Chapter 11

Op-Amp Applications
 Op-
Op-Amp Applications

Constant-gain multiplier
Constant-
Voltage summing
Voltage buffer
Controlled sources
Instrumentation circuits
Active filters

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Constant--Gain Amplifier
Constant

Inverting Version

more…

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 Constant--Gain Amplifier
Constant

Noninverting Version

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 Multiple--Stage Gains
Multiple

The total gain (3-stages) is given by:

A = A1 A 2 A 3
or

 R f  R f  R f 
A =  1 +  −  − 
 R 1  R2  R3 

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Voltage Summing

The output is the sum

of individual signals
times the gain:

R R R 
Vo = −  f V1 + f V2 + f V3 
 R1 R2 R3 

[Formula 14.3]

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Voltage Buffer
Any amplifier with no gain or loss is called a unity gain
amplifier.
amplifier
The advantages of using a unity gain amplifier:

• Very high input impedance

• Very low output impedance

Realistically these circuits

are designed using equal
resistors (R1 = Rf) to avoid
problems with offset
voltages.

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Controlled Sources

Voltage-controlled voltage source

Voltage-
Voltage--controlled current source
Voltage
Current--controlled voltage source
Current
Current--controlled current source
Current

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 Voltage--Controlled Voltage Source
Voltage
The output voltage
is the gain times the Noninverting Amplifier Version
input voltage. What
makes an op-amp
different from other
amplifiers is its
impedance
characteristics and
gain calculations
that depend solely
on external
resistors.

more…

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 9 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Voltage--Controlled Voltage Source
Voltage
The output voltage
is the gain times the Inverting Amplifier Version
input voltage. What
makes an op-amp
different from other
amplifiers is its
impedance
characteristics and
gain calculations
that depend solely
on external
resistors.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 10 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Voltage--Controlled Current Source
Voltage

The output current

is:
V1
Io = = kV1
R1

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Current--Controlled Voltage Source
Current

This is simply another way

of applying the op-amp
operation. Whether the
input is a current
determined by Vin/R1 or as
I1 :
− Rf
Vout = Vin
R1
or
Vout = −I 1 R L

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 12 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Current--Controlled Current Source
Current

This circuit may appear

more complicated than
the others but it is really
the same thing.

 R  Vin
Vout = −  f  Vin Io = −
 R in  R 1 || R 2
Vout Vin  R + R2 
=− I o = − Vin  1 
Rf R 1 || R 2 R
 1 × R 2 
Vout V V  R + R2 
= − in I o = − in  1 
Rf R in R 1  R 2 
 R 
I o = − I 1 + 1  = kI
 R2 

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Instrumentation Circuits

Some examples of instrumentation circuits using op-

amps:

• Display driver
• Instrumentation amplifier

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
 Display Driver

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 Instrumentation Amplifier

For all Rs at the same value (except Rp):

 2R 
Vo =  1 + (V1 − V2 ) = k (V1 − V2 )
 RP 

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 Active Filters
Adding capacitors to op-amp circuits provides external control of the
cutoff frequencies. The op-amp active filter provides controllable
cutoff frequencies and controllable gain.

• Low-pass filter
• High-pass filter
• Bandpass filter

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 Low--Pass Filter—
Low Filter—First
First--Order

The upper cutoff frequency

and voltage gain are given
by: 1 Rf
f OH = Av = 1+
2 πR 1 C 1 R1

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 Low--Pass Filter—
Low Filter—Second
Second--Order

The roll-off can be made steeper by adding more RC networks.

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 High--Pass Filter
High

The cutoff frequency is determined by:

1
f OL =
2 πR 1 C 1

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 Bandpass Filter
There are two cutoff
frequencies: upper and
lower. They can be
calculated using the same
low-pass cutoff and high-
pass cutoff frequency
formulas in the
appropriate sections.

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Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.