Development of Musculoskeletal System

Posted on September 26, 2010 by terrichan

Read up Foundation 1 Embryology & 1st aid basic sciences.

OLIS
o

http://elearning.imu.edu.my/file.php/4236/StudyGuide/Musculo/week1
/xms1_7.html

Skeletal system develops from:

Paraxial mesoderm
o forms somites
a segmented series of blocks on each side of neural tube
somites form:
vertebral column
muscles of axial skeleton
body wall
head
Lateral plate mesoderm (somatic layer)
o forms:
pelvic
pectoral girdle
long bones (of limbs)

1st pair of somites appear on the 20th day

o at cervical region
formation of the somites
o cranial-caudally
o 3 somites per day
o By the 5th week, have 44 pairs
Occipital 4
1st pair disappear at 4th week
Cervical 8
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 7
Coccygeal 8 to 10
Last 7 pairs disappear at 4th week
Ventromedial: sclerotome
o mesoderm of sclerotome
surrounds neural tube & notochord
forms vertebral column
Dorsolateral: dermo-myotome
o dermatome
forms skin
o myotome
forms muscle

Sclerotomic blocks
o separated by intersegmental arteries
o caudal part of each segment proliferate
caudal half of one sclerotome binds to cranial half of next one
(see image below)
therefore body of vertebrae is of intersegmental origin
(segmented)

Messenchymal cells between cranial and caudal half of sclerotome

o form intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosus (purple)
The remains of notochord
o forms nucleuss pulposus

Developmental abnormalities

Neural tube defect

diagnostic:
o maternal alpha-fetoprotein
prevention

folic acid supplementation

Neural crest cells

o forms mesoderm of head
which forms bones of face & skull
Occipital somites
o forms cranial vault & base of skull

Types of ossification (skull)

Membranous (messenchyme > bone)

Neurocranium (inner part of skull)

o forms cranial cavity
houses the brain
o membranous part of neurocranium
fontanelles
flat ones of cranial vault sutures
enables babys skull to enlarge to accommodate
growing brain
failure of formation
brain exposed to amnion causing degeneration
anencephaly
with herniation of brain
cranial meningocele

Viscerocranium (outer part of skull)

o facial skeleton
from 1st & 2nd pharyngeal arches
Chondrocranium
o base of skull

Cells of somites migrate to form precursors of:

limb bud
body wall musculature

but retains nerves from segment of origin (?).

By the end of 4th week,

limb buds out pocket

o from ventral body wall
o start from a mesoderm core
derived from somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
o upper limb buds appear 1st
o lower limb buds appear 2 days later
o mesenchyme in bud condenses
6th week 1st cartilage model
7th week 1st limb muscles at base of limb bud
pattern of muscle depends on connective tissue into
which myoblasts migrate
head region
C/T from neural crest cells
axial, body wall, limbs
C/T from somatic mesoderm
thickened ectoderm at distal border of limb bud (at the tip)
o Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
induces the pattern of the limb
differentiation of
limb bone
cartilage
muscle
if defected
fingers/toes may not form properly

At the 7th week,

limbs rotate in the opposite direction

o upper limb: 90% lateral
extensor muscles
lateral & posterior surface
thumb
lateral side (anatomical position)
o lower limb: 90% medial
extensor muscles
anterior surface
great toe
medial side (anatomical position)

Bone growth with age

Muscle development

Prospective muscle cells

Epimere
o extensors of vertebral column
o innervated by: dorsal rami of spinal nerve
Hypomere
o limb and body muscle wall
o innervated by: ventral rami of spinal nerve

Anomalies

thoracic hypomere
splits into 3 layers
external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal
abdominal hypomere
splits into 3 layers
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

Dwarfism

9 members of fibroblast growth factors & fibroblast growth factor receptors

(FGFR)
o regulate cellular events in proliferation and differentiation
FGFR-3
o expressed in cartilage growth plates in long bones
o mutation in p-arm of chromosome 4
autosomal dominant hereditary
amino acid substitution
proliferation on chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate is disturbed
achondroplasia
most common causes of dwarfism
large head, small face, limbs shorted than trunk,
bowed

Amelia
o complete absense of limbs
Meromelia
o partial absense of limbs
Phocomelia
o long bones absense
o rudimentary hands & feet

Causes:

hereditary
drug induced
mothers on thalidomide
o teratogen damage
mostly 3rd 8th week

Polydactyly
o extra digits
Ectrodactyly
o absence of digits
Syndactyly
o abnormal fusion
caused by: anti-convulsant phenytoin
Lobster claw deformity
o cleft hand & foot
Congenital hip dislocation
o due to underdevelopment of acetabulum & head of femur
o mostly female