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The number and kind of workers of different categories required to complete the work in the
specified time can be found out. An estimate is immensely useful in planning and execution of
any work.
1. To know the approximate cost of work.
2. To know the approximate quantity of various materials and labors required.
3. For technical sanction of the project.
4. For inviting tenders and to arrange contract.
5. To have an idea about the time of completion of project.
6. To give an idea for keeping control over expenditure during construction.
Purpose of costing
1. To determine probable cost of work before execution.
2. It helps in financial planning to owner before going for construction.
3. Costing of various items required for constriction of structures is known well in advance and
accordingly arrangement of finance can be made.
4. Addition and alterations in planning and designing can be done if the costing goes beyond the
capacity.
TYPES OF ESTIMATE
The following are the different types of estimate:
1. Preliminary estimate or Approximate or Abstract or Rough cost estimate
2. Plinth area estimate.
3. Cube rate estimate or Cubical content estimate.
4. Approximate quantity method estimate.
5. Detailed estimate or item rate estimate.
6. Revised estimate.
7. Supplementary estimate.
8. Supplementary and revised estimate.
9. Annual repair and Annual maintenance estimate (A.R. and A.M.)
2
1. Approximate Estimate:
It is required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a work or project to decide the
financial position and policy for administration sanction by the competent
authority like
Municipal Corporation, development authority, etc.
In case of commercial projects as Irrigation, Residential buildings, and other similar projects
which earn revenue income, the probable income may be worked out. From the preliminary
estimate the approximate cost may be known and then income and cost is studied. If it is
justified to go for project then further detailed estimates are prepared.
In case of non-commercial projects or project which does not give direct return, necessity, utility
and money available can be studied.
In this type of estimate all important works like cost of land, cost of each building, cost of roads,
etc. are shown separately.
Example:
1. Approximate cost of a hostel building for 100 students @ 10,000/- Rs. Per student is Rs. 10
lakhs.
2. Approximate cost of 100 bed hospital @ Rs. 50,000/- per bed comes to Rs. 50 lakhs.
The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of similar works
carried out by the P.W.D. or by an Architect.
Along with the estimate, a brief report explaining the necessity and utility of the project, and
showing how the cost is met with should be accompanied. A site plan also should accompany
the estimate.
The preliminary estimate can be prepared by various methods for structures.
(a) Buildings- service unit basis:
Each building is constructed to serve same purpose. For example, a hospital is designed to
accommodate certain number of beds. Each bed is then considered as service unit of a hospital
building. Whenever a building is constructed the engineer keeps the record of the place of
construction actual cost of construction number of service units, etc. From this record it is
possible to work out the cost of construction, number of service units, etc. From this record it is
possible to work out the cost of construction per service unit.
Cost of construction per service Unit =
.
The costs worked out by this method are very approximate and will vary considerably with
buildings of different shapes and sizes, kind of construction and locality.
Example: Approximate cost of 100 bed hospital @ Rs. 30,000/- per bed comes to Rs. 30 lakhs.
(b) Irrigation projects: After studying the topo sheet the dam site is marked and the catchment
area is found out. Considering the total rain fall and percentage of total available yield, the
capacity of reservoir is worked out. The final stage is to decide upon the cost of similar per
million cubic meters of the storage with the help of records of construction costs of similar
projects by P.W.D. By multiplying this cost with the total storage capacity, approximate cost is
worked out.
(c) Water supply and sewerage projects: On the basis of per head of population served,
approximate cost of water supply project for a population of 1 lakh people @ Rs. 80 per head
works out to be Rs. 80 lakhs.
(d) For highways: Per kilometer basis, depending upon the nature of road, thickness and width
of metalling, for 5 kilometers at Rs. 2 lakhs per 1 k.m., works out to Rs. 10 lakhs.
Other factors to be considered in case of approximate estimate of highway are:
(i) Land to be acquired.
(ii) Width and type of wearing surface of road.
(iii) Other construction details to be provided for a particular class of road.
(iv) Information about road works already constructed and the cost per kilometer.
(v) Earth work.
(e) Hostel: Approximate estimate is calculated on the basis of per person.
(f) Per seat in a stadium.
(g) Per seat in a stadium.
(h) Per bed in a hospital.
2. Plinth Area Estimate:
This estimate is prepared on the basis of plinth of building. The rate for unit plinth area is
determined from the cost of similar building having similar specifications, heights, construction
and locality. Plinth area estimate is prepared by finding the plinth area of the building and
multiplying by the plinth area rate.
Plinth area should be calculated for the covered area by taking the external dimensions of
building at the floor level. This area must not include area of court yard, open passages, etc. For
a multistoried building the plinth area estimate is prepared for each storey separately. Plinth area
estimate is a type of approximate estimate.
Rate of construction on plinth area basis =
Example:
Approximate cost of a building having plinth area of 100 sq.m. @ 900/- per sq.m. Works out as
Rs. 90,000/-.
3. Cube Rate Estimate:
It is an approximate. It is prepared on the basis of cubical content of the building. The cube rate
is determined from the cost of similar building having similar specification and construction in
the locality. This is calculated by finding the cubical content of the building (l and
multiplying it by cube rate. It is more accurate as compared to plinth area estimate. The cubical
content of building must not include foundation, plinth and parapet above roof.
Rate of construction on cube rate basis =
Example:
Approximate cost of a building of cubic content (vol.) of 400 cu.m. @ 180/-Rs. Per cu.m
works out as Rs. 72,000/-.
4. Approximate Quantity Method Estimate:
In this method approximate total length of walls is found in running meter (RMT) and this total
length multiplied by the rate per running meter of wall. For this a structure is divided into two
parts:
1. Foundation (including plinth).
2. Super structure.
The running meter cost for foundation and super structure should be calculated first and then
running meter rate should be multiplied by total length of walls. For this method plan of
building must be available.
1.2.1 Approximate Estimates
Approximates estimate is made to find out an approximate cost in a short time, without taking
out actual quantities. This enables the responsible authority to consider the financial aspect of
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the scheme. The accuracy of the cost estimated by such approximate estimate depends upon the
judgment, skill and experience of the estimator and upon the correctness of the prices.
1.2.2 Uses
The approximate estimates are prepared to serve the following purposes:
1. To give rough idea of the probable expenditure: Before taking up any project, it is
necessary to ascertain whether it can be feasible or financed. For this a rough idea of the
probable expenditure has to be obtained. If this appears feasible, then further details may be
obtained.
2. Administrative approval: In case of government and other public works, proper sanction has
to be obtained for allocating the expenditure required for the detailed investigations and
preparation of plans and estimates. This sanction is given on the basis of approximate cost found
out by approximate method.
3. Valuation and rent fixation: Sometimes it is necessary to find out the cost of an existing
structure
(a) Sale or purchase,
(b) Rent fixation,
(c) Framing tax schedules, and
(d) Insurance requirement.
In all these cases the values invariably make use of the approximate estimate.
1.2.3 Methods of Approximate Estimates
Approximate estimate is prepared to decide the financial aspect, administrative approval, for
sending the proposal and appraisal of various civil engineering projects. For different type of
structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, etc; approximate estimate is prepared from
practical knowledge and cost of similar works executed in past. It shows separately cost of land,
building, road, water supply, sanitary work etc.
1.2.4 Preparing Approximate Estimates for Buildings
There are four methods to find approximate estimate of building:
1. Service unit method,
2. Plinth area method,
3. Cube rate method, and
6
Such estimates are very approximates and varies according to shapes, size, type of construction
and locality.
Example: Approximate cost of a 100 bed hospital @ 40,000/- Rs. Per bed works out as Rs. 40
lakhs.
2. Plinth area method: If the plan of the building is not ready or available at the beginning.
Then just to prepare the proposal, floor area of rooms etc. May
be determined from the
requirement and 30 to 40% of the total area thus found is added for walls, circulation and waste
to get the approximate total plinth area. Now plinth area is multiplied by the plinth are rate which
gives approximate cost of the building. This estimate is more accurate then service unit method.
Example: The building having plinth area of 100 sq.m. @ Rs. 400/- per sq. m. works out as Rs.
40,000/-.
3. Cube rate method: Rate of construction is calculated on basis of construction cost of an
existing building and dividing it by volume of building. The approximate cost of building of
cubic content (Vol.) of 200 cu.m. @ Rs. 150/- per cu.m. Comes to Rs. 30,000/4. Approximate quantity method: To find the running meter rate of foundation, the
approximate qualities of items such as excavation, foundation, brick work up to plinth, D.P.C.,
are calculate per running meter of walls. By calculating price per running meter, rate is
determined.
Similarly for super structure also the price or rate per running meter is determined for
approximate quantities of brick work, wood work, roofs, floors, etc. For this method plan of
building must be available.
1.2.5 Preparing Approximate Estimates for Roads and Highways
The unit to be adopted to determine approximate cost of new proposed highway is per km or per
mile basis. The cost of road per km depends upon nature of road (national or state highway or
village road, etc.)
Width of road, thickness of metal ling, pavement surface, temporary and permanent acquisition
of land, topography and cross drainage works. Thus by knowing the cost of construction per
7
km length of a similar road, approximate estimate of proposed road can be prepared. For
example state highway of 10 km is constructed in Rs. 20, 00,000/-. Therefore, approximate cost
per km length is Rs. 2, 00,000/1.2.6 Approximate Estimate of Railway project
For estimate of a railway project main items or work are foundations, embankment in cutting and
banking, bridges, culverts. Level and road crossing, fencing, boundary, km. post, gradient post,
office building, platform, staff quarters, workshops, sanitary arrangements, etc. Railway
estimates are prepared by knowing the cost per km. of recently constructed similar railway line
i.e. Same gauge, sleeper, ballast, etc. while preparing approximate estimate, cost of land
acquisition should also be included.
Typical Approximate Estimate
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
7
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
15
Particulars
Qty.
Rate Rs.
Preliminary
works, 1km
10,000
surveying, etc.
Land:
Permanent
1km
90,000
Temporary
1km
40,000
Foundation
1km
1,60,000
Bridges
1km
5,50,000
Level and road crossing
1km
34,000
Fencing
1km
10,000
Boundary and gradient
14,000
posts
1km
Ballast- below sleeper
Main line
Siding
1km
5,00,000
Track, including laying
1km
14,000
Signal lines and telegraph 1km
18,00,000
lines
Station platform
1km
40,000
Station building
60,000
Office furniture
12,00,000
Service roads
L.S.
2,50,000
Misc.
L.S.
40,000
Total
Add for contingencies 3%
Add for supervision and establishment 10%
Grand Total
Cost Rs.
10,000
90,000
40,000
1,60,000
5,50,000
34,000
10,000
14,000
5,00,000
14,000
18,00,000
40,000
60,000
12,00,000
2,50,000
40,000
48,16,000
1,44,480
4,81,600
54,42,080
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Ex.1: Prepare an approximate estimate of a residential building of plinth area 1000 m2. If
the cost of construction of a building with similar specification in locality is Rs. 1,62,00000/for 1800m2 of construction.
Solution:
Plinth area rate
=
=
= Rs. 9,000/-per m2
Approximate cost of new residential building
= plinth area
= 1000 9000
= Rs. 9000000/Ex. 2: A hospital building of 150 beds is constructed in Talegaon in the cost of construction
of Rs. 25 lacs. Find the approximate estimate of a small hospital of 35 beds in the similar
locality by using service unit method.
Solution:
Rate per service unit
=
=
!
!
!
=
=
"#!
= $#.
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4. Mode of measurement:
The units which are commonly used are: (i) for length metre (ii) for area sq. meter (iii) for
volume cubic meter (iv) for capacity-litre (v) for mass kg.
For voluminous works- the length, breadth and height are measured and volume is calculated.
The unit of measurement is cubic metre.
For long and thin works only the length is measured and unit of measurement is running metre.
Statement showing the unit of measurement of different items used in civil engineering works is
given below:
Units of Measurement: m3, m2, running meter, kg, quintal, tone etc.
1. Earth work
m3
2. P.C.C.
m3
3. R.C.C.
m3
4. Brick work
m3
5. Stone masonry
m3
m3
m2
m2
m2
10. D.P.C.
m2
m2
12. Flooring
m2
13. Skirting
m2
m2
m2
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17. Dado
m2
m2
RMT
20. Railing
RMT
21. Pipe
RMT
Numbers
Numbers
Numbers
Point
m2
m2
m2
Multiplying factor
1 (for one side)
(for one side)
1 (for one side)
1 (for one side)
1 (for one side )
1.20 (for one side)
(for one side)
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3. Transportation of materials: If materials required for project is not available locally the
transportation charges should be added to each item while preparing detailed estimate.
4. Location of site: If site is in the remote area or away from city then transportation charges
should be include while costing. If site is not approachable then cutting of jungles, construction
of pilot road. Arrangement of electricity, transfer of machinery etc. requires a large cost.
5. Labour charges: For preparing detail estimate, local labor charges should be known to
estimate. These charges should be revised from time to time depending on locality before
preparing detailed estimate
2.1.5 Specification
Specification is a statement of particulars for execution of any item of work, its specification
must known. Specifications are written by experts of a particular field. In this chapter;
necessity, purpose methods of writing specifications and its types are explained in detail, usig
suitable example.
Necessity and Importance of Specifications:
(A) Necessity:
A specification is a statement of particulars. An engineering specification contains detailed
description of all workmanship and materials which are required to complete an engineering
project in accordance with drawing details. The drawings show the proportions and relative
positions of the various components of the structure. It is not possible to furnish the information
on the drawings regarding the quality of materials to be used and the quality of workmanship to
be achieved during construction, due to shortage of space. Thus details regarding materials and
workmanship are conveyed in a separate contract document which is known as the specifications
of the work. In general, the drawings showed what is to be done, whereas the specifications state
how it is to be accomplished.
It is understood that the combination of the drawings and specifications will define completely
the physical, technical and operating characteristics of the finished project.
(B) Importance of Specifications:
The conditions of contract often include a statement describing the procedure to be followed in
the event of conflict between drawings and specifications:
(a) In the event of conflict within drawings the large-scale details shall govern the small scale
details.
(b) In the event of conflict between the specifications and drawings, the specifications shall
govern drawing.
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4. When old or standard specifications are used for the preparation of new set, care should be
taken to delete inapplicable material.
5. As the specifications are the legal documents, they should be concise as far as possible,
because of fewer words will involve less risk or legal difficulties.
(B) Specification paragraph:
The paragraph of a particular specification should be arranged in the following sequences:
1. Materials that is required for work.
2. Specifications for materials.
3. Preliminary work, before the construction.
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22
3. Standard specifications: Usually, the specifications are standardized for most of works, by
the departments. These standard specifications are numbered. After standardizing specifications,
it is not necessary to write detailed specifications, with all the contract documents. While
preparing the contract document only the serial number of standard specifications is written.
This saves time, labor and other expenditures.
For example, the Bureau of Indian Standard has prepared volumes of specifications for a wide
variely of materials. These standard specifications are also revised from time to include changes
in technique while preparing the contract document.
4. Manufactures Specifications: Manufactures of building materials or product, publish
specifications of their products. These are in the form of standard specifications or Guide
specifications.
5. General specifications: General specifications give the nature and type of materials which
are to be used in the different items of works. In other words, it is the brief description of
various items of work, specifying the materials, qualities, proportions, etc. These give the idea
about the whole work, therefore, it is known as general specifications.
6. Detailed specifications: The detailed specifications describe the item of work in details,
accurately and complete in all respects in relation to the drawings of the works.
The detailed specifications of an item of work specify the quality and quantities of materials, the
proportion of mortar, workmanship, and the method of preparation, execution and mode of
measurements. The detailed specifications are arranged in the same sequence of order as the
work carried out. The detailed specifications form an important part of contract document.
Every Engineering Department prepares the detailed specifications of the various items of works
and get them printed in a book form known as Detailed Specifications. When the work is
taken up, instead of writing the specifications every time, the printed detailed specifications are
referred.
2.1.6 Quantity and Availability of Material
While detailed estimate is prepared for any work an estimator must think of quantity of material
required for an item and its availability. If a material mentioned in specifications of a work, for
an item is not available in market in the required quantity, then the estimator shall take the help
of department. He shall discuss the matter with the tender inviting authority and decision can be
taken.
Sometimes materials required are not available within a reasonable distance from the site of
work, and it is required to be transported from a long distance. Then the provision shall be made
in the estimate mentioning the place of availability of material required for an item of work. If
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the quantity of material required is in large amount than concept of bulk purchasing shall be
used.
2.1.7 Location of Site
This is a very important which are suppose to mentioned in the detailed estimate and while
abstracting the quantities of items of work, it shall be taken into account.
If the site is in remote areas or away from town. Then rates of items shall be taken in abstract
sheet by considering location of site. If this point is ignored while preparing the estimate than
the cost of detailed estimate will be less than the actual costing of work and that will lead to
difficulties to the owner or department as for as finance is concern. If site is not approachable
easily then cutting of jungles construction of pilot roads, arrangement of electricity requires
huge cost, so that shall be included in abstract sheet.
2.1.8 Labour Component
For every item of work an estimator shall think various factors while abstracting the quantities of
work.
(i) Quantity of material
(ii) Location of site
(iii) Type of labour required
(iv) Costing of labour
(v) Special skilled labour required etc.
Labour component in the costing plays a very important role because it covers about 30% to 40%
of cost of an item. If labour component is not taken in to consideration while preparing detailed
estimate than the estimated cost calculated will be less than the actual cost required for a work. A
provision of contingencies and work charged establishment shall also be made in an estimate
which can compensate any deficiency in an estimate.
2.2 STEPS IN PREPARING DETAILED ESTIMATES
Step NO. 1: Divide the whole project or work in various items.
Step No. 2: Divide the various items and group them under different sub heads.
Stpe No. 3: Enter the detailed of measurement of each item of work in measurements form and
calculate the total quantity of each.
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Step No. 4: After the quantities are taken out squaring the dimensions is done. It means the
calculation of number, length, are and volumes are entered in last two columns of measurements
sheet. There are various methods of squaring the dimensions: (1) Decimal system, (2) Duodecimal system and (3) Fractional part and practice.
Now-a-days decimal system is used. All these squared dimensions must be checked by different
persons by tick-mark in other colour ink. If any correction is done it must be cross- checked.
Step No.5: This is the last step in preparing detailed estimate. The cost under item of work is
calculated from the quantities computed at workable rates. These costs along with rates are
entered in Abstract Form. In abstracting 3 to 5% amount of total cost is added for contingencies
such as petty expenditure, unforeseen expenditure, changes in design, changes in rates, etc;
which may occur during the execution. A percentage of 1 to 2% of total cost is added for the
expenditure of work charge establishment.
The grand total gives the estimated cost of work.
2.2.1 Main Items of work for Detailed Estimate and their Units
Main items of work are given below in case of buildings, roads, etc.
1. Earthwork: Earthwork in excavation and in filling should be taken out separately under
different types. Foundation trenches are usually dug to the exact width of foundation with
vertical sides. Quantity of earthwork is calculated by taking dimensions length, width and height.
Earthwork is measured in cubic meter.
2. Bed concrete in foundation: It is calculated by taking length, breadth and thickness of
concrete bed; measured in cubic meter.
3. Soiling: When the soil is soft, one layer of brick or stone is laid below the bed concrete. It is
in square meter and expressed with specified thickness.
4. D.P. C. (Damp proof course): It is a course provided at the plinth level under the wall for te
full width of plinth wall. It is not provided at the sill of door and verandah openings for which
deduction is made which calculating length of D.P.C. it is measured in square meter and
expressed with specified thickness. In general 2.5 cm thick cement concrete (1:1 :3) with water
proofing materials is used as O.P.C.
5. Masonry: Masonry for foundation and plinth is taken under one item and masonry for super
tracture is taken under separate item. It is computed in cubic meter by taking length, breadth and
height. In case of wall footing, masonry for steps is calculated separately and added together. iN
buildings having more one floor, the masonry for superstructure for each floor is computed
separately. Deductions for openings like doors, windows, cupboards, etc. is done.
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Decution for lintels for openings is also done by taking length, breadth and height. Different
types of masonry are taken under separate items. Thin partition walls of thickness less than 10
cm, honeycomb brickwork is taken under separate item in square meter and no deduction for
holes is done.
6. Lintel: Lintel are casted in R.C.C. and quantity is calculated in cubic meter. Length of lintel
is equal to size of opening plus of 150 mm each on both sides.
7. R.C.C. : R.C.C. Work is calculated for beams, lintels, columns, footing, slabs etc. It is
calculated cubic meter, by taking length, breadth and thickness. No deduction for steel is done
while calculating the quantity of concrete, which includes centering, shuttering and fixing of
reinforcement in position. Reinforcement (quantity of steel) is taken under separate item,
including bending and measured in kg, quintals, or in metric tone. If detail drawings are not
available 0.8 to 3% of concrete may be taken by volumes as a quantity of steel which is further
multiplied by density.
Centering and shuttering are usually included in R.C.C. but may also be taken separately in
square meter of surface in contact with concrete. In R.C.C. Work, plastering is not taken
separately.
8. Flooring: For grounds floor, cement concrete and floor finishing of stone, marble or mosaic
tiles taken under one item and quantity is calculated in square meter. For upper floors, bed of
R.C.C. is taken cubic meter and other member is calculated in cubic meter.
9. Roof: In Case of roof, flat roofs are calculated in cubic meter like slab and for pitched roof.
Quantity of trusses and other members is calculated in cubic meter.
In case of roofing material tiles, G.I. sheets or A.C. sheets are measured in square meter. Tiles
on hip and valley are measured running meter.
10. Plastering and pointing: Plastering is calculated in square meter and expressed with
specified thickness. For masonry the measurements are taken for whole face of wall for both
sides as solid and deduction for openings are made.
External and internal plastering for building are taken out separately, under different times.
Pointing of walls is calculated in square meter for whole surface and deductions are made similar
to plastering.
11. Doors and Windows: It consists of frame and shutter. Doors and windows framers are
calculated in cubic meter. Quantity is obtained by calculating length including jamb, head and
sill and multiplied by cross-section of frame.
Doors and window shutters are calculated in square meter. Shutter of different types should be
taken separately because the rates differ. Hold-fast are taken as a separate item.
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12. Painting and Varnishing: Painting and varnishing of doors and windows are calculated in
square meter. The area measured for this purpose is flat.
13. White washing or distempering: The quantities are taken in square meter. The inside is
white wash or distemper and this item is same as internal plaster. Outside is colour wash and its
quantity is same external plaster. These items need not be calculated separately and simply
written as same for internal and external plaster.
14. Electrification: Generally 8% of estimated cost of building works is taken for this item.
15. Sanitary and water supply works: Generally 8% of estimated cost of building works is
taken for this item.
2.2.2 I.S. Method of Taking out Quantities (Introduction only)
This method includes following process:
1. Taking off;
2. Grouping;
3. Billing.
In taking off and grouping details of various items along with their quantities are calculated and
entered in measurement sheet in their sequential order of execution. The process of building is
done on the abstract sheet in the same sequence of items as appeared in measurement sheet. This
method is easy and requires less time.
2.2.3 Squaring
Squaring is the process while preparing the detailed estimate of a work in which the quantities
calculated as per drawing and specification are rounding off the numerical values as per the
guide lines IS 1200.
After the quantities are taken out, squaring is done. It means the calculation of number, length,
area volumes are in last two columns of standard measurement sheet. There are various methods
of squaring. The dimensions
(i) Decimal system
(ii) Duo-decimal system
(iii) Fractional part and practice.
27
Now a day decimal system is used in which quantities are rounded off to next complete number.
Squared dimensions must be checked by different person by tick mark in other colour ink, and if
an correction is found, it should be cross checked.
2.2.4 Abstracting
This is the last step of preparation of detailed estimate. The cost of an item is calculated from the
quantities entered in measurement sheet and rates. There costs, along with rates, are entered in
Abstract sheet. This process is known as abstracting while abstracting 3 to 5% amount of total
cost is added for contingencies such as expenditure. While abstracting, 2% of the total cost in the
estimate for the provision of work charged establishment.
While abstracting 8 to 10% of total cost is added for plumbing, sanitary and electrical installation
in case of estimate of a building.
Following rules are following while abstracting the quantities:
(i) Description of item shall be written in short.
(ii) Item number shall be same as appeared in measurement sheet.
(iii) Rates of items shall be written in rupees with per unit etc.
(iv) Total amount of each page should be carried forward.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1: Fig 2.1 represents plan and section of a trench which is 90 cm wide and 100 cm deep.
Calculate the quantity of earth work in excavation by using:
1. Long wall and short wall method
2. Centre line method.
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Solution:
1. Long wall and short wall method: Let us assume that 4.5 m side in plan is long wall and 3.5
m wide is short wall.
Length of long wall for an item = Centre line length of long wall + width of item
= ((4.5-0.45
+0.9
= 4.5m
Length of short wall for an item = Centre line length of short wall Width of item
= (3.5
(3.5-0.45
2) 0.9m
= 1.7m
Details of measurements:
Item
No.
1.
Description of No.
item
Earth work in 1
excavation :
Long walls
2
Short walls
2
Qty.
4.5m
1.7m
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
8.1m3
3.06
Total
Qty.
Remark
11.16m3
2. Centre line method:
Total length of centre line from the plan
= [(4.5-0.45
= 12.4m
No of junctions = 0
29
Description
item
Earth work
excavation:
of No.
Qty.
in 1
12.4
0.9
11.16
Total
Qty.
11.16m3
Remark
Ex.2: Fig. 2.2 shows the plan of a single room building with section of foundation wall.
Estimal the quantities of (1) Earth work in excavation in foundation, (2) Lime concrete bed
in foundation and (3) U.C.R. masonry in foundation and plinth by using long wall and
short wall method any byy using centre line method.
Solution:
1. Long wall and short wall method:
Let us assume 5.0 m side is long wall and 4 m side is short wall. No. of long walls= 2, No. of
short walls =2
Length of long walls for an item = Centre line length of long wa
wall+
ll+ Width of item
Length of short walls for an item = Centre line length of short wall + width of item
30
31
Details of measurements:
Item
No.
1.
2.
3.
Description of item
Earth
work
in
excavation foundation
Lime
concrete
in
foundation
U.C.R. in foundation
and plinth
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
No.
Qty,
Total Qty.
1
1
19.2
19.2
0.9
0.9
1.3
0.2
22.464
3.456
22.464m3
3.456m3
1
1
1
19.2
19.2
19.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.8
0.6
3.456
7.68
4.608
15.744m3
Ex: Calculate
alculate the quantities of the following items in case of a underground water tank as
shown in the drawing given:
1. Earth work in excavation.
2. Cement concrete (1:2:4) in foundation.
3. 1st class brick work in cement mortar (1:3)
4. 2.5 cm thick artificial stone flooring
flooring.
5 16 mm thick cement plaster (1:3) on floor and walls.
6. 12 mm thick cement plaster
aster (1:3) on top of wall and external plastering.
Solution:
1. Centre line method:
32
= 18.2m
Total length of centre line for 20 cm thick wall = (5.2+3.7)
= 17.8m
Details of measurement:
33
Ex. 4: Fig 2.4 shows the plan and cross section of wall of a building with two rooms.
Prepare an estimate with the quantities of the following items:
1. Earth work in excavation in foundation.
2. P.C.C. bed in foundation ((1:2:4).
3. U.C.R. Masonry for foundation and plinth.
4. 2.5 cm cement concrete D.P.C.
5. Brick work in super structure in C.M. (1:6),
6.. Plinth filling materials.
= 33.8m
Number of junctions = 2
Deduction from length =
Details of measurement:
34
35
4. Rules of Tead and lift deduction additions, multiplying factors should be followed according
to I.S. 1200.
5. Total quantity of an item must be expressed with its unit of measurement.
6. While abstracting item number and total quantity of items they should be taken from
measurement sheet and after preparing the estimate it should be cross checked.
7. Rates of various items should be taken from D.S.R. (District schedule of Rates).
8. Total amount in abstract sheet should be calculated on every page at the bottom and carried
forward on the top of next page.
9. According to the nature of work provision of contingencies as 5% of estimated cost, provision
work charge establishment as 2% of estimated cost, provision of electrification (if required) as
8% of estimated cost and provision of water supply and sanitary works as 8% of estimated cost
should be added the total at the end of abstracts.
2.3.1 Sequence of Execution
It is an art of breaking up the work into various items of work and arranging them in the order of
their execution. While sequence of execution of items of work, knowledge of that particular
work whose estimate is to be prepared, shall be used.
The sequence of taking out the quantities of items is same as the sequence of execution.
For example sequence of items to be executed for a building is clearing the site, excavation,
P.C.C. U.C.R. in foundation and plinth or R.C.C. footing, beams, columns, slabs, brick work in
super structure pluming, electrification (concealed), plastering, painting etc.
36
2.3.2
Brief Specification of items
General Specifications of a First class Building:
Foundation and plinth: Foundation and plinth shall be of first class brickwork in lime mortar
(or cement mortar) over lime concrete (or 1:4:8 cement concrete).
Damp proof course: D.P.C. shall be of 2 cm thick cement mortar 1:2or 2.5 cm thick cement
concrete 1: :3, with 3 % composeal or 5% pudlo, by weight or other standard water proofing
materials as specified.
Superstructure: Superstructure shall be of first class brickwork with lime mortar or 1:6 cement
mortar
Roofing: Roof shall be RCC slab with an insulation layer and lime concrete terracing above,
supporte over R.S. joists or R.C.C. beams as required. Height of the rooms shall not be less than
4 m (12).
Flooring: Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of mosaic. Bathroom and W.C. floors
and dado shall be of mosaic. Floors of bedrooms shall be coloured and polished of 2.5 cm
cement concrete over 7.5 cm lime concrete. Floors of others shall be of 2.5 cm cement concrete
over 7.5 cm line concrete, polished.
Finishing: Inside and outside shall be of 13 mm cement plastered 1:6, Drawing, dining and
bedrooms, inside shall be distempered and others, inside white washed 3 coats. Outside shall be
color washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
Doors and windows: Frames shall be of well seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood
4.5 cm thick paneled, glazed or partly paneled and partly giazed as required with additional
wire gauge shutters. All fittings shall be of brass. Doors and windows shall be varnished or
painted with high class enamel paint. Windows shall be provided with iron gratings.
Miscellaneous: Rainwater pipe of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided and finished
painted. Building shall be provided with first class sanitary and water fittings and electrical
installations. 1m to 1.5 wide apron shall be provide all round the building.
General Specifications of a second class Building:
Foundation and Plinth: Foundation and plinth shall be of first class brickwork with lime
mortar over lime concrete.
37
Damp proof course: DPC shall be or 2 cm thick cement mortar 1:2 with 3 % composeal of 5%
38
shall be made by adding additional sand to the extent required for the bulking of damp sand.
Mixing shall be of machine mixing. For small work, hand mixing by batched may be allowed.
6. (a) Machine mixing: Measured quantity of dry coarse aggregate shall be first placed in the
hopper. This shall be followed with measured quantity of fine aggregate and then cement. The
dry materials should be mixed for at least four turns of the drum, after which correct quantity of
water is added gradually while the drum is in motion. The materials shall be mixed for a period
of not less than 2 minutes and until a uniform colour and consistency are obtained, the time shall
be counted from the moment all the materials have been put into the drum.
(b) Hand mixing: Mixing shall be carried out on smooth watertight platform of suitable size.
The platform shall be so arranged that mixing water shall not flow out. Cement and sand shall
be through mixed to give a uniform colour of cement and sand. Coarse aggregate shall then be
added. Mix shall be turned three times in dry condition and three times after adding water.
7. Laying and compacting: Bed of foundation trench shall be light sprinkled with water before
the concrete is laid. Concrete should be laid slowly and gently in layers not more than 20 cm and
thorough consolidated to 15 cm with 6 kg of iron rammers. During consolidation, should be
checked by water test, by digging hole of about 7.5 cm dia and 7.5 cm deep in concrete and
filling with water. The water level should not more than 1.25 cm in 15 minutes if concrete has
been well consolidated.
When a joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, the end shall be sloped at an angle of 300. In
laying upper layer of concrete, the lower surface shall be made rough and cleaned and watered
before upper layer laid.
8. Curing: Concrete after completion shall be kept wet for a period of at least 7 days. No
masonry shall be constructed upon it during this period. The curing shall be done by spreading
wet gunny bags or by sprinkling water at regular intervals.
9. Measurements: Measurements shall be taken in Cu. m. for the finished concrete. The length
and breadth shall be measured correct to a 1 cm and depth correct to 0.5 cm.
(B) Partly paneled and partly Glazed window shutters:
1. Timber: Timber to be used shall be Indian wood; well seasoned uniform in colour, free from
sapwood, knots, shakes, warp and twist, bends or detects of any king. The maximum permissible
moisture content for timber shall be 12 per cent.
The timber shall be planed; smooth and accurate to the full dimensions, rebate, roundings. An
ouldings as shown in detailed drawings. Any patching or plugging shall not be permitted unless
edified.
39
2. Paneling: The panels shall be framed into grooves to the full depth of the groove leaving and
air of 1.5 1.5 mm and the faces shall be clearly fitted to the sides of the groove. Moldings to the
edges of openings shall be fixed as specified.
3. Joinery work: Joinery work shall be started immediately after the commencement of the
building. All pieces shall be accurately cut and planed, smooth to the full dimensions without
any patching or urging of any kind. The thickness of the styles and rails shall be specified for the
shutters. The joinery shall be assembled and passed by the engineer- in charge and then the joints
shall be pressed such bars all have mitered joints with the styles. The styles and rails shall have
12 mm groove in paneled portion the panes to fit in.
4. Glazing: The sizes of the openings for glazing shall be as detailed on the drawings. Unless
otherwise specified; 7.5kg/m2 glass, plain or obscured and conforming to the specifications. The
putty to use for fixing the glass in frames shall conform to the specifications.
The glass panes shall be properly cut to fix in the rebate of the frames. Before glazing, the
shutters shall be given primary coat. The rebate shall be puttied first, and the glass panes then be
pressed into position. After a week the putty shall be painted along with the shutter.
5. Fixtures and fastenings: Details of fittings to be provided shall be as per the schedule of
fittings supplied by the engineer-in charge in each case. The cost of providing and fixing shall
include the cost of Inges and necessary screws for fixing the same. All other fittings shall be
enumerated and paid for department free of cost, screws for fixing the fittings shall be provided
by the contractors and nothing extra shall be paid for the same.
6. Wooden cleats and blocks Shall be fixed to windows as directed by the engineer-in charge.
The size shape of cleats and blocks shall be got approved.
7. Measurements: The length and width of the shutters shall be measured to the nearest cm in
closed position covering the rebates of the frame but excluding the gap between the shutters and
the frame. Overlap two shutters shall not be measured. The limit of measurement shall be square
metre.
(c) A.C. Sheet Roofing:
1. A.C. sheets: The sheets shall be of the best quality and of approved manufactures. The sheets
shall be free from cracks, chipped edges or comers and other damages.
2. Slope: The roof shall not be pitched at a flatter slope than 1:5; normally 1:3 slope is provided.
3. Purlins: The sheets shall be laid on the purloins and other roof members as per the detailed
drawings and directions. The maximum spacing of purloins under the sheets shall be 1.6 m in
case of 6 mm thick sheets and 1.4 m in case of 7 mm thick sheets. The upper surfaces of the purl
ins shall be in one plane so that the sheets shall rest on the purlins without forcing down.
40
4. Laying: The sheets shall be laid with smooth side upwards, with minimum side-lap of half a
corrugation (4.5cm) and a minimum end lap of 15 cm. The side laps shall be laid on the side,
opposite the prevailing monsoon wind. The free overhang portion shall not exceed 40 cm. In
case of semi-corrugated or Trafford sheet roofing, the side overlap shall be one corrugation of 9
cms.
5. Fixing: Sheets shall be secured to the purlins and other roof members by means of 8 mm
diameter G.I.J or L hook bolts and nuts. The grip of the J or L hook bolt on the side of the
purlin shall not less than 25 mm. Bitumen washers and G.I. washer will be used with each hook
bolt. On each purlin, the shall be one hook bolt on the crown adjacent to the side lap on either
side.
Holes for hooks and bolts etc. shall be drilled and not punched in the edges of the corrugations in
exact position to suit the purlin while the sheets are on the roof in their correct position. The
diameter holes shall be 2 mm more than the diameter of hooks. No hole shall be nearer than 40
mm to any edge of sheet.
6. Wind ties: Wind ties shall be of 40 mm 6 and shall be fixed at the eaves ends of the
sheet. The fixing shall be done with the same hook bolts which secure the sheets to the purlins.
7. Measurements: The measurement shall be taken of the laid finished flat surface in sq. metre
not girthed. The laps at the ends and side shall not be measured. The ridges and hips shall be
measured running meter for the finished work along the centre line of the ridge or hip. Wind ties
should be measured under separate item.
(D) Cement plaster 1:6 proportion for a Brick Wall:
1. Cement: As per description given for P.C.C.
2. Sand: As per description given for P.C.C.
3. Water: As per description given for P.C.C.
4. Proportion: Cement and sand shall be mixed in the proportion of one part of cement to six of
sand.
5. Mixing: As per desorption given for P.C.C. with different that coarse aggregate shall not
added.
6. Scaffolding: Scaffolding shall be single, sufficiently strong to be safe for all construction
operations and must be approved by the engineer.
7. Preliminary work: In case of old work, all joints shall be raked out to a depth equal to their
widely smooth surfaces, if any, shall be roughened. All dirt, paint, etc. shall be removed. The
surface prepared shall be kept wet for at least 6 hours prior to plastering.
41
8. Plastering: The thickness of plastering shall be as specified (12mm) applied in two or three .
The mortar shall be firmly applied on the surface from top downwards and well pressed into the
joints. Mortar shall then be rubbed and leveled with a flat wooden rule until a perfectly plane and
even surface achieved.
The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and plumb bob.
9. Finish: While the plastered surface is fresh, a thick coat of cement slurry shall be applied
rubbed smooth.
10. Curing: Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently, not to be
damage when watered. The plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days. Any defective plaster
shall be cut rectangular shape and replaced.
11. Measurements Shall be taken in accordance with standard Mode of Measurements.
(E) Uncoursed Rubble Masonry for Foundation: (U.C.R)
Materials required: (1) stones, (2) cement,(3) sand and (4) water.
Specifications of Materials:
1. Rubbles or stones: The stones shall be hard, sound and durable from approved quarry. The
stones shall be hammer dressed and not less than 15 cm (6) in size. The stones shall be of
uniform texture, colour and preferably angular in shape. Stones with round surface shall not be
used for the work. The stone quarry should be got approved by the engineer-in charge.
2. Cement: Cement shall be fresh (not stored for more than 30 days), ordinary Portland cement
conforming to IS 269-1958. It shall be uniform in colour and free lumps and organic matter,
gritty matter, etc. If doubtful, cement should be checked and subjected to tests and used only if
found satisfactory.
3. Sand: Sand shall be well graded and sized, consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and
shall through screen of 4.75 mm Square mesh. It shall be of standard specifications, cleam and
free from retested and accordingly w/c ration shall be changed.
4. Water: Water fit for drinking purpose shall be used for construction purpose.
Preliminary work before construction:
The foundation trench shall be properly cleaned and foreign matter, if any, shall be removed
from the rench. The trench bed shall be sprinkled over with water. All the stones shall be
thoroughly wetted before laying.
42
Procedure of Execution: The procedure of execution of work shall be strictly carried out in the
following sequence. Viz, mortar mixing laying the courses, curing and protection from foreign
matter.
1. Mortar mixing: Materials for mortar shall be measured to have the required proportion of
1:6 with measuring box and first mixed dry to have a uniform colour on a clean masonry
platform (water tight) and hen mixed by adding clean water slowly and gradually to have
workable consistency and mixed thoroughly turning at least three times. Fresh mixed mortar
shall be used, ole and state mortar shall not be used and mortar for one hour work only shall be
mixed with water so that the mortar may be used before the setting of cement.
2. Laying the courses: Stones shall be well bonded and properly laid over the mortar bed laid
in the French at the start of work. The stones shall be laid with the broad face downward to give
good bedding. The joints should not be thicker than 10mm. The stones shall be properly dressed
to secure close joints and unterices etc. should be suitably filled up with stone spalls and chips
embedded in cement mortar wherever necessary.
Though bond stones of one piece shall be provided at 1.5 m c/c of face and should extend for full
thickness of wall. For thicker walls two placed side by side with minimum overlap of 15 cm
should be provided as bond stones. Breadth of bond stones shall not be less than 1 times
height of stone.
Not more than 60 cm height of masonry shall be constructed at a time. Every face of wall should
be ruly vertical and truly in plumb. All the joints should be raked (for plinth portion) and face of
walls cleaned the end of days work or before starting next day work.
3. Curing and protection: At the end of days work the top of masonry shall be flooded with 2.5
water at surface. Masonry should be kept wet for a period of 10 days and the masonry should be
made by sprinkling water at regular interval of 1to 2 hours.
Measurements and Rates:
Measurements required: (1) Bricks (2) Cement, (3) Sand and (4) water.
Specifications of Materials:
1. Bricks: All the bricks shall be of Standard Specifications and of required class and made
of brick earth thoroughly burnt in clamp. Brick shall be uniform in colour and texture, regular in
shape size and their edges should be sharp and square and shall give a clear ringing sound on
being struck and be free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind. The brick should not
break if it is dropped from height of 1 M. Bricks shall not absorb more than 15% of water by its
weight after one hour of soak when immersing in water. Brick shall have a minimum crushing
strength of 105 kg/m2.
43
2. Cement: Cement shall be fresh (not stored for more than 30 days). Ordinary Portland cement
confirming to I.S. 269-1958. It shall be uniform in colour and free lumps, gritty matter etc
doubtful, cement should be checked and subjected to tests and used only if found satisfactory.
3. Water: Water fit for drinking purpose should be used for construction purpose.
4. Sand: Sand shall be medium graded and sized, consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains
shall pass through screen of 4.75 mm square mesh. It shall be of Standard Specifications, Clean
and from dust, dirt and organic matter. It shall preferably be dry or else the moisture content may
be detected water cement ration shall be changed accordingly.
Preliminary work Before Construction:
Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by immersing in a tank for a period of 12 hours
immedia before use. Soaking shall be continued till air bubbling is ceased.
The surface of already constructed U.C.R. masonry up to plinth level shall be watered before
starting work of laying bricks. The surface shall be properly raked and cement slurry should be
poured, if masonry is to be constructed in continuation with old structure.
Procedure of Execution:
The procedure of execution shall be strictly carried out as follows:
1. Mortar mixing: Materials for mortar shall be measured to have the required proportion of
1:5 measuring box and first mixed dry to have a uniform colour on a clean watertight masonry
platform then mixed by adding clear water slowly and gradually to have workable consistency
and mixed thorough by turning at least three times. Fresh mixed mortar shall be used, ole and
stale mortar shall not be used mortar for one hour work only shall be mixed with water, so that
the mortar may be used before the of cement.
2. Laying the courses: Bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English Bond unless otherwise
specified. Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb. Vertical joints
consecutive course shall not come directly over one another. Vertical joints in alternate course
shall come and shall be placed near the ends of the wall. Selected best shaped bricks shall be
used for face work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6 mm in thickness and joints shall be fully
filled with mortar. Bricks shall be laid with Frog upward except at topmost course where frogs
shall be placed downward. Brick work shall be carried out not more than 1 m height at a time.
When one part of wall has to be delayed, Stepping shall be left at an angle of 450. Corbelling or
projections where mode should not be more than ! bricks projections in the one course. All joints
shall be raked and faces of wall cleaned at the end of each days work.
3. Curing and protection: At the end of days work the tops of walls shall be flooded with
water by making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5 cm. Deep water. The brick
44
work shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after lying. The brick work shall be
protected from the effect of sun, rain, frost etc. during the construction of, and until such time it
is green and likely to be damaged.
4. Scaffolding: Necessary and suitable single scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the
construction of brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong and support members
sufficiently strong so as to withstand all loads likely to come upon them. It should be got
approved by the engineer-in charge before using.
5. Measurements and rates: Brick work shall be measured in cu.m. and measurements of
length, breadth and height shall be taken to nearest 1 cm to compute the quantity. The thickness
of wall shall be taken as multiple of Half Bricks. The measurements should be as per I.S. 1200.
(G) Specification for Form Work for R.C.C. Works:
1. Form work: The form work shall be of timber, plywood or steel plates as approved by the
engineer-in charge. The timber used should be strong enough to avoid undue deflation when
loaded and not liable to warp.
It shall be of rigid construction according to the shape and dimensions shown on drawing. It
should withstand the dead load, live load and other forces causes due to ramming and vibrations
of concrete. Number of braces and ties should be used to give additional strength.
The form work shall be constructed in such a manner that it can be easily removed without
damaging the surface. The form work should be got approved by the enginner-incharge before
reinforcement bars are placed in position.
2. Props and centering: Props used for centering shall be of steel, timber and bellies shall be of
100 mm. The bellies shall rest over the sole plate provided with double wedges.
Before placing the concrete the props and wedges shall be thoroughly checked. During
concreting a watch should be kept on props.
3. Shuttering: The timber plates or steel shall be used. The wooden boards should be smooth
and even surface. The joints shall be packed so as to stop leakage during concreting. The
openings for fan hooks etc. Shall be provided in shuttering as directed by engineer-in charge.
Before concreting, the surface of wooden plate or steel plate should be treated with raw linseed
oil burnt oil so that the concrete will not adhere to form work.
The necessary slope shall be provided as per drawings.
4. Removal of form work: After slab and beam construction, the sides of beam shall be
stripped first. Then the underside of slab and lastly underside of beam. The period of removal of
form work different items is as follows:
45
Item
1. Sides of columns, beam and wall
2. Undersides of slabs
3. Undersides of beams and arches
Period of removal
48 hours or 2 days
7 to 14 days
14 to 21 days
Specification of Materials:
1. Mosaic tiles: The marble mosaic tiles should confirm to I.S. 237-1959 and the sizes should be
given in the following table.
Sr. No.
Nominal
Length (cm)
Actual
length (cm)
Nominal
Length (cm)
Actual
breath
(cm)
1.
2.
3.
20
25
30
19.85
24.85
29.85
20
25
30
19.85
24.85
29.85
Thickness
(mm)
20
22
25
The tiles should be of required nominal size and manufactured under press-machine under a
pressure 140kg/cm2. The tiles should be supplied after being grinded on machine.
Other specifications are (for sand, cement, etc) as already discussed for Brick and U.C.R.
masonry.
Preliminary work before construction:
The sub grade concrete or R.C.C. slab on which tiles are to be laid shall be cleaned roughened
wetted before laying the bedding for tiles. The tiles should be cleaned and washed before lying.
Procedure of Execution:
The procedure of execution shall be strictly as discussed below.
(1) Lime mortar mixing:
The bedding ingredients shall be taken in proper proportion.
1:1:2 Lime putty surkhi and coarse sand.
46
Damaged tiles or distorted tiles if any shall be properly replaced, jointed and polished. The floor
shall not sound hollow when tapped with wooden mallet.
Measurements and Rates:
The quantity shall be measured in sq.m. and depth. Breath shall be measured to the nearest
before laying skirting or dado or wall plaster. No deduction shall be made, nor extra paid for any
opening in the floor for area upto 0.1m2.
Treads of stairs and steps paved with tiles without nosing shall be measured under flooring and
moulded nosing shall be paid on running meter. The width of tread shall not be greater than 30
cm.
Rate shall include cost of all the materials, machines and labour involved in the process of laying
the tiles.
(I) Fixing of Hume pipes:
Materials required: (1) R.C.C. Hume pipes, (2) Cement, (3) Sand, (4) Water and (5) Spun
yarn Hemp.
Specifications of Materials:
The pipes used for the culvert should be strictly as per standard specifications and manufactured
on workshop. The surfaces should be smooth and ends should be neat in shape.
The specifications for the other materials like cement, sand and spun yarn are same as already
discussed in the previous specifications. Broken pipes should not be used. The pipes should be
properly checked before being used.
Preliminary work before Construction:
The bed should be cleaned properly and foreign matter should be removed. Wherever joint are
likely come extra excavation should be done to provide sufficient working space round the joint.
The pipes should be washed with water particularly at the two ends.
Procedure of Execution:
The procedure of execution shall be as follows:
1. Mixing of mortar for joints: This shall be strictly carried out as already discussed in
previous article and should be done after the laying of pipes is over.
2. Laying: The pipes shall be properly laid after checking the bed at required slope. After
laying the pipes, joints shall be filled with fresh cement mortar to a neat finish. Use of old or
stale mortar shall be avoided. The pipes shall be embedded in cement concrete for protection.
48
3. Curing and protection: The joints shall be cured for 10 days with water or wet gunny bags
necessary depending upon situation. Protection cover of concrete should be provided around the
pipe as detailed drawings. The pipes shall be tested for leakage. Leaky joints if any shall be
rectified and broken pipe if any shall be replaced and joints finished to the satisfaction of
engineer in charge.
Measurements and Rates:
The measurements are taken in running meter for a given diameter of pipe. No extra provision is
mad for excavation around the joints.
Rates include all the materials, labour etc. used for the construction purpose.
2.3.3 Contents of Measurement Sheet
Name of work
Item No.
Description
of
No.
particulars
of item
Length
Breadth
Height or
Quantity
Depth
Item No.
Description
or
particulars
of item
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Amount
Earth work for different nature such as excavation in foundation trenches, excavation in cutting
and filling shall be measured under separate items.
Unless otherwise specified the materials to be excavated shall be classified as soft soil, hard soil,
soft rock and hard rock etc. when the ground is uneven, levels shall be taken before the start and
after the completion and average depth of excavation of filling is worked out from these levels.
No separate measurements are taken for setting out works, profiles, site clearance; bailing out
water from rains etc.as these are included in the rate.
Lead and lift: The normal lead is 30 m and lift is of 1.5 m. Separate measurements are taken for
every 30 m lead and every 1.5 m lift or depth. For additional lead of every 30 m and lift of 1.5 m
the rates shall be different.
Foundation trench: Foundation trench shall be measured in cu.m. for rectangular section.
Length of trench, bottom width and the depth shall be measured as vertical depth.
Return, fill and ram: Returning, filling and ramming of excavated earth shall be taken in cu.m.
Under separate item and shall include spreading in layers not exceeding 20 cm in depth,
watering, ramming and leveling.
Pudding: Clay puddle work shall be taken in cu.m. and shall be described including supply of
clay, preparation, placing in layers of 15 cm thick of ramming etc.
Surface excavation: Excavation exceeding 1.5 m width as well as 10.0 sq.m in plan but not
exceeding 30 cm in depth shall be considered as surfaces excavation.
Timbering: The planking and strutting required upholding the face of excavated earth shall be
classified under separate item and measured in sq.m.
Whenever it is not possible to make measurements from cutting and filling shall be measured
and deduction for shrinkage of voids shall be made from actual measurements. Generally, 10%
deduction shall be made in case of ordinary consolidated fills and in case of consolidation done
by machinery; a deduction 5% shall be made.
3.2.2 Concrete
For concrete, complete description of size of aggregate, grading, proportion and method of
mixing etc. shall be given. Different kinds of concrete such as lime concrete, cement concrete,
R.C.C. of different proportion of different materials shall be classified and measured under
separate items.
The length, breadth and height or thickness shall be measured to the nearest 1 cm but the
thickness of slabs, post, beams shall be measured to the nearest 0.5cm.
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Unless otherwise specifically mentioned, form work shall be measured separately in sq.m.
under separate item. Form work shall be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm.
No separate measurements for fair finishing of exposed surfaces of concrete shall be taken but
these shall be included in item. Special finished shall be measured separately.
R.C.C. work: Reinforced cement concrete is measured separately from unreinforced cement
concrete. R.C.C. work excluding steel shall be measured in cu.m. and reinforcement measured
under separate item in quintals. Form work is not measured separately. The volume of
reinforcement shall not be deducted from volume of concrete.
Light weight partitions shall be measured in sq.m. Complete description with thickness shall be
mentioned.
Expansion joints: Expansion joints shall be measured in running meter (RMt) but the depth and
width of joints and materials used for filling shall be specified.
Damp proof course (D.P.C.) : D.P.C. in concrete shall be described fully and measured in
sq.m., mentioning its thickness. Form work, finish, leveling curing etc. Shall be included in the
item. The horizontal and vertical D.P.C. shall be measured separately.
3.2.3 Brick Work
A complete description of the bricks and mortars with proportion shall be given. Different
classes of brick work shall be taken under the separate items. Unless specifically mentioned, all
brick work shall be of English bond. The item of general brick work shall be deemed to include
the following:
1. Raking out joints.
2. Leaving holes for pipes etc.
3. Bedding wall plates, lintels, sills etc.
Measurement: Brick work shall be measured in cubic metres. The length, breadth or thickness
and height shall be measured. The length and height shall be measured to nearest 1 cm.
Thickness of wall: Brick walls of one brick thick, i.e. 20 cm and less shall be measured
separately in sq.m. Stating its thickness.
Deductions: No deductions shall be made for the following:
1. Opening upto 0.1 sq.m. in area.
2. Ends of beams. Lintels, posts etc. up to 0.05sq.m. in secion.
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Stone slab roofing shall be measured in sq.m. Stating its thickness and quality. Lime concrete
terracing shall be taken in sq.m. Under a separate item, stating the average thickness.
Rain water fitting: Rain water pipe and gutters shall be described and measured in running
metres. A Special required such as bends, junctions etc. and fittings shall be included in the item.
The method jointing and fixing shall be described. The length shall be measured along with the
central line.
3.2.6 Ceiling
The materials, its thickness and method of fixing shall be fully described. It is measured in sq.m.
Supporting members shall be measured separately. Openings up to 0.4sq.m. Shall not be
deducted.
Cover fillets over joints shall be measured separately in running metre stating the material, width
and thickness. In case the edge of fillets is to be chamfered or rounded, this shall be described.
Insulation boards or slabs fixed to the walls or roof shall be measured in sq.m. Stating its
thickness, number of layers and method of fixing.
3.2.7 Floors and Paving Dado and Skirting
All work shall be measured in sq.m. Describing the method of bedding, jointing and surface
finishing. Different types of flooring such as brick, stone, marble, mosaic etc. Shall be measured
separately. Different kinds of finishes shall be measured separately according to mix, thickness,
nature of finish etc.
The polishing and rubbing of marble, mosaic or stone flooring are included in the item. The
pointing of brick flooring shall be measured in sq.m. Separately, unless otherwise stated.
Lime concrete or cement concrete bedding shall be described and measured separately in cu.m
unless otherwise stated.
Dado shall be measured in sq.m. Skirting shall be measured in running metre stating its height.
3.2.8 Plastering and pointing
Plastering: Plastering shall be measured in sq.m. Stating thickness, proportion of mortar.
Plastering on roofs, ceiling and walls etc. shall be measured under separate item. External
plastering at a height greater than 10 m above ground level shall be measured separately in stages
of 5 m height. Plastering bands 30 cm or below shall be measured separately in running metre.
Deductions: As per I.S. 1200 are lareadydiscussed in chapter 2-2.1.3(5).
Pointing: Pointing shall be measured in sq.m. and measured flat of the whole surface area.
Various types of pointing shall be kept separate. Raking out joints shall be included in the item.
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Method of measurement
Measured flat not girthed
Measured flat not girthed
Measured flat not girthed
Multiplying average
1.14 (for one side)
1.20(for one side)
1.10(for one side)
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1. Prepare foundation plan showing centre line with all dimensions. Centre to centre dimensions
taken out by adding half width of each cross wall to inner dimensions of a room.
2. Now divide the walls in two groups. In plan, walls in horizontal direction are called long wall
and vertical direction walls are short walls and vice versa.
*It is advisable not be change the grouping of wall to avoid errors.
3. Measure length of long wall for an item by using formula
Long wall length for an item = Length of centre line of long wall + Width of item
4. Measure length of short wall for an item by using formula.
Short wall length for an item = Length of centre line of short wall-Width of item
This method is adopted by state P.W.D.
Advantages:
1. This method is simple and accurate.
2. There are no chances of mistake in calculation.
3. The method gives quantities quickly.
Centre Line Method:
1. Prepare the foundation plan of the given drawing. Write centre line lengths of each wall in it.
2. Find the total length of the centre lines of long and short walls, having same type of footing.
That corners of building where two walls meets are not taken in kuncions and if two walls meets
a wall some point take n = 2 at that point.
4. For an item calculation of length is done as below:
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Deduction = l
Description
Shape
bar
of Dia. Of bar
No. of bars
in mm
Total
length of Wt. in kg
abr in mtr.
It is the list of reinforcement bars in tabular form giving the particulars of bars, shape of bending
with sketches, length off each bar, total length and total weight for each R.C.C. work, a schedule
of bar or bar bending schedule is prepared. From this requirement of different size and length of
bars may be known and bent up during the time of construction. Hooks are not provided
provi
in case
of Tor steel.
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Weight of different bars: This table should be referred while calculating quantity of steel.
Dia. In mm
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
Wt. in kg/mtr.
0.22
0.39
0.62
0.89
1.21
1.58
2.47
Dia. In mm
Wt. in kg/mtr.
22
25
32
36
40
50
2.98
3.85
6.31
7.99
9.86
15.41
in bill of quantities. These items are marked us provisional. The payment of provisional
quantities is made on the completion of these items of work, after knowing the exact nature.
Example:
1. Nature of soil is uncertain, below the ground so depth of footing may vary.
2. Lengthening or shortening of concrete piles.
(4) Provisional Sum:
While preparing an estimate, the details of a specialized item or special work done by specialists,
are not known, some amount is provided in the estimate or bill of quantities for such items. It is
called provisional sum.
Example:
Installation of lift, air conditioners fitting, installation of refrigerating machine. During the
execution of work. Quotations are called for this specialized item from firms or contractors. The
contractor is not allowed to alter the amount of provisional sum and if he does will be treated as
invalid.
(5) Electrification, sanitary and water supply works:
While preparing the estimate, a lump sum provision of 20% is made in the estimate.
For water supply and sanitary
For electrification
- 8% of estimated cost
- 4% of estimated cost.
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