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W
Q H
W
QH
, we can compute
Q
H
600 MW
1500 MW . From the cycle relationship between |QH|, |QL|, and
0.4
|W|, |QH| = |QL| + |W|, we can write, for heat rates and power, Q
H Q L W . Thus we find
W
QH
, and we have to
Q
H
compute the heat input rate as the product of the fuel rate, and the heating content of the fuel.
(We need the density to convert from a volume flow rate of fuel to a mass flow rate of fuel. Thus,
we compute the heat input as follows.
We divide this into the power (work rate) of 60 kW to compute the efficiency.
W
60 kW
1 kJ 3,600 s
= 21.9%
kJ
kW s
h
QH
985,600
h
A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.2 removes heat from the
refrigerated space at a rate of 60 kJ/min. Determine (a) the electric power
consumed by the refrigerator and (b) the rate of heat transfer to the
kitchen air.
From the basic definition of coefficient of performance, cop
compute W Q L
QL
Q
L
, we can
W
60 kJ
1 kW s 1 min = 0.83 kW..
min
cop
1.2
kJ
60 s
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From the cycle relationship between |QH|, |QL|, and |W|, |QH| = |QL| + |W|, we can write, for heat
QH
Q
H
. We can solve this equation for the power input and plug in the
W
given data to compute the power required. Here we note that the heat supplied by the heat pump
to keep the room temperature constant is just the difference between the heat loss and the heat
generation. Thus, QH = 60,000 kJ/h 4000 kJ/h = 56,000 kJ/h. The power consumption is then
found to be
Q H
COPHP
56,0000 kJ
1 kW s 1 h = 6.22 kW
h
2.5
kJ
3,600 s
W
QH
Q
.
H Q L W , to eliminate Q H
Q L W
Q L
1
800 Btu / min , and = 55%, we can find the power output as
For this problem, where Q
L
follows.
Q L
1
For a Carnot cycle, the efficiency is given by the equation, Carnot = 1 TL/TH. We can rearrange
this equation and substitute the given data of = 55% and TL = 60oF = 519,67 R to obtain the
temperature of the heat source.
TH TH TL
TH
TL
519.67 R
= 1156 R.
1 1 0.55
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1
therm
$1.42
$0.0000139
For the heat pump, the amount of heat delivered to the house is 3.5 times the electric power
input. The cost to provide 1 kJ of heating with the heat pump is
C hp
1 $0.092 kW s
hr
$0.0000073
Thus, the energy cost of the heat pump is lower. However, the heat pump will have a higher
initial cost and the homeowner would have to do a financial analysis to see if the savings was
worth the extra cost of the heat pump.
7
hout
lbm
lbm
121.95 Btu
lbm R
lbm R
lbm R
lbm R
lbm
The enthalpy change hout hin = 93.155 kJ/kg 128.05 kJ/kg = 34.90 kJ/kg
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Conventional coal fired power plants cost $1,300 per kW to construct and
have an efficiency of 34%. Advanced plants use the clean burning
Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) in which the coal is
subjected to heat and pressure to gasify it while removing sulfur and
particulate matter from it. The gaseous coal is then burned in a gas
turbine, and part of the waste heat form the exhaust gases is recovered to
generate steam for the steam turbine. Currently the construction of IGCC
plants costs about $1,500 per kW, but their efficiency is about 45%. The
average heating value of coal is about 28,000,000 kJ per ton (that is,
28,000,000 kJ of heat is released when one ton of coal is burned.) If the
IGCC plant is to recover its cost difference from fuel savings in five years,
determine what the cost of coal should be in $ per ton.
Here we assume that the economic analysis is based on a payback period where we do not
account for the time value of money. The construction cost difference is $200 per kW. The
amount of electricity, in kWh, generated in five years, per kW of capacity is equal to the time that
the plant is used times the fraction of its average capacity that is used. If we assume for the best
case to justify the IGCC plant that both plants are operated at full capacity for five years, the total
hours of operation, assuming only one leap year in five years, will be (24 hours/day)(4*365+366
days) or a total of 43,824 hours. Thus each kW of capacity will produce a total of 43,824 kWh
over the five-year period.
The amount of coal to produce this energy (from each kW of generating capacity) is determined
by the efficiency of the plant and the heating value of the coal. For the conventional plant, the
total coal use over five years (for each kW of generating capacity) is
mcoal
QH
W
( HV ) coal ( HV ) coal
1 kJ 3,600 s
kW s hr 16.57 tons
28,000,000 kJ
(0.34)
ton
( 43,824 kW h )
For the IGCC plant, the total coal use over five years (for each kW of generating capacity) is
mcoal
QH
W
( HV ) coal ( HV ) coal
1 kJ 3,600 s
kW s hr 12.52 tons
28,000,000 kJ
(0.45)
ton
(43,824 kW h )
Thus the IGCC plant will save 16.57 12.52 = 4.05 tons over the five year period for each kW of
plant capacity. Since the IGCC plant costs an extra $200 to build, we will be able to pay off this
cost difference in five years if the price of coal is at least $200/(4.05 tons) =$49.37/ton.
We see that the amount of coal saved is directly proportional to the amount of time the plant runs.
If the plant only produced 75% of the maximum possible kilowatt hours over a give year period,
the coal savings would be only 3.04 tons and coal would have to cost about $65.83 to make the
IGCC plant pay off in five years. (The average price of coal in the US for the 2008 was $32.05
per ton.1)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/table33.html
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