Chapter 17: The Marcos Dictatorhip (19651986) (6th president of the 3rd Philippine

Republic December 30, 1965- February 25,

1986)
Marcos First Term (1965-1969)
He promised to make the nation great
again in his inaugural speech of
December 30, 1965.
His political venture began with his
election to the House of Representatives
in 1949 as a Congressman from Ilocos.
He became the Senate President in
1963 and was married to Imelda
Romualdez from Leyte.
He won the 1965 Presidential Election as
a Nacionalista candidate.
He stabilized financial status of the
government through intensified tax
collection.
Marcos Second Term (1969-1972)
November 1969- Ferdinand Marcos with
his running mate Fernando Lopez won
for the second term as President and
Vice-President respectively.
Marcos became the first president to be
re-elected.
He gained criticisms due to the
fraudulent 1969 presidential elections
Failed to curb the bribery and
corruption
His presidency had more general
discontent because the population
grew faster than the economy causing
greater poverty, violence, and
criminality.
The Communist Party of the Philippines
formed the New Peoples Army (NPA)
and the Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF).
Rise of student activism
January 1970- most violent student
demonstration, Battle of Mendiola;
thousands of student demonstrators
tried to storm the gates on Malacanang
in which many of the students died,
injured, or imprisoned.

Proclamation of Martial Law

January 1970- protests against the
constitutional commission which
allowed President Marcos to run for a
third term.
June 1971- the Constitutional
Convention convened to replace the
1953 Constitution.
August 21, 1971- Plaza Miranda
Bombing; two hand grenades were
thrown at the stage of a liberal party
rally, eight people were killed and over
100 others were injured.
A staged assassination attempt on
Secretary Defense Juan Ponce Enrile
and Plaza Miranda Bombing prompted
President Marcos to suspend the writ of
habeas corpus to maintain peace and
order.
September 21, 1972- Marcos issued
Proclamation no. 1081, placing the
entire country under Martial Law; this
marked the beginning of Marcos
dictatorship; congress was abolished
and he ruled the country by issuing
letters of instruction and presidential
decrees.
September 23, 1972- announced the
main reason for martial law: to save the
nation from communist rule and
rebellion and to reform society.
It was believed that the true reason why
Marcos declared martial law was to
perpetuate his rule over the Philippines.
Constitutional Authoritarianism- Marcos
was a civilian king followed by Military
authorities.
Marcos disregarded the constitution.
The New Society
A new spirit of self-sacrifice for the
national welfare was necessary if the
country were to equal the
accomplishments of its Asian neighbors
Resolution from the Top - deprived
significant portion of the old elite power
and patronage
For example:
The powerful Lopez family was stripped
off most of its political and economic
assets.

Important Decrees
September 1972- the entire Philippines a
land reform area; by the end of 1973,
the number of land titles issued free to
poor farmers totaled about 100,000.
National Grains Authority(NGA)distribute grain to the people
He forced government employees to
work efficiently and be polite to the
public; it punished lazy, dishonest,
discourteous, ignorant, and abusive
government employees and officials.
The Proclamation of Martial Law
prevented the collapse of the
government.
He encouraged the people to make
their surroundings clean in order to
improve public health.
Green Revolution Program that was
started by Imelda Marcos
Encouraged the citizens to pay their
taxes.
The 1972 Constitutional Convention
June 1971- a constitutional convention
was called to replace the constitution of
1935.
Eduardo Quintero exposed the scandal
of the Constitutional Convention; of
which he was harassed.
National Assembly would not be
convened
Martial was to continue
Encouraged the approval of the New
Constitution on January 17, 1973
Congress was abolished
July 27, 1973- a national referendum
about Martial Law yielded 90.6%
approval.
The Fourth Republic
Shortly after lifting martial law, the
Interim Batasang Pambansa proposed
amendments to the constitution.
April 7, 1981- the 1973 Constitution
became significantly different from the
original charter.
The amended constitution established a
strong presidency in a mixed
presidential-parliamentary form of

government instead of democraticparliamentary.

The president becomes the head of
state and chief executive
He may run for as many six-year terms as
he wishes
Birth of the New Republic
June 16, 1981- a presidential election
was held which many people did not
vote, Marcos won another six-year term
as president.
June 30, 1981- President Marcos was
inaugurated into office.
The Fall of the Dictator
The new society had little impact on
local and landless peasants
The large, most productive and most
advance manufacturing enterprises
were gradually brought under the
control of Marcos Cronies
Lopez broadcast networks,
newspapers, and Meralco were broken
up and distributed to Marcos loyalists
including Benjamin Romualdez
(Imeldas brother) and Roberto
Benedicto
Philippine Airlines was nationalized and
was turned into a private commuter line
for Imelda Marcos and her friends on
shopping excursions to New York and
Europe.
Ninoy Aquinos Death
Former Senator, Benigno Aquino Jr.
went home to the Philippines from his
exile in the United States
He was assassinated upon his arrival
Marcos created the Agrava FactFinding Board to investigate the case.
25 military men are accused including:
AFP Chieg of Staff General Fabian C.
Ver, General Prospero Olivas and
General Custodio
December 3, 1985- the Sandigan Bayan
handed down the decision; It was
Galman who was hired by the
communist who killed Aquino.

The Decline of the Economy

After the investigation of the AquinoGalman murder case, the Philippine
economy went down with foreign
investors hesitating to review or
negotiate new ventures in the
Philippines.
Labor unrest escalated
There was a decline in export and
tourism
The government was forced to borrow
money from the International Monetary
Fund
Philippine Debt reached up to $26B.
The failure of the recovery was due to
the lack of credibility of Marcos and the
rampant graft and corruption in the
government.
Chapter 18: 1986 Snap Elections
As the economy continued to decline,
the IMF, World Bank, the US, and the
Philippines Foreign creditors pressured
president Marcos to institute reforms as
a condition for the grant of additional
economic and financial assistance.
There was a clamor for a snap elections,
which President Marcos believed
needed a new mandate from the
people to carry out a national
economic recovery program.
February 7, 1986- 1986 Snap Elections;
Marcos was almost sure of winning
because of his well-financed political
machinery and the divided nature of
the opposition.
The divided opposition proposed that
Mrs. Corazon Aquino and Salvador
Laurel of the UNIDO should be the
standard bearer of the opposition.
Mrs. Aquino geared for the campaign
period that lasted up to February 5,
1986.
The 1986 Snap elections was the most
difficult in the history of the third republic
and yet the most controversial and
confusing election ever held in the
Philippines.
National Movement for Free Elections
(NAMFREL) declared Mrs. Aquino the
winner.

Commision on Elections (COMELEC)

declared Marcos the winner.
February 25, 1986- Marcos was
inaugurated in Malacanang while Mrs.
Aquino was inaugurated in Sampaguita
Hall, Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan.
The Enrile-Ramos Revolt and People Power 1
February 22- National Defense Minister,
Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy Chief of
Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos severed
tied with President Marcos and
announced their control of Camp
Crame and Camp Aguinaldo in Quezon
City.
Col. Gregorio Honasan- leader of the
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
(RAM)
February 24- an estimated 1,000,000
people through the appeal of Cardinal
Sin (voice of the revolution) kept vigil at
the barricaded area along Epifanio de
los Santos Avenue (EDSA) until the
morning of February 26.
Cory Aquino Proclamation and Marcos Ouster
Marcos took his oath as president for the
fourth consecutive term since 1965 on
February 25, 1986.
Senior Supreme Court Justice Claudio
Teehankee- swore Cory Aquino into
office as the seventh president and first
woman president of the Philippines.
Executive Order No. 1- filling in of three
key positions in her cabinet: Salvador
Laurel as Prime Minister, Juan Ponce
Enrile as Defense Minister, and Gen.
Fidel Ramos as Chief of Staff of the new
Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Marcos left the country in a chopper for
Paoay which ended up in Hawaii.
The Aquino Revolutionary Government (11th
president of the 3rd Philippine Republic,
February 25, 1986- July 1,1992)
(1986-1992)
Pres. Aquino saw the need of
reorganizing the government upon her
assumption into power.

Luis Villafuerte - chair of commission on

government reorganization; abolition of
Batasang Pambansa.
Issued executive order removing all KBL
local election officials and replaced
them with officers-in-charge.
Lifted the suspension of the writ of
habeas corpus.
Released political prisoners:
o Jose Ma. Sison-founder of the
Communist Party of the
Philippines
o Commander Dante- founder of
the New Peoples Army of the
Philippines
o Col. Victor Corpus- former PC
Lieutenant who defected to the
NPA.
Jose W. Diokno- head of the
Commission on Human Rights.
The Freedom Constitution
Proclamation No. 3-temporary
constitution for the Philippines; took
effect on March 25, 1986, provided for
the smooth transition of the government
under a new constitution.
Framing of the 1987 Constitution
June 2, 1986- Independent Constitution
Commission(CONCOM) to draft a new
constitution.
Cecilia Munoz Palma- president of the
Constitutional Commission.
February 2, 1987- ratification of the 1986
Constitution.
Proclamation No. 58- the new
constitution is in full force and effect.
February 25, 1986- ratification of the
new constitution ended the
revolutionary government of Aquino
which was established.
Senate President, Jovito Salonga and
Speaker Ramon Mitra and other
government officials pledged
allegiance to the new constitution

Achievements of Aquino Administration

Restoration of peace, democracy,
freedom, and justice
partial recovery of the Marcos ill-gotten
wealth
Stability of the government despite six
successive military coup attempts
Easier credit terms and better conditions
for repayment
defeat of NPA and arrest of its
henchmen
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
End of Aquinos Administration
She inherited a 27-BILLION-DOLLAR
foreign debt, and a society suffering
from extreme poverty and moral decay.
May 11, 1992- first general election
under the 1987 Constitution. COMELEC
Chairman Christian Monsod ensured an
honest, and violence-free elections.
Chapter 19: The Ramos Administration and his
Philippines 2000 (1992-1998) (12th president of
the 3rd Philippine Republic, July 1, 1992-June
30, 1998)
June 30,1992- Fidel Ramos was
inaugurated as the 12th president of the
Third Philippine Republic at the
Grandstand in Luneta.
Joseph Estrada was also sworn as his
vice-President.
Ramos Program of Government
5-point program
1. Peace
2. Stability
3. Economic growth and
sustainable development
4. Energy and power generation,
environmental protection
5. A streamlined bureaucracy.
100th / Centennial President
Achievements of Ramos Administration
Philippines 2000 Policy-a newly
industrialized country by the year 2000
It was during Ramos term that the
Philippines was cited for being one of
the tiger economies of Asia with
improved economic growth and
investments.

September 1992- lift on the ban of the

Communist Party; he also eliminated
foreign currency restriction to attract
foreign investments to the Philippines.
He liberalized the Philippine economy
for it to surge toward industrialization.
Negotiated with MNLF head, Nur Misuari
to bring peace to Mindanao.
September 21, 1996- a peace
agreement was signed with the MNLF.
Presidential Anti-Crime Commissionheaded by Vice-Pres. Joseph Estrada.
National Centennial Commissionheaded by Salvador Laurel this was
made to take charge of the celebration
of the Philippine independence.
Filipino Act of 1995- gave better
protection for overseas foreign workers.
Chapter 20: Joseph Estrada and the People
Power 2
Estrada Administration (13th President of the 3rd
Philippine Republic, June 30, 2000- January 19,
2001)
May 1998- Joseph Ejercito Estrada
became the 13th president of the
Philippines; a college dropout , Estrada
tried his fortune at acting and
succeeded.
Erap- reverse of the Spanish pare.
Estrada- street
First FAMAS Hall of Fame Awardee for
Best Actor
He entered politics as mayor of San
Juan (1969-1986).
He became a awardee for Public
Administration and was also cited as the
Most Outstanding Mayor.
He ran for senatorial seat and was
proclaimed in 1987. As a senator, he
chaired the Committee on Rural
Development and authored many bills.
1992- he won as vice president under
the ticket Partido ng Masang Pilipino.
He was given the task to head the
Presidential Anti-Crime
Commission(PACC), a superbody
mandated to go after organized crime
and their perpetrators.
I will not play politics, walang kamaganak, kaibigan, at kumpare. Estrada

rose to power and was considered as

the idol of the masses.
Fall of Estrada The Impeached President
Governor Luis Chavit Singson started of
Ilocos Sur, a presidential friend and wellknown protector of illegal gambling
called jueteng, shocked the whole
country when he accused Erap as the
lord of all Jueteng Lords
House of Representatives filed and
impeachment case against the
president on the grounds of:
o Bribery
o Graft and corruption
o Betrayal of Public Trust
o Culpable violation of the
Constitution
National Day of Protest calling for the
president to resign
December 7, 2000 Impeachment Trial
Started: Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court Hilario Davide Jr. served as the
presiding officer of the trial
A bank executive, Clarissa Ocampo
testified that Estrada has a hidden bak
account in Equitable PCI bank worth
500M under a name Jose Velarde
A new set of evidence inside the Brown
Envelope was to prove that the 500M
pesos was indeed ill-gotten and it was
also there to show that the president
owns more bank accounts under
different names
11 of 21 senators voted to bar the
opening of the Envelope
Jaime Cardinal Sin, a prominent figure
during the First EDSA Peple Power called
on Filipinos to go to EDSA until good
has conquered evil
Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos joined
the anti-Estrada crowd
January 17, 2001 the impeachment trial
was suspended and 100,000 was
already in EDSA Shrine
High ranking military and police officials
joined the protest in EDSA
Estrada persisted on staying on his
position; He will not resign unless the
Impeachment Trial proves him guilty
The EDSA crowd gave him a 6:00 am
deadline to go down of his office
The 6:00 am deadline was not met.

Supreme Court decided to file a

resolution saying that the presidential
position was open
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo swore and
oath in the presence of the people in
EDSA and became the 14th president of
the Republic of the Philippines
Chapter 21: Arroyo Administration
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the
fourteenth president of the Philippines;
second Female President
Educator teaching at the UP school of
economics and Ateneo de Manila
University
1987, she was invited by President C.
Aquino to serve as assistant secretary of
the Department of Trade and Industry
(DTI)
She joined the Laban ng Demokratikong
Pilipino (LDP) as one of its senatorial
candidates
As a senator, she authored and coauthored 55 bills that were enacted into
laws
1998 Presidential election: KAMPI
(Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino) formed
alliance with Jose De Venecia and
became his running mate; Gloria: VP
She served at the DSWD and resigned
amidst allegations of corruptions and
scandal
GMAs First Term
She named Teofisto Guingona was her
new Vice President
Her program government consists of:
o Strengthening the bureaucracy
o Lowering crime rate
o Increasing tax collections
o Improving economic growth
o Intensifying the fight against
terrorism
o Refocus the all out war policy of
against the Muslim secessionists in
Mindanao
President Arroyo vigorously pushed for
the holding of peace negotiations
between the government and the two
rebel groups
By 2003, peace negotiations in Europe
with the National Democratic Front led

by Jose Maria Sison the founder of the

Communist Party of the Philippines
(CPP)
The government vigorously pursued in
military campaign to destroy this Muslim
terrorist group
President Arroyo focused her campaign
against illegal drugs in the country
PNP launched a massive anti-drug drive
which resulted in the destruction of
several drug syndicate and the killing or
capture of many drug lords
A group of junior military officers led by
Navy Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV occupied
the Oakwood Hotel in Makati City
The mutiny was settled without
bloodshed and President Arroyo formed
the Feliciano Commission to investigate
and to hold those who were involved
Senator Panfilo Lacson disclosed in his
privilege speech about the alleged
money laundering activities by the First
Gentleman, Jose Miguel Arroyo
GMAs Second Term (2004-2010)
Her rivals were Fernando Poe Jr, Panfilo
Lacson, Senator Raul Roco and Eddie
Villanueva
June 23, 2004 Congress proclaimed
Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president
and vice-president
Arroyos inaugural speech was at the
Quirino Grandstand in Manila
The Hello Garci Controversy
GMA was accused of rigging the
presidential election results
Samuel Ong holds in his possession the
tape regarding the alleged wire tapped
conversation between GMA and Virgilio
Garciliano (COMELEC Commissioner in
the South)
o Arroyo was asking assurance
from Garciliano to secure at least
one million vote advantage
against her closest rival Poe
The expose triggered massive protest
from the society and the resignation of
some key cabinet members known as
the Hyatt 10
Charter Change (CHACHA)

A constitutional change: a shirt from a

presidential-unitary to a parliamentary
form of Government
The Church was in great opposition with
this movement
This failed plan to change the
constitution gave way for the pursuance
of national and local elections to be
held in May 2007.
National State of Emergency
Another coup de etat was uncovered
by military and allegedly headed by
Gen. Danilo Lim of the Philippine Army
Proclamation 1017 was made:
declaration of a state of emergency
throughout the Philippines
o Purpose was to preserve the
State to promote peace and
stability in the country
This lasted for only a week
Controversies Under Arroyos Administration
Forged deal of the government with a
Chinese telecommunication company
(ZTE) to install a broadband
Alleged anomalous deal was exposed
by Jairus Bondoc, a newspaper
columnist of the Philippine Star
Lawmakers investigated those persons
involved including the
Telecommunication Secretary: Leandro
Mendoza, NEDA Secretary: Romulo Neri
and NEDA Consultant turned whistle
blower and witness: Rodolfo Jun
Lozada
Senate investigation led to the
resignation of the COMELEC Chairman
Benjamin Abalos
House of Representative, Speaker of the
House Jose De Venecia was unseated
from his post due to the involvement of
his son Jose De Venecia Jr. in the said
anomalous transaction
Extravagant Expenses: Dinner at Le
Cirque New York
Fertilizer fund scam
Extra-judicial killings
Maguindanao Massacre
Achievements of the Arroyo Administration
She led the country to its
unprecedented GDP growth rate (7%):

able to make the economy withstood

the global financial crisis
Implementation of Expanded Value
Added Tax: able to raise revenues
needed to boose economic activities in
order to reduce high unemployment
rate and the countrys budget deficit
RoRo project: network of inter island
ships designed to link the different
islands in the country to facilitate trade
and commerce among the different
major islands
Encouraged and convinced foreign
business sectors to invest in the country
Different and big infrastructure projects
throughout the country:
o Domestic and International
Airports (Clark and Bacolod)
o Highways: Halsema (Cordillera to
Baguio and Kalinga Apayao)
SCITEX (Pampanga, Tarlac and
Manila) Star Tollway (Port of
Batangas and Manila) SLEX (
Calabarzon)