The benefits of inhibited transformer oils

using gas-to-liquids based technology

CWIEME - Berlin 2013

Coil winding, Insulation &
Electrical Manufacturing

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Exhibition
4 6 June 2013

Dr Peter Smith Technology Manager, Shell Global Solutions (UK)

Shell Global Solutions International B.V., 2013. All rights reserved.

June 2013

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Agenda
Gas to liquid (GTL) based inhibited transformer oil
(meets & exceeds IEC 60296:Ed 4 2012 highest oxidation stability, low
sulphur requirements)

What is it, how is it made?

Transformer oil properties & performance benefits

Electrical properties lightning impulse breakdown

Cooling thermal properties, fluidity

Resistance to ageing & degradation in service

Ease of use miscibility/compatibility with other oils

Conclusions benefits of GTL based inhibited transformer oils over

conventional products
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Base fluids change & challenge

High performance base

fluid, consistent in
supply, composition &
performance

Demanding design of
transformers

compact, load,
voltage, efficiency

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Inhibited
Insulating oils

Higher stress
on insulating
oil & paper

Very low sulphur

content

Increased severity in
operation & higher
reliability of transformers
Ambient & oil
temperature, service life,
protection
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Gas to liquids technology process

Catalytic Process to Convert Gas to Oil Products

GTL oil, primarily iso-paraffinic, no impurities, excellent

antioxidant response, narrow molecular distribution

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Resistance to degradation - inhibited GTL versus

conventional inhibited oil

GTL inhibited oils Exceptional resistance to degradation

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Resistance to degradation - inhibited GTL versus

conventional uninhibited oil
IEC 61125C = The induction period is reached when the volatile
acidity significantly exceeds 0.1 mg KOH/g

Inhibited oils show predictable & best resistance to degradation

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Resistance to degradation - inhibited GTL versus

conventional inhibited oil
IEC 61125 C extended oxidation stability test

Test run for standard 500 hrs, when inhibitor content reduced to approx 50 % of initial value, antioxidant was
topped up to initial level (refer to IEC 60422), test continued for another 500 hrs, process repeated. Test run for
approx 2180 hrs (> 4X usual duration)

Diala S4 ZX-I (GTL)

Diala S3 ZX-I

Acidity (mgKOH/g) 0.18

Acidity (mgKOH/g) 0.96

Sludge <0.01 % wt

Sludge <0.01 % wt

Oil loss 0 % wt

Oil loss 24 % wt

Extended resistance to degradation in normal service & when re-inhibited

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Resistance to ageing & degradation corrosive sulphur

Essentially zero sulphur minimises risk of field based corrosive sulphur failures

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Cooling viscosity (fluidity)

IEC 60296 -30 C maximum viscosity limit

Diala typical viscosity (cSt) versus temperature (C)

Good fluidity across broad temperature range, especially low temperatures

down to -30 C, facilitating cooling
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Cooling properties of oil in transformer

Modeling of oil cooling in transformer can be undertaken from a
knowledge of oil properties at different temperatures, such as:
Specific

heat capacity

Thermal

conductivity

Viscosity

(fluidity)

Density
Thermal

coefficient of expansion

Prandtl

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Cooling - calculated thermal properties (approximate)

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Electrical properties lightning impulse breakdown

Lightning impulse breakdown voltage testing
Needle-plane & needle-sphere electrode configurations (gap typically
25 mm, using positive & negative impulses)
Testing run at the University of Manchester

Two oils Diala S4 ZX-I (GTL) & Diala S3 ZX-I (water content < 10 ppm)

Needle sphere (IEC 60897 method A)

300 ml oil
Steel needle tip radius 7-2 micron elipse
Brass sphere electrode 12.5 mm diameter

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Needle plane

12.5 litre oil

Tungsten needle tip radius 50 +/- 5 micron
Brass plane electrode 200 mm diameter
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Electrical properties lightning impulse breakdown

Average breakdown voltage in kV (Gap 25 mm unless specified)

Diala S4 ZX-I shows greater ability to withstand severe voltage

transients in service such as those due to switching or lightning strikes
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Ease of use - compatibility with aged oil (top up scenario, 5%)

Field sample, uninhibited,

Field sample, uninhibitd, sludge

Field sample, sludge filtered

sludge filtered out

filtered out, +5% Diala S4 ZX-I

out, plus 5% Diala S3 ZX I

fresh

7days

35 days

No further sludge formed after test (stored 1 week at RT in the dark)

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Ease of use - compatibility with aged oil (oil drain scenario, 85%)
Field sample, uninhibited,

Field sample, sludge filtered

Field sample, sludge filtered

sludge filtered out

out, plus 85% Diala S4 ZX-I

out, plus 85% Diala S3 ZX I

fresh

7days

35 days

No further sludge formed after test (stored 1 week at RT in the dark)

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Ease of use - compatibility/miscibility conclusions

No miscibility, compatibility, solvency issues found.

GTL based transformer oils can be used alongside traditional oils

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Ease of use - mixed inhibition systems

Oxidative stability mixed uninhibited S2 ZU-I (15%) with inhibited (85%) S3 ZX-I or S4 ZX-I (GTL)
by IEC 61125 C (500 hr test)

Superior oxidative stability of mixed oil containing inhibited GTL

versus that with inhibited conventional oil
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Conclusions
benefits of Diala S4 ZX-I (GTL) inhibited transformer oils
Meet & exceed IEC 60296:Ed 4 2012 highest oxidation stability, low
sulphur specification
Ability to withstand severe voltage transients
Modeling predicts good to superior cooling in service
Exceptional resistance to ageing & degradation
Essentially zero sulphur minimises risks due to corrosive sulphur

Product is very pure, only contains base oil and antioxidant

Consistent chemical composition = consistent global performance
Easy to use with other oils, no miscibility/compatibility/solvency issues
found
Product being evaluated & approved by OEMs & utilities
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Thank you for your time - any questions ?

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