Christian PAYERL

ABB FACTS
Grid connection of Wind Farms
ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 1

ABB Power of Wind

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 2

ABB FACTS

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 3

300 engineers, highly skilled in the following disciplines:

Development

Marketing and Sales

System studies and design

Project management

Quality control

Testing and commissioning

After sales

FACTS Applications
Flexible AC Transmission Systems

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 4

FACTS Business structure and development

Static Var Compensation - Utilities

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 5

Series Compensation

TCSC

FACTS Business structure and development

SVC Light (STATCOM)

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 6

SVC for Power Quality

ABB SVC Installations

450 SVC installations (more than 310 for Power Quality)

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 8

SVC - Static Var Compensator

SC Serial Compensations

Start of research

1967

1945

First commercial installation

1972

1950

Installed power
Number of installations

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 9

52.000 Mvar
415

60.000 Mvar
235

Generator Size

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 10

Background

System Studies - Grid Codes

Many markets are currently installing or discussing

installing large amounts of renewable generation

Of all the renewable energy sources, wind is currently the

most viable technology

In the past wind farms were generally small (tens of MWs)

and connected mainly to distribution systems

Today most of the wind farms planned are +100 MWs and
many are being connected to sub-transmission and
transmission level

Background

Why shall large wind plants NOT match the same

demands as other large traditional power plants ?

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 11

This prompts the need for systems analysis in the early

stages of wind farm development to ensure proper
integration into the transmission system

Background

Grid Connection
Offshore

On-shore S/S

Sub-Sea Export
Cable transmission
Off-shore HV
Substation

AC
network

Collection
grid

Onshore
ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 12

Reactive Power
Compensation

Critical aspect, Grid compliance - wind power

PICTURE
JPG-FORMAT
WEB OPTIMIZED
RESOLUTION

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 13

Reactive Power Balance

Voltage Stability

Frequency Control

Fault Ride-Through

Power flow

General

Other Advantages with an SVC at the GCP

PICTURE
JPG-FORMAT
WEB OPTIMIZED
RESOLUTION

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 14

Voltage & Transient Stability

Power Oscillation Damping

Load Balancing

Power quality issues

Harmonic Mitigation

Flicker Mitigation

Voltage Transient Issues

Resonance Issues

General

System Design Studies

Static analysis

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 15

Load flow

Short circuit

Dynamic analysis

To define apparatus data and reactive

power demand

To verify system design

Harmonics

Transient Stability

Transient overvoltage

Relay coordination

Power quality analysis

Harmonics

Flicker

European Wind Integration Study - EWIS

EWIS Report
Page 22, page 24, page 47f

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 16

General

Reactive Power
Balance

Large Wind Farm Grid Connection

Source: National Grid

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 17

Reactive Power

Reactive Power
Balance

Reactive Power is a local phenomenon and cannot be transmitted

effectively across large distances.

The German power factor requirements for Prated above 100MW

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 18

Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 19

IG
DFIG

Grid Connection Point

FPC

pf
+.95

Pgen

P=Pgen-losses

Qgen

Q=Qgen+Qcabel-I2X

MW
-.95p
f

Lagging

Leading

MW

SVC

MVar

MVar

MVar

Reaktive power balance

Reactive Power
Balance

Important impedance
MW

Reactive power balance

Generators giving local reactive power support are being retired, this
disturbs reactive power balance.

Load sensitivity regarding both fundamental frequency and harmonic

voltages is increased. Customers are more sensitive to outages.

Changed and often reversed power flow calls for studies and actions.

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 20

Reactive Power
Balance

Typical Requirement at the Connection Point

(NGT)
P (MW)
Rated Power
output (MW)
100%

20%

Q (MVAr)
A

Point A is equivalent to: 0.95 leading Power Factor at Rated MW output

Point B is equivalent to: 0.95 lagging Power Factor at Rated MW output
Point C is equivalent to: -5% of Rated MW output
Point D is equivalent to: +5% of Rated MW output
ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 21

Reactive Power
Balance

Possible FACTS Application

Reactive Power
Balance

An SVC at the Connection Point can be used to control the entire, or part of,
the reactive power.

An SVC at the Connection Point makes it possible to minimize the losses

within the wind farm and mitigates the risk for over voltages as well as
reduce resonance problems.

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 22

Voltage Stability, Introduction

Voltage Stability

Historically, wind farms have been excluded

from the demand that generating devices
should contribute to voltage stability. They
cannot, however, expect to enjoy this
favorable treatment forever.

PICTURE
JPG-FORMAT
WEB OPTIMIZED
RESOLUTION

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 23

Many regulatory authorities adapt the

requirement that the wind parks should be
able to vary there reactive power output
depending on the grid voltage level.

Possible FACTS Applications

Voltage Stability

An centrally placed SVC stabilizes the grid.

A solution with an SVC at PCC contribute to voltage stability independent of

the active power production.

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 24

Frequency
Control

Frequency control
As well as for the voltage stability,
new wind generation units are requested
to contribute to frequency stability.

PICTURE
JPG-FORMAT
WEB OPTIMIZED
RESOLUTION

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 25

Frequency control

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 26

Frequency
Control

Possible FACTS Applications

Frequency
Control

Active power needed.

A FACTS device equipped with an energy storage is a possible solution.

Clustering of smaller wind farms into larger production units makes it

easier to apply solutions.

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 27

Fault ride through

Minimum fault the system is required to survive.

Symmetric and asymmetric faults.

Depending on voltage level at Connection Point.

Post fault behavior.

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 28

Minimum active power as compared to before event.

Reactive power and voltage control.

Fault
Ride-Through

Fault ride through

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 29

Fault
Ride-Through

Advantages with an SVC at Connection Point

Fault
Ride-Through

Fault Ride-Through is first and foremost a question for the Wind

turbine generator manufacturers.

An SVC can have a significant impact on the system after

clearance of the fault.

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 30

Wind Turbine Concepts

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 32

Fixed speed

Induction generator (SCIG - fixed speed)

Danish concept (2

Induction generator with variable slip (WRIG)

Variable speed

ASG with Inverter system (SCIG)

Double feed induction generator with PWM inverter (WRIG)

SG with Inverter system

General

Induction generator direct connected to the grid

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 33

Reactive power, voltage control

Voltage stability, fault ride through

Danish concept

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 35

Reactive power, voltage control

Voltage stability, fault ride through

Induction generator with variable slip

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 36

Reactive power, voltage control

Voltage stability, fault ride through

Wind turbine with inverter in main power circuit

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 37

Reactive power, voltage control

Voltage stability, fault ride through

Synchronous generator

SG
wind

transformer
AC
AC
Power
Converter

Pitch control wind turbine

Variable Speed
Multi-Pole Synchronous
Generator
direct driven
Rectifier + Inverter
ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 38

grid/stand
alone

Double feed induction generator with PWM-inverter

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 39

Reactive power, voltage control

Voltage stability, fault ride through

Other aspects

Background
Modelling aspects
Aspect

Model level

Time scale

Wind turbines mechanical loads

RMS

10-1 s 103 s

HAWC

Wind turbines power quality

RMS

10-1 s 103 s

DigSilent

Wind turbine control system

RMS/EMT

10-3 s 102 s

Matlab

Wind turbine switchings

EMT

10-3 s 101 s

DigSilent/SABER

Grid faults

EMT

10-6 s 10-1 s

PSCAD, EMTDC,
SIMPOW, DigSilent

Power electronic control and design

EMT

10-9 s 10-2 s

SABER

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 42

Tool

Network study

Network study

Harmonic Requirements

Harmonic emission

Background emission
onshore grid

WTG:s

Harmonic Filter Design

System resonance

NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
6,00

50,0
800

5,00

40,0

PL33-W5B U POS.
PL33-W6A U POS.
PL33-W4A U POS.
PL33-W3A U POS.

p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV

p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV
p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV
p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV

1000

Type of filter, S-filter, C-filter, etc.

Resistor for increased damping

Resistor => Heating => Losses => Forced

Ventilation

800
600

4,00
30,0
3,00

600
400

20,0

400

2,00

1,00

0,00

10,0

0,0

200

200

0
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

FREQUENCY HZ

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 43

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Reasons for bad power quality

IG

Power Line
(T or D)
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
6,00

50,0
800

5,00

40,0

DFIG
FPC

PL33-W5B U POS.
PL33-W6A U POS.
PL33-W4A U POS.
PL33-W3A U POS.

p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV

p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV
p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV
p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV

1000

800
600

4,00
30,0
3,00

600
400

20,0

400

2,00

1,00

0,00

10,0

0,0

200

200

0
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

FREQUENCY HZ

P, Q

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 44

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Power quality

Flicker

What is flicker ?
IEC

61000-3-7,

IEC

61400-21

UK,

P28

China,

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 45

GB/T 12326-2000

Definition

A group exposed to a flicker dose of

Pst(99%) = 1.0, 50 % of them can
observe the light flicker.

Tower
shadow

Flicker

In/out switching

Network

Background flicker

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 46

Power electronic
failure

Flicker

Continouse operation

Switching operation

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 47

Can harmonics create problems ?

IEC

61000-3-6, THD < 3.0%, Odd.. Even ..

IEC

61400-21

China,
IEEE,

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 48

Harmonics

GB/T 14549-93

THD < 1.5 %, Odd, even, current..

Communication systems and modern remote

metering devices (Turtle)

Overheating of power transformers

Harmonics
DFIG

Network

FPC
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE

6,00

50,0
800

5,00

40,0

PL33-W5B U POS.
PL33-W6A U POS.
PL33-W4A U POS.
PL33-W3A U POS.

p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV

p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV
p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV
p.u. 33.0000/ SQRT[3] kV

1000

800
600

4,00
30,0
3,00

600
400

20,0

400

2,00

1,00

0,00

10,0

0,0

200

200

0
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

FREQUENCY HZ

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 49

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

ABB Solutions

ABB Smart Grid

Wind power integration in networks

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 50

Shunt banks

Small SVC

Full rated SVC

SVC Light (STATCOM)

SVC Light Energy Storage

Hybrid solutions

Mechanical switched capacitors from ABB

ABB Solutions

Q-bank - open capacitor bank

SIKAP - enclosed
capacitor bank

ABBACUS containerized
capacitor bank 12-24 kV

EMPAC- enclosed capacitor

bank 36 kV

CHARM filter banks

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 52

SVC Light with energi storage - applications

ABB
ABB Group
Group
May 28, 2010
| Slide
53 53
February
12, 2010|
Slide

ABB Solutions

SVC Light Energy Storage

Energy storage connected on DC-side of converter (SVC

Light)

Size depends on power level and duration

Charge energy equal to load energy

Focus on dynamic, manages:

High number charge and discharge cycles

High Power at medium duration

Chosen high performance battery as energy storage

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 54

ABB Solutions

ABB Solutions

SVC Light Energy Storage

SVC Light

First project in 1999 for flicker mitigation of

electric arc furnace

In total 12 project for both industry and utility

applications

Power range up 164 Mvar, direct connected

without transformer up to 35kV grid

SVC Light Energy Storage

First project in 2009

Energy Company in UK

System Voltage 11 kV

Reactive Power:

600 kVAr inductive

600 kVAr capacitive

Active Power:

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 55

200 kW during 1 hour

600 kW (short time)

Picture of the new Li-ion battery

after testing, October 2008

ABB Solutions

SVC Light med energilager

Cell

Module

String

ABB
ABB Group
Group
May 28, 2010
| Slide
56 56
February
12, 2010|
Slide

Room

Storage

ABB Solutions

SVC Light med energilager

65 m
50 m
Typisk layout fr 20
MW under 15
mininuter och +/-30
Mvar kontinuerlig

ABB
ABB Group
Group
May 28, 2010
| Slide
57 57
February
12, 2010|
Slide

ABB Off-shore
Solutions

AC Offshore system issues

Lightning

Bergeron study, n*d

Power Electronics
Booster

Grounding?
Gearbox

BLASIG

EMTDC model from SANDYS

Thermal Cyclic rating

Platform

PQ working area

Xk
Weight

Fault
current

d
Redundancy

PCC
Compensation
(Localization?!)
-Static
-Dynamic

-SVC vz STATCOM
-SVC Light/DynaPow
-MINICOMP

Ride through

Cable parameters
Cable cost
-Laying/burying
-Trench width

RMU 36 kV
Grounding
-System
-Equivpotential

Harmonics

Aux. Power
-Diesel
-Energy Storage

Surge
arresters
Voltage level
Vt and ferroresonance

Separate 600 V auxiliary grid?

ABB do not have a voltage divider above 24 kV

Fault detection
-Ground faults
-Short Circuit Currents
-Need for further protection?

ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 62

Circuit
Breaker
-Vaccum

Protective
capacitor
Type, ratio

Energization
Shield overvoltage

Protective
capacitor

Collection Grid Switchboard

-Energizing
-Normal Operation

RC-protection

Cable
Shielding

 ABB Group
May 28, 2010 | Slide 67