The actual status of historiographical research concerning the Sarmatian Iazyges within the

habitat of the Danube and the Tisa (at the southern confluence with the Mures) between the 1st and
the 4th centuries
drd. Bogdan Muscalu
Throughout the time, modern historiography tackled different aspects of the Roman Empires relationship with the
Barbarian world. In the fervour of the study of the problems related to Barbaricum, a considerable role belonged to
archaeology. These aspects are not unilaterally studied, but also from the barbarian worlds perspective towards the Roman
Empire.
Romanian historiography regarding the Sarmatian Iazyges has dealt mainly with the ethnic identification of the
barbarian communities who lived beyond the borders of Roman Dacia 1. Within historical research regarding the habitat
between the Danube and the Tisa, notable results were recorded by the Hungarian historians, who made a series of
monographic studies after the archaeological research dedicated to the migrators, a main place belonging to the study of the
Sarmatians from this area, surrounded by the Danube the Tisa and the Mure.
At the end of the 19th century, the Society of History and Archaeology (SIA) was founded in Banat 1872, which
encompassed the entire activity within the historical region, which would lead to the opening of the Banat Museum 1875.
Starting from 1886, SIA becomes the Museum Society of History and Archaeology, editing a specialty magazine, which
gathered articles about archaeological research of post-Roman Dacia and the period of migrations 2. Renowned Hungarian
historians such as I. Berkeszi, B. Milleker and L. Bhm publish repertoires of archaeological discoveries connected to the
Barbarian antiquity3. In 1877, historian C. Gooss discusses the problem of the Sarmatians and Bastarns in his article
Einbruch der Sarmaten und Bastarner an die untere Donau, issued in Sibiu4. So, the beginning of the 20th century may be
characterized by the appearance of well-documented synthesis works, among which that of Iosef Hampel 5 regarding the
Banat zone.
The inter-war period is characterized by a tendency of servitude towards the Hungarian nationalist policy, as well
as the Yugoslavian one, as far as the works regarding the Sarmatians are concerned, but, all in all, the works were a step
forward in the post Roman period research, for in the above-mentioned period there is no research in Banat and
Transylvania regarding the first millenium period6.
Serbian historian, N. Vuli in his work Vojvodina u rimskog doba, issued in 1939 describes all the archaeological
sites both Roman and post-Roman, with reference to the south-western area of Romania; R. R. Schmidt completing the
latters work with an explicative, detailed map of these sites 7.
Hungarian inter-war historiography includes important works of some researchers C. Patsch, N. Fettich, A. Alfldi,
K. Treidler, G. Csallny, K. Szabo8, M. Prducz, which, although containing nationalist ideas, bring forward a new
perspective for the research of the Danube-Tisa habitat. Carl Patsch used to consider that Banat was occupied by the
Iazyges, and the Romans controlled some areas only, through some guarding points situated on heights. The same historian
1

Opreanu 1998, p. 8.
Tortnelmi s rgszeti rtesit Temesvrott (TRT), Timioara 1877-1917.
3
apud Mare 2004, p. 21.
4
Gooss 1877, p. 441-443.
5
Hampel 1905.
6
Mare 2004, p. 21
7
ibidem.
8
Patsch 1937; Alfldi-Prducz 1941.
2

74

states, based on Dio Cassius information, that after the first Dacian war, Decebal reconquers from the Iazyges the lost
territory, and that in 106 AD, Trajan refuses its return to the Iazyges. This territory, after C. Patsch, included Banat and
Oltenia. The author states in his work the belonging of the entire Banat to the Roman Empire, being a strategic unit
defended by the Tisa and the Mure rivers 9. In another work of his, the historian talks about the abandoning of the province
of Dacia and the Sarmatian reign over the Banat area, as well as the idea of living together with the Daco-Roman
autochthonous population10.
Gbor Csallny makes in 1936, a study regarding the New Iazyg Tombs around Szentes , presenting minutely the
rich tomb, revealed at Kistke, near Szentes, where they found 27 sarmatic tombs, and later on another 28 11.
In 1939, A. Alfldi publishes in Berlin the book Die Roxolanen in der Walachei 12, followed by a retort answer of
C. Daicoviciu, named Bnatul i Iazygii, issued in Apulum, I, 1939-1942. Answering A. Alfoldis hypothesis, Daicoviciu
specifies about the Tisa Mures Danube territory that it did not belong to the Sarmatian Iazyges from the 1st century AD.
The latter entered the West of Dacia in waves, and the fact that they neighbour the Sarmatians, during Claudius reign, with
the Germans and the Quadi indicates their presence in the North, in the field near the Slovak Carpathians 13. A. Alfldi
sustained that the Iazyges entered the Hungarian Field through Muntenia and Oltenia, being brought by the Roman
emperors, and that in the 1st century AD they occupy the entire Banat, of the Hungarian historian are meaningless, fact
proved by Constantin Daicoviciu.
The most important works of the inter-war period connected with the Sarmatian Iazyges are the monographic
studies of M. Prducz and N. Fettich, based on the results of archaeological research. M. Prducz, researcher of the
sarmatian civilization, distinguishes for the 1st 4th centuries, three periods which are defined among important events and
are characterized by modifications in the archaeological inventory. In his opinion, the sarmatic civilization from the
Danube-Tisa-Mures area, is divided in three stages: a) from 20 AD until the end of the marcomanic wars, when the relations
with the Roxolans are renewed; b) 180-270 AD, when in the Danube-Tisa-Mures area there comes a new sarmatian-iazyg
wave, at the end of the period the Roxolans penetrate, fact attested by the bearings in tumuli; c) 270-375, when in the
studied space, the Huns penetrate 14. In his work regarding the oldest monuments of the sarmatic period, a growing
importance belongs to the Dacians and their material culture from the Hungarian area. Their influence can be retraced in the
archaeological discoveries of the Sarmatians, of the Huns and even those of the Avars. In the first volume, M. Prducz
makes a minute description of the tombs and of the isolated discoveries, then analyzing the presented material 15.
The Hungarian historian completes his work Denkmler der Sarmatenzeit Ungarns, with the minute analysis of
some early discoveries of sarmatic origin from the Bnsg area. His article is also a response at the contesting of his
chronology by C-tin Daicoviciu. For the establishment of the chronology of the sarmatic epoch in the Alfld area, Prducz
insisted of 4 important factors: types of pearls, fibulae that accompany these discoveries, pearls, medallions and Roman
coins, and finally, pottery. All these factors helped the subdivision of the three sarmatic periods 16.

Patsch 1925, p. 196-197, apud Daicoviciu 1942.

Patsch 1929, p. 214.
11
Csallny 1936; Prducz 1940, p. 45.
12
Alfoldi 1939.
13
Daicoviciu 1942, p. 98-99.
14
Prducz 1940, Prducz (1944), p. 83-85.
15
Prducz 1940, p. 44.
16
Prducz 1942, p. 317.
10

75

Prducz sustains, based on archaeological evidence that the Sarmatian Iazyges penetrated north of the Mures and
east of the Tisa early, living together with the autochthonous Dacians. To sustain this hypothesis, the Hungarian historian
brings as evidence the sarmatic discoveries from the east of middle Tisa, dated between the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd
centuries17.
Within the sarmatic epoch discoveries from Hungary, the author individualised more types of pearls (beads).
Among these, the oldest are round, made of chalcedony and carneol, but the most widely spread are the small, round, flat
and bitronconic, of different colours18. These beads are accompanied by early Roman fibulae, of Aucissa type and fibulae
with thickened profile and leg in form of a fan. Alongside fibulae and beads, in the early sarmatic inventory, they found
Dacian pottery, very rarely provincial Roman one and the discovery of a denar from the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161)
led to a more exact dating. The same thing is to be observed for the Iazyg 19 discoveries of 2nd century from rvny, where
there is no pottery, but the other artefacts dont deny this thing. For the 3rd century AD, the prismatic pearls are very
widely-spread, then, towards the end of the period, pearls with granulation and pseudo-granulation, of different colours,
alongside fibulae in form of crossbow, with the leg turned backwards, being framed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries period.
The last sarmatic period of the Bnsg area has the pottery made of fine, grey paste, of small measures, being dated for the
4t century AD20.
The Hungarian historian will draw up, based on the funerary and the inventory, a chronology of the tombs from
South-East Hungary and the north of Serbia, divided into three horizons: Kiszombor Ernhazay, dated between 270-350,
having as characteristics: the burial of the dead flat on the back or bent, south-north oriented and having pots, fibulae, beads
as an inventory. The Bajruok Mrahalom horizon 350-450, in which the dead were laid on the back, bent or sitting.
Their orientation was west-east, having pots near their heads, the inventory being made up of numerous ornaments:
necklaces, bracelets, and rarely, fibulae. The third horizon is Tpe Malajdok, dated in the same period between 350 - 450.
The deceased were laid on the back, oriented south north. Within the inventory they found beads, fibulae, weapons, and
the pots were laid at their feet 21. M. Prduczs 40 years of research in the problem of Sarmatians will be continued and
upgraded by Hungarian researcher Andrea Vaday.
After WW2, in Yugoslavia, there was a preoccupation concerning the post-Roman periods history and the history
of the barbarian peoples from the Danube Tisa Mures area, respectively of the Sarmatian Iazyges: Milutin and Draga
Garaanin made the description of all sites from prehistory to the late Roman period from Serbia, known until 1951 22.
Under the editorship of S. Baraki, a monography was issued Nakit sarmata u Banatu, which follows the line of
research concerning the sarmatic period. The same Baraki edited catalogues which treat the sarmatic settlements from the
historical Banat: (Sarmatski nalasi is Vrsa. [Katalog], 1961; Nalazi Sarmata u Jushnom Banatu. [Katalog], 1972-1973. ).
The Serbian historians sustain the presence of the sarmatic population in the field area, attributing to the latter the majority
of the tombs and settlements from the 3rd and the 4th centuries. S. Baraki sustains that this ethnical attributing is due to the
existence of a dense sarmatic population, who occasionally had contacts with the Dacian population23.

17

Prducz 1941, p. 68-69; Prducz 1944, p.64; Vaday 1989, p.77-78.

Prducz 1941, p. 35.
19
Alfldi- Prducz 1941, p. 165.
20
Prducz 1942, p. 318-319.
21
Prducz 1950, p. 218, p. 236; Mare 2004, p. 65.
22
Garaanin Garaanin 1951 apud Mare, M., op.cit, p.22.
23
Baraki 1975; Baraki 1961, p. 117-143; Baraki 1973; Baraki, 1971, p. 281-305.
18

76

In Hungary, in the last 50 years, there appeared a series of studies and monographies regarding the military and
political history of the Sarmatians, the archaeological research, the barbarian populations relations within the Dunare Tisa
Mures area with the danubian Roman provinces, as well as the Roman Empire. In this category, we may mention the
works of L. Barkczi, M. Prducz, E. Garam, P. Patay, S. Soproni, J. Harmatta, M. Khegyi, . Salamon, A. Mcsy. L.
Barkczi debated the problem of the funerary rite within some tombs from Brigetio, as well as the problem of the migration
of the Iazyges, the Roxolans in the Danubian basin 24. In a recent study, the Hungarian historian examined the fragmented
hairpins in detail, and reached the conclusion that these have been amputated consciously, and together with the retreat of
the Roman army from the Pannonic area, the hairpins gradually disappear, in the 4th century. . Salamon 25 dated the
hairpins of the omega type, from the sarmatic site from csa, from the second half of the 2nd c. until the disappearance of
this type of hairpin in the 3rd and 4th centuries. L. Balla makes a presentation of the Roman Iazyg war from 107 108
AD. His work being part of the series dedicated to the military history of the barbarians from the middle and lower Danube
area. He affirms that Hadrian, following his wars with the Iazyges, due to strategical reasons, will found and organize the
border of Dacia Porolissensis province on the alignment of the Mese Mountains 26. E. Garam, P. Patay, S. Soproni
researched the ground walls from the sarmatic limes, pointing some references to the fortification system from the
Romanian space27. S. Soproni introduced the concept of limes Sarmatiae, which was erected from ground, used as an
avanpost in the Roman defensive system. He establishes a relationship of contemporaneity between the walls from the Tisa
field and those from the Romanian field. Starting from the 5th c., sarmatic armies, under Roman rule, will defend this
limes28.
D. Csallny researched the problem of Gepides penetration, in Banat a massive population of these migrators not
being attested, they having only the political power over the left coast of Tisa and some gepidic and sarmatic enclaves from
the lower field from the north- west of Banat: Snnicolau Mare, Felnac, Izvin, Zrenjanin, Bela rkva, Orova in their
hands29.
In the works dedicated to the Sarmatian Iazyges, J. Harmatta made research regarding their arrival in the DanubeTisa- Mures area and the problem of their origin, studies on their history and their language, in the work carrying the same
name30. Harmatta supports the idea of the migration of the Iazyges in the space within Danube- Tisa, through the south,
through Oltenia and Banat, the same thing being supported regarding the migration of the Roxolans from the 3rd century
AD. Early Iazyg materials from the Hungarian field have correspondents in the area of Pont, wherefrom they were probably
brought by these migrators. Regarding the road of the Roxolans within their migration towards the Hungarian space, J.
Harmatta considers as a possible route The Iron Gates of Transylvania - Mehadia towards Porta Orientalis, then on to the
valley of the Timi River31. E. Istvanovits was preoccupied with the study of pottery found in the sarmatic settlements and
tombs, but also by the history of the Upper Tisa region 32. Hungarian historian M. Khegyi made research about the
Sarmatians from Alfld and about the sarmatic artefacts33.
24

Barkczi 1959.
Salamon 1959, p. 75-89; Salamon - Barkczi 1978, p.31-49.
26
Balla 1969, p. 111-113.
27
Garam Patay Soproni 1983.
28
Garam Patay Soproni 1983; Vaday 2003, p. 205-206
29
Csallny 1961, p. 312 -314.
30
Harmatta 1970.; Harmatta 1950, p. 1008-1011.
31
Harmatta 1970, p. 53-55.
32
Istvanovits 1990, p. 83-133.
33
Khegyi 1985; Khegyi 1969, p. 97-106.
25

77

Large monographic studies were made by A. Vaday, who makes a minute description of the Sarmatian Iazyges and
the relationships between them and the Daco-Roman population, going through old bibliography as well as a large number
of archaeological discoveries 34. S. Soproni chronologically presents the history of Roman defence in Pannonia and studies
the ground walls between the Danube and the Tisa, establishing analogies with the walls from tha Romanian field 35. A.
Mcsy researched the relationships Roman- barbarian relationships, the periodization of the sarmatic epoch 36, but also
hypothesis on the arrival of the Sarmatians, J. Fitzs studies being included in the same area. Jeno Fitz contributes to the
knowledge of the relationships between Pannonia, Dacia and Barbaricum, bringing economical, military and historical
details about the Marcomanic Wars and its implications over the barbarian population37.
In the last 20 years, a great importance of the studies about the Sarmatians and the Danube Tisa Mures area, was
given to the studies of A. Vaday, Zs. Visy, G. Vrs, E. Garam, E. Istvanovits. Renowned Hungarian researcher, Andrea H.
Vaday, has the merit of raising the topic of the Sarmatians from the above-mentioned area, on a global level, including in
her research the area of Romanian and Serbian Banat.
The Hungarian researcher continues at a superior level Parduczs historical work, including in her works the
political history of the migratory Sarmatians, the archaeological repertoire, the historiography from the field, the
comparative study of the archaeological material from Barbaricum, the relationships between the Roman Empire and the
sarmatic area, as well as the evolution of this habitat in the post - Roman epoch, in the context of the migratory waves 38. Eva
Garam collaborated with A. Vaday, putting together their research about the Sarmatians - Sarmatische Siedlung und
Begrbnissttte in Tiszavalk, in Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, 1990, p.171-219.
In the article mentioned above, Hungarian researchers refer to the sarmatic settlement from Tiszavalk, for which
they established analogies on the basis of archaeological material, with sarmatic settlements and tombs from Tiszakarad and
Tiszadob Sziget.
For the area between Pannonia and Dacia, D. Gabler and A. H. Vaday gathered pottery fragments of the type terra
sigilatta. The authors consider that the presence of these pots in the Barbaricum is due to commerce beyond the Pannonic
border, province with intermediary role for the goods arrived from Occidental provincial workshops. The comparative and
procentual analysis of some types of pots led to the conclusion that the merchandise was brought by tradesmen at order.
This trade intensified after the Marcomanic Wars, until 23 AD, when its decay starts. For the area of the east of Pannonia,
close to Dacia, the authors appreciated that only the border trade is specific 39. The iron trade, in flat shape, towards the
Barbaricum, may be asserted on the basis of the rescue diggings from the Gyoma area, where a dacian iazyg field
settlement was discovered, dated from the second half of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. More workshops and metal ovens
were dug out, in a region without iron mineral resources, which determined the Hungarian researcher to suppose that the
iron was brought in Dacia on the Mures40.
As far as the economical ties of the Sarmatian Iazyges from the Hungarian field and the Roxolans from the eastern
Carpathic space, privilege given after the Marcomanic Wars, A. H. Vaday is of the opinion that there was not any economic

34

Vaday 1989.
Soproni 1969, p. 43-53.
36
Mcsy 1977 a, p. 439-446; Mcsy 1977 b, p. 45-49; Mcsy 1974.
37
Fitz 1965, p. 73-85; Fitz 1962, Fitz 1989.
38
Vaday 1989; Vaday 1991, p. 75-83; Vaday 1977, p. 27-31; Vaday 1992, p.81-87 ; Vaday 2003 a; Vaday 2003 b.
39
Gabler-Vaday 1986; Gabler-Vaday 1992.
40
Vaday 1989, p.79-80.
35

78

relationship between the Iazyges and the Roxolans, but a preventive politic-diplomatically measure of Roman authorities, to
stop, by military control, an eventual alliance41.
Hungarian researchers A. H. Vaday and Pl Medgyesi have brought important information regarding the
rectangular pots, hand-made pottery. These are known to us from the discoveries from the sarmatic settlements, but mostly
from the tombs from the Hungarian field. Hand-made rectangular pots are known starting from the Neolithic and the bronze
epoch. They appear in the sarmatic material from the Tisa field, too. Such pots were discovered in the sarmatic settlement
from Hdmezvsrhely Solt Pal, late sarmatic settlements from Tiszafldvr Tglagyr, Szeged, Alstanya,
Kenyrvrhalom, Vrac Crvenka, Panevo Vojlovica, Kovaica, Sarkad Krsht42.
For the sarmato-hunic period, Vaday observes a continuity of sarmatical existence in the Danube Tisa Mures
area, on a much restricted scale compared to the period of 1st 3rd centuries AD, as it was observed in the settlements from
Csongrd Kenderfldek, Tiszalk Rzompuszta, Oroshza, Szolnok, Periam43.
The division of the sarmatic epoch of M. Prducz is extended by A. H. Vaday, establishing as the inferior limit the
period close to the abandonment of the province Dacia, when there appeared a new wave of Roxolans in the Tisa field, who
migrated eastward, until the Hunic reign the first half of the 5th century. This is what Iordanes news mentions, when the
Sarmatians are evoked as part of the coalition led by Gepidic king Kunimund, against the ostrogoths, in 469. The
Sarmatians were still living in the southern part of the Danube Tisa field. Vaday is of the opinion that, in the last third of
3rd c. and in the entire 4th c., one may observe even archaeologically a density of settlements in the Tisa field, and in the
last third of the 4th c., there still existing sarmatic kingdoms 44.
A. H. Vaday, in her article Sarmatians Settlements in the Great Hungarian Plain, offers a new methodology for
analyzing the sarmatic sites, using excavation techniques. The researcher proposes a statistic and quantitative study on the
archaeological material and offers as a reference the study made on the sarmatic settlements from Gyoma 133, jhartyn i
Kompolt , Kistr 14, dated in the 2nd and 3rd c AD. To these, she adds two more later sarmatic settlements, from the hunic
period, Endrd 170 i rmnykt 52, from the Bks region. The statistic analysis on the quantity and belonging of the
ceramic fragments, on the way of making and using the paste employed, of ceramic types, of form and ornamental motifs
bring a series of useful information to research45.
The Hungarian researcher, Andrea Vaday, debated the problematic of barbarian peoples from the Hungarian field
Iranians, Germans, Celts and Dacians. In her opinion, the Celts and the Dacians, were the populations over whom the
Sarmatian-Iazyges settle and who contributed to the development of the Sarmatians material culture 46. A.H. Vaday made a
map of the tombs with weapons discoveries. The most, dated in the 2nd and 3rd c. AD, are concentrated in the area between
Cri and Some, in the Romanian space, and between Some and Upper Tisa. In the Banat area, she mentions only the
discoveries from Vizejdia and Szeged-Pusztakmpc47. For the period of the 4th and the first half of the 5th century, the
discoveries of weapons in the tombs are concentrated near the Upper Tisa and the habitat between The Danube and The
Tisa, until the confluence with the Mure.

41

Vaday 1989, p. 191.

Vaday-Medgyesi 1993, p. 80-84.
43
Vaday 1994.
44
Vaday 1989, p. 208-210.
45
Vaday 1999.
46
Vaday 2003 a, p. 222-223.
47
Vaday 2001, p.178, fig. 3.
42

79

Zsolt Visy was concerned with the problem of the Roman army and its connection with the Barbarians, with the
sarmatic limes, editing in 2003 an archaeological guide for Ripa Pannonica The Roman Army in Pannonia. An
Archaeological guide of the Ripa Pannonica48.
An important addition to the knowledge of the habitat inhabited by the Sarmatians in the Tisa field was brought by
Gabriela Vrs. She published the sarmatic material discovered in settlements and tombs from Hungary, and also the
articled concerning the migratory populations from this area 49. We also have to mention a full-of-results collaboration in the
field of sarmatic research from the Hungarian field, between Eszter Istvanovits and Valeria Kulcsr, editing studies
concerning the religion, the chronology and the contacts of the Sarmatians with the Germans from the above-mentioned
area50. The Hungarian researchers state that, after the Marcomanic Wars, in the Hungarian field, the first roxolanic groups
penetrate, thing retraced in the funerary rite, through the appearance in the tombs, besides the dominant orientation south
north, of an east west orientation. The graveyards with a dominant east- west orientation can be dated, from the second
half of the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century., being attested at Hajddorog-Szllsfldek, Kiskunflegyhza
Klsgalambos, Hdmezvsrhely Kishomok, Szeged Alskzport.
After this period, this type of orientation vanishes from the sarmatic funerary rite. Specific for this eastern
Hungarian area is the funeral in tumuli, common to the eastern Sarmatians as well. Authors observed the changing of the
funerary rite, within the tumuli graveyards, by digging some ditches around the tumuli, new clothes ornaments based on
beads and the appearance of some new ethnic groups 51. Valeria Kulcsr observes, after the salvation excavations from 19941996, the contacts between the Sarmatians and the Suebi, respectively between the Sarmatians and the Quadi, nomads living
close to the limes, for trade exchanges52.
International conferences regarding the barbarians from the Carpathic basin helped to the display of the newest
research in the plain belonging to Hungarian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovakian and Russian historians. The one to be noted is
the International Conference regarding the barbarians from Aszod and Nyiregyhaza in 1999 International Connections of
the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st -5th centuries A.D, and the 18th International Congress about the frontiers
of the Roman Empire from Zalu, in September 1997. Within the first one, they presented articles about the entire sarmatic
mass, as well as ones about the Danube Tisa area. A series of antique writers and renowned historians sign these articles,
but the ones connected to the Sarmatians are: Halina Dobrznska, Contacts between Sarmatians and the Przeworsk Culture
community; Alexandr V. Simonenko, On the tribal structure of some migrations waves of Sarmatians to the Carpathian
Basin; Eszter Istvanovits and Valeria Kulcsr, Sarmatians through the eyes of strangers. The Sarmatian warrior; Andrea
Vaday, Military system of the Sarmatians; Mihaly Khegyi i Gabriella Vrs, Bestattungsbruche in dem sarmatischen
Grberfeld von Madaras; Igor N. Khrapunov, On the contacts between the populations of the Crimea and the Carpathian
Basin in the Late Roman Period; Sergei I. Bezuglov, Danubian fashion and Tanais (The early phase of the Migration
Period). Russian, Polish, Hungarian and Romanian historians attend the Congress, in their articles mentioning both
sarmatian branches, the connections between them, rite and ritual elements, military and material aspects of this Iranian

48

The Roman Army in Pannonia. An Archaeological guide of the Ripa Pannonica, editat de Zs. Visy, Pecs, 2003.; Visy
1989; Visy 2000; Visy 1970, p. 5-29.
49
Vrs 1984, p. 147-154; Vrs 1987; Vrs 1993, p. 173-174.; Vrs 1983; Vrs 1992, p. 11-45.
50
Istvanovits Kulcsr 1992; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1994, p. 405-416; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1995; Istvanovits Kulcsr
1997, p. 153-188.; Istvanovits Kulcsr 2000, p. 3-27.; Istvanovits Kulcsr 1993, p. 27-35.
51
Istvanovits Kulcsr 1993, p. 28-29.
52
Kulcsr 1997, p. 713-715.

80

population53. Eszter Istvanovits and Valeria Kulcsr identified, based on antique sources and some monuments from the
Roman Empire, the image of the Sarmatian-Iazyges and the Roxolans. The authors draw attention upon the clothing of the
Sarmatians represented on Trajans and M. Aurelius Column, and upon the sarmatian women. One can observe from these
monuments the weapons and the harness pieces 54. Andrea Vaday uses the information from antique writers to remake the
image of the sarmatian warrior and his fight tactics. The political and military events alongside the archaeological
discoveries area enough to draw the main characteristics, both political and military, of the sarmatic population 55.
gnes Szekeres researched the sarmatic tombs from Bcstopolya Bnkert, in which they discovered 41 sarmatic
burial tombs, which on the basis of the inventory were dated for the end of the 3rd c. and the beginning of the 4th c.,
analogies being retraced in the tombs from the south of the Hungarian plain and Banat, in Panciova56.
Romanian research regarding post-Roman and sarmatic epochs, after WW2, was given its rebirth. The status of this
research was presented in the synthesis Istoria Romniei, I, Bucureti, 1960, p. 671-682, and then again in Istoria
Romnilor, II (Daco-romani, Romanici, Alogeni), Bucureti, 2001, p. 3-12857.
The historical study connected to the sarmatians from the Western territory of Romania had as its basis the
archaeological research and isolated discoveries, very few, having a sporadic character and coherenceless. The main focus
was on the ethnic identification of the barbarian communities from outside the Roman Dacia. From the historical sketch of
M. Macrea on the barbarian neighbors of the Roman Dacia, the subject was no longer globally treated 58. The work of
Coriolan Horaiu Crian, Dacia roman i Barbaricum, tried to treat at a high level the relationship of the province with the
neighbor barbarian territories, as well as the history of these peoples. D. Popescu published a catalogue of this research in
Transylvania, which included sarmatic materials 59. An important article regarding a sarmatic discovery is that of N.
Chisiodan, who tackles the problems connected to this ethnic group based on the sarmatic graveyard from imand 60.
A real controversy of the 60s and the 70s was the research of the ground walls from Roman Dacia and the
neighboring provinces of the sarmatic penetration area, in which Hungarian researchers got involved. Researches from K.
Horedt, E. Drner and V. Boronean, V. Balas, S. Soproni61 enter this race.
After 1970 we can notice a new stage of sarmatic population studies from Western Romania, owed to the
contribution of historical and archaeological research made by E. Drner, M. Barbu, P. Hgel. These were made on the
valley of the Mures, attesting the existence of some sarmatic enclaves in the lower plain area close to the rivers. E. Drner
observes, in his article based on archaeological discoveries from the Arad area, as well as from the sarmatic traces from the
area of the Cris and teh Somes, that there are no sarmatic penetrations known in the hill and intra-mountain areas from
Zarand, and the Criul Repede corridor. P. Hgel and M. Barbu observed that in the Arad area, ethnic separation is based on
the funerary rite. The Sarmatians signaled through burial tombs are situated on the line of the Mures and in the plain from
the west of Arad. The quality of the living together between the Sarmatians and the autochthonous population is attested

53

International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st -5th centuries A.D., Aszod Nyiregyhaza,
2001.
54
Istvanovits Kulcsr 2001.
55
Vaday 2001.
56
Szekeres 1999, p. 510.
57
Istorie Romniei, I, 1960; Istoria Romnilor, II, 2001.
58
Macrea 1968.
59
Popescu 1956.
60
Chidioan 1965, p. 443.
61
Horedt 1965, p.725-730.; Drner Boronean 1968, p. 7-16.; Balas 1963, p.309-336.; Soproni 1969, p. 43-53.

81

through the Dacian pottery, in sarmatic context. The living together between the two populations may be observed within
the biritual tombs from eitin62.
For the central Banat area important contributions are awarded to Marius Moga, prof. univ. dr. Doinei Benea, prof.
univ. dr. Adrian Bejan, M. Moroz-Pop, Florin Medele. Marius Moga together with N. Gudea publishes an article based on
the Banat archaeological research 63. The sarmatic discoveries of Doina Benea and her collaborators will be comprised in the
work Dacia sud-vestic n sec. III-IV, which encompasses elements of history, chronology, and interpretations regarding the
sarmatians from the south-west of the Banat area. In an article issued in sequels, D. Benea tackles the problem of the
Limigantes and Argaragantes sarmatians, admitting a series of hypotheses regarding the ethnic origin of the limigantes64.
The late historian and archaeologist Fl. Medele made some research regarding the ground walls, as well as the sarmatic
presence in Banat65, sustaining that the latters presence in the Banat plain is attested by a series of isolated tombs and
discoveries. N. Gudea and I. Mou analyzed the history of Banat in the Roman epoch, referring to the Sarmatian-Iazyges
from the west of the Roman province. In their opinion, the presence of the Sarmatians during the province is negligible,
being unable to support the occupation of a part of the province 66. Adrian Bejan researched, in his turn, things presented
later in the work Banatul n secolel IV-XII67. The same author, in another general work, referring to the phenomenon of
ethnogenesis, dedicates an entire chapter to the migrators from the Romanian space. Adrian Bejan and Liviu Mruia offer
details about the sarmatians history, historiographical problems and also a division of the periods of the sarmatic epoch 68.
Within the research, we remark the publishing of the material resulted from archaeological excavations made at Dumbrvia
by the CSIATim team and the Banat Museum, regarding the Roman walls directed towards the Barbaricum69. This study
joins the ones made by Hungarian and Arad historians. Still among synthesis works, which include the problem of the
sarmatic ethnic group, is that of Liviu Mrghitan, which treats the post Roman and early feudalism period, appreciating that
Banat was organized from 102 as a special Military district, in order to answer better to a Dacian or Iazyg possible
attack70. Still in that same area of works, we remind those of S. Dumitracu Dacia apusean and the big synthesis of M.
Mare, who tackles the sarmatic archaeological discoveries from Banat 71. In his work, Banatul ntre secolele IV-IX, the Banat
historian and archaeologist, revises a short history of this area, focusing on the main political and historical events included
in the referred period of time 72. Among the migratory populations who show up in the Banat space, taking advantage of the
internal instability of the Empire, the first will be the Sarmatian-Iazyges, at the beginning of the 4th century.
Sporadic iazyg infiltrations are signaled before the 2nd-3rd c., in the north-eastern corner of Banat. After 275, the
area of sarmatic discoveries includes the lower southern Mures plain, towards the south-west, towards the Serbian Banat.
There is no attesting of this population in the hill and mountain area of Banat 73. After Mircea Mare, the Sarmatians have a
well-developed material culture, influenced by different cultures belonging to different spaces and peoples with whom the
Sarmatians get in touch. Iranian elements as well as Hellenistic Greek from the Pont area are evidenced through the
62

Drner 1971, p. 686-690, Hgel Barbu 1997, p. 571-572.

Moga Gudea 1975.
64
Benea 1992, p. 143-156.; Benea 1993, p.133-140.; Benea 1996.
65
Medele 1970, p. 59-63.; Medele 1987.
66
Gudea Mou 1987.
67
Bejan 1995.; Bejan Mare 1993, p. 222-232.
68
Bejan Mruia 2004, p. 153-158.
69
Draovean-Benea 2004.
70
Mrghitan 1980.
71
Dumitracu 1993.; Mare 2004.
72
Mare 2004, p. 11-19.
73
idem, p. 50-51.
63

82

polychromes, in the artistic processing of metal, like the use of the filigree and pseudo-granulation, the richly and
beautifully ornate clothing. From the autochthonous they take on elements of material culture (Latin and Roman provincial
fibulae)74.
Based on the latest archaeological research, contributions to the knowledge of the tombs and the sarmatic funerary
rite are brought by the Timioara archaeologist from the Banat Museum, M. Mare and Dana Tnase. The same authors
researched a controversial problem, that of the penetration of the Sarmatians in Banat, correlating the information already
existing with the archaeological discoveries 75. On the basis of the ceramic inventory discovered at Timioara Pdurea
Verde, with analogies in the Serbian area and the Tisa plain, it was considered that in the Banat area there has been a Roman
- barbarian interference. D. Tnase sustains that the sarmatic presence in the tombs and isolated settlements is attested in
the lower plain area of the rivers, thing already seen in Baka and the Serbian Banat 76. M. Mare observed that out of all
sarmatic tombs in Banat and Crisana and the isolated tombs discovered there, only a third to the period before the Aurelian
retreat. So, before the retreat, there have been penetrations in the plain area of Banat, a proof of this being also the discovery
of the sarmatic graveyard, 2nd 3rd c. from Foeni 77. For the 270 480 AD periods, the sarmatic remains cover a large area,
between the Danube and the Tisa, and at the east of Tisa they cover the whole plain, including the confluence of the three
Cri Rivers until the Mure, and southwards in the Serbian and Romanian Banat 78.
Within the research of late Roman and post Roman epoch there were some remarked: Gh. Bichir, S. Dumitracu, J.
Nemeti, Alexandru C. Matei, Gh. Lazin, C. H. Opreanu, Al. Sianu. Gh. Bichir made a series of studies regarding the
provinces relationships with the barbarian peoples neighboring the provincial Dacian area, as well as new hypotheses about
the penetration of the Sarmatians, the history of lower Danube sarmatians 79. Gh. Bichir sustains, in his article, Relations
between the Sarmatians and the Free Dacians, the problem of the penetration of the Iazyges in the Pannonic plain in the 1st
c. AD, based on the information rendered by ancient authors and archaeological research, which demonstrate their initial
settlement in the north of the Pannonic plain, between the Danube and the Tisa. The Romanian historian supports the idea of
the penetration of the Sarmatians in the Hungarian territory through the north, going up the Nistru, then up the Prut and not
along the Danube80. This fact is supported by the discoveries of isolated tombs from Moldova (38), Muntenia (48),
Dobrogea (4) and western Romania (Banat-25 i Criana-19), no sarmatic tomb being retraced in Oltenia and Transilvania,
belonging to the 1st and 2nd c. AD 81. In the sarmatic tombs from the Tisa region hand-made Dacian pottery was discovered,
as well as in those from Banat and Crisana, fact observed in the sarmatic tombs from Moldova and Muntenia. Gh. Bichir,
taking over information from ancient writers, debates the problem of the Argaragantes and Limigantes sarmatians,
sustaining the latters belonging to the Daco Roman population82.
An interesting work is that of Rusu Mircea, Autochtones et Migrateurs (IIIe siecle IXe siecle), but also that of
Ioana Hica Cmpeanu, Rituri funerare n Transilvania de la sfritul secolului al III-lea, pn n secolul al V-lea e.n 83.
About the funerary ritual of the barbarians, an interesting study is the papers of Alexandru Sonoc. He mentioned the
74

ibidem, p.63-64.
Tnase Mare 2000, p. 193-208.
76
Tnase 1998, p. 253-254.
77
Mare 1998, p. 285.
78
idem, p. 287; Tnase 2004, p. 237-238.
79
Bichir 1993, p. 135-169.; Bichir 1973; Bichir 1974.
80
Bichir 1974, p. 57.; Bichir 1993.
81
Bichir 1976, p. 117.
82
Bichir 1974, p. 65; Harmatta 1970, p. 49-51.
83
Cmpeanu 1979.
75

83

assembly between the rituals from Great Hungarian Plain or sarmatian area and some discoveries from Banat or
Transylvania. The author extended the study by presenting some new ideas about the presence of flowers and plants in the
burial grave, which had related with the diseases of the people who died. We know a few about the ritual, magic and the
believes of the sarmatian, and Alexandru Sonocs historical studies, also ethnological studies give us something that
classical history doesnt reveled84.
In the study of the relationships of the Roman Empire with the Barbaricum, but also the research of the Romanian
space in which the Sarmatians penetrate, a special aid is brought by Sever Dumitracu. Besides the mentioned work, in his
articles, the historian makes reference to the western border of the Dacia province, as well as to the barbarian population
neighboring it, enumerating the sarmatic discoveries from the regions of Arad, Crisana and Banat 85.
I. I. Russu revises the relations and the wars with the sarmatians from 117-118, based on the ancient and
historiographical sources, using the information rendered by the military diploma from 123. Russu presents the
reorganization of Roman Dacia and the founding of Dacia Porolissensis, during Hadrians reign 86.
Historian Al. Aldea researched the sarmatic discovery from Sebe, which contained a metal mirror of the Tamga
type, the only piece discovered in western Romania 87, analogies existing in the Prut area. On the penetration of the Roxolans
and the Alans in the Romanian territory, as well as about the Daco-Roman continuity within the migration period, Gh.
Diaconu published a series of articles88.
The historian Mihai Brbulescu treated in an earlier article, the research of a probably sarmatic tomb discovered in
the Roman camp of Potaissa. According to D. Benea, the tomb is Germanic, and in a monographic study about the V
Macedonica legion, she presented the campaigns to which the legion takes part against the Sarmatians 89. Research
concerning archaeological discoveries belonging to migratory populations were made by J. Nemeti, identifying analogies
between the inventory of the burial tomb from Urziceni, Satu Mare county, imand and some tombs from the Hungarian
plain, this one being dated in the 3rd and 4th century. Still from the Satu Mare area, historian Gh. Lazin published the
archaeological material discovered in this area 90.
The study of the relationships between Roman Dacia and Barbaricum reached another dimension, with the attempt
of C. H. Opreanu91 to make a global work regarding this type of research. The latter researches, in some articles, the iazyg
problem, the chronology of the late Roman epoch, economic relationships between Roman Dacia and neighbor barbarians,
surpassing the study made by Al. Sianu which stopped only at the numismatic discoveries 92.
The historian from Cluj supports the idea of the settlement of the Iazyges in a first stint, in the north of the
Hungarian plain, in the 1st c. AD and the beginning of the 2nd c., fact proven by the archaeological discoveries attributed to
the sarmatic population, which are concentrated in the north-eastern part of the Hungarian plain. After Coriolan Opreanu,
during Trajans reign, the Iazyges did not live at the south of the Partiscum-Lugio line, and so their territory in the first Daco
Roman war must be searched in the space north of the Mures and not in Banat. According to Sever Dumitracu, the
earliest sarmatic discovery in Romania is the tomb from Vrand (jud. Arad), the other 9 discoveries from Arad and Bihor
84

Sonoc 2006; Sonoc 2002, p. 121-128.

Dumitracu 1969, p. 483 sq.; Dumitracu 1977.
86
Russu 1973, p. 47-62.
87
Aldea 1971, p. 693 700.
88
Diaconu 1980 a; Diaconu 1980 b, p. 73-81.
89
Brbulescu 1982, p. 137-142.
90
Nmeti 1983, p. 144 - 145; Nmeti - Gindele 1997; Lazin 1992, p. 339-346.; Lazin 1981-1982.
91
Opreanu 1998, p. 48; Opreanu 1993.
92
Sianu 1980.
85

84

being dated in the 2nd and 3rd c 93. Opreanu talks about the political and military history of the Sarmatian-Iazyges, to whom
the re-establishment of the Dacian kingdoms power in the 1st c. AD the western limit on the Tisa was established. Taking
advantage of the events from 101-102, they will temporarily set their authority over the territory from the east of The Tisa,
as allies of Rome. The military events from 107-108 and then the Iazyges revolt from 117-118 were unleashed probably by
the discontempt of the Sarmatians regarding the fact that Trajan refused to return them the territory from the east of the Tisa,
but also because of the cessation of the ties between the Iazyges and the Roxolans, once with the organization of the Dacia
province94. The relationships of the Dacia province with the western Barbaricum, during the Marcomanic Wars, is minutely
debated, mentioning the political and economical consequences on the Iazyges, who obtained the right to establish trade
with the eastern space and go through the province, only with the approval of Dacias governor. The historian from Cluj
considers that the sarmatic bronze mirror with a Tamga type sign from Sebe could be a proof of the occasional transit of the
Sarmatians through Dacia95.
A special aid was brought by the talks regarding different aspects of the relationships with Barbaricum, from the
17th International Congress on the Borders of the Roman Empire, from Zalu, in September 1997 96. The volume published
after this Congress is structured in five parts, the first three being in connection with the research of the western and northwestern sarmatic area. The last part is dedicated to the barbarians from the east of Daciei Porolissensis and Apulensis, of
utmost importance being Vitalie Brcs articles on the military equipment and political history of the Sarmatians from the
north west of the Black Sea. Clin Timoc makes a possible route of the penetration of the Sarmatian-Iazyges towards the
Roman Banat at the beginning of the 2nd c. AD. In the authors opinion, the penetration of the Iazyges was made by
crossing the Tisa, at a point situated at the middle of its flow from the overflowing of Mures in the Danube, heading towards
the centre of the Roman camp line Lederata-Tibiscum, avoiding the areas of swamps. This is strengthened by the defeat at
Vrac of the Iazyg army and the removal of IIII Flavia Felix legion to Berzovia, the most exposed point to barbarian
attacks97.
Sever Dumitracu tackles the problem of barbarians by using ancient sources, but also archaeological ones,
regarding different migratory populations. Among these barbarians we can retrace the Sarmatians as well, who will settle in
many waves in the Danube Tisa area and in the western Romanian one, especially in the lower plain next to waterways.
They will not live isolated from the autochthonous populations, but will interact, reciprocally influencing each other.
Because of the autochthonous Dacian, Daco-Celtic, Daco-Roman populations, the Sarmatians will enter a process of
sedentarization98.
Alexandru Szentmiklosi and Clin Timoc published the archaeological material from the supposed settlement and
tomb in Foeni Slite, establishing analogies of the pieces with sarmatian settlements from Hungary and Serbia 99.
Late archaeological research from the Serbian Banat and the Baka area have led to some studies which include
sarmatic material, the shaping of the analogies of the pieces discovered with those from the Hungarian plain and the
Romanian space. In this category we include the works of Sebian archaeologists: D. Batisti-Popadi, M. Djordevi, S.
93

Dumitracu 1993, p. 75, p. 110; Opreanu 1997, p. 286-287; Opreanu 1993, p. 235-260.
Opreanu 1998, p. 55-56.
95
idem, p. 133.
96
Romani i barbari la frontierele Daciei , n ActaMP, XXI, 1997, ediie special aprut cu ocazia celui de-al al XVII-lea
Congres Internaional asupra Frontierelor Imperiului Roman de la Zalu, din septembrie 1997.
97
Timoc 1997, p. 298.
98
Dumitracu 1997, p. 335 359.
99
Szentmiklosi Timoc 2005, p.657-677.
94

85

Trifunovi, C. Jorgovi. Daria Batisti-Popadi publishes the archaeological material discovered in the sarmatic tomb from
Vojlovica-Panevo, framing it following the orientation of the majority of the bodies south-north-west and the inventory of
the tombs, the row of the 3rd and 4th c. AD. The pottery discovered is both Dacian, Roman imitation and Roman provincial.
On the basis of archaeological support, the Serbian historian believes that during the 3rd and 4th c., in the researched area
there was a mixed population, Dacian- Sarmatic, practicing trade with the Roman provinces 100.
V. Dautova-Ruevljan elaborated a study regarding the analysis of the sarmatic culture research from the Vojvodina
area. The Serbian archaeologist observes, on the basis of ancient writings, the problem of identification of some sarmatic
tribes from Baka, Banat and the Pannonic plain. For the 1st and 2nd c. AD the Iazyges are mentioned, whereas for the 3rd
and 4th the Roxolans. From the work of Ammianus Marcelinus one can distinguish the Argaragantes, Limigantes and
Amicenses sarmatians. M. Prducz sustained that evem the tribes of Royal Sarmatians, the Ugri and the Roxolans could be
mentioned. V. Dautova-Ruevljan observes the belonging of the material culture of the Sarmatians from Pannonia to a basis
with Bosphoran-pontic elements, while the Baka and Banat area, within the sarmatic culture, daco-celtic and romanprovincial elements were identified. The symbiosis of these elements formed the so-called sarmatic culture, known in the
specific literature as such101.
Maja Djordjevi published the material from the sarmatic tombs belonging to the collection of the museums from
Panevo and Vrac, where there are objects from 30 sites from the south west of Banat. On the basis of the research of
these sites considerations were made regarding the position of the tombs near the plain rivers, on their terraces, and in the
low hill area. Elements of sarmatic rite and funerary ritual may be observed through the positioning of the deceased in burial
tombs, the majority south north oriented. In their inventory there were ceramic objects hand- or wheel-made, personal
objects of the deceased (weapons, jewels, everyday objects), clothing ornaments (a specificity being the large number of
beads, sewn on the garments). Within the same inventory, the Serbian researcher observes two types of objects, connected to
clothing, jewels and weapons, brought by the Sarmatians at their arrival from the Pontic area, and objects resulted from their
trade with the Romans from the neighboring provinces, mainly Pannonia102.
She will use in the research of the tombs from the Serbian Banat, the chronologic framing, on horizons, made by
Prducz. gnes Sekeres researched the sarmatic tomb from Subotica Verui, where 17 toms surrounded cu circular
ditches were found, out of the 67 sarmatic tombs. The orientation of the deceased is south-north, being laid flat on the back.
The majority of these tombs were vandalized, but on the basis of the ritual and archaeological material, the tomb could be
dated at the end of the 4th c, - the beginning of the 5th c., there being analogies with the sarmatic and hunic tombs from
southern Hungary103. Olga Brukner analyzed the roman discoveries from the settlements and tombs from Barbaricum
from the Baka and Banat regions, supporting the theory regarding the barbarians trade with the neighboring roman
provinces and drew a map of the discoveries. A special place in the trade between the Sarmatians and the roman provinces
belonged to Pannonia104.
A special contribution to the study of the Danube Tisa habitat and to the study of Sarmatians was brought by the
Slovakian and Polish researchers. A monographic study, which refers to the history of the sarmatic population from their
appearance in the European space until their disappearance from history, was made by Tadeucz Sulimirski. In his work The
100

Batisti-Popadi 1985, p. 69.

Dautova-Ruevljan 1990, p. 84-85.
102
Djordjevi 1994, p. 48-50.
103
Sekeres 1998, p. 118-119.
104
Brukner 1990, p. 200-201.
101

86

Sarmatians, the Polish author makes a presentation of the Sarmatians from the Hungarian plain and the Romanian space.
Sulimirski considers the migration of the Iazyges in the north- east of Hungary was made through Bucovina and the North
of the Carpathians, and happened immediately after 20 AD, where they would find a Daco Celtic population. The author
reminds that the iazyg tombs contain plain monuments and are grouped in large graveyards. They contain a poor inventory
in the first period (1st and 2nd c.), mainly due to the lack of resources, as well as the cessation of the connections with the
Roxolans from the eastern Carpathic area, by the founding of the Dacia province 105. The middle sarmatian period in
Hungary is characterized by their involvement in the Marcomanic Wars (166-172 d. Chr., 177-180 d.Chr.), thing leading to
the enrolment of 8,000 sarmatian knights in the Roman army. For the mentioned period, Sulimirski observes in the
inventory of the tombs, objects of Pontic origin with analogies in the area of Low Volga and Kuban, the idea of the
penetration a new sarmatian wave, perhaps the Roxolans, being heavily supported. The late sarmatian period, within the 3rd
5th c. AD, is characterized by a migratory ethnic conglomerate in the eastern European area and by repeated attacks on the
Roman Empire. The Polish author reminds the military episodes from the 4th c. AD, in which the Argaragantes and
Limigantes are involved. For this period we may distinguish on the basis of archaeological research changes in the rite and
funerary inventory106.
Polish historian K. Godlowski researched the chronology of migrations and the barbarian peoples from the northwest of the Carpathians, the barbarian military history with references to the Sarmatian-Iazyges and the Marcomanic
Wars107.
The same importance is awarded to the work of historian Halina Dobrzanska, Contacts between Sarmatians and
Przeworsk Culture community, which observes elements of material culture common to both populations, on the basis of
archaeological research from the tombs, including the rite and funeral habits 108. Vyaceslav Kotigoroko has a work regarding
the Upper Tisa region, which, alongside his articles, contributes to the study of Sarmatians and other barbarian peoples 109.
Kotigoroko tackles the problem of stamped pottery and workshops from the Polish, Hungarian and Romanian areas. From
the acquired data including the analogous excavations, he supports the fact that nowhere else, stamped pottery has had a
larger expansion and ornamental riches on the Upper Tisa areas, although this is known in other regions with polyethnic
structure as well, like the Cerneahov culture110.
L. Szanianeska analyzed the sarmatian problem in Ptolemys Geographia, drawing a series of ethnic maps based
on ancient information111. A. Kokowski112 drew the conclusion that the first contact between the bearers of the Pzeworsk
culture and the Sarmatians took place at the middle of the 1st c. AD. Later on, during the Marcomanic Wars, the Sarmatians
penetrate the area of Upper Tisa, and starting with the end of the 2nd c. AD, elements of material culture belonging to the
two ethnicities may be identified within the discoveries near the Sarmatian limes. Beginning with the 3rd and the 4th c., the
Sarmatians will assimilate the material culture of those with whom they come into contact.
Richard Brzezinski and Mariusz Mielczarek, in the study The Sarmatians 600 B.C.-450 A.D. present the Sarmatian
tribes, the military history of these migrators with reference to the Danube area and the Roman Empire . Polish historians
105

Sulimirski 1970, p. 173-174.

Idem, p. 175-182.
107
Godlowski 1970; Godlowski 1984, p. 327-346.
108
Dobrzanska 2001, p. 102-103.
109
Kotigoroko 1995.
110
Kotigoroko 1997, p. 813.
111
Szanianeska 1993.
112
Kokowski 1998.
106

87

revise the sarmatian offensive and defensive weapons, presenting archaeological discoveries and analogies between the
Bosphoran and the Hungarian plain areas. The authors identify influences of the sarmatian armament over the Roman
cavalry. Within their work, they try to remake the armor, the equipment and the tactics employed by the Sarmatians, attempt
based on ancient information and archaeological discoveries, especially Russian ones113.
Archaeological research in settlements and tombs helps to elucidate some yet unclear problems of historiography.
Archaeological research from recent years, from the Serbian Banat and the Baka area, Hungary and Romania has led to the
development of some studies which include sarmatic material, the shaping of the pieces analogies with the Hungarian plain
and the Romanian area.
Among the migratory populations which appear in the Banat space, taking advantage of the inner instability of the
Empire, the Sarmatian-Iazyges are the first, at the beginning of the 4th c. Before the retreat, massive infiltrations took place
in the field area of Banat. For the period between 270-480 AD, the sarmatian remains cover a large area, between the
Danube and the Tisa, to the east of Tisa including the whole field, encompassing the confluence of the Cri Rivers until the
Mure, and southwards in the Romanian and Serbian Banat. They could observe the maximum limit of the sarmatian
penetration in the Romanian space, finding no traces in the hill and mountain regions, where an autochthonous population
continues to exist, enslaved to this barbarian people, politically only. The peaceful living together of these two ethnicities
must not be denied, for it is proved by the archaeological discoveries and up-to-date studies.
To have a global image on the sarmatian culture, on interethnic interferences, the continuation of these studies is
necessary, the minute analysis of the archaeological material and its publishing. The actual status of research regarding the
Sarmatian-Iazyges reached a level at which synthetic works regarding this barbarian people are an absolute necessity, which
should include the discoveries of Romanian archaeologists and their studies, as well as those of Serbians, Hungarians. The
establishing of some analogies, but also of area differences, owed to the autochthonous population, could set light upon
some yet unsolved problems. Rediscussing and reanalyzing of the material from some settlements, only on the basis of the
relative chronology of some artifacts have to be done. A regional co-operation in the field could establish if some
discoveries from Serbia and Hungary are really sarmatian, daco-roman or if they attest a living together of both ethnicities.
Stadiul actual al cercetrilor istoriografice privind sarmaii iazygi din habitatul dintre Dunre i Tisa (la sud de
confluena cu Mureul) n secolele I ~ IV p. Ch.
(REZUMAT)
n urma cercetrilor arheologice i studiilor de specialitate, ale informaiilor antice i reprezentrilor de pe
monumente se pot reconstitui elementele generale i particulare ale culturii sarmatice din spaiul dintre Dunre, Tisa i pn
la confluena cu Mureul.
Studiul istoriografic asupra sarmailor iazygi i aduce aportul la cercetarea culturii i civilizaiei acestui neam
barbar. Dac pentru perioada interbelic, istoriografia maghiar a fost pe alocuri sub influena politicului, dup 1950 se
nregistreaz progreze n cercetarea istoric barbarilor din vestul provinciei Dacia Roman. Studiile lui M. Prducz i A. H.
Vaday se nscriu n rndul lucrrilor de baz pentru studierea sarmailor din arealul Dunre Tisa Mure. Istoricii srbi iau adus aportul la studierea iazygilor. Tendinele din ultima perioad denot o colaborare ntre istoricii srbi i romni n
113

Brzezinski 2002.

88

cercetarea aezrilor i necropolelor din Banatul istoric. Pentru spaiul romnesc, cercetrile privind sarmaii se rezum la
studierea necropolelor i descoperirilor izolate atribuite acestei populaii migratoare. n momentul de fa civilizaia
sarmailor e cunoscut prin dou componente, prin necropole la care nu se pot anexa aezrile sarmatice adiacente. Exist
aezri caracterizate prin ceramic dacic i roman, aparinnd unei populaii sedentare, n acest moment necunoscndu-se
necropolele aferente lor. Aceste lucruri reprezint carene de informaii arheologice. Descoperirile de la Foeni, cele mai
vechi, atest infiltrri timpurii de sarmai ce nu pot da o imagine de ansamblu a situaiei n vestul Romniei, unde prezena
sarmat este documentat odat cu ptrunderea valului roxolan. Pentru conturarea unei imagini globale asupra culturii
sarmate, ale interferenelor etnice, este necesar continuarea acestor cercetri, analiza atent a materialului arheologic i
publicarea lui.

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articol aprut n Studii de Istorie a Banatului (SIB), nr. XXX-XXXI, 2006-2007, p. 74-93.
Article appeared in SIB, XXX-XXXI, 2007, p. 74-93.

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