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Normal science is defined as a research firmly based upon one or more past
scientific achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for
a time supplying the foundation for its further practice. The achievements who
shared two essential characteristics ( sufficiently unprecedented and open-ended)
are referred as paradigms.
The paradigms formations of physical optics are scientific revolutions, and the
successive transition from one paradigm to another through revolution is the usual
developmental pattern of a mature science. If the historian will trace the scientific
knowledge of any selected group of a related phenomena backward in time, it is
likely to be observed that some minor variant of pattern are encountered illustrated
from the history of physical optics.
Excluding fields like mathematics, physics or astronomy, in which the first
paradigm dates from prehistory and also those as biochemistry, that arose by
divisions and recombination of specialties already matured, the situations outlined
are historically typical; the history suggests some reasons for the difficulties
encountered because in the absence of a paradigm or some candidate of a
paradigm, all of the facts that could possibly pertain to the development of a certain
science are likely to seem equally relevant. Moreover, in the absence of a reason to
seeking some particular form or more recondite information, early fact-gathering is
usually restricted to the wealth of data that lie ready to hand.
No natural history can be interpreted in the absence of at least some implicit
body of intertwined theoretical and methodological belief that permits selection,
evaluation and criticism. If the body of belief is not already implicit in the collection
of facts in which case more than mere facts are at hand- it must be externally
supplied, perhaps by a current metaphysic, by another science, or by personal and
historical accident. The uniqueness come from the degree of the field it is called
science and that sich initial divergences should ever largely disappear.
Elena Nichifor,
Group number 2