Master of Business Administration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"MBA" redirects here. For other uses, see MBA (disambiguation).
The Master of Business Administration (MBA or M.B.A.) is a master's degree in business
administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA
designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country
industrialized and companies sought out scientific approaches to management. The core courses
in the MBA program are designed to introduce students to the various areas of business such as
accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, operations management, etc. Students in MBA
programs have the option of taking general business courses throughout the program or can
select an area of concentration and focus approximately one-fourth of their studies in this
subject.
Accreditation bodies exist specifically for MBA programs to ensure consistency and quality of
graduate business education. Business schools in many countries offer MBA programs tailored to
full-time, part-time, executive, and distance learning students, with specialized concentrations.

Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Accreditation

3 Basic types of MBA programs

4 Admissions criteria

5 Program content

6 In Europe

7 Australasia and Oceania

8 Africa

9 Asia

10 MBA program rankings

11 MBA degree and current financial crisis

12 See also

13 References

14 External links

[edit] History
The first graduate school of business in the United States was the Tuck School of Business, part
of Dartmouth College [1] Founded in 1900, it was the first institution conferring advanced degrees
(masters) in the commercial sciences, specifically, a Master of Science in Commerce degree, the
forebear of the modern MBA degree.
In 1908, the Graduate School of Business Administration (GSBA) at Harvard University was
established; it offered the world's first MBA program,[2] with a faculty of 15 plus 33 regular
students and 47 special students. There are M7 peer recognition for top MBAs.
The University of Chicago Booth School of Business first offered working professionals the
Executive MBA (EMBA) program in 1943,[3] first available in permanent campus in three
continents (Chicago, London and Singapore) and this type of program is offered by most
business schools today.
In 1946, Thunderbird School of Global Management was the first school to offer an MBA
program focused on global management.[4]
In 1950, the first MBA degrees awarded outside the United States were by The University of
Western Ontario in Canada,[5] followed in 1951 with the degree awarded by the University of
Pretoria in South Africa.[6] In 1957, INSEAD became the first European business school to offer
an MBA program.[7] In 1986, the Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins
College (Florida) was the first MBA program to require every student to have a laptop computer
in the classroom. Initially, professors wheeled a cart of laptops into the classroom.[8]
The MBA degree has been adopted by universities worldwide, and has been adopted and adapted
by both developed and developing countries.[9]

[edit] Accreditation

Business schools or MBA programs may be accredited by external bodies which provide
students and employers with an independent view of their quality, and indicate that the school's
educational curriculum meets specific quality standards. The three major accrediting bodies in
the United States are Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), which
accredits research universities, the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs
(ACBSP), which accredits universities and colleges, and the International Assembly for
Collegiate Business Education (IACBE),[10] all of which also accredit schools outside the US.
The AACSB, the ACBSP, and the IACBE are themselves recognized in the United States by the
Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA).[11] MBA programs with specializations for
students pursuing careers in healthcare management also eligible for accreditation by the
Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME).
In the United States, a college or university must be accredited as a whole before it is eligible to
have its MBA program accredited. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include the
Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA): Middle States Association of Colleges and
Schools (MSA), New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASCSC), Higher
Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (HLC),
Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU), Southern Association of
Colleges and Schools (SACS), and Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC).[12]
Accreditation agencies outside the United States include the Association of MBAs (AMBA), a
UK based organization that accredits MBA, DBA and MBM programs worldwide, government
accreditation bodies such as the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) that
accredits MBA and PGDM programs across India, the Council on Higher Education (CHE) in
South Africa, the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) for mostly European and
Asian schools, and the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation
(FIBAA) in Europe.

[edit] Basic types of MBA programs

Two-year (Full Time) MBA programs normally take place over two academic years (i.e.
approximately 18 months of term time). For example in the Northern Hemisphere beginning in
late August/September of year one and continuing until May of year two, with a three to four
month summer break in between years one and two. Students enter with a reasonable amount of
prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university
students.
Accelerated MBA programs are a variation of the two year programs. They involve a higher
course load with more intense class and examination schedules. They usually have less "down
time" during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no three to four month
summer break, and between semesters there might be seven to ten days off rather than three to
five weeks vacation.
Part-time MBA programs normally hold classes on weekday evenings, after normal working
hours, or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in

these programs typically consist of working professionals, who take a light course load for a
longer period of time until the graduation requirements are met.
Executive MBA (EMBA) programs developed to meet the educational needs of managers and
executives, allowing students to earn an MBA or another business-related graduate degree in two
years or less while working full time. Participants come from every type and size of organization
profit, nonprofit, government representing a variety of industries. EMBA students typically
have a higher level of work experience, often 10 years or more, compared to other MBA
students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, The Executive MBA
Council was formed in 1981 to advance executive education.
Distance learning MBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can be offered in a
number of different formats: correspondence courses by postal mail or email, non-interactive
broadcast video, pre-recorded video, live teleconference or videoconference, offline or online
computer courses. Many schools offer these programs.
Dual MBA programs combine MBA degree with others (such as an MS, MA, or a J.D., etc.) to
let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing 2 degrees separately), save
time on education and to tailor the business education courses to their needs. Some business
schools offer programs in which students can earn both a bachelor's degree in business
administration and an MBA in four or five years.

[edit] Admissions criteria

Most programs base admission on the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT),
significant work experience, academic transcripts, essays, references or letters of
recommendation and personal interviews. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is also
accepted by some schools in lieu of the GMAT.[13] Some schools are also interested in
extracurricular activities, community service activities and how the student can improve the
diversity of and contribute to the student body as a whole. All of these qualifications can be
important for admission; however, some schools do not weigh GMAT scores as heavily as other
criteria. In order to achieve a diverse class, business schools also consider the target male-female
ratio and local-international student ratios.
Depending on the program, type and length of work experience can be a critical admissions
component for many MBA programs. Many top-tier programs require five or more years of work
experience for admission.[14][15]

[edit] Program content

Most top MBA programs cover similar subjects within their core required courses. For
information about the typical content of an MBA program's core curriculum, see the overview at
the Wikiversity MBA topic page. MBA programs expose students to a variety of subjects, which
students may choose to specialize in a particular area. Students traditionally study a wide breadth
of courses in the program's first year, then pursue a specialized curriculum in the second year.

Full-time students typically seek an internship during the interim. Typical specializations
include: accounting, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, international business, management
science, marketing, operations management, organizational behavior, project management, real
estate, and strategy, among others.

[edit] In Europe
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (October 2010)

[edit] History of the MBA in Europe

In 1957, INSEAD became the first European university offering the MBA degree, followed in
1959 by ESADE, ICADE in 1960 (who had started offering in 1956 a "Technical Seminary for
Business Administration") [16], IESE (first two-year program in Europe) in 1964, UCD Smurfit
Business School in 1964, Manchester Business School and London Business School in 1965,
The University of Dublin (Trinity College), the Rotterdam School of Management in 1966, the
Cranfield School of Management in 1967 and in 1969 by the HEC School of Management (in
French, the cole des Hautes tudes Commerciales) and the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris.
In 1972, Swiss business school IMEDE (now IMD) began offering a full-time MBA program,
followed in 1974 by AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, Poland. In 1991,
IEDC-Bled School of Management became the first school in the ex-socialist block of the
Central and Eastern to offer an MBA degree. Because of technology advances, distance or online
MBA programs have recently emerged in Europe. Several business schools in the United
Kingdom now offer distance MBA programs. In 2007, ESCEM became the first French Business
school to offer their own distance or online MBA. See List of business schools in Europe

[edit] Bologna Accord

In Europe, the recent Bologna Accord established uniformity in three levels of higher education:
Bachelor (three years), Masters (one or two years in addition to three or four years for a
Bachelor), and Doctorate (an additional three or four years after a Masters). Students can acquire
professional experience after their initial bachelor degree at any European institution and later
complete their masters in any other European institution via the European Credit Transfer and
Accumulation System.

[edit] Accreditation
Accreditation standards are not uniform in Europe. Some countries have legal requirements for
accreditation (e.g. most German states), in some there is a legal requirement only for universities
of a certain type (e.g. Austria), and others have no accreditation law at all. Even where there is no
legal requirement, many business schools are accredited by independent bodies voluntarily to
ensure quality standards.

[edit] Austria
In Austria, MBA programs of private universities have to be accredited by the Austrian
Accreditation Council (sterreichischer Akkreditierungsrat). State-run universities have no
accreditation requirements, however, some of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures
by independent bodies. There are also MBA programs of non-academic business schools, who
are entitled by the Austrian government to offer these programs until 2010 (Lehrgang
universitren Charakters). Some non-academic institutions cooperate with state-run universities
to ensure legality of their degrees.

[edit] Czech Republic

January 1998 saw the first meeting of the Association of the Czech MBA Schools (CAMBAS).
The Association is housed within the Centre for Doctoral and Managerial Studies of UEP,
Prague. All of the founding members of the Association have their MBA programs accredited by
partner institutions in the United Kingdom or United States of America.

[edit] Finland
In Finland, as in most countries, MBA does not have the status of official degree. MBA programs
are run by various universities including the top universities in the country.

[edit] France and French speaking countries

In France and in the Francophone countries such as Switzerland, Monaco, Belgium, and Canada,
the MBA degree programs at the public accredited schools are similar to those offered in the
Anglo-Saxon countries. Most French Business Schools are accredited by the Confrence des
Grandes coles, which is an association of higher educational establishments outside the
mainstream framework of the public education system.

[edit] Germany
Germany was one of the last western countries to adopt the MBA degree. In 1998, the
Hochschulrahmengesetz (Higher Education Framework Act), a German federal law regulating
higher education including the types of degrees offered, was modified to permit German
universities to offer master's degrees. The traditional German degree in business administration
was the Diplom in Betriebswirtschaft (Diplom-Kaufmann; Master's degree equivalent) but since
1999, bachelor's and master's degrees have gradually replaced the traditional degrees (see
Bologna process). Today most German business schools offer the MBA. Most German states
require that MBA degrees have to be accredited by one of the six agencies officially recognized
by the German Akkreditierungsrat (accreditation council), the German counterpart to the USAmerican CHEA. The busiest of these six agencies (in respect to MBA degrees) is the
Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA). All universities
themselves have to be institutionally accredited by the state (staatlich anerkannt).

[edit] Italy

Italian MBAs programs at public accredited schools are similar to those offered elsewhere in
Europe. Italian Business Schools are accredited by EQUIS and by ASFOR.

[edit] Poland
There are several MBA programs offered in Poland. Some of these are run as partnerships with
American or Canadian Universities. For example, the CEMBA program is run by the Warsaw
School of Economics and the University of Quebec at Montreal, Warsaw-Illinois Executive
MBA (WIEMBA) run as partnership of University of Warsaw and University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.

[edit] Ukraine
Recently MBA programs appeared in Ukraine where there are now about twenty schools of
business offering a variety of MBA programs. Three of these are subsidiaries of European
schools of business, while the remaining institutions are independent. Ukrainian MBA programs
are concentrated mainly on particulars of business and management in Ukraine. For example, 2/3
of all case studies are based on real conditions of Ukrainian companies.[17]

[edit] United Kingdom

The UK based Association of MBAs (AMBA) was established in 1967 and is an active advocate
for MBA degrees. The Association's accreditation service is internationally recognised for all
MBA, DBA and Masters in Business and Management (MBM) programs. AMBA also offer the
only professional membership association for MBA students and graduates. UK MBA programs
typically consist of a set number of taught courses plus a dissertation or project.

[edit] Australasia and Oceania

[edit] Australia
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (October 2010)
In Australia, 42 Australian business schools offer the MBA degree. Universities differentiate
themselves by gaining international accreditation and focusing on national and international
rankings. Most MBAs are one to two years full time. There is little use of GMAT, and instead
each educational institution specifies its own requirements, which normally entails several years
of management-level work experience as well as proven academic skills.
Ratings for Australian MBAs are carried out by the Graduate Management Association of
Australia, which publishes an annual Australian MBA Star Ratings. See List of business schools
in Australia.

[edit] New Zealand

[edit] Africa
[edit] South Africa
See also: List of business schools in South Africa and League tables of South African business
schools
In 2004 South Africas Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive reaccreditation of MBA degrees offered in the country. The process was the first of its kind in the
world to be undertaken by a statutory body.[citation needed]

[edit] Ghana
Business schools of the traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. In addition,
foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees by distance learning in Ghana.

[edit] Kenya
See also: Education in Kenya
MBA is studied in all Public university and major private university. Student choose to specialize
in one of this areas; Accounting, finance, entrepreneur, Insurance and Human Resources. The
course takes 4 semester of about 4 months each.

[edit] Asia
[edit] Japan
List of universities in Japan
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (September 2011)
Japanese business schools offer full time MBA programs, part time MBA programs, and EBusiness Management.
MBA in public universities are generally more prestigious than their private counterparts with
only 25 percent of all university-bound students being admitted to public universities. The public
universities such as Nagoya University, University of Tsukuba, Kyushu University, Kyoto
University offer management studies and business administration and are the oldest and most
prestigious[peacock term] universities in Japan.

[edit] India
There are 1600 business schools in India offering two year MBA programs. The students are a
mix of fresh graduates without any work experience and people with significant work
experience. Among those schools, the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) are the oldest
institutions for management education in India. Admission to any of the IIM schools requires
passing Common Admission Test (CAT), however other business schools require passing either
CAT, XAT, GMAT, JMET, MAT or others. Apart from these entrance tests there are few business
schools which conduct aptitude tests individually for admission to that particular business
school. The IIM and other autonomous business schools offer a post-graduate diploma in
management (PGDM) or Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGPM) which is
recognized in India as equivalent to an MBA degree. Government accreditation bodies such as
AICTE established that autonomous business schools can offer only the PGDM or PGPM,
whereas a full post-graduate degree can be awarded only by a university, in two-year full-time
program. The curriculum of the PGDM or PGPM and MBA degrees are equivalent, although the
MBA degree is examination oriented and concentrates on theoretical aspects of management
whereas the PGDM or PGPM is industry-oriented. PGDM and PGPM usually utilize the case
method of instruction, and mainly focus on building soft skills. However, a PGDM or PGPM
holder cannot pursue PhD since they are not full post-graduates, but can pursue Fellowship
programs instead from many B-Schools. Non-government accredited, one-year fast-track
programs have proliferated in India, especially for candidates with work experience. Such
programs are commonly known as Post Graduate Programme for Executives (PGPX or ExPGP)
in Business Management. See List of business schools in India.

[edit] Israel
All public universities are offering a two years MBA program. Some private colleges are offering
a one year MBA program for working people who prefer to study at the evening and on Friday
(which is a rest day in Israel).

[edit] Pakistan
The IBA was the first instiute in Pakistan, set up in 1955 in collaboration with the Wharton
School of the University of Pennsylvania and is the first business school in South Asia set up on
the US MBA model. Now in Pakistan, 16 Universities that are recognized by the Higher
Education Commission of Pakistan are the only ones that offer MBAs.

[edit] Other Asian countries

International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign
MBA is still preferred in the Philippines, many students are now studying at one of many
"Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also
offered in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. For
international students who want a different experience, many Asian programs offer scholarships
and discounted tuition to encourage an international environment in the classroom.

Rankings have been done for Asia Pacific schools by the magazine Asia Inc. which is a regional
business magazine with distribution worldwide. The importance of MBA education in China has
risen, too.[18] See List of business schools in Asia.

[edit] MBA program rankings

See also: List of United States business school rankings, Australian MBA Star Ratings, and
Rankings of business schools in South Africa
As MBA programs proliferated over time, differences in the quality of schools, faculty, and
course offerings became evident. As a means of establishing criteria to assess quality among
different MBA programs, a variety of publications began compiling program information and
ranking quality. Different methods of varying validity were used. The Gourman Report, which
ran from 1967 until 1997, did not disclose criteria or ranking methods,[19] and these reports were
criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps
in scores with no variation in gap widths, and ranks of nonexistent departments.[20] In 1977 The
Carter Report published rankings of MBA programs based on the number of academic articles
published by faculty. Also in 1977, the Ladd & Lipset Survey relied on opinion surveys of
business school faculty as the basis for rankings, and MBA Magazine ranked schools based on
votes cast by business school deans.[21]
Most recently, well-known publications such as US News & World Report, Business Week,
Financial Times, The Economist, and the Wall Street Journal publish rankings of selected MBA
programs. Often a schools rank will vary significantly across publications, as the methodology
used to create the ranks is different among each publication. The U.S. News & World Report
ranking incorporates responses from deans, program directors, and senior faculty about the
academic quality of their programs as well as the opinions of hiring professionals. The ranking is
calculated through a weighted formula of quality assessment (40%), placement success (35%),
and student selectivity (25%).[22] The BusinessWeek rankings are similarly based on student
surveys, a survey of corporate recruiters, and an intellectual capital rating.[23] The Financial
Times incorporates criteria including survey responses from alumni who graduated three years
prior to the ranking and information from business schools. Salary and employment statistics are
weighted heavily.[24] Rankings by the Economist Intelligence Unit and published in The
Economist result from surveys administered to business schools (80%) and to students and recent
graduates (20%). Ranking criteria includes GMAT scores, employment and salary statistics, class
options, and student body demographics.[25] Although the Wall Street Journal stopped ranking
full time MBA programs in 2007, its ranking are based on skill and behavioral development that
should lend toward career success, such as social skills, teamwork orientation, ethics, and
analytic and problem-solving abilities.[26]
Other rankings base methodologies on attributes other than standardized test scores, salary of
graduates, and recruiter opinions. The Beyond Grey Pinstripes ranking, published by the Aspen
Institute is based on the integration of social and environmental stewardship into university
curriculum and faculty research. Rankings are calculated on the amount of sustainability
coursework made available to students (20%), amount of student exposure to relevant material
(25%), amount of coursework focused on stewardship by for-profit corporations (30%), and

relevant faculty research (25%).[27] The 2011 survey and ranking include data from 150
universities.[28] The QS Global 200 Business Schools Report compiles regional rankings of
business schools around the world. Ranks are calculated using a two year moving average of
points assigned by employers who hire MBA graduates.[29] Since 2005, the UT-Dallas Top 100
Business School Research Rankings ranks business schools on the research faculty publish, not
unlike The Carter Report of the past.[30]
The ranking of MBA programs has been discussed in articles and on academic Web sites.[31]
Critics of ranking methodologies maintain that any published rankings should be viewed with
caution for the following reasons:[32]

Rankings limit the population size to a small number of MBA programs and ignore the
majority of schools, many with excellent offerings.

The ranking methods may be subject to biases and statistically flawed methodologies
(especially for methods relying on subjective interviews of hiring managers).

The same list of well-known schools appears in each ranking with some variation in
ranks, so a school ranked as number 1 in one list may be number 17 in another list.

Rankings tend to concentrate on the school itself, but some schools offer MBA programs
of different qualities (e.g. a school may use highly reputable faculty to teach a daytime
program, and use adjunct faculty in its evening program).

A high rank in a national publication tends to become a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Some leading business schools including Harvard, INSEAD and Wharton provide limited
cooperation with certain ranking publications due to their perception that rankings are
misused.[33]

One study found that objectively ranking MBA programs by a combination of graduates' starting
salaries and average student GMAT score can reasonably duplicate the top 20 list of the national
publications.[32] The study concluded that a truly objective ranking would be individualized to the
needs of each prospective student.[34] National publications have recognized the value of rankings
against different criteria, and now offer lists ranked different ways: by salary, GMAT score of
students, selectivity, and so forth. Other publications have produced rankings of the rankings,
which coalesce and summarize the findings of multiple independent rankings.[35][36] While useful,
these rankings have yet to meet the critique that rankings are not tailored to individual needs, that
they use an incomplete population of schools, may fail to distinguish between the different MBA
program types offered by each school, or rely on subjective interviews.

[edit] MBA degree and current financial crisis

The Financial crisis of 20072010 has raised new challenges and questions regarding the MBA
degree. Graduates of MBA programs have a reported tendency to go into Finance shortly after

receiving the degree.[37] As the field of Finance is tightly linked to the global economic downturn,
anecdotal evidence suggests new graduates are stepping onto alternate paths.[38]
Deans at top business schools have acknowledged media and public perception of the MBA has
shown some shifts as a result of the financial crisis.[39] Articles about public perception related to
the crisis range from schools' acknowledgment of issues related to the training students receive[37]
[39]
to criticisms of the MBA's role in society.[40]

[edit] See also

[edit] General information

Wikiversity:Master of Business Administration, MBA Curriculum

Business school rankings

Australian MBA Star Ratings

[edit] Other graduate business degrees

Master of Accountancy (MAcc or MAcy) / Master of Professional Accountancy (MPA), a

postgraduate degree in accounting

Master of Commerce (M.Comm.), a postgraduate business degree usually focused on an

particular area

Master of Economics

Master of Enterprise (MEnt), a postgraduate, technology & enterprise-based qualification

Master of Bioscience Enterprise (MBioEnt), a postgraduate degree focussed on the

commercialisation of biotechnology

Master of Finance (MFin), a postgraduate degree in finance

Master of Health Administration (MHA), a postgraduate health administration degree

Master of International Business (MIB), a postgraduate degree focused on International

Business

Master of Management (MM), a postgraduate business degree

Master of Science in Management, a postgraduate business degree

Master of Marketing Research (MMR) a postgraduate degree focusing on research in the

field of marketing

Master of Nonprofit Organizations (MNO or MNPO), the postgraduate degree for

philanthropy and voluntary sector professionals

Master of Public Administration (MPA), a postgraduate public administration degree

Masters of Management: Co-operatives and Credit Unions, a post-graduate degree for cooperative and credit union managers

Master in Sustainable Business (MSB)

Master of Real Estate (MScRE), a postgraduate degree focusing on real estate.

Executive

Executive Master of Science in Business Administration (Executive MScBA), a

postgraduate degree focusing advanced-level conceptual foundation in a students chosen
field such as operational excellence in the biotech/pharma industry.

Doctoral

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), a doctorate in business administration

Doctor of Education (EdD), assessed by Carnegie Foundation as a PhD equivalent

Doctor of Management (D.M.)

PhD in Management (PhD), a business doctoral degree

D.Phil in Management (D.Phil), a doctorate in business

Engineering Doctorate (EngD), A professional doctorate involving a management thesis

and taught MBA courses in the UK

[edit] MBA accreditation agencies

Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)

Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP)

All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

Association of MBAs (AMBA)

European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS)

International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE)

[edit] References
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^ http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/about/history/

2.

^ http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html

3.

^ http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/facts.aspx

4.

^
http://www.thunderbird.edu/about_thunderbird/inside_tbird/thunderbird_history.htm

5.

^ Richard Ivey School of Business page showing awarding of first MBA in 1950,
one year ahead of the University of Pretoria's claim

6.

^ University of Pretoria page claiming to have awarded the first MBA outside of
America

7.

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8.

^ "Rollins information".

9.

^ McIntyre, John R. and Ilan Alon, eds. (2005), Business and Management
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Sharpe.

10.

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11.

^ Programmatic Accrediting Organizations 20082009

12.
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^ Koenig, Ann; Lofstad, Rolf (18 September 2004). "Higher Education

Accreditation in the United States" (PDF). EAIE Conference.
^ Ward, Barabara (31 July 2009). "GRE: Wharton joins the club". MBA Channel.

14.

^ MBAapplicant.com (31 July 2009). "Number 5 YOUR WORK

EXPERIENCE:". MBA Applicant.com.

15.

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16.

^ http://www.icade.es/presentacion/pres_hist.aspx?nivel=3&id=90

17.

^ http://www.mbastrategy.ua/content/view/1078/312/lang,Eng/ MBA strategy in

Ukraine

18.

^ Alon, Ilan and John R. McIntyre, eds. (2005), Business and Management
Education in China: Transition, Pedagogy and Training, Singapore: World Scientific.

19.

^ Selingo, Jeffrey. A Self-Published College Guide Goes Big-Time, and

Educators Cry Foul. Chronicle of Higher Education (7 November 1997).

20.

^ Bedeian, Arthur G. Caveat Emptor: The Gourman Report. The IndustrialOrganizational Psychologist (June 2002).

21.

^ Schatz, Martin; Crummer, Roy E. (1993). "What's Wrong With MBA Ranking
Surveys?". Management Research News 16 (7): 1518. doi:10.1108/eb028322. Retrieved
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22.

^ "Business Methodology". U.S.News & World Report. L.P.. Retrieved 2007-1218.

23.

^ "MBA Rankings: Updated October 2006". BusinessWeek.com. The McGrawHill Companies Inc.. Retrieved 2007-12-18.

24.

^ Milton, Ursula (2007-01-29). "How to read the rankings: How the raw data are
processed". The Financial Times Ltd. Retrieved 2007-12-25.

25.

^ "Rankings methodology". The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. Retrieved

2007-12-19.

26.

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27.
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29.

^ "Methodology". Beyond Grey Pinstripes. Retrieved 2011-06-18.

^ Samuelson, Judy (Summer 2011). "The Business of Education: Why changeminded MBA candidates turn to the Institute before they pick a business school". The
Aspen Idea: 6667. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
^ "Global Business Schools Report Methodology".

30.

^ Mahajan-Bansal, Neelima. "Does The World Need Another B-School

Ranking?". Poets & Quants. Retrieved 22 July 2011.

31.

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[edit] External links

Business of administration links at the Open Directory Project

sieps.ch Information Services on Swiss Private Schools and Universities

Peterson's Graduate Schools Information

50 Leading Business Schools of the 57 OIC (Organization of Islamic Conference)

member countries