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CompetitiveExams:IndustrialDisputeinIndiaExamrace

Whatisanindustrialdispute,giveoutthecausesandconsequencesofanindustrialdisputes.
Answer:Anindustrialdisputereferstoanydisagreementinindustrialrelationswhichmaybeintheformofastrikeandorotherforms
ofindustrialactionbetweenemployersandemployees.Industrialdisputesarecostlyanddamagingtocompaniesandemployeesalike.
Ideally,anorganization'scultureandproceduresshouldseektoavoidorresolveanypotentialconflict.However,it'snotalwayspossible
topreventindustrialdisputesfromarising.Collectionofstatisticsondisputeswhichinvolvestoppagesoftenworkingdaysormore.The
statisticsarecompiledmainlyfromdataobtainedfromemployersonthenatureandextentofthedispute.Oncealldisputesfora
monthareidentified,additionalinformationonthenatureandextentofeachdisputeisobtainedthroughamailout/mailback
collection,usuallytoemployers,onthenatureandextentofthedispute.Somedata,e.g.Workingdayslostinaparticularstrike,may
beimputed.Duetotheimputationproceduresandthelimitationsonidentificationofdisputes,thestatisticsshouldnotberegardedas
anexactmeasureoftheextentofindustrialdisputation.CauseofdisputeUsuallyindustrialdisputeisduetomentalunrestordiscount
intheworkers.Thisunrestispsychologicalfactbutitalsohassocialpoliticalandeconomicsaspects.Brieflythecausesofindustrial
disputes,inIndiamaybeclassifiesasfollows
Lowwages
Unsatisfactoryworkingconditions
Demandforleavewithpay
Demandforadequatebonus
Nonrecognitionoftradeunions
Retrenchmentduetosophisticatedmachinery
Resistancetomisconductofofficers
Misconductofintermediaries

Statistics
statisticsrelatetothereportedmaincauseofstoppageofworkandnotnecessarilyallcausesthatmayhavebeenresponsibleforthe
stoppageofwork.Forthesereasons,thestatisticsdonotreflecttherelativeimportanceofallcausesofdisputesasperceivedbyboth
employersandemployees.Thecausesareclassifiedfrominformationsuppliedbyemployersandaccordingtostandardsdeterminedby
theInternationalLabourOrganisation.Disputesareinitiallyclassifiedaccordingtowhetheradisputeoccurredduringaprocessof
workplace/enterprisebargaining.Aprocessofworkplace/enterprisebargainingreferstothenegotiationsthattakeplacebetweenan
employerandtheiremployees(ortheirrepresentatives),inreachinganagreementoverpayandemploymentconditions.Disputesnot
relatedtoaprocessofworkplace/enterprisebargainingincludedisputesrelatingtoawardnegotiationsanddisputesrelatingtothe
contentorapplicationofanexistingagreement(anddonotseektoamendorterminatetheagreement).Disputesarethenfurther
classifiedaccordingtothemaincauseofthedispute.TheclassificationsforEnterpriseBargaining(EB)relateddisputesare
RemunerationEmploymentconditionsandOtherEBrelated.TheclassificationsforNonEnterpriseBargaining(NonEB)related
disputesareRemunerationEmploymentconditionsHealthandsafetyJobsecurityManagerialpolicyUnionissuesandOthernonEB
related.ConsequencesofanindustrialdisputeTheimportantconsequencesofindustrialdisputesinjIndiaarethefollowingUnrestAs
wehavealreadymentionedindustrialconflictsanddisputesleadtowidespreadunrestinsociallifeandalsodistributionofpolitical
harmonyandpeaceEconomicslosstheindustrialdisputesmostobviouslyinjuretheeconomicsinterestofbothemployeesand
employers.Thiseffectisdirectandpalpable,butindirectlyandinasubtlewaythesealsoproveeconomicallyharmfultonationasa
whole.Everyoneultimatelyisaffected.Hardshipofworkers:ThemajorityofworkersinIndianotearnenoughtobeabletosavefor
rainyday.Theylivehandstomouth,existenceifnotworse.Thereforestrikesandlockoutsputunbearableburdentothemandtheyare
reducedtothelevelsofbeggarsThreattosocialsecurityandpublicpeace.Ifindustrialdisputesspreadinanepidemicformtheypose
tothreattopublicpeace.

Automation
whatisanautomation?Whatarethestepsinvolvedinprocessofautomation
Answer:Automation(ancientGreek:=selfdictated)orindustrialautomationistheuseofcomputerstocontrolindustrialmachinery
andprocesses,replacinghumanoperators.Itisastepbeyondmechanization,wherehumanoperatorsareprovidedwithmachineryto
helpthemintheirjobs.ThemostvisiblepartofautomationcanbesaidtobeindustrialroboticsTheimplementationofprocessesby
automaticmeansthetheory,artortechniqueofmakingaprocessmoreautomatictheinvestigation,design,developmentand
applicationofmethodsforrenderingprocessesautomatic,selfmovingorselfcontrollingtheconversionofaprocedure,aprocessor
equipmenttoautomaticoperation.Theactofimplementingthecontrolofequipmentwithadvancedtechnologyusuallyinvolving
electronichardwareautomationreplaceshumanworkersbymachinestheconditionofbeingautomaticallyoperatedorcontrolled
automationincreasesproductivityequipmentusedtoachieveautomaticcontroloroperationthisfactoryfloorisashowcasefor
automationandroboticequipmentAdvantageofautomationAbsolutecontrolofspeedandpositionRepeatabilityofmoves
CoordinatingmultiplepiecemovesOfflineeditingandsimulationMovingpiecesincomplicatedpathsReducedmanualhandling
RepeatingmovesindefinitelyAutomaticsafetycheckingImprovedefficiencySafemovementofasinglepiececontrolledStepsinvolved
inprocessofautomationSelectionofautomationmachineFirstofallforautomationwehavetoselectthesemachines,whichareself
regulated,andthefinishedorsemifinishedproductshouldbepassedoutortonextmachinewithoutthetouchofhand.Forexample
therearemachinesintowhichyouputacoinandcokebottleorticketpopsout.Iftheproductisinsemifinishedstagethenext
machinesliftsitallbyitselfanddoesthenextprocessonit.Theentireproductmaybefinishedbyasinglemachineormayrequire
dozenof,moreforthepurpose.ControlofqualityAftertheselectionofmachinethenextstepistodecidewhatproductistobe
manufacturedandwhatform.Oncethisisdeterminedthemachineisaccordinglyfittedandtheproductofuniformqualityisproduced.
UseofcomputerInearliertechnologytheautomaticmachineswerelookedafterbymenbutnoweventhecontrolandcomputersdo
operationofmachines.
writeasynopsisontheimpactofindustrializationuponvariousaspectsofsociety
Answer:TheimportantconsequencesofindustrializationinIndiaareasfollowsUrbanizationAsaconsequencesofindustrializationthe
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CompetitiveExams:IndustrialDisputeinIndiaExamrace

populationinthecitieshasgoneupImpactonurbanizationTheprocessofindustrializationincreasestheurbanpopulation.Itisan
impactofindustrializationthatthereisprogressiveriseinthepopulationofcitiesinIndiaThefollowingaresomeoftheimportantsocial
influenceofurbanization
Declineofsociality
Declineofsocialcontrol
Declineinfamilycontrol
Declineintheinfluenceofreligion
Changeintheinstitutionofmarriage
Changeininstitutionoffamily
Changeintheconditionofwomen
Increaseofmaleratio
Commercializesentertainment
Houseshortage
Growthofslums

ConsequencesofIndustrialization
TheeconomicsconsequencesofindustrializationThefollowingaretheimportantconsequencesintheeconomicsfieldofindustrialization
inIndiaGrowthofcapitalizationVastproductionofsteelcement,jute,sugarext.WiththisavstproductionIndiawasselfsufficientand
startevenexport
Growthoftrade
Divisionoflabourandspecialization
Economicscrisisandunemployment
Industrialdisputesandaccidents
Problemofworkers
Spreadofsocialismandindividualism
Classconflict
Declineofruralindustry

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