CGE535

ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Munawar Zaman Shahruddin

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
munawar_zaman@salam.uitm.edu.my
Tel: 03-5544 8019; 019-249 0416

Week 2-4
Chapter 2: Electric Circuits

Lesson Outcome
At the end of class, students should be able to:
State and apply basic circuit laws to solve for currents, voltages and
powers in electric circuits.
Apply the voltage-division and current-division principles to analyze
electric circuit.
Analyze the circuits using the node-voltage and mesh-current
technique.
Apply the Thevenins theorem to analyze the electric circuit.

Electric Circuit
The path that the
current follows
Consist of a voltage
source, load and
conductor.

Load: resistor,
capacitor,
LED, etc

Voltage source:
battery,
generator, etc

Conductor

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Series
Parallel
Series-Parallel (Combination)
Open Circuit
Closed/Short Circuit
5

TOPIC 1:
Circuit/resistor in
parallel and series.
6

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Parallel Circuit/Resistors

Series Circuit/Resistors

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Series-Parallel Circuit/Resistors
8

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Closed Circuit

Open Circuit

Series Circuit/Resistors
In a series circuit, the current flow is the same
throughout the circuit

RT=R1+R2+R3+Rn

10

Example 1
According to the figure, determine IT

11

Example 1
Given VT=12 V, R1=560 , R2=680 , R3=1000
Therefore, RT=R1+R2+R3=560+680+1000=2240
Based on Ohms Law: IT=VT/RT=12/2240= 0.0054 A

12

Parallel Circuit/Resistors
In a parallel circuit, the current divides among the
branches of the circuit and recombines on returning
to the voltage source.

1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/Rn

13

Example 2
According to the figure, determine R2

14

Example 2

Given VT=120 V, IT=0.2 A, R1=1000 , R3=5600

Based on Ohms Law: RT=VT/IT=120/0.2= 600
According to parallel circuit, 1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
1/600=1/1000+1/R2+1/5600; R2=2048.78

15

Tips on Solving Series and Parallel

Circuit
Draw a schematic of the circuit and label all known
quantities
Solve for equivalent circuits and redraw the circuit
Solve for the unknown quantities

16

END OF TOPIC 1

17

TOPIC 2: Kirchhoffs
Law
18

Overview
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
(1789-1854)

Kirchhoffs Law was introduced in 1845 by G. R.

Kirchhoff as an extension work of Ohm which solve
calculation of currents, voltages and resistances in
electrical circuits with multiple loops.
It also in-lines with the first law of thermodynamic
that involved the electrical energy.
19

Basic in term in the electric circuit

Branch/Junction any portion of a circuit with two
terminals connected to it. A branch may consist of
one or more circuit elements.
Node junction of two or more branches.
Loop any closed connection of branches.
Mesh exclusive loop/does not contain other loop
20

EXAMPLE 3
Find the branches, nodes, loops and meshes in the following
circuit:

21

Kirchhoffs Law
First Law: Kirchhoffs Current Law
(Junction Rule)
Second Law: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
(Loop/Mesh Rule)

22

First Law: Kirchhoffs Current Law

The sum of the currents at a node must
equal zero (since charge cannot be
created but must be conserved)

= 0
=1
23

First Law: Kirchhoffs Current Law

Node a: I1 I2 I3 = 0

Node b: I2 + I3 I1 = 0

24

Example 4

i2=3A,
i3=3A,
i6=2A,
i5=-2A,
i7=1A

25

Hint:
Search
all
possible nodes one to
another

Second Law: Kirchhoffs Volatge Law

The net voltage around a closed circuit is zero (no
energy is lost or created in an electric circuit termthe sum of all voltages associated with the sources
must equal the sum of the load voltages

= 0
=1
26

Second Law: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Mesh ABEF: Vs V1 V2 = 0
Mesh BCDE: V2 V3 V4 = 0
Loop ABCDEF: Vs V1 V3 V4 = 0

27

Example 5
Mesh 1: V1 = 8 12 = - 4 V

Mesh 2: V2 = 6 12 = -6 V
Mesh 3: V3 = 10 6 = 4 V
Mesh 4: V4 = 8- 10 = -2 V
V2+v3+v4-v1=-6+4-2+4 =0 verified!
28

Circuit Analysis
Previously, you have already learned a part of the
circuit analysis which are:
Series and Parallel Circuit/Resistors
Kirchhoffs Law

The aim of circuit analysis is to solve the circuit

problem with regards to the value of R, I, V or P.
29

Circuit Analysis
There are another part of circuit analysis to be learned
which are:
Voltage Divider Rule
Current Divider Rule
Wye Delta Transformation
Resistive Circuit/Network Analysis Mesh-Current
/Node-Voltage Analysis

Thevenins Theorem
30

Voltage Divider Rule

Consider the following series circuit:

1 =

1
.
.
.

31

Example 6
Find R by using Voltage Divider Rule

32

Example 6
First, solve the parallel resistorload(rl):
Rload=3.2/10-2=320
Rrl=(1/470+1/320)-1=190.4
According to VDR,
Vload=Vsource(Rrl/R+Rrl)
3.2=20(190.4)/(R+190.4)
So, R=(20(190.4)/3.2)-190.4
=999.61000 or 1k
33

Current Divider Rule

Consider the following parallel circuit:

= 1 = 2 = =
I=I1+I2++In

2
1
1 =
=
1 + 2 1 + 2
2 =

34

1
2
=
1 + 2 1 + 2

=
1 + 2 + +

Example 7
Consider the following parallel circuit:
30V

10

Calculate I1 and I2 based on Current Divider Rule

35

Example 7

30V

10

RT=(1/5+1/10)-1=3.33; I = 30/3.33 = 9 A
I1=G1/(G1+G2)x I = ((1/5)/(1/5+1/10))x9 = 6 A
I2=I-I1=9-6=3 A
36

END OF TOPIC 2

37

TOPIC 3: Wye-Delta
Transformation
38

Wye-Delta-Wye Transformation
Instead of combination between series and parallel resistors, it
can be a situation where the circuit does not follow either
pattern/network such as: Y or T network and or network

Y Network

T Network

39

Wye-Delta-Wye Transformation

Network

Network
40

Delta-Wye Transformation

41

Delta-Wye Transformation
Each resistance in the network Y is the sum of the product of two adjacent
branches of the resistance in the delta network, divided by the sum of the three
resistance in delta

1 2
1 + 2 + 3

2 3
1 + 2 + 3

1 3
1 + 2 + 3

42

Wye-Delta Transformation
Each resistance in delta network is the product of the total resistance of all the Y
taken twice at a time, divided by the resistance against the network Y

1 =

+ +

+ +
2 =

3 =

+ +

43

Example 8
By referring to the following circuit, find RT

44

Example 8
Should be
transformed

45

Example 8
=

6 18
108
=
= 3
6 + 18 + 12
36

18 12 216
=
=
= 6
36
36
12 6 72
=
=
= 2
36
36

46

Example 8

Parallel
Network

Based on Parallel Network analysis,

Rn=2+12||6+12 = 14||18 = 7.875
So, RT=20+3+7.875 = 30.875

47

END OF TOPIC 3

48

TOPIC 4: Resistive Circuit

Analysis & Thevenins
Theorem
49

Resistive Network Analysis

So far, we have already cover the topic circuit analysis
with one voltage or current source, what if there are
more than one sources? That is why we have Resistive
Network Analysis in solving aforementioned circuit
problem.
There are two different methods in Resistive Network
Analysis:
Mesh-Current@Mesh/Loop analysis
Node-Voltage@Nodal Analysis
50

Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhoffs Voltage Law.
Normally the current direction can be assumed as
clockwise.
All positive-negative charge at resistor should be
labeled respectively.
In the end, there are 2 or 3 sets of algebraic equations
to be solved simultaneously by using Cramer's Rule or
other suitable method.
51

Mesh Analysis
Mesh 1:
VA-V1-VL1=0
VA=I1R1+RL1(I1-I2)
VA=I1(R1+RL1)-I2RL1
Mesh 2:
VL1-V2-VB=0
VB=RL1(I2-I1)-I2R2
VB=I2(RL1-R2)-I1RL1

52

Mesh Analysis
Solve the equation using Linear Algebraic Equation Solution
Technique:
VA=I1(R1+RL1)-I2RL1
VB=I2(RL1-R2)-I1RL1

Use Cramers Rule to solve it!

53

Example 9
Consider the following circuit:

Find I in each mesh

54

Example 9
Mesh 1:
20-6I1-10(I1-I3)-4(I1-I2)+10=0
I1(6+10+4)-4I2-10I3=30
20I1-4I2-10I3=30

Mesh 2:
-10-4(I2-I1)-11(I2-I3)-8-3I2=0
-4I1+I2(4+11+3)-11I3=-18
-4I1+18I2-11I3=-18
Mesh 3:
8-11(I3-I2)-10(I3-I1)-9I3+12=0
-10I1-11I2+I3(11+10+9)=20
-10I1-11I2+30I3=20

55

Example 9
20I1-4I2-10I3=30
-4I1+18I2-11I3=-18

-10I1-11I2+30I3=20

Cramers Rule

I1=2.473 A
I2=0.594 A
I3=1.709 A
56

Exercise 1

I1=0.5 A
I2=-0.12 A
I3=0.06 A

Find I in each mesh

57

Recap/Additional matters
1.
3.
Source transformation:
AV

2.

An alternative approach on a
mesh/nodal analysis

58

Supermesh
A supermesh occurs when a current source is contained between two
essential meshes.
The circuit is first treated as if the current source is not there. This leads
to one equation that incorporates two mesh currents.
Once this equation is formed, an equation is needed that relates the
two mesh currents with the current source.
This will be an equation where the current source is equal to one of the
mesh currents minus the other.
The following is a simple example of dealing with a supermesh.
59

Supermesh

Mesh 1,2 (assume no current source):

Vs-I1R1-I2R2=0
I1R1-I2R2=Vs
Current source eq: Is=I2-I1

60

Example 10
Find i1 and i2

61

Example 10

Mesh 1,2 (assume no current source):

Vs-I1R1-I2R2=12-9I1-3I2-6I2=0
9I1+9I2=12
Current source eq: I2-I1=1.5
I2=1.5+I1

So, 9I1+9(I1+1.5)=12
18I1+13.5=12
I1=-1.5/18=-0.083 A
I2=1.5-0.083=1.417 A

62

EXERCISE 2
Write down the equation to solve the following mesh analysis:

63

Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis is based on Kirchhoffs Current Law.
Every point at the junction can be treated as node
and one node is assigned as reference node.
The aim is to determine the voltage in the circuit.
Other than reference node, are assumed to have
positive sign in front.
Solution will be obtained based on the same method
in Mesh Analysis.
64

Nodal Analysis
Consider the following circuit:
R5

65

Nodal Analysis
Recognize the nodes first

R5

Node 1:
I1+I2+I3=0
1 1 1 1 2
+
+
=0
1
2
3
1

1
1
1
2 1
+
+

=
1 2 3
3
1

66

Nodal Analysis

R5

Node 2:
I4+I5+I6=0
2 1 2 2 + 2
+
+
=0
3
4
5
2

1
1
1
1
2
+
+

=
3 4 5
3
5

67

Nodal Analysis
To obtain Vnode1 and Vnode2, the equation should be
order and solve as Linear Algebraic Equation
(Cramers Rule)
1

1
1
1
2 1
+
+

=
1 2 3
3
1

1
1
1
1
2
+
+

=
3 4 5
3
5

1
1
1
+
+ )
1 2 3
1
1
1
( +
+ )
3 4 5
(

1
1
3 1
2
1

5
3

68

Example 11
Based on the following circuit, find Ix and Px

Ix=-2.33A
Px=27.1W
69

Supernode

In this circuit, we initially have two unknown voltages, V1 and V2.

The voltage at V3 is already known to be VB because the other
terminal of the voltage source is at ground potential.
The current going through voltage source VA cannot be directly
calculated. Therefore we can not write the current equations for
either V1 or V2.
However, we know that the same current leaving node V2 must
enter node V1. Even though the nodes can not be individually
solved, we know that the combined current of these two nodes is
zero.
This combining of the two nodes is called the supernode
technique, and it requires one additional equation:
V1 = V2 + VA.
The complete set of equations for this circuit is:

70

Example 12
Based on the following circuit, find Va and Vb

71

Example 12
Supernode:
-1.5+Va/6+3.5+Vb/3=0
Va/6+Vb/3=-2
Voltage source: Vb=12+Va
Va/6+(12+Va)/3=-2
Va=-12 V

Vb=0 (surprise?yes its true)

72

Thevenin's Theorem
Leon Charles Thevenin
(1789-1854)

Any two output terminals A&B of an active linear network containing

independent sources (voltage/current sources) can be replaced by a
simple voltage source of magnitude VTh in series with RTh .
RTh is the equivalent resistance of the network when looking from the
output terminals A&B with all sources (voltage/current sources)
removed and replaced by their internal resistances.
VTh is equal to the open circuit voltage across the A&B terminal.
This will simplify the complicated circuit network as it will eventually
producing Thevenins equivalent circuit as a final result.
Voltage sourcesshort circuit; current sourcesopen circuit
73

Thevenin's Theorem
A

Looking from backward

74

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Example 13
Simplified the following circuit and find Rth
Should the value of voltage source is 10 V, find Vth
Next draw the Thevenins Equivalent Circuit
A

75

Example 13
Simplified the following circuit and find Rth

*3 12=64=2.4
76

Example 13
Final form:

77

Example 8
By removing voltage source, determine RTH:

RTH=((((102.4)+1)2.4)+1)5
RTH=1.58

78

Example 13
VTH can be obtained by any circuit analysis e.g. mesh analysis

Mesh 1: 12.4I1-2.4I2=10
Mesh 2: -2.4I1+5.8I2-2.4I3=0
Mesh 3: 2.4I2=8.4I3

VTH

79

By solving the sets of equations,

Current @ 5 resistorI3=0.119 A
So, VTH=0.119 x 5 = 0.6 V

Example 13
With the value of RTH and VTH, the Thevenins Equivalent Circuit can be
obtained:
RTH=1.58

80

Maximum Power Transfer

A resistive network contains independent and dependent
sources.
A load is connected to a pair of terminals labeled a b.
What value of load resistance permits maximum power
delivery to the load?

81

Maximum Power Transfer

82

Maximum Power Transfer

p = i R

VTh
=

R Th + RL

2
R

83

Maximum Power Transfer

dp
=
dR
(R
R

(R Th
V
Th

+ R )
Th
L

= R

Th

= 2R

+ R )
L

- 2R (R
+ R )
L Th
L
4
(R
+ R )
Th
L

load

(R

=0

+ R )
Th
L

84

Maximum Power Transfer

2

max

= I R

V
Th
(2R )
L

max

V
Th
4R

L
85

Example 14
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer to RL. Next
find the maximum power that can be delivered to RL.

86

Example 14

RL=RTH=15030=25
VL=VTH=(150/180)x360=300 V
So, P=VTH2/4RTH=3002/(4x25)
= 900 W

87

Conclusion

Kirchhoffs Law
Voltage/Current Divider Rule
Wye delta transformation
Mesh-Nodal Analysis
Thevenins Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer

88

89