Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Christian Sch
onenberger
Institute of Physics and Center of Nanoscience (NCCR),
University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, Switzerland
(Dated: October 22nd, 2002)
I.
III.
INTRODUCTION
II.
(3)
I note, that the peak power can scale with the L3 , but
only for a relatively short instance.
How often do we have to eat or drink?
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5)
2
the night to feed their babies. A y is in search of
food all the time.
If we look into the interior of our body, their or millions of nanomchines (proteins) working. It is obvious
that these nanomachines can only function if food is
around all the time. They are imbedded in a soup of
food, called ATP.
What about acceleration. Galilei found that all objects accelerate exactly identical. Hence, for gravitational forces, the acceleration a is scale independent.
This is not true for structural forces. For example, if
you ask how fast you can accelerate (or be accelerated
in e.g. an accident) without breaking your bones, the
answer is:
maximum acceleration L1
IV.
V.
(6)
(7)
mg/4
mg
(8)
(9)
frequency L1
(10)
(11)
3/2
Again, we can learn a lot, both for the large and small
scale: big animals have over-proportional legs, small
ones have very thin legs.
Going down to the ultimate smallness, i.e. molecular biology, the concept of legs does not make sense
anymore. As you know, cells have no legs.
3
We learn that the dynamics, determined by the frequency, is fast on the small scale, but net velocities
are scale independent provided there is no friction.
We know from our own experience, that this scaling is
wrong if friction is determining the motion. A feather
falls much slower in air than a bottle of wine (if unfortunately it slips out of our hands).
VII.
VI.
FRICTION
(12)
(14)
This is equation holds if friction can be neglected. Under this assumption we have learned that the velocity
is scale-independent. Usually, this is true for large machines, the ones we human tend to build. It is more
convenient to divide the power by the volume of the
machine, i.e. to look at the power density:
machine power density at no friction L0
(15)
(13)
(16)
4
VIII.
POWER OF A MOLECULAR
BIO-MACHINE
X.
Molecular motors work dierent to men-made machines. They operate close to thermal equilibrium.
As already mentioned, food in the form of APT is
around each bio-machine in excess. The time needed
to capture the food is determined by the thermal diffusion time d . If the protein (the molecular machine)
is of linear size L, the diusion time scales as:
diusion time L2
(17)
(18)
IX.
ld2
L0
V
(19)
Hence, the jump height is scale invariant. A grasshopper can jump as high as we can do. Sure, such statements have to be taken with caution. A beetle can
generally not jump as high.
XI.
(20)
COMPARISON
scaling
equilibrium
L2
peak, no friction
L0
peak, (viscous) friction
L1
peak, molecular machines L3
The table illustrates that scaling exponents depend on
the underlying physics and can vary quite a lot.
XII.
A BIT ELECTRONICS
(21)
(22)
5
The mechanical force F acting, for example on a capacitor plate, is given by the eld times the area of
the plate:
force L2
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
These equations are very nice, because both the current density (current per unit area) and the power
density (power per unit volume) are scale invariant,
provided the assumption of constant electrical eld
holds. If these equations would hold circuit engineering of new smaller chips would be simple. However,
all scaling laws have limitations. Today, one of the
foremost problem in this eld of research is the scaling of the resistance. Microfabricated interconnects
are very thin, so that the wire thickness can hardly
be scaled anymore. Then, R L0 and I L. Consequently, the current density will scale as L1 which
is disastrous. If the current density increases beyond
some threshold the wires are destroyed!
There are many more problems of this kind. In particular quantum mechanical tunneling sets limits on the
thickness of gate oxides. Yet another problem is found
in the electrical charge, which is used to store the information. Charge scales as L3 . Hence, it rapidly
gets very small. If downscaling will go on, a storage
capacitor may store only one single electron. At this
ultimate limit, scaling must break down.
Electronic address:
Christian.Schoenenberger@
unibas.ch;www.unibas.ch/phys-meso
XIII.
CONCLUDING REMARKS