's Rights Convention. 1848. National Park Service. Web. 6 May 2015.
<http://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?
id=C5F5A21C-155D-451F-67E9D17421B0E587>.
This is a copy of the Report of the 1848 Woman's Rights Convention. This book contains
detailed records of what happened during the Seneca Falls Convention. The series of
pictures are used in the Beginning page.
Roll of Honor. 1848. The Library of Congress. Web. 3 May 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/
treasures/trr040.html>.
This website contains an image of roll of honor for the Womens Rights Convention in
Seneca Falls. The names were documented to signify who signed the Declaration of
Sentiments. The picture was used in the Beginning page.
Suffrage Banner. 1910. Museum of London, London. Web. 6 May 2015. <http://
collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/Online/object.aspx?
objectID=object-91886&start=3&rows=1>.
This is a picture of a suffrage banner made by the Women's Social and Political Union in
Britain. This image is used in the Background page to show the WSPUs motto. Even
from the motto, I could see that WSPU had militant methods of protesting because they
valued action more than words.
Suffragists Will Picket White House. 1917. The New York Times. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. <http://
query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
res=9806E2D61438EE32A25753C1A9679C946696D6CF>.
This is an archive of the New York Times article that was published on 1917. This article
reports about the upcoming picketing of the Silent Sentinels. This article is used in the
Protests page to help viewers realize that the protest of the Silent Sentinels was a huge
event because the women were directly targeting the president.
The Washington herald., March 03, 1913. 1913. Library of Congress. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. <http://
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-03-03/ed-1/seq-1/>.
This is an archive photo of the Washington Herald article that was written on 1913 about
the upcoming parade of suffragists in Washington. An article about parade appearing on
the front page of a newspaper indicates that the parade was a big deal among citizens, and
that womens suffrage movement was gaining fame. This image is used in the Coming to
US page.

Three objects from the 1913 woman suffrage parade. The National Museum of American
History. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2013/03/guest-post-threeobjects-from-the-1913-woman-suffrage-parade.html>.
This is a blog post within the NMAH website. This post was written by a manager of the
Sewall-Belmont House & Museum to help spread knowledge about NWPs work. Photos
from this webpage were used for Coming to US and Protests pages. Although the
blogpost itself was provided by the NMAH, the photos were provided by the SewallBelmont House & Museum.
"Universal Declaration of Human Rights." United Nations. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May. 2015. <
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/60UDHR/bookleten.pdf >.
This is a pdf version of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created to celebrate 60th
anniversary. The tenth page of this pdf was used as an image in the United Nations page
to show elimination of distinction among different sex. It was also used to quote Article
2.
Walton, Mary. "Alice Paul: Brief Life of a Pioneering Suffragist." Harvard Magazine Nov. 2010.
Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://harvardmagazine.com/2010/11/alice-paul#article-images>.
This is an article written by Mary Walton about Alice Paul leading the suffrage protests.
The images contained in the article were used to show the scenery of Washington D.C.
The written material about Alice Pauls contribution in the protest was used as secondary
resource.
Woman Wins the Right to Vote. Film Archives NYC. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7dZHw8UdwY>.
This video is a collection of real footage from 1910s that filmed the victory parades and
the celebration of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It was released by the
Film Archives NYC. The video was edited and embedded in the Ratification page.

Secondary Sources
1913 Suffrage Parade in Washington, DC. National Women's History Museum. Web. 25 Jan.
2015. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bi3mxt1Xhyk>.
This is a video released by the National Womens History Museum. This video consists
of pictures and narration explaining the details of the Washington Parade. It provided a
concise and well organized overview of the parade.
"A Womans Place Is In the Sewall-Belmont House: Alice Paul and Womens Rights." National
Park Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/
lessons/148sewallbelmont/148sewallbelmont.htm>.
This website is a lesson created by the National Park Service, highlighting the importance
of the Sewall-Belmont House, which was the headquarter for the National Womans
Party. Some parts of the lesson explains how Alice Paul actively participated in the
suffrage movement to pass the amendments.
Abbott, Shirley. "Alice Paul and the Women's Suffrage Movement." HistoryWired. N.p., n.d.
Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://historywired.si.edu/detail.cfm?ID=492>.
This is a part of the HistoryWired program, made by the National Museum of American
History. This webpage explains the background of the suffrage movement and its
situation before Alice Paul joined. It provided information about how Alice Paul brought
change to the suffrage movement.
Adams, Katherine H., and Michael L. Keene. Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign.
N.p.: University of Illinois Press, 2008. Print.
This book reports on Pauls accomplishments and roles in events during the suffrage
campaign of the Nineteenth Amendment. This book not only provided information about
the suffrage movement, but also provided information about Pauls childhood in detail.
The hunger strikes and jail section was especially helpful when writing about the
treatments suffragists received in prison.
Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=FwFSi2fTZuQ>.
In this video, Mary Walton, author of the book A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the
Battle for the Ballot, talks about the significance of Alice Paul in context to womens
suffrage movement. The parts of this video was edited and used in the Legacy and
Ratification page.

Alice Paul. Alice Paul Institute. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=JxdHe-55rqA>.
This is a film distributed by the Alice Paul Institute, which draws Pauls life as a
suffragist. The film focuses on Alice Pauls contributions to the ratification of the
Nineteenth Amendment. The film was edited and used in several different pages of the
website.
"Alice Paul." National Women's History Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <https://
www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/alice-paul/>.
This is a biography of Alice Paul written by the National Womens History Museum. This
website was helpful in the beginning stage of research because it provided a basic outline
of Alice Pauls effort for the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
"Alice Paul." The Library of Congress: American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://
memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan11.html>.
This is a short and general biography of Alice Paul done by the Library of Congress.
Although it isnt detailed, this website provided a basic outline of Pauls life and provided
connection to other external links.
Barber, Lucy G. Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition.
Berkeley: University of California Press, n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <https://
books.google.co.kr/books?
id=3gTjs4dsI28C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This book is written about various kinds of marches that took place in Washington D.C. It
has a chapter about womens suffrage movement and their march in D.C. led by Alice
Paul. It provided a very detailed record about the march along with several pictures.
Bernikow, Louise. "Night of Terror Leads to Women's Vote in 1917." Women's eNews 29 Oct.
2004. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://womensenews.org/story/our-story/041029/night-terrorleads-womens-vote-1917#.U073a1xbtuY>.
This article from Womens eNews is written about the Night of Terror, which is a day
where numerous protestors were greeted with violence from the jail guards. This article
was very helpful when researching about the suffrage protests and the lives of suffragists
in jail.
Bredbenner, Candice L. A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of
Citizenship. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. <https://

books.google.co.kr/books?id=MipgOSqZkAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This book is about how women had to change their nationality to those of their husbands,
if they married a foreigner. It does not contain a section dedicated to Alice Paul, however,
some parts of the book mentions Alice Paul. The informations were extremely useful as
the author highlighted the major, important actions of Alice Paul as a member of the
National Womans Party.
Buechler, Steven M. Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights,
and Beyond. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990. Print.
This book is about womens accomplishments in achieving equal treatment in the United
States. It laid out the suffrage movement from its origin so it was a great book to
reference to gain knowledge about the movement as a whole. This book was very helpful
because unlike other books, this one put focus more towards NWPs accomplishment
after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Butler, Amy E. Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate,
1921-1929. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. Print.
This book talks about Alice Pauls methods of achieving her goals. In the middle section,
the author emphasizes her militant tactics. This book was helpful because it provided
Alice Pauls perspective as an individual rather than the NWP groups perspective. Later
on in the book, the author brings up how Alice Paul differed in perspective from Ethel M.
Smith, a suffragist who was against the ERA.
Campbell, Heather. "woman suffrage movement." American History. ABC-CLIO. Web. 13 Jan.
2015. <http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/256043?terms=suffrage>
This is an article written about the women suffrage movement. It focuses on the passage
of the Nineteenth Amendment. I accessed this site in the beginning stage of research so
this was a great article to read to outline my project.
Carol, Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lindman. "Alice Paul: Feminist, Suffragist, and
Political Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/>.
This is a biography written by the Alice Paul Institute. They have a detailed explanation
of Pauls commitment for the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal
Rights Amendment. This website provided background knowledge of Pauls life and was
helpful when designing the layout of my website.

"Causes: The Woman Suffrage Movement." The National Women's History Museum: Reforming
Their World - Women in the Progressive Era. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <https://
www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/suffrage.html>.
This is a branched website from the National Womens History Museum, briefly talking
about the suffrage movement. The informations werent very useful because they talked
about the suffrage movement in general, rather than focusing on the accomplishments of
Alice Paul. Although this website wasnt quite helpful, a quote about Alice Pauls militant
behavior was extracted.
"Celebrating Milestones: International Womens Day and 105 Years of Inspiring Change."
ProQuest. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <http://www.proquest.com/blog/2014/
Celebrating-Milestones-International-Womens-Day-and-105-Years-of-InspiringChange.html>.
This website contains information about the formation and achievements of the World
Womans Party. Since there werent many websites that only focused on WWP, this
website was extremely helpful in conducting further research about WWP.
Ching, Jacqueline, and Juliet Ching. Individual Rights and Civic Responsibility: Women's Rights.
New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2001. Print.
This book lays out the full womens rights movement, so only a trivial portion
specifically mentioned Alice Paul; however, this book helped with the understanding of
the fight for womens rights as a whole and provided background knowledge.
Collins, Gail. When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women From 1960
to the Present. New York: Back Bay Books, 2009. Print.
This book mainly focuses on the changes in womens life from 1960s so only a few
sections of this book contained information about Alice Paul, but Alice Pauls major
achievements and her tactics were highlighted.
Cott, Nancy F. "Historical Perspectives: The Equal Rights Amendment Conflict in the 1920s."
N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://harvey.binghamton.edu/~hist266/era/cott3.htm>.
This essay deals with the relation between Alice Pauls proposal of ERA and the labor
laws. Before reading this essay, the relation between the ERA and the labor act seemed
unclear, however, this essay really helped with full understanding of Alice Pauls
intention in promoting equal rights in the society.

Crenshaw, Abby. A Political Union: The Relationship of Alice Paul and Woodrow Wilson. N.p.:
n.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://www.tnstate.edu/history/journal/Abby
%20Crenshaw.pdf>.
This essay, written by a student from the Tennessee State University, deals with the
complex relation between Alice Paul and President Wilson during the time of women
suffrage movement. It provided knowledge about how President Wilson felt about the
actions Paul was taking.
D'ltri, Patricia W. Cross Currents in the International Women's Movement, 1848-1948. N.p.:
Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1999. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <https://
books.google.co.kr/books?
id=F4LqHmZr4CgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This book, rather than only focusing on United States, focused on women suffrage
movement all around the world. Along with other famous suffragists, the author wrote
about Alice Paul and her achievements in promoting equal rights among the US. It
provided additional knowledge about NWPs relationship with other womens
organizations
"Detailed Chronology: National Woman's Party History." The Library of Congress: American
Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/collections/static/women-ofprotest/images/detchron.pdf>.
This pdf file, provided by the Library of Congress, is a very detailed timeline of the
history of National Womans Party. This timeline not only provided detailed descriptions
of the suffrage movement, but also helped with ordering the topics in chronological order.
Dodd, Lynda G. Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly
Constitutional Citizenship. N.p.: n.p., 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://papers.ssrn.com/
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226351&download=yes>.
This website provides a free download of an essay written by a professor of the City
University of New York. This essay focused on Pauls contribution to the ratification of
the Nineteenth Amendment, emphasizing Pauls radical tactics against the president. It
provided information about Pauls background as a Quaker, and her intelligence in
running organizations.
Freeman, Jo. How "Sex" Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy.
N.p.: n.p., 1991. Web. 22 Jan. 2015. <http://mith.umd.edu/WomensStudies/
GovernmentPolitics/Articles+Papers/sex-in-title-vii>.

This is an online version of an essay about the addition of sex in Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964. This essay was very helpful because it contained records of
conversations between people. This article also provided the congressmens viewpoints
on Pauls request.
Harvey, Sheridan. "Marching For The Vote: Remembering the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913."
The Library of Congress: American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://
memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/aw01e/aw01e.html>.
This website is an online version of only a part of an essay. This portion of the essay
concentrates on the march in Washington and the aftermath of the event. This source was
helpful because it provided additional perspective about how hectic the parade was due to
angry crowds.
"Historical Overview of the National Womans Party ." The Library of Congress: American
Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/collections/static/women-ofprotest/images/history.pdf>.
This document, provided by the Library of Congress, consists of very thorough
description of NWPs history, from the foundation to the last major accomplishment. This
file provided a comprehensive overview of the NWP.
Key Figures in the 1913 Suffrage March. National Women's History Museum. Web. 25 Jan.
2015. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXWWkhxi9Xg>.
This is a film released by the National Womens History Museum. This film explains the
important people that contributed to the Washington March, in which Alice Paul was one
of the key figures. The video was edited to be used in various pages of the website.
Knappman, Elizabeth F., and Kathryn C. DuPont. Women's Suffrage in America. N.p.: Infobase
Publishing, 2009. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <https://books.google.co.kr/books?
id=n1R4lAb8gBMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This book lays out the womens suffrage movement from the 1800s to 1900s. There
werent lots of information directly referring to Alice Paul, however, there were some
useful information about her achievement of creating WWP and adding gender equality
to United Nations Charter.
McKinney, Cait. "Susan B. Anthony Amendment." American Suffrage Valentines. N.p., Mar.
2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/mchapman/by_students/mckinney/
susan_b.htm>.

This is a part of a project created by Cait McKinney, a student of University of British

Columbia. This website summarized the origin and the ratification of the Nineteenth
Amendment. It also explained why Nineteenth Amendment is otherwise known as the
Anthony Amendment.
McMillen, Sally G. Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.
This book notes the beginning of the womens right movement, so not much information
about Alice Paul was included; however, there were some passages noting her
accomplishments in pressuring the President by using radical methods. This book was
useful when researching about the start of the suffrage movement.
Nash, Carol R. The Fight for Women's Right to Vote in American History. N.p.: Enslow
Publishers, 1998. Print.
This book is written about the womens rights movement from the 1700s to the 1900s.
The section that introduced Alice Paul as a militant leader, who successfully led her
organization, was useful when researching her leadership skills.
Noble, Sarah. "U.S. National Woman's Party campaigns for suffrage, 1914-1920." Swarthmore
College: Global Nonviolent Action Database. N.p., 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. <
http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-national-womans-party-campaignssuffrage-1914-1920 >.
This website mainly focuses on the protest of the Silent Sentinels, who silently held
their pickets in front of the White House. This essay helped when creating a basic outline
of what to research about the protests of the suffragists.
Pardo, Thomas C., ed. The National Woman's Party Papers. N.p.: Microfilming Corporation of
America, 1979. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/
2608.pdf>.
One of the sections of this essay is a concise summary of NWPs achievements. This
document helped tremendously when researching about Alice Pauls engagement in the
ratification of ERA and her accomplishments as a member of WWP.
"Paul, Alice Stokes." The Social Welfare: History Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/paul-alice-stokes/>.
This is a short biography of Alice Paul. This website was visited in the beginning stage of
research, so it helped set a guideline of how to carry on further researches.

Pfeffer, Paula F. "Eleanor Roosevelt and the National and World Womans Parties." N.p., n.d.
Web. 22 Jan. 2015. <http://harvey.binghamton.edu/~hist266/era/eleanor.htm>.
This is an online version of an essay written about Eleanor Roosevelt and the conflicts
between her and the womens parties. This website was especially helpful when
researching about WWP and their involvement in the suffrage movement.
Reiter, Anna. "Fearless Radicalism: Alice Paul and Her Fight for Womens Suffrage." Armstrong
Undergraduate: Journal of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.armstrong.edu/Initiatives/history_journal/
history_journal_fearless_radicalism_alice_paul_and_her_fight_for_womens_suf>.
This is an essay written by a student of Armstrong University. This essay contains
detailed descriptions about Alice Pauls work until the ratification of the Nineteenth
Amendment. This essay helped a lot when researching about Pauls accomplishments that
influenced the ratification of the amendment.
Rupp, Leila J. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1997. Print.
This book is written about womens efforts to receive equal treatment as men. It focuses
on the international aspect, rather than focusing on one country. This book helped when
researching about WWP because WWP incorporated the whole world, not just US.
Stevens, Doris. Jailed for Freedom. New York: Boni and Liveright, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3604/pg3604.html>.
This book focuses on Alice Pauls radical movements towards the president, such as
picketing, and the treatments she have received in prison. This book was helpful because
it had lots of dialogues, which helped with the understanding of Pauls perspective.
Stillion Southard, Belinda A. "The National Woman's Party's Militant Campaign for Woman
Suffrage, 1913-1920: Asserting Citizenship Rights Through Political Mimesis." Digital
Repository at the University of Maryland. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://
drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/8759/1/umi-umd-5778.pdf>.
This is an essay written by a student of the University of Maryland. The essay mainly
focuses on NWPs role in the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and describes the
methods that NWPs leaders used. This essay was helpful when researching about the
militant tactics of Alice Paul.
"The Seneca Falls Convention." National Portrait Gallery. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2015. <http://
www.npg.si.edu/col/seneca/senfalls1.htm>.

This is a website branched from the National Portrait Gallery website. This webpage
gives an overview of the founding of Seneca Falls Convention and what happened during
it. This source also provided Elizabeth Cady Stantons personal opinions about the
convention, which helped with understanding of the purpose of hosting the convention.
Treanor, Nick, ed. The Feminist Movement. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Print.
This is a book compiled with numerous essays, each dealing with the feminist movement.
These essays opened up a new perspective every time because each writers opinions
were different.
"Who is Alice Paul?." Sewall-Belmont House&Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.sewallbelmont.org/learn/who-is-alice-paul/>.
This is a short biography provided by the Sewall-Belmont House, which used to be the
headquarters of NWP. This website was accessed in the beginning stage of research, so it
provided basic background knowledge about Alice Pul.
"Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party." Library of
Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/collections/women-ofprotest/articles-and-essays/selected-leaders-of-the-national-womans-party/visionaries/>.
This biography, provided by the Library of Congress, concisely lists Alice Pauls major
contributions and achievements. This website was helpful when determining which topic
to research after the Nineteenth Amendment.
Zahniser, J D. "Alice Paul, suffragist and activist, in 10 facts." Oxford University Press. N.p., 26
Aug. 2014. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://blog.oup.com/2014/08/alice-paul-suffragettewomens-equality-day-facts/>.
This is a blogpost shortly explaining Alice Paul along with ten interesting facts. It
provided additional knowledges that assisted with further understanding of Alice Paul.
Zahniser, J D., and Amelia R. Fry. Alice Paul: Claiming Power. New York: Oxford University
Press, n.d. Print.
This book thoroughly portrays Alice Pauls life. Since it has very detailed descriptions of
her commitments, it generally helped the whole research process. It was a great book to
reference during research if I couldnt understand a topic.