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]kljYf_]ajgk  ]lfdg_gk k]e  \ahdge Y [ge  kmYk \]k[ja{]k hgj
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e Yk Y[YZgm&Yg e ]ke g l]ehg& hgjafljg\mrajme Yaf^d]pzg gja_a
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me  [gf[]alg ^mf\Ye ]flYd& fY e ]\a\Y [e im] h]je alaY fYlmjYda
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lYk& eYk im] j]lge Ye  \]kY^agk k]e ]d`Yfl]k4 [ge g h]j[]Z ]j ]
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im] [gflgm [ge me Y ]ph]ja~f[aY k]e ]d`Yfl]& Yg e ]fgk ]e  kmY
j]_azg kmd& fg k]fla\g \] [gflYj dYj_Ye ]fl] [ge mladarY{zg \]
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kg[aYd fg hYk& n]j& ]flj] gmljgk& Kca\e gj] $+310%& ] K[`oYj[r $+33-%(

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F AG < 9 < =

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naY [ge g me hgflg \] afl]jjg_Y{zg4 L ]jjY ljgha[Yd ] e ]kla{Y
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;ge  ]kk]gZb]lang | im] kzg [jaY\Yk gm j]^gje Y\Yk me Y k|ja] \]
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" KYflgk $gj_k(%& +330(

,10

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afklalma{]k [mdlmjYakim] nakYnYe  j]k_YlYj g ^gd[dgj]& Y Yjl] [ Y


` akljaY fY[agfYak ] im] hjgb]lgk g^a[aYak kzg ae hd]e ]flY\gk fg
k]fla\g \] j][gf`][]j fY e ]kla{Y_]e  Y n]j\Y\]ajY f Y[ag f Yda\Y
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h YjY k]m danjg Y ]ph ]ja~f [aY h janY\ Y \Yk ]dal]k f g j\ ]klaf Yk ]
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G danjg  g ^]j][aY me Y afl]jh j]lY{zg  af]kh ]jY\ Y hYjY Y kg [a]\Y\]
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g ]klm\g \] Yf ljg h g dg _aY kgZ Y g ja]f lY{zg  \g hjg ^]kkgj : gYk
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]ph ]ja~f [aY [m dlm jYd $+3--4-*1%( G [Y\af `g  \Yk jY{Yk Yh Yj]
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gm h]dg e ]fgk Y haflY& \g af\_]fY ])gm \g f]_jg $+3--4-*1%&
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,12

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,13

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lYe Z|e  af^dm]f [aY\Yk h]dg lYe Yf`g \Y ]e hj]alY\Y( 9 d|e  \akkg&
h]j[]Z ]'k] m e Y e m \Yf{Y \] ]f^gim] fYk h]kimakYk ]lfg_jw^a[Yk
im] Yl| ]flzg \]\a[YnYe 'k] kgZj]lm\g x Yfwdak] \Y af^dm~f [aY
Y^ja[Yf Y kgZj] Yk hghmdY{]k f]_jYk dg[Yak( F ]kk] [gfl]plg& Yk
afn]kla_Y{]k kg[agd_a[Yk& im] h janad]_aYe  e m\Yf{Yk fYk j]dY
{ ]k ] f lj]  f ] _ jg k ] Z jY f [ g k& Y h Y j laj \g ^af Yd \g  j] _ ae ]
]k[jYng[jYlY&_Yf`Ye  fgng ]klYlmlg(
F g afl]jag j \]kk] e ]ke g hjg[]kkg& kzg lYe Z|e  j]d]nYfl]k
Yk im]kl]k im] [ge ]{Ye  Y YhYj][]j[ge  j]dY{zg xk Yfwdak]k \gk
[m dlg k Y^jg'ZjYkad]ajgk( 9k [jla[Yk x Yf ljg h g dg _aY& h Yjlaf \ g  \]
Yj_me ]flgk \] f Ylmj]rY kg[agd_a[Y& kmj_]e  bw Y hYjlaj \g af[ag
\gk Yfgk .* &[ge  K|j_ag : mYjim]\] @ gdYf\Y&im] hjgZd]e YlarY
Y g h g jlmfa\Y\] \gk ]klm\gk Y^jg'ZjYkad]ajgk \ Y Ykkae  [`Ye Y\Y
]k[gdY F afY J g\ja_m]k& im] f]kk] [gfl]plg laf`Y ]e 9 jl`mj JY
egk kmY ^a_mjY \] hjgY( 9 d|e  \]d]& ? m]jj]ajg J Ye gk& fg ^afYd
\gk Yfgk .* $bw e adalYfl] \g L]Yljg = ph]jae ]flYd \g F ]_jg%&
j]lge Y g \]ZYl] im] k] jY\a[YdarY fgk Yfgk /*& [ge  Yk [jla[Yk
Ygk ]klm\gk \] [ge mfa\Y\],+( Hgj kmY n]r& > dgj]klYf >]jfYf\]k&
[dYkk]k ] Y e Yfml]f{zg \] e][Yfake gk \] \ak[jae afY{zg Yaf\Y na_]fl]k fg
hYk( F ]kk] k]fla\g& n]j ? mae Yjz]k $+331% ] 9 jjm\Y $+330%(
,+( = klgm e] j]^]jaf\g xk [jla[Yk j]YdarY\Yk f]kk] ege ]flg hgj ?m]jj]ajg
JYe gk& ; gklYHaflg& G[lYnag AYffa ]Bgkad\]l` ;gfkgjl]( HYjY me  Yhjg^mf
\Ye ]flg \Y l]e wla[Y ] \g [gfl]plg afl]d][lmYd& n]j E Yag $+331%(

,2.

D dD A 9  C ( E G J AL R  K;@O 9J;R

Yaf\Y fgk Yfgk /*& im]klagfYjw g ]klYlmlg \] [a~f[aY kg[aYd \g
^gd[dgj]& g im] ka_fa^a[YnY& [d] Yd_me Y e Yf]ajY& me Y afn]kla\Y
[gfljY Y hjhjaY Yfljghgdg_aY(
9  h Yjlaj \gk Yfgk 0*& \] lg\Y ^gje Y& Y j]hj]k]flY{zg \Y
Yf ljg h g dg _aY ^a[YnY Ykkg[aY\Y& ]e _jYf\] hYjl]& Y ]klm\gk [g fka
\]jY\gk j]Y[ag fwjagk & fzg k ]e ^mf{zg \] k]m ]f^gim]im]
hjanad]_aYnY Y ` Yje g f aY] g ]imadZjag [ge g ^mf{zg ' &  [ge g hgj
[YmkY \Y k]d]{zg \gk gZb]lgk& ]flzg [gfka\]jY\gk hgm[g j]d]nYf
l]k hYjYg \]ZYl]fY[agfYd(Bw  fg [Ye hg[aY kg[agdg_aY&Y\]k[gfk'
ljm{zg \Y fg{zg \] jY{Y&]ghYjYd]dgafn]klae ]flgfg[gf[]alg
\][dYkk]& Ydaf`YnY ]kkY \ak[ahdafY Yg dY\g \Yk j]anaf\a[Y{]k hg d
la[Yk \Y |hg[Y& Ykkae  [ge g Ybm\YnY fg ]klYZ]d][ae ]flg \] [Ye
h g k \ aklaf lg k \] Y f w dak ] ( ; g e g  g Z k] jn Y  J g Z ]jlg  < YE YllY
$+3224,*/%& lgjfgm'k] j][gjj]fl] Y e wpae Yim] kg[adg_gk& [a]f
laklYk hgdla[gk ] `aklgjaY\gj]k [gklme Ye  n]je m\Yf{Y& \]k]ima
dZjag ]j]ngdm{zgY e zg nakn]d \Yk ^gj{Yk `aklja[Ykg f \] gk
Yfljghdg_gk n~]e  Yh]fYk ]kljmlmjY ] [mdlmjY(  Yfljghgdg_aY
[gjj]khgf\]jaY&_jg kkg  e g\g&Y]kljmlmjY& ]fimYflg w kg[agdg_aY&
Y e m\Yf{Y( F zg | g [Ykg \] Yhjg^mf\Yj Y\ak[mkkzg kgZj] ]kk]k
]klm\gk& ]& kae & \] \]klY[Yj kmY ae hgjlyf[aY& fzg fg k]f la\ g  \Y
]p[dmkzg \] me Y h]jkh][lanY \aYfl] \Y gmljY& eYk Zmk[Yf\g h]j
[]Z ]j daf`Y_]fk [Ym\YlwjaYk \Yk \mYk ljY\a{]k,,(
)% ER  WHJOXR T  K OXXOR Z QHK T

M e  jY[ake g Ykkakl]e wla[g]jY&\]kkYe Yf]ajY& \aY_fgkla[Y\g


h g j > dgj]klYf >]jfYf\]k& im]afljg\mraY \] ^gje Y afgnY\gjY\ Y
\gk ]klYlkla[gk h YjY [Yd{Yj kmYk afl]jhj]lY{]k( 9 h Yjlaj [agk j]
,,( F zg k] hg\] ]kim][]j& lYe Z|e & im] f]kkY e]keY |hg[Y me Y k|ja] \]
h]kimakYk [gf`][a\Yk [ge g ]klm\gk \] [ge mfa\Y\]  Ha]jkgf $+3/+%&
O add]e k $+3.2%& E mkkgdafa $+3/,%& 9 flgfag ;yf\a\g $+30.% ] G jY[q F g
_m]ajY $+30,% ' &  Y[YZYjYe  ]fljYf\g fg Zgdg [ge me & k]f\g [jala[Y\Yk&
f]kk] [gfl]plg& ]e  im] Yk Yfwdak]k e YjpaklYk hYj][]e  ]klYZ]d][]j me Y
j]dY{zg \] ]p[dmkzg [ge  j]dY{zg Ygk e g\]dgk [mdlmjYdaklYk(

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A ; A < 9 < =

,2/

kmdlY\gk \g []fkg \] +3/*& g kg[adg_g ]f[gfljYnY fzg k \a^]


j]f{Yk j]_agfYak $[ge me Y _jYf\] e YagjaY \] f]_jgk ] e mdYlgk
fg F gj\]kl]%& [ge g [gf[]fljY{]k jY[aYak \] hjanad|_agk ][g f
e a[gk& kg[aYak ] [mdlmjYak(
G [gfbmflg \Yk h]kimakYk YhgflYnY& hgjlYflg& hYjY fgnYk
^Y[]lYk \ Y  e ak[a_]fY{zg Z jYkad]ajY ( KgZj]nanaY& [ge g d]_Y\g
`aklja[g& me kakl]e Y ]fjYarY\g \] `a]jYjimarY{zg kg[aYd& im] af
ljg\mraY _jY\ Y{]k \] hj]kl_ag Y h Yjlaj \] [jal|jagk [ge g [dYkk]
kg[aYd& ]\m[Y{zg ^gje Yd& gja_]e  ^Ye adaYj ] \] lg\g me [Yjj]^gmj
\] [gj]k( I mYk]im] [ge g me Y j]^]j~f[aYfYlanY& g hj][gf[]alg
\] [gj ^YraY Yk n]r]k \Yk jY{Yk& lgjfYf\g Yaf\Y e Yak ]k[g jj]_Y
\agk gke ][Yfake gk\] [ge hj]]fkzg\Y\ak[jae afY{zg( ;`Ye Y\g
hgj >]jfYf\]k \] e ]lYe gj^gk] \g ]k[jYng $+30/%& g hjg[]kkg
ZjYkad]ajg \] ]p[dmkzg kg[aYd l]jaY k] \]k]fngdna\g \] e g\g Y
]e h j]_Yj l]je gk [ge g hj]lg gm f]_jg & ]e dm_Yj \Y fg{zg
\] [dYkk] kmZYdl]jfY& f]kk] e gnae ]flg im] [gfklYfl]e ]fl] YhY
_ Y g [gf^dalg(
Hgj[]jlg& lYak ]klm\gk ^gjYe ae hgjlYfl]k fY \]ke gflY_]e 
l]ja[Y \g e alg \Y \]e g[jY[aY jY[aYd( Fg ]flYflg& [e kmY \]k'
[g fkljm{zg  \[ []jlY e Yf]ajY [aj[mfk[j]n]jYe  g l]e Y \ Y jY{Y Y
me Y im]klzg \] [dYkk] ] YZYf\gfYjYe  Y [mdlmjY& Yima ]fl]f\a\Y
[ge gme  e g\]dg \]] hYjY& im]h]je al] ]fl]f\]jmfan]jkgk
\] kg [aYZ ada\Y\] ] \] j]hj]k]f lY{]k5 [gklme ]k Ykk]flY\gk fY
dgf _Y \mjY{zg( G m k]bY& ]e e ]ag Y me  [gfl]plg e Yj[Y\g h]dY
jY\a[YdarY{zg hgdla[Y& g l]e Y jY[aYd YhYj][aY [ge g me Y im]klzg
e Yagj( = jYh g je ]ag\Ye g\]jfarY{zg]\Y\]e g[jYlarY{zgim]Y
im]klzg jY[aYd& ]flj] gmljYk& k] kgdm[agfYjaY fg : jYkad ] fzg Y
h Yjlaj\g ]f^j]flYe ]flg \] kmYk ]kh][a^a[a\Y\]k(
= [ge  Y [`]_Y\Y \gk Yfgk 1*& ] fY ]kl]ajY \gk ae hYkk]k
hgdla[gknan]f[aY\gk&im]lg\gme fgnge gnae ]flg \][gfl]klY
{zg lge Y ^gje Y( ; ge j]dY{zg x l]e wla[Yk]d][agfY\Y&hYj][] []j
lgkmhgjim] g [gfbmflg \gk ]klm\gkfzg [gdg[YnYe Yak ]e\ n a
\ Y Y ]pakl~f[aY \g hj][gf[]alg( 9  im]klzg Y_gjY hYj][aY [aj[mf k

,20

D A D A 9  C ( E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

[j]n]j'k] x n]ja^a[Y{zg \Yk \a^]j]fl]k ^Y[]k \g hjgZd]e Y( 9 d|e 


\gk fgngk ljYZYd`gk \] >dgj]klYf > ]jfYf\]k,-& gmljgk ]klm\gk
\]klY[Ye Ykh Yjla[mdYja\Y\]\ghj][gf[]alg]pakl]fl]fg: jYkad( G
ZjYkadaYfaklY L `gjfYk Kca\e gj] ]e Jj]lg fg ZjYf[g $+310% j]lge Y
g [gf[]alg \] jY{Y fg h]fkYe ]flg ZjYkad]ajg& \]klY[Yf\g Y g ja_a
fYda\Y\] \Y mladarY{zg \Y fg{zg\] ZjYfim]Ye ]flg & [ge g me Y
nYjaYfl] dg[Yd& f]kk] lahg \] Yfwdak]( < ] gmljg dY\g&afn]kla_Y{]k
[ge gYk\]Bg zg : Yh laklY: gj_]kH ]j]ajY$+301% ]L ] ^adg I m]ajgr
Bm f ag j $+31/%& YZjaYe  [Ye af`g hYjY Yk Yfwdak]k im]k] \ ]Z jm {Yja
Ye kgZj]Y]pakl~f[aY \Y \ak[jae afY{zg ]e \a^]j]fl]kn][mdgk \]
[ge mfa[Y{zg(
< YlY \]kkY |hg[Y& lYe Z|e & g kmj_ae ]flg \g E gnae ]flg
F ]_jg M fa^a[Y\g,.& im]& YhgaY\g& ]e ZgY hYjl]& fYk [gf[dmk]k
\ Y = k[gdY H YmdaklY \] Kg[agdg_aY& lgjfgm e Yak ^g jl] g [gjg \ Y
im]d]k im] bw \]e gfkljYnYe  g dY\g e la[g \Y \]e g[jY[aY jY[aYd(
= e  me e ge ]flg ]e im]&[ge Y\alY\mjY&Yk ]k^]jYkljY\a[agfYak
\] e Yfa^]klY{zg hgdla[Y '  [ge g gk hYjla\gk ] kaf\a[Ylgk '  ]klY
nYe  [gfljgdY\Yk gm j]hjae a\Yk& gmljYk ^gje Yk\]gj_YfarY{zg k]
ae h]e & [ge g gk e gnae ]flgk \] e md`]j]k& \] `ge gkk]pmYak ]
\ ]f]_jgk( ; YZ]d]e ZjYj&Yaf\Y&Yae hgjlyf[aY\ YngdlY\gk ]padY
\gk ] g ae hY[lg \Y \]k[gdgfarY{zg'  ]e ]kh][aYd fY ^ja[Y hgj
lm _m]kY  ] kmY af^dm~f [aY f]kk] \]ZYl]( L jYZYd`gk [ge g gk \]
; dnak E gmjY $+311& +32+% ] 9 Z\aYk F Yk[ae ]flg $+312% j]n]dY
nYe  g dY\g [ge hjge ]la\g \g ljYZYd`g afl]d][lmYd ] gk hgkkn]ak
,-( N]j [gd]lyf]Y \] Yjla_gk aflalmdY\Y ,  f]_jg fgemf\g\gkZjYf[gk $+31,%(
,.( G e ge ]flg \] ^mf\Y{zg \g EFM ]klw Ykkg[aY\g& _]jYde ]fl]& Yg Ylg
hZda[g \] 1 \] bmd`g \] +312 ]e Kzg HYmdg( K]jaY ae hgjlYfl] \]klY[Yj&
lYe Z|e & im] ]kk] fzg ^ga f]e gfa[g& f]e g hjae ]ajg e gnae ]flg f]_jg
ZjYkad]ajg( < YlY \] +3-+ Y [jaY{zg \Y >j]fl] F ]_jY :jYkad]ajY ] \] k]m
bgjfYd ;  ngW\Y jY{Y* 9d|e  \]kk] bgjfYd& f]kk] e ]ke g [gfl]plg ]paklaYe
gmljgk h]ja\a[gk f]_jgk YlmYfl]k [geg , =dYjae\Y;dngjY\Y]I Jjg_j]kkg*
9 fgk eYak lYj\]& fgngk n][mdgk k]jaYe [jaY\gk&[ge g Ik=Y\]jfgk\]=mdlm
jY H]_jY( Ykkae  lYe Z|e  fgnYk afa[aYlanYk _]klY\Yk( M e  Zge ]p]e hdg | g
L]Yljg =ph]jae ]flYd \g F ]_jg& gj_YfarY\g hgj 9Z\aYk FYk[ae]flg(

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A ; A < 9 G =

,21

im]klagfYe ]flgk x hjg\m{zg Y[Y\~e a[Y( < ]kkY e Yf]ajY& Y hYjlaj


\gk Yfgk 1*&me Y_m af Y\Y]na\]fl] g[gjj]fgk]fla\g\]gk ]klm
\gk [gfn]j_aj]e  hYjY g \]kn]f\Ye ]flg \Y \ak[jae afY{zg( F Y
`akljaY&f Ye \aY&fYk\a^]j]f{YkfgY[]kkg x]\m[Y{zg ]Yg dYr]j&
fY \akljaZma{zg \]ka_mYd \] j]f\Yk ]klYnYe  Yk e Yj[Yk \g hj][gf
[]alg& im] ^m_aY \Y Yd{Y\Y g^a[aYd& e Yk ]jY ]na\]fl] fg [gla\aYfg(
*% 4 L S XT  L JT S YWH$XLS XT0 L XYZ K T X V Z H S YOYH YO[ T X  L V Z L X Y` T  WHJOHQ

F g ]flYflg& k] ]jY hgkkn]d n]j f]kk]k danjgk Yk ^Y[]k \g
jY[ake g dg[Yd& ^ga fgk Yfgk 2* ] 3* im] me Y k|ja] \] afn]kla_Y
{]k j]lge YjYe  g l]e Y ] Y Yfwdak] \] ZYk] \]e g_jw^a[Y ] \]
e gfkljYjYe  [ge gg hj][gf[]alg\][gjfzg]klYnY]p[dmkanYe ]f
l] Ylj]dY\g Y me Y im]klzg ][gfe a[Y ] kg[aYd5 Yg [gfljwjag& h]j
kaklaY [ge g me  \Y\g \ an akg j kg[aYd( J ]lg e Yf\g  Yk l]k]k \]
>]jfYf\]k& me Y fgnY k|ja] \] h]kimakYk imYflalYlanYk afn]klam& Y
hYjlaj \gk Yfgk 2*& fY Yfwdak] \Yk \a^]j]f{Yk im] k]hYjYe  ZjYf
[gk \] fzg'ZjYf[gk& jY[aYdarYf\g fgnYe ]fl] Y im]klzg( F gk
j]kme gk ] [Ylwdg _g k \Yk j]mfa]k \Y 9 fhg[k& hgj ]p]e hdg& Y
h j]k]f{Y \]kk] lahg \] ljYZYd`g | ]na\]fl]& \]k\] gk Yfgk 2*&
imYf\gh]kimakYke YakimYflalYlanYk[`]_YjzgYj]hj]k]flYj+/&1! 
\gk ]fkYagk Yhj]k]flY\gk,/(
9 l]k] _]jYd \]^]f\a\Y hgj ]kk]k ]klm\gk kg[agd_a[gk ]jY
im] lYak \]ka_mYd\Y\]k Yhj]k]flYnYe  me  [ge hgf]fl] jY[aYd af]
imng[g& im] fzg hg\]jaY k]j\adm\g fme  _jY\a]f l] \] [gj( H ]k
imakYk [ge g Yk \] ; Yjdgk @ Yk]fZYd_ $+313% ] F ]dkgf \g N Ydd] ]
KadnY $+32*%& Ykkae  [ge g Yk \] L ]dd]k $+33,%& D gn]d $+323%&
9 f\j]o k $+33,%& ; Ykljg ] ? mae Yjz]k $+33-%& ]flj] gmljYk& \]k
e gflYjYe  \]n]rYae Y_]e \]me Y\ak[jae afY{zg kmYn]&Yl]klYf
\g Y ]pakl~f [aY \] \ak[jae afY{zg ]e _jYmk ] ]k^]jYk \a^]j]fl]k(

,/( N]j lYZ]dY fg ^afYd \]kl] ]fkYag( = hj][akg \]klY[Yj im] ]kkY hgj[]flY_]e 
l]f\]Y ]d]nYj'k] imYf\gk][gf[]fljYYYfwdak] ]p[dmkanYe ]fl]fg ^eYd\gk
Yfgk 2*(

,22

D aj (A 9  C ( E G J AL R  K;@O 9J;R

F ]dkgf \g N Ydd] ] KadnY \]e gfkljgm [ge g Y \akljaZma{zg


_]g _jw^a[Y\]ka_mYdj]h j]k]f lYme Y\Yk _jYf\]k [YjY[l]jkla[Yk fY
Yfwdak]\Y[gf^gje Y{zgZjYkad]ajY(H jYla[Ye ]fl] e ]lY\]\Yh g h m
dY{zg [dYkka^a[Y\Y kgZ g l]je g hYj\Y k] ]f[gfljY f Y j]_azg fgj
\]kl] $.2! %& k]f\g Y ^jY{zg [gjj]khgf\]fl] ZjYf[Y Yh]fYk \]
+/&+! ( 9 g [gfljwjag& Yk wj]Yk \g Km\]kl] $Jag \]BYf ]ajg  ] Kzg
HYmdg% ] \g Kmd kge Ye  0.&3!  \Y hghmdY{zg ZjYf[Y ] Yh]fYk
,,&.!  \Y hghmdY{zg hYj\Y,0( = kkY \anakzg \]ka_mYd |& hgj kmY
n]r& me  \gk ^Ylgj]k im] ]phda[Y Y \a^[ad e gZada\Y\] Yk[]f\]fl]
\gk fzg'ZjYf[gk& gZklY[mdarY\Y h]dY [gf[]fljY{zg \]kkY h g h m dY
{zg fgk dg[Yak _]g _jw^a[g k e ]fgk \afye a[gk4 fYk wj]Yk jmjYak ]e
ghgka{zg xk [a\Y\]k& ]& \]fljg \Yk [a\Y\]k& ]e ZYajjgk e Yak h]ja
^|ja[gk $ +33,41%(
< Y\gk [gf[]jf]fl]k Yg e ]j[Y\g \] ljYZYd`g Yhj]k]flYjYe 
f g ljaYk ]na\~f [aYk \[ \]ka_mYd\Y\] jY[aYd( K]_maf\g'k] gk ++
jYe gk \] Ylana\Y\]k k]d][agfY\gk h]dg A: ? = & f g lgm'k] [ge g Y
e Yag j hYjl] \Y hghmdY{zg g[mhY\Y $2.&,/! % k] [gf[]fljY fgk
k]_mafl]k jYe gk4 Y_j[g dY $,.&0! %&hj]klY{zg \]k]jna{gk $+1&0! %&
af\ kljaY $+/&1! %& [ge |j[ag $++&0! %& kg[aYd $2&+! % ] [gfkljm{zg
[anad $0&0! % $: YlaklY ] ? Ydnzg& +33,42-%( ;ge  j]dY{zg Yg im]kalg
[gj& ]flj]lYflg& [ge  ]p[]{zg \g k]lgj Y_j[g dY& ]na\]f[aY'k] g
hj]\ge fag ZjYf[g ]&xk n]r]k&Ye Yj]dg& fY \akljaZma{zg\Y hghm
dY{zg  fg afl]jag j \Yk Ylana\Y\]k( 9 k hghmdY{]k hj]lY ] hYj\Y
YhYj][]e  \] ^gje Y \]khjghgj[agfYd fY \akljaZma{zg \] ]e hj]
_gk( LYd kalmY{zg j]^d]l]'k]& hgj kmY n]r& f Y j]f\Y \gk _jmhgk(
M kYf\g g []fkg \]e g_jw^a[g \] +30*&N Ydd] ] KadnY $+312% [ge
hjgngm im] Y j]f\Y e |\aY \gk ZjYf[gk ]jY g \gZjg \g j]klYfl]
\Y hghmdY{zg ] im]me  l]j{g \]kkY \a^]j]f{Y hg\aY k]jYljaZm\g
x \ak[jae afY{zg fg e ]j[Y\g \] ljYZYd`g(
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\]fl]k Yk [g fk]i~f [aYk \]kkY \akljaZma{zg  \]ka_mYd& Y[ae Y \]
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] ]ha\]e aYk(
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fYd hgj 9 e gkljY \] < ge a[dag $HF 9 < %& g : jYkad [gflYnY& ]e
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lgk& hYj\gk -2&0!%& ]Ye Yj]dgk Yh]fYk *&/! ,1( E ]ke g d]nYf\g'k]
]e  [gflY gk [jal|jagk hgm[g gZb]langk \] a\]fla^a[Y{zg \Y [gj& g
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lg \]apgm \] k] [g fklalm aj ]e ]d]e ]flg j]d]nYfl] fY ]ngdm{zg
\ ]e g _jw^a[Ydg[Yd( G k\Y\gkYhgflYe &fYn]j\Y\]&h YlYme [j]k
[ae ]flg ]f\_]fg& Y\e afakljY\g h]dgk j]_ae ]k \] e gjlYda\Y\]&
\] ^][mf\a\Y\] ] h]dg hY\jzg \] [YkYe ]flg(
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lYj h YjY me Y [g f kakl]f l] j]\m{zg \Y h ghmdY{zg f]_jY& h YjY me
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{zg '  ]n]f lm Yde ]f l] me Y ]klYZ ada\ Y\ ] Y e |\ag hjYrg  \Y hg
h mdY{zg im] k] Ym lg 'a\ ]f la^a[Y [ge g Z jYf[Y( Gk \Y\g k j]^g j
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e Yk Yfl]k \] me Y hYj\ arY{zg ( F g im] \ ar j]kh]alg x e g jlYda
\ Y\ ] af^Yf lad& me Y afkg^ake wn]d \ akh Yja\ Y\ ] hg\] k]j Y^]ja\Y4
]f i m Yf lg  Y lYpY h YjY [jaYf {Yk Z jYf[Yk ]jY \] 11 Z alg k \[ e ]
fgj]k \] me  Yfg h YjY [Y\Y e ad f Yk[a\gk nangk& g f e ]jg [g j
j]kh g f \ ]f l] h YjY gk hYj\gk ]jY \] +*/ ] h YjY gk hj]lgk \] +*,
$N Ydd] ] K adnY& +33,41&2%(
< [^g je Yk]e ]d`Yfl]&hj]lgk ]hYj\gk Yhj]k]flYe fn]ak\]
e gjlYda\Y\]Y\mdlY e Yagj]k \g im] ZjYf[gk( K]_mf\g N Ydd] ] K ad
nY& ]flj] `ge ]fk& Y ]kh]jYf{Y \] na\Y Yg fYk[]j& im] ]jY \Y
gj\]e  \] .+&0 Yfgk ]flj] hj]lgk ] hYj\gk ] \] .3&1 Yfgk ]flj]
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lanYe ]fl] $O gg\& +33+%( H]j[]Z]'k]& Ykkae & me Y kgZj]na\Y \gk
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k] Y]klae YlanY]flj]hj]lYk ]hYj\Yk' .&- ].&. ^ad`gk& j]kh][lanY
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[ge  j]dY{zg  Ygk e Yak ]d]e ]flYj]k \aj]algk \] [a\ Y\ Yf aY( = akkg
im] \ ]e gf kljY& h g j ]p]e hdg& K]j_ag 9 \gjfg& im]& Yg afn]kla_Yj
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lgm me  ljYlYe ]flg \a^]j]f[aYd hYmlY\g fY [gj( G k \Y\gk kzg
Yaf \ Y e Yak [gf [dmkangk imYf\g ]k[dYj][]e  g h]j^ad _]jYd \Yk
[gf \ ]f Y{ ]k4 j|mk f ]_jgk l]f\]e  Y k]j e Yak h ]jk]_ma\ gk h]dY
na_adyf [aY h g da[aYd5 j|mk f]_jgk ]ph ]jae ]flYe  e Yagj]k g Z klw[m
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^jm j]e  \g \ aj]alg  \] Ye hdY \]^]kY& Ykk]_m jY\ Y h ]dYk fg je Yk
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[gdg[YjYe  kgZ kmkh]alY e gfg_jY^aYk [dwkka[Yk& im] j]n]dYnYe  Y
j]dYlana\Y\] \g [gf[]alg& eYk YZjaYe  e zg \] kmYk \]janY{]k
hgdla[Yk( >gjYe &hgj|e &gk ]fkYagk\]>( : Yjl` $+303% im] j]h j]
k]flYjYe  me YnajY\ Y fYk h]kimakYk kgZj] ]lfa[a\Y\]( Ae hY[lY\gk
h ]dYk _m]jjYk \] daZ]jlY{zg fY ^ja[Y ] hj]g[mhY\gk [ge  Y h ]jk
h ][lanY\] kmh]jYj ]kk] lahg [d] j]dY{zg `a]jwjima[Y im] k] ]klYZ]
d][]m fgk Yfla_gk ae h|jagk& ]kk] ] gmljgk ]klm\gk YZjajYe  fgnYk
\ ae ]fk]k hYjYY]lfg_jY^aY& Ykkae  [ge g Yhjg^mf\YjYe  Y fg{zg
\ ] [ge g& Y h Yjlaj \ Y \a^]j]f{Y& ]dYZgjY'k] me  \awdg_g [ge  Y
h j h jaY]ph]ja~f[aY(
E Yk ngdl]e gk x im]klzg \Y ^Y[]lY h g dla[Y \Y a\]fla\Y\]( >(
: Yjl` Y\a[agfgm xk ]phda[Y{]k Zagd_a[Yk ][mdlmjYak me  ]d]e ]f
lg e Yak hjghjaYe ]fl] kg[aYd4 Y a\]fla\Y\] ]jY ]fl]f\a\Y& Y hYjlaj

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 A ( =  = L F A ; A < 9 < =

,3/

\Yfg{zg \] _jm h g k \] j]dY{zg & [ge g me Y ^gje Y \] g j_Yf arY
{zg kg[aYd& ]e hghmdY{]k [mbgk e ]e Zjgk k] a\]fla^a[Ye  ] kzg
a\]fla^a[Y\gk [ge g lYd( HYjlaf\g\]\]^afa{]k[gjj]fl]kfYdal]jY
lmjYYfljghgd_a[Y&g Ymlgjfglgmim]k]\]ka_fYnYg l]je g_ jm
hg |lfa[g hYjY me Y hghmdY{zg im]4 +( k] h]jh]lmY Zagdg_a[Y
e ]fl] ]e  _jYf\] ]k[YdY5 ,( l]e [e [ge me  nYdgj]k [mdlmjYak ]
me Y m f a\Y\] [mdlmjYd e Yfa^]klY5 -( [gfklalm]e  me  ]khY{g \]
[ge mfa[Y{zg ] afl]jY{zg5 .( [mbgk e ]e Zjgk k] a\]fla^a[Ye  ] kzg
a\]fla^a[Y\gk h]dgkgmljgk[gfklalmaf\gme Y[Yl]_gjaYim]k]hg\]
\aklaf_maj \] g mljYk [Yl]_gjaYk \ Y e ]ke Y gj\]e ( ;ge  ]^]alg&
l]f\g hgj ZYk] me Y \]^afa{zg a\]Yd)lha[Y& : Yjl` im]klagfYnY Y
hjae YraY\Y\Y x [mdlmjY& afkaklaY fY j]d]nyf[aY \Ya\]fla^a[Y{zg \g
hjhjag_jmh g ]fY k]d]{zg\]ljY{gk[mdlmjYak(; gf[]fljYf\g'k]fg
hdYfg kg[aYd&: Yjl` dg[YdarYnY&\]kkYe Yf]ajY& fg al]e  .g ljY{g
\][akang \Y a\]fla\Y\]& gmk]bY& Y[YjY[l]jkla[Y\YYmlg'YljaZma{zg
gm \YYljaZma{zg\ggmljg Yme Y[Yl]_g jaY|lfa[Y( F ]kkY h]jkh][
lanY& ghg f lg [jm[aYd lgjfYnY'k]Y ^jgf l]ajY |lfa[Y im] \]^af] g
_jmh g  ] fzg g e Yl]jaYd [mdlmjYd( L jg[YnY'k]& Ykkae & me Y [gf[]h
{zg ]klwla[Y\]a\]fla\Y\] hgjgmljY&e Yak \afye a[Y& bwim]Yl]flY
x [ aj[ m dY ja\ Y \ ]  [ m dlm jY d ] x d _ a[ Y  \] km Y e Y f ah m dY { z g  ]
j]kka_fa^a[Y{zg( F ]kk] hjg[]kkg& Y[mdlmjY ] Y ljY\a{zg kzg ]fl]f
\a\Yk [ge g e Yl|jaY \] ]p[dmkzg ] af[dmkzg& lge Y\Yk& fzg [ge g
\a^]j]f{YkgZb]lanYk &eYk[ge g]d]e ]flgk lgjfY\gkka_fa^a[Yfl]k
gm fzg( 9  a\]f la\Y\] fzg |& hgjlYflg& Yl]e hgjYd ] ae mlwn]d ]e 
k]mk ljY{gk [mdlmjYak $[j]f{Yk& nYdgj]k& ke Zgdgk& jalgk& j]_jYk \]
[gf\mlY& df_mY& n]klae ]flYk& [mdafwjaY (((% ljYfke ala\gk h]dg _ jm
hg( = dY j]kmdlY \Y Y{zg ] j]Y{zg ]flj] ]kk]k _jm hg k ] gk gmljgk&
fme  lahg \] b g _ g im] f zg  hwjY \] k]Ydl]jYj(
>ga bmklYe ]fl] Y h Yjlaj \Y gZjY \] >( : Yjl` im] JgZ]jlg
; Yj\gkg \] G dan]ajY hYkkgm Y j]^d]laj kgZj] Yk ae hda[Y{]k \]kkY
afl]jhj]lY{zg fg [Ykg ZjYkad]ajg4 Y a\]fla^a[Y{zg |lfa[Y j]^]j]'k]
Yg mkg im] me Y h]kkgY ^Yr \gk l]je gk jY[aYak& fY[agfYak ] j]da
_agkgk hYjY k] a\]f la^a[Yj [& \]kk] e g\g& j]dY[agfYj'k[ Ygk gm

,30

D dD A9  C ( E G J AL 1( K;@O 9J;R

ljgk $+3104-%( Hgj kafYd& Y hjhjaY hjg\m{zg fY[agfYd ^ga e malg


e Yj[Y\Y hgj]kk] lahg \] j]^d]pzg& im]j]n]dYnY [ge gYa\]fla\Y'
\]]jY[g fkljm\Y\] ^gje YkalmY[agfYd] [gfljYklanY5me Yj]kh g k
lY hgdla[Y& naf [mdY\YYgmljYk a\]fla\Y\]k ]e  bg_g \]fljg \] me
e ]ke g kakl]e Y( Af^dm]f[aY\Y hgj ]kk] lahg \] h]jkh][lanY& lYe
Z|e E Yfm]dY ;( \Y; mf`Y ]fl]f\aYYa\]fla\Y\][ge g me Y[dYk
ka^a[ Y { z g & e Yk lYe Z |e  [ge g  me dm _ Y j  \] ]f ^j] f lYe ] f lg k
$+32/4,*0%( =e H]_jgk]kljYf_]ajgk& YYf ljg h dg _Y YfYdakYnY g [Ykg
\gk daZ]jlgk im] j]lgjfYjYe  x ^ja[Y& dw [gfklalmaf\g'k] [ge g
me Y [ge mfa\Y\] ]kljYf_]ajY& a\]fla^a[Y\Y [ge g gk ZjYkad]ajgk (
= kljYf_]ajgk ]e imYdim]j hYjl]& g ]p]e hdg \gk ZjYkad]ajgk \]
D Y_g k h]je alaY j]^d]laj kgZj] mkgk hgdla[gk \Y a\]fla\Y\]-,(
F ]kk]k ] ]e  gmljgk ]klm\gk YhYj][aYe  Yk \ae ]fk]k h g dla
[Yk\Yim]klzg4fzgae hgjlYe Yk\a^]j]f{Yk&eYkkgZj]lm\g[ge g
k] ^Yr \Yk \a^]j]f{Yk j]Yak Yd_g Ye Yak& fg k]fla\g \] k] ljYfk^gj
e Yj]e  ]e kafYak \aY[jla[gk( 9  a\]fla\Y\] | [gfkljm\Y h]dY lg
e Y\Y \] [gfk[a~f[aY \Yk \a^]j]f{Yk ] fzg h]dYk \a^]j]f{Yk ]e  ka
$; mf`Y& +32/%( ; ge  k]m Yh]_g Y me Y [mdlmjY ] Y me Y ljY\a{zg ]
`akljaY& Y a\]fla\Y\] hjge gn] me Y k]d]{zg \] ljY{gk ] gja_]fk&
Y[agfYf\glYflg Ye ]e jaYimYflgg ]kim][ae ]flg(9a\]fla\Y\]
k] ljYfk^gje Y& [ge g im]j D |na'KljYmkk $+311%& ]e ^g[g najlmYd&
f\a[] \] [g]j~f[aY \gk \ak[mjkgk \] fY[agfYda\Y\](
= f^YlarYf\g g dY\g [aj[mfklYf[aYd \ Y a\]fla\Y\] fzg ^gjYe
hgm[gk gk ]klm\gk im] ljYZYd`YjYe & kgZj]lm\g YhYjlaj \gk Yfgk
2*& [ge  Yim]klzg\Y]lfa[a\Y\]&j]\]k[gZ]jlYYh Yjlaj\] gZb]lgk&
Yl| ]flzg& hgm[g ]phdgjY\gk--( E Yak me Yn]r& Y hYjlaj \Yk Yfwda'
-,( HYjY me Y nakzg \Yk \ak[gj\yf[aYk \]kkY YmlgjY [ge j]dY{zg x fg{zg \]
]lfa[a\Y\]& mladarY\Y hgj >( :Yl`& ] k]m [Yjwl]j e YfahmdYlang& n]j L]naklY
M]plY)^]ajY( f( -(
--( K]jaY hgkkn]d \ak[gjj]j& f]kk] [gfl]plg& kgZj] Y ae ]fkY ae hgjlyf[aY \gk
]klm\gk ]lfg_jw^a[gk hYjY ]kkY im]klzg( =kk] |& hgj|e & me j][gjl] im]
]k[YhY Ygk dae al]k \]kl] ZYdYf{g(
N]j imY\jg hjg\mra\g hgj :Yj[]dgk $+33+% ] im] egkljY g [j]k[ae]flg \gk
]klm\gk kgZj] HYjla[ahY{zg hgdla[Y& [mdlmjY ] a\]fla\Y\] fgk Yfgk 2*(

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A ; A < 9 < =

,31

k]k\gk[Ylwdg _g k\]ljYZYd`g\ Y9 fhg[k&l]e gkme YYe gkljY_]e 


\Y nYja]\ Y\ ] \] l]e wla[Yk im] g j][g jl] h]je alaY( 9 daYf\g me Y
fg{zg \[ [mdlmjY& e ]fgk ]kk]f[aYdaklY& Yg [gf[]alg \] ]lfa[a\Y\]&
me Y k|ja] \] ljYZYd`gk j]lge gm Y `akljaY& gk mkgk ] j]d]almjYk
\Yk ^]klYk j]da_agkYk \[ gja_]e  Y^ja[YfY& j]YlmYdarY\Yk fg [gfl]p
lg Ye ]ja[Yfg4 \Y [Yhg]ajY Yg [Yf\ge Zd|& k]e \]apYj h YkkYj g
[YjfYnYd [Yjag[Y ]  `gb] '  ZYaYfg( 9 d|e  \]kk]k gZb]lgk& \]klY
[Ye 'k]lYe Z|e  ]klm\gk kgZj] gk mkgk \g ^ml]Zgd ] \Yk h]jkg f Y
_]fk f]_jYk fYk fgn]dYk [ l]Yljgk& Z]e [ge g Yfwdak]k kgZj] fg
ngk e gnae ]flgk& [ge g g j]__Y] ]g jYklY^Yja* 9 imYfla\Y\] \]kkYk
]lfg_jY^aYk | lYd im] [`]_Y Y j]hj]k]flYj +2&+!  \g lglYd \] Yhj]
k]flY{]k fYk j]mfa]k \ Y9 fhg[k f]kk]k dlae gk +1 Yf g k-.(
J ]hj]k]flYlangk& f]kk] k]fla\g& kzg Yaf\Ygk ljYZYd`gk ] hm
Zda[Y{]k \] JgZ]jlg < YE YllY fzg k kgZj] ; YjfYnYd ] ^]klYk
ZjYkad]ajYk&[ge g ^ml]Zgd] e YdYf\jY_]e 5Yk Yfwdak]k\]H]l]j>jq
[ge  j]kh]alg x fY[agfYdarY{zg [ \]kY^ja[YfarY{zg \] ]d]e ]flgk
\Y[m dlm jYhg hmdYj $+32,%& Yk h]kimakYk \] E Y__a] $+31/ ] +33,%&
: aje Yf  $+32* ] +322%& G jlar $+311%& F ]_jzg $+313%& E gfl]jg
$+32/%&; YjnYd`g$+321%&< YflYk$+322%&HjYf\a $+33+%&KadnY$+33/%&
E gfl]k $+323% kgZj] Yk j]da_a]k Y^jg'ZjYkad]ajYk-/5 \] : jYf\zg
kgZj] Yk ^]klYk hghmdYj]k $+320% ]& e Yak j][]fl]e ]fl]& gk danjgk
\]N aYffYkgZj]^mfc  $+322% ]kYe ZY$+33/%&\]; YnYd[Yfla $+33*%
Y[]j[Y \g ; YjfYnYd& \] Lgd]\g kgZj] ^ml]Zgd $+330% ] \] J]ak
kgZj] Y [Yh g]ajY $+331%(
H]fkYjYim]klzgf]kk]kl]je gk ka_fa^a[gmafn]klajfY[gf[]h
{zg \]im]fzg`wme Ya\]fla\Y\]]kk]f[aYd&]fl]f\a\Y[ge g_~f]
-.( N]j& f]kk] k]fla\g& lYZ]dY fg ^afYd \]kl] ZYdYf{g( @ hj][akg ]k[dYj][]j&
lYe Z|e & im] ^gjYe kge Y\Yk Yk hYjla[ahY{]k [YlYdg_Y\Yk kgZ Y jmZja[Y\]
[mdlmjY f]_jY ] j]da_azg ] im] fzg `w Y afl]f{zg \] ]k_glYj ]kkY l]e w
la[Y im] k]jw ljYZYd`Y\Y [ge  eYak [ma\Y\g ]e  gmljgk ZYdYf{gk \]kl] danjg(
-/( Fzg `w Y hj]g[mhY{zg \] j]YdarYj me d]nYflYe ]flg ]pYmklang kgZj] ]kkY
hjg\m{zg fY e ]\a\Y ]e  im] gmljgk ZYdYf{gk k] \]\a[Yjzg ]p[dmkanYe ]fl]
Y ]kkY l]e wla[Y( 9 afl]f{zg | Yh]fYk \]klY[Yj Y afl]j^Y[] \Y \ak[mkkzg(

,32

D a+(+9 C ( EGJALR K ; @ O 9 J ; R &

k]& ] im]& Yg [gfljwjag& Y a\]fla\Y\] k]jaY me [gfkljmlg kg[aYd (


F g ]flYflg& f]e  lzg YjZaljwjag | g e gnae ]flg \] ]dYZgjY{zg \]
ke Zgdgk( G m k]bY& Y hjae ]ajY [gf\a{zg | Y mladarY{zg \] keZgdgk
afl]da_n]ak ] \akhgfn]ak k]e gk imYak k] lgjfY nYraY ] af[mY kmY
hjhjaYna_~f[aY( 9 a\]fla\Y\] fzghg\] k[jYkkae  \]^afa\Y Yh]fYk
[ge g me  ^]fe ]fg Yd]Yljag \Ye Yak hmjYae hgka{zg ]pl]jfY( K]
Ya\]fla\Y\]k]hj]klYxe YfahmdY{zg5k]^YrfY[mdlmjY] fY`akljaY
me Y []jlY k]d]{zg& kmY gj_YfarY{zg fzg k] \w fg nYrag( F ]kk]
k]fla\g | ^]dar Y YfYdg_aY im] ]klYZ]d][] :jYf\zg4 \Y e ]ke Y e Y
f]ajY im] gk hjae alangk \] D|na'KljYmkk fzg [gf`][]e  ] [dYkka^a
[Ye  ]kh|[a]k Yfae Yak ] n]_]lYak k hgjim] ]dYk kzg l]ak& eYk&
afn]jkYe ]fl]& \]k[gZj]e  im] ]dYk kzg l]ak Yg ]fl]f\]j]e  Yk f]
[]kka\Y\]kafl]d][lmYakhj]]pakl]fl]k&gk_jmhgkkg[aYaklYe Z|e fzg
^gjbYe  a\]fla\Y\]k k hYjY k] ghgj Ygk \]e Yak5 h]dg [gfljwjag& k
hg\]e  k] ghgj& hgjim] kmY [mdlmjYYjla[mdY []jlY d_a[Y kae Zda[Y
hj]]pakl]fl] [YhYr \] k] ljYfk^gje Yj ]e kalmY{zg(
; gdg[Yj g hjgZd]e Y \]kkY e Yf]ajY ae hda[Y ngdlYj gk gd`gk
hYjY afl]jh j]lY{]k im]& \] ^gje Yk \a^]j]fl]k& \]klY[YjYe  me Y
kaf_mdYja\Y\][mdlmjYd& [gfkljm\YY hYjlaj \] fgkkY ljY\a{zg aZ|ja
[Y& \g hYkkY\g [gdgfaYd& \Y ]na\~f[aY \g = klY\g Ymk]fl] gm Yl|
\gk e Ylar]k im] gk ljha[gk ljYjaYe ( F zg kzg hgm[gk gk ]klm\gk
] Yk ~f^Yk]k( = kkY e m \Yf{Y \] jglY ae h da[YjaY j]lge Yj Yfwdak]k
[ge g Yk \] J a[`Yj\ E gjk] $+322%&B( K( E Yjlafk $+33.% ]E gfl]k
$+332%& im]&hYjlaf\g\] j][gjl]k \an]jkgk&j]^d]lajYe  kgZj][]jlYk
h ] jk ak l~ f [ aY k  [ m dlm jY ak i m ] Y ^dg jY e  e aklm jY f \ g  \ YlYk ]
l]e hgjYda\Y\]k& kgZj]nan~f[aYk l]Ydae ]flY\Yk h]dgk fgngk jak[gk
\g hj]k]fl]( = klYe gk ^YdYf\g \ Y h]j[]h{zg \] []jlYk j][g jj~f
[aYk Yg dgf_g \g l]e hg& \]kn]f\Y\Yk fYk hjwla[Yk kg[aYak gm fYk
[Yl]_g jaYk kae Zda[Yk5 ]e \]l]je afY\Yk [Yl]_gjaYk [g_falanYk im]
af^gje Ye  Y [g f kljm{zg  \Y a\]f la\Y\]& hgkkaZadalYf\g Yjla[mdYj
e m\Yf{Yk ] h]je Yf~f[aYk(
L Ye Z|e  f]kk] k]fla\g | \a_fY \] \]klYim] Y [gfljaZma{zg
\gk ]klm\gk im]& Ye hYjY\gk ]e  me Yh]jkh][lanYe Yak \aY[jfa[Y

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A ; A < 9 < =

,33

] fgk \ Y\ g k ` akl ja[ g k& n]e  \ aYdg _ Yf \ g  [ge  Y i m ]klzg  \Y


]lfa[a\Y\] ] \Y e ]kla{Y_]e ( < ]klY[g& f]kk] k]fla\g& Yk Yfwdak]k
\] 9 d]f[Ykljg $+313&+32/%& E gfl]ajg $+330%& J]ak $+320& +322&
+323% ] K[`o Yj[r $+321& +33-%& Kd]f]k $+321%& 9 r]n]\g $+321%&
E g ll $+322%& ; `Yd`gmZ $+33*%& E Y[`Y\g $+33.%( 9  h Yjlaj \]kk]k
danjgk n]e gk [ge g fg bg_g \Y a\]fla\Y\] nYd]e  k]e hj] gk \gak
dY\gk \Y e g]\Y4 Y e ][yfa[Y \Y Ydl]ja\Y\] YdaY\Y xk Ym\w[aYk \]
me  hYkkY\g( I mYd k]bY& Y ^gj{Y\g ]n]flg hgdla[g ] e Yak ae ]\aY
lg& im] | j]da\g Y hYjlaj \Yk d]fl]k [mdlmjYak \Y ` akljaY& im] \]k
n]f\Y [g klme ]k& `wZalgk [ jalgk fY dgf_Y \mjY{zg(
H gj ^ae & fzg kzg hgm[Yk Yk h]kimakYk im]& ljYZYd`Yf\g fY
wj]Y\gh]f kYe ]flg kg [aYd&^Yr]e  ^jgfl]ajY[ge l]e wla[Yk e Yak
hjhjaYk xk j]dY{]k jY[aYak( = kk]|g [Ykg&hgj ]p]e hdg&\YYf wda
k] im] E YjarY ; g jj]Y ^Yr kgZj] Y ]k[gdY F afY J g\ja_m]k $+32,%&
\g danjg \] J a[Yj\g  : ]frYim]e  kgZj] Y gZjY \] ? adZ]jlg >j]qj[
$+33.%& \] E Yag kgZj] ? m]jj]ajg J Ye gk ] \] k]m ljYZYd`g kgZj]
Y h]kimakY \Y M f]k[g $+332%& \Yk Yfwdak]k \] >]jfYf\Y H]apglg
Y[]j[Y \] J g _]j: Ykla\] $+332%& \] E YjaY D YmjYN an]ajgk \] ; Yk
ljg ; YnYd[Yfla kgZj] Y gZjY \] G jY[q F g _m]ajY $+330% ] \gk
]fkYagk \] E YjaY 9 je af \ Y F( 9 jjm \Y kgZj] Y gZjY \] >dgj]klYf
>]jfYf\]k $+330%-0( F ]kkYk [ge g ]e gmljYk gZjYk \] Yfwdak] \g
h]fkYe ]flg kg[aYd Z jYkad]ajg h]j[]Z]e gk& hgj e ]ag \] Yd_mfk
]p]e hdgk\]klY[Y\gk&[ge gYa\]fla\Y\]hYkkYh]dY\]ke gflY_]e 
\] kmY [g f kljm{zg& ] h]dY j][gfklalma{zg \] kmY k]d]{zg(
,% > T R L X  L JTWLX% A Z H S K T  H  W H a H  b  X T J OH O %

J ]klY h]fkYj&Yaf\Y& [geg& bmflg[ge  g mkghgdla[g \YjY{Y


] \Y\]l]je af Y{zg \Y\ak[jae afY{zg&h]jkakl]e Yak gmljg ae hYkk](
-0( Fgk dlae gk Yfgk l]e `Yna\g me af[j]e ]flg ZYklYfl] ka_fa^a[Ylang [a]
]klm\gk im]& fY l]flYlanY \] j]YdarYj me Y `akljaY \Yk [a~f[aYk kg[aYak fg
:jYkad& l]e k]d][agfY\g Ymlgj]k ] l]e wla[Yk naf[mdY\Yk x im]klzg \Yk j]dY
{]k jY[aYak( F g ]flYflg& Y[j]\alg k]j ]kk] me al]e  im] ]k[YhY Ygk dae al]k
\]kk] ZYdYf{g ] Yhjgpae Y'k] \] gmljgk j][gjl]k(

)&&

D A D A 9  C ( E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

;ge  ]^]alg& fzg | \] `gb] im] gk \Y\gk ] ]klm\gk n~e  Yhgf lYf
\g h YjY me  ]na\]fl] mkg ]dwkla[g  fg ljYlg \Y [gj fg hYk( =e
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me  hYk e ]kla{g ] f]_jg& ghlgm'k] hgj j]lajYj g im]kalg [g j \g
[]fkg \]e g_jw^a[g( < ]kkY e Yf]ajY& ]e ZgjY gk []fkgk l]f`Ye 
ka\g j]YdarY\gk ]e  +21,& +23*& +3**& +3,*& +3.*& +3/*& +31* ]
+32* g al]e  [gj fzg ^ga mladarY\g h]dg e ]fgk ]e  lj~k e ge ]flgk4
+3**& +3,* ] +31*-1(
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e Yag j[]fljgm'k]fYgZl]f{zg\]af^gje Y{]kkgZj]hj]lgk&ZjYf
[g k ] e ]kla{gk& k]f\g im]& fg hjae ]ajg []fkg& gk _jm hg k ]jYe 
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g []fkg \] +3/* \akljaZmam Y hghmdY{zg ]e  imYljg _jmh gk& k]
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\] hYj\gk Yim]d]k im]j]_akljYjYe  \][dYjY{]k [ge g f\ag& [YZg
[dg& e mdYlg& e gj]fg gm Yl| fzg \][dYjYjYe  [gj( =e +30*& hgj
kmY n]r& Y h ]kimakY j]dYlanY x [gj mladargm [af[g _jmhgk4 ZjYf[gk&
hj]lgk& Ye Yj]dgk& f\agk ] hYj\gk& \anmd_Yf\g'k]& hgj|e & Yk \ ]
[dYjY{]k im] \araYe  j]kh]alg Ygk f\agk& fg _jmhg hYj\gk( Hgj
^ae &]e  +32*&fg AP J ][]fk]Ye ]flg? ]jYd Y[gf[]almY{zg\][gj
j]kljaf_am'k]Ygk e ]ke gk_jmhgk \g []fkg \] +3/*&k]f\gim] k]
]fimY\jYnYe  [ge g hYj\gk gk e mdYlgk& gk e ]kla{gk& gk f\agk&
gk [YZg[dgk& gk e Ye ]dm[gk& gk [Y^mrgk ]l[( $HgkY\Y& k( \(4 ,,.%(
= kk] Zj]n] d]nYflYe ]flg d]nY Y Yd_me Yk \aj]{]k( =e  hja
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e Yagjh Yjl] \]kkYhghmdY{zg( >YdY& lYe Z|e & \]me Y []jlY [g f^m
kzg fYk [dYkka^a[Y{]k im] k] ]phj]kkY\]e Yf]ajYk ]]e kalmY{]k
\an]jkYk( G j]kmdlY\g \Yaf\]l]je afY{zg fYk \aklaf{]k jY[aYak ^Yr
-1( =e  +31*& [e ^mf{zg \Y kalmY{zg hgdla[Y nan]f[aY\Y& ]kk] lahg \] \anakzg
\]kYhYj][] \g []fkg( < Y\gk jY[aYak lYe Z|e  hg\]e  k]j j]lajY\gk \Yk H]k
imakYk FY[agfYak hgj 9e gkljYk \] < ge a[dagk \] +310& +32. ] +321(
-2( N]j& f]kk] k]fla\g& LmjjY] N]flmja& +33/ ] HgkY\Y $k(\(%& ]flj] gmljgk(

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[ge  im] g ^]flahg& gm& e ]d`gj& []jlgk ljY{gk ^ka[gk [ge g g


^gje Ylg& g lahg \[ [YZ]dg ] Y [gdgjY{zg \] h]d] k] ljYfk^gje ]e 
fYk hjaf[ahYak nYjawn]ak \] \ak[jae afY{zg( G jY[q F g_m]ajY& ]e
+3//& bw Yjjak[YnY me Y\]^afa{zg f]kk] l]jj]fg4 l]jYe gk me h j]
[gf[]alg \] eYj[Y & hgj ghgka{zg Yg hj][gf[]alg \] gja_]e & e Yak
hjhjag Yg [gfl]plg fgjl]'Ye ]ja[Yfg( =e  +30. ^ga Y n]r \] E(
@ Yjjak& l]f\g hgj ZYk] +** af^gje Yfl]k ] 3 ^glg_jY^aYk& [`]_Yj Y
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[gfklYlY{zg ]kkY im] hg\] Yaf\Y k]j gZ k]jnY\Y e ]d`gj \]hgak
im] g A: ? =  ^]r& ]e +310& kmY H ]kimakY F Y[agfYd hgj 9 e gkljY
\[ < ge a[dagk $HF 9 < % [ im] \anmd_gm Y Ymlg'YljaZma{zg \] +-0
[gj]k \a^]j]fl]k-3(
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jaim]rY\Yj]hj]k]flY{zg[ge  j]dY{zg x[gj] [ge g|h jgZd]e wla
[Y kmY \]^afa{zg( K]e  Y hj]l]fkzg \] Yf YdakYj Y lglYda\Y\] \]
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l]je gk j]n]dY me  [wd[mdg jY[aYd Z jYkad]ajg & im] \]kh ]jlg m ]
\]kh ]jlY me Y k|ja] \] h]kimakYk( G \Y\g e Yak fglwn]d fzg | Y
e mdlahda[a\Y\] \] l]je gk& e Yk Y kmZb]lana\Y\] ] Y \]h]f\~f[aY
[g fl]plmYa \] kmY Yhda[Y{zg ] kmY \a^[ad [dYkka^a[Y{zg( Q ngff]
-3( Fg Yjla_g F]e hj]lg& f]e ZjYf[g emalg h]dg [gfljwjag& hmZda[Y\g fg
danjg BakljaY\Yna\YhjanY\YfgZjY kadCP( lan] ghgjlmfa\Y\] \] j]^d]laj kgZj]
[]jlYk ae hda[Y{]k \]kk] [ge hda[Y\g bg_g [dYkka^a[Yljag( Fzg e] hYj][]&
hgj|e & im] k]bY g [Ykg \] afljg\mraj ]kk] lahg \] \ak[mkkzg f]kl] ege]f
lg(
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g fge]hYj\g* E malgk l]e 'k] e Yfa^]klY\g ^Yngjwn]akY\]ka_fY{zg egj]fg+Y*
G l]jeg Y^jg)Ye]ja[Yfg  l]e ka\g lYe Z|e  \]klY[Y\g ]e  me  [gfl]plg eYak
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E Y__a] $+330% Yh j]k]f lg m me Y k|ja] \] ]fkYagk kgZj] g l]e Y


afkaklaf\g fg [Yjwl]jj]dY[agfYd\Y\]l]je af Y{zg fg: jYkad( = ]kkY
kalmY{zg im]D anag KYfkgf] $+330% Yf YdakY]im] ^Yr[ge im]fzg
k Y l]je af gdg_aY k] e gklj] kmZb]lanY& [ge g gZb]lg \] \akhmlY4
Gkf ]_jgk im]fzgim]j]e k]\]^afaj[ge g f ]_jgk] l]eme Y
[gf\a{zgme hgm[g e ]d`gjl]f\]e  Y k]Ymlg\]^afaj[ge g]k[m
jgk gm& e Yak Yaf\Y& [ge g hYj\gkgm e gj]fgk ( 9 d_g  h Yj][a
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f Y jmY l]f\]e  e Yak Y k] Ymlg\]^afaj[ge g ZjYf[gk( F ]kk] k]f la
\g& g l]je g hYj\g ^gje Y me Y [Yl]_gjaY'j]klg im] [gfl|e  gk
e Yak ]k[mjgk k]e b]alg ' Yim]d]k f]_jgk [ge j]f\Y& ]k[g dYja\Y
\]& ] klYlmk ZYapgk \]e Yak hYjY k]Yn]flmjYj]e  fg bg_g \gk [ \ a
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_g k\] [gj]\g klYlmk 
f]e  ZjYf[g& bw im] fY hjwla[YYhjgpae Y'k]& fYj]hj]k]flY{zg hg
hmdYj& \gk f]_jgk(
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]mladarY\YhgjN Ydd] ]KadnYhYjY]phda[Yj ]kk] mkg ljYn]kkg \Y[gj
] hYjY ]fl]f\]j g ]^]alg ZjYfim]Ye ]flg ]pakl]fl] fg :jYkad
$+33.410%( Aklg |& Yk \ ak[j]h yf [aYk ]f lj] [g j YljaZ m \ Y ] [gj
Ymlgh ]j[]Za\Y ]klYjaYe  j]dY[agfY\Yk [ge  Y hjhjaY kalmY{zg kg'
[ag][gfe a[Y \gk af\an\mgk h]kimakY\gk( E Yak \g im] akkg& hg
j|e & nwjagk ]klm\gk afkhajYjYe 'k]f Yafl]jhj]lY{zg \] G jY[q F g
_m ]ajY im] ljYlgm jY{Y [ge g me ^Ylg kg[aYd lglYd  fY e ]d`gj
ljY\a{zg e YmkkaYfY  ] Zmk[gm fY [mdlmjY me Y [`Yn] ]phda[YlanY
fzg j]\m[agfaklY.-( K]e  ^Yr]j\ak[hmdgk ae ]\aYlgk&hg\]e 'k] ]f
[gfljYj& hgj|e & fYk afl]jhj]lY{]k \] JgZ]jlg < YE YllY ] H]l]j
>jq&\awdg_gk [ge  ]kk]e g\]dg im]\jaZ dg m\]l]je afYfl]k][g f
e a[gk& k]e  [`]_Yj Y nak]k ]kk]f[aYdarY\Yk ] fge afYdaklYk \] h Y
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< jY kad  $+3/,%(
.-( HYjYmeYhjg^mf\Ye ]flg\]kk]Yj_me ]flg&n]jNan]ajgk\];Ykljg;YnYd[Yfla
$+330%(

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)&)

\j]k [mdlmjYak] jY[aYak( F Yn]j[dY\]&Yh ]jkakl~f[aY\Yk\a^]j]f{Yk


\] klYlmk ]\] hgka{zg kg[aYd l]e k] j]hjg\mra\g \]k\]gk l]e hgk
\] [gdgfarY{zg& ] j]kakla\g z af\mkljaYdarY{zg& [ge g \ar ? mae Y
jz]k $+332%& k]f\g im] | ]e lgjfg \]kkYk ]kljmlmjYk& h]jkakl~f[a
Yk ] j]kka_f a^a[Y{ ]k im] me Y hYjl] ka_fa^a[YlanY \Y hjg\m{zg
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im]Ye ]kla{Y_]e  n]e  k]f\g[j]k[]fl]e ]fl]Ykkg[aY\Yx: Y`aY..&
[ge g ]klm\gk e Yak \aj]lYe ]fl] ]f_YbY\gk [ge  gk e gnae ]flgk
kg[aYak f]_jgk& gm [ge  g \]ZYl] kgZj] Y{zg Y^aje YlanY./( < ]f
lj]]kk]kdlae gk&\]klY[Ye gk Haflg $+33-%&? mke zg $+33*%& ; gf
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e gnae ]flg d]_lae g \] Ymlg'Y^aje Y{zg \Yk hghmdY{]k f]_jYk
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[ge g]kk]lahg\] h]jkh][lanY_]jY&\]fljg\Y[ge mfa\Y\]Y[Y\~
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farY\Yk ]e lgjfg \g []fl]fwjag \Y 9 Zgda{zg& ]e +322& \]flj] Yk
imYak d]e ZjYe gk Y afa[aYlanY \g ; A= ; & im] kgZ Y gja]flY{zg \]
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\Y [gj  E 7 3 2 !# ljYZYd`gk ]kk]k im] k] \aklYf[aYe  \] me Y hjg\m{zg hgj
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./( Ka_fa^a[Ylang& f]kk] k]fla\g& | g hYljg[fag g^a[aYd Y me k]e afwjag j]YdarY\g
]e  +330& kg Z j] Y nYda\ Y\ ] \] k] ] klYZ ]d][]j me Y h g dla[Y g ^a[ aY d \]
Y^^aje Ylan] Y[lagf fg hYk(

-*.

D A D A 9  C ( E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

@ ]dgakY : mYjim] ] ; Yjdgk 9 dZ]jlg E ]kk]\]j j]mfam me Y k|ja] \]


h]kimakY\gj]k [ge  g ^alg \] [YlYdg_Yj ] YfYdakYjgk ]n]flgk g j_ Y
farY\gk& f Y g[Ykazg& fYk hjaf[ahYak [YhalYak \g hYk( J ]n]dY\gj]k&
lYe Z|e & kzg fzg k gk ? LK hYljg[afY\gk h]dY 9 fhg[k& im] ]e
+322]phYf\amgfe ]jg\]hYjla[ahYfl]k&[ge gYe ]kY'j]\gf\Y&
g j_Yf arY\ Y f Y j]mfazg \] +330& \]fge afY\Y < ak[jae afY{zg ]
< ak[jae afY{]k4 < ]ZYl]f\g Y 9{zg 9 ^aje YlanY& im] j]mfam e ada
lYfl]k ] h]kimakY\gj]k fg e ]ke g dg[Yd(
L Ye Z|e  fgnY ] j]d]nYfl] | Y Ylana\Y\] \g hjg_jYe Y 9 ;gj
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]klm\gk fY wj]Y& e Yak j]dY[agfY\gk xk ]kh][a^a[a\Y\]k \Yim]d]
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f]Y ?\m[Y{zg ] gk Y^jg)ZjYkad]ajgk6 ljYb]ljaYk( a\]fla\Y\]k ] Ydl]jfYlanYk
$+331% ] gk danjgk \] ? mae Yjz]k $+332%& G dan]ajY $+331%& KadnY
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\] me l]e Y& [ge g \] me YhjgZd]e wla[Y ] \] me fgng \ge fag
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\ae ]fkzg kg[aYd& Y [gf\a{zg [Ye hgf]kY]gk e gnae ]flgk kg[aYak
]e  lgjfg\Yim]klzg\Yl]jjYl]e lge Y\gg l]e YYh Yjlaj\]me Y
fgnY ^]a{zg( HYjY Yd|e  \] me  l]e Y `aklja[g ] \YlY\g& g  l]je g
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|lfa[Y k] Yhj]k]flY& f]kk] k]fla\g& [ge g me Y ^jgfl]ajY hgdla[Y&
.0( HYjY me Y nakzg e Yak e afm[agkY \Y l]e wla[Y ] me ]p[]d]fl] ZYdYf{g km_ajg
Y d]almjY \g ]fkYag \] 9d^j]\g O Y_f]j :]jfg \] 9 de ]a\Y $+332%(

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A ; A < 9 < =

-*/

k]f\g im] Y \ae ]f kzg `aklja[Y ] Yjim ]g d _a[Y \ana\] ]khY{g


[ge  Y im]klzg hgdla[Y( 9  ]na\~f[aY \Y l]e wla[Y ]klw naf[mdY\Y&
fzg k Ygk \a^]j]fl]k ]n]flgk [ = f[gfljgk F Y[agfYak \Yk ; ge m
fa\Y\]k F ]_jYk $k]f\g im] g hjae ]ajg ^ga j]YdarY\g ]e : jYkdaY
]e  fgn]e Zjg \] +33/%& [ge g& ] kgZj]lm\g& x \an]jka\Y\] \]
hmZda[Y{]k im] ]fngdn]e nYjaY\Yk ^gje Y{]k Y[Y\~e a[Yk $]flj]
` aklgjaY\gj]k& Yfljghdg_gk& Y_jfge gk& kg[adg_gk&_]_jY^gk ]
[Yjl_jY^g k% ] [jal|jagk \an]jkgk \] \]^afa{zg ] [ge h]l~f[aY( @w
f ]kk] k]fla\g me Y f la\Y \akh mlY h]dY d]_alae Y{zg& k]f\g im]
f]kkYk k]YjYk n]ja^a[Y'k] me Y hjg\m{zg e YagjhgjhYjl]\YYfljg
hgdg_aY&im]&mladarYf\g'k]\]afkljme ]flgk\]h]kimakY]lfg_jw^a[Y&
[ge  gZk]jnY{zg \aj]lY& l]e hjg[mjY\g j][mh]jYj j]hj]k]flY{]k
\gk hjhjagk Ylgj]k kg[aYak& Z]e  [ge g kmYk hjwla[Yk [gla\aYfYk(
Gk llmdgk kzg k][mf\Y\gk h g j `aklgjaY\gj]k& bmjaklYk.1 ] Yjim]
dg_gk#+2im] n~e  j][gjlYf\g g l]e Y k]_mf\g kmYk ]kh][aYda\Y\]k(
;ge g k] n~& Y h Yjlaj \]kk]k ] \] gmljgk ]p]e hdgk& g e g
e ]flg hj]k]f l] af\a[Y [ge g lYe Z|e  f]kkY wj]Y ]pakl]e  fgna\Y
\]k& kgZj]lm\g imYf\g Yfla_gk gZb]lgkk]Ykkme ]e  [ge g km
b]alg k ]h ]kimakY\gj]k( = kkYkalmY{zg_]jYae hYkk]k ae hgjlYfl]k(
< ] me  dY\g& [gZjY \Y hjg\m{zg Y[Y\~e a[Y me  ]f_YbYe ]flg kg
[aYd \aYf l] \]kkY kg[a]\Y\] e Yj[Y\Y hgj me Y ]ph]ja~f[aY ZjmlYd
\] nagd~f[aY ] \] \]ka_mYd\Y\]( F zg `w [ge g \]apYj \] j]^d]laj
kgZj] ]kk] [gflfmg hjg[]kkg \] e YfahmdY{zg \gk ke Zgdgk \g
hg\]j] fg hYh]d \Y Y[Y\]e aY f]kk] k]fja\g( Hgj|e & k]YhYdYnjY
|me afkljm e ]f lg \]hg\]j]hj]kl_ag&]kge gkim]klagfY\gk ]e
^mf{zg \gk \ak[mjkgk im] hjg\mrae gk& k]jaY hgkkn]d& e ]ke g Yk
kae & h]fkYj fzg k fY hjgpaea\Y\] & eYk fY \aklxf[aY im] hg\] k]j
kYdmlYj Yg h]kimakY\gj( K]jaY hj][akg afljg\mraj e Yak me Y n]r Y
j]^d]pzg  [ge g ^gje Y \] j]dYlanarYj Y \ae ]fkzg \g hg\]j& gm
[ge g fa[g [jal|jag hYjYnYda\Yj Y hjg\m{zg \] [gf`][ae ]flg( =
.1( N]j D]al] $gl_(& +330%&KadnY $gl_(& +332%(
.2( ;YjnYd`g $+330%& J]ak ] ?ge]k $+331%& =dZ]af \gk KYflgk $+330%(

-*0

D dA (A 9  C ( E

G J AL R 

K;@O 9J;R

Y j]^d]paZada\Y\] im] h]je al] Zmk[Yj& fzg k Y \a^]j]f{Y& e Yk Yk


h]jkakl~f[aYk ] YdYj_Yj Y [ge hj]]fkzg $E gfl]k& +321%(
;ge  ]^]alg& g h]ja_g \]kkYk \mYk dlae Yk YZgj\Y_]fk ]klw
f YfYlmjYdarY{zg&gm e ]ke g fY ]kk]f[aYdarY{zg \g \]ZYl]4 \] me
dY\g  Y [gj | naklY [ge g me  [jal|jag ]kl|la[g& \] gmljg& hgj e]ag
\gk e gnae ]flgk kg[aYak& jY{Y YhYj][] fgnYe ]fl][ge g me \Y\g
Zagd_a[g YZkgdmlg ] fzg [ge g me  [gf kljmlg kg[aYd( E Yk ]kl]
\]n] k]j me  Z YdYf{g ( u  []jlg im] g g mljg ZjYkad]ajg bYe Yak
]kl]n] lzg \aklYfl] [ge g g ljgZjaYf\~k \] E Ydafgo kca( <] gmljg
dY\g& fzg ` w e Yak Y e ]ke Y \]e Yf\Y hgj ZYj\gk \Y f Y{zg ( 9
: Y`aY l]e najY\g me  ke Zgdg \] ZjYkada\Y\] e ]ke g k]e Yafl]j
^]j~f [aY \gk Yfljghdg_gk dg[Yak& im] Yaf\Y n~e  da\Yf\g [ge  g
e Yf_m] Z]Y[` ] ^]fe ]fgk im]lYak( 9 g [gfljwjag& k] h ]j[]
Z ]je g k g fgng d]im] \] h]kimakYk im] `gb] k] ngdlYe  h YjY Y
: Y`aY& k]jaY hgkkn]d hjgng[Yj] \ar]jim]| Yfl]k YY[Y\]e aYim]
n]e  [gjj]f\g Yljwk \Y fgna\Y\]( F ]kk] k]fla\g& | ae hgjlYfl]
e ]f [ag f Yj Y af^dm ~f [aY \] me  []jlg e gnae ]flg afl]jfY[agfYd
im] _ajY ]e lgjfg \]kk] ]khY{g \] Y^ja[Yfa\Y\] ( ;ge  ]^]alg& Y
hYjlaj\gkYfgk1*&[geme Ykg[a]\Y\][Y\Yn]re Yak e ]\aYlarY\Y&
\]klY[Y'k] Y h]f]ljY{zg \] me egnae]fl]%afl]jf Y[agf Yd im] j]
^Yr me Y ^ja[Y kae Zda[Y ]h]je al] me Y d]almjYdg[Yd im] m f a^a
[Y : jgf[k& ^ja[Y ] : Y` aY ( G [Ye af`g j][]fl] |& hgjlYflg&
hYjY\gpYd( Kzg gk hjhjagk gZ b]lgk im] lge Ye  Y ^j]fl]& Ykkae 
[ge g& hYjYd]dYe ]fl]& Yg h]j\]je gk Y \aYfl]ajY \g hjg[]kkg& h Yk
kYe gk Y j]h]fkYj Y hjh jaY hgka{zg \Y Y[Y\]e aY& [mbY hYdYnjY bw
fzg nYd] lYflg [ge g fgk Yfgk -*& imYf\g |jYe gk [gfna\Y\gk
gm fgk [gfna\wnYe gkY ghafYj kgZj] Y a\]fla\Y\] fY[agfYd(

@2B2

D 6 B = :> 2 B

E Yk& [ge g \akk]e gk Y hjaf[hag& fzg ` w Y afl]f{zg \] l]j


j]lge Y\g lg\gk gk ]klm\gk& Ymlgj]k ] im]kl]k( E Yak afl]j]kkY

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A ; A < 9 < =

)&-

h]fkYj f]kkY [gflfmY l]flYlanY\] \]k[j]n]j] ]fl]f\]jY im]k


lzg jY[aYd fg : jYkad ( ;ge  ]^]alg& Y [ge hjgnY{zg \Y \ak[jae afY
{zg & lzg  Z ]e  \ ] kn ] f \ Y \ Y  h ]dg k ]klm \ g k kg [ ag d _ a[ g k ]
\]e g_jw^a[gk& fzg \w[gflY\]kk]d|pa[g dg[Yd&im]&fYae hg kkaZa
da\Y\] \] ]phda[Yj Y hYjla[mdYja\Y\]\Y [gfnan~f[aY jY[aYd fg : jY
kad& [gflafmY hjg\mraf\g n]jk]k( G ZjYfim]Ye ]flg& [ge g e g
\]dg g^a[aYd& ^ga me Y kY\Y dg[Yd& Ykkae  [ge g | fg : jYkad im] Y
jY{Yk]Yh j]k]f lY[ge g me YkalmY{zg ngdn]d( Akkg hYjY fzgj]lg
e Yj g hjhjag  l]je g jY{Y& im]& Yh]kYj \] \]ke gflY\g l]gja[Y
e ]fl]& \]^afa\g [ge g me Y [Yl]_gjaY fYlanY im] nYjaY kg[aYd ]
`aklgja[Ye ]fl]]im] [Yjj]_Yme k]fla\g Zagd_a[g&[gflafmYYhY
j][]f\g [ge g [gf[]alg \]k[jalang ] e malYk n]r]k YfYdla[g.3(
F ]kk] k]fla\g& hYkkY\gk lYflgk Yfgk& hYj][] afkm^a[a]fl] ^a
[Yj]p[dmkanYe ]fl]j]hakYf\g me hj][gf[]alg j]ljgYlang&gm \]dY
lYf\g Y ]pakl~f[aY \] me  jY[ake g [gj\aYd ( < ]e gfkljYj Yk ^Ydw
[aYk\g e alg \Y\]e g[jY[aY jY[aYd $im] | \] ^Ylgme  e alg%& lYdn]r
k]bY lzg ae hgjlYfl] imYflg j]^d]laj kgZj] kmY ]^a[w[aY ] h]je Y
f~f[aY& im] j]kakl] Yg \]k[j|\alg l]ja[g& bw Yfmf[aY\g ]e  ^afYak
\gkYfgk/*( < ] gmljg dY\g&|hgkkn]dh]fkYjim] Y ^YdY\Y\]e g
[jY[aY jY[aYd& \] lzg j]da\Y& [Yjj]_Y `gb] ]e \aY nwjaYk n]jk]k&
im]fzg h]je al]e e Yak]fl]f\~'dYfg kaf_mdYj(K]Yafl]jhj]lY{zg
\] H a]jkgf d]nYnY Y h]fkYj fY ]pakl~f[aY \] me hj][gf[]alg \]
[dYkk]& e Yk fzg \] jY{Y5 bw Y fg{zg hj]k]fl] fY gZjY \] >j]qj]
afkaklaY fY [YjY[l]jarY{zg \] me Y j]dY{zg \] ljYlYe ]flg& ]flj]
ZjYf[gk ] f]_jgk& \]k[gZ]jlY hgj e ]ag \Yk Yfwdak]k \] [mf`g
.3( K]jaYdgf _Yme Y j]lge Y\Y\gk\]ZYl]k kgZj]g[gf[]alg] kmYk aehda[Y{]k(
HYlY g e ge ]flg hYj][] km^a[a]fl] d]e ZjYj gk ljYZYd`g j]YdarY\gk bmflg x
Mf]k[g& fY \|[Y\Y \] /* ] 0*& im] \]klY[YjYe  Y nYda\Y\] ]p[dmkanYe ]fl]
Zagd_a[Y ] ]klYlkla[Y \g l]jeg( Kzg\a_fYk \] fglY& lYe Z|e & Yfwdak]k eYak
j][]fl]k im] l~e \]dae alY\g g hYh]d \] [gfkljmlg kg[aYd im] g l]je g
[Yjj]_Y( N]j f]kk] k]fla\g&\] me dY\g&gk ljYZYd`gk \] >jq $+323% ] E Y__a]
$+330%&im] l~e j]lge Y\g gk mkgk \]kk]k [gf[]algk fYk Yfwdak]k dg[Yak ]&\]
gmljg& Yk afl]jhj]lY{]k \]? mae Yjz]k $+331% ] k]m Y[]flg fg hYh]d \an]jkg
Y k]j \]k]e h]f`Y\g h]dgk [a]flaklYk kg[aYak ZjYkad]ajgk(

-*2

D A D A 9  C ( E

G J AL R 

K;@O 9J;R

`aklja[g& [mbY aflae a\Y\] ] [gfnan~f[aY `Yje gf ag kY ]jY ]e  ka


]p]e hdYj( u  gmljg g k]fla\g im] \]janY \Y [jla[Y hj]k]fl] fgk
danjgk\]>dgj]klYf> ]jfYf\]k&im]&Yg YfYdakYjghYh]d\gk e ]kla
{gk [ge g nwdnmdYk \]]k[Yh] fY j_a\Y`a]jYjimaY kg[aYd&Yg j]^d]
laj kgZj] Y ^mf{zg \Y \ak[jae afY{zg jY[aYd ] k]m hYh]d fY e Yf m
l]f{zg \Yk ]kljmlmjYk \g hYkkY\g& Y[YZY hgj\]klY[Yjgk nf[mdgk
]flj] g e alg ] Y j]hj]k]flY{zg h][mdaYj \] me  hYk e ]kla{g( Hgj
kafYd&Ye ]kla{Y_]e  YhYj][]fgk\]ZYl]k& e Yak j][]fl]k&gjY[ge g
]d]e ]flg [YmkYd& gmljYk n]r]k [ge g h Yjl] \Y\Y \Y a\]fla\Y\](
9 d|e  \akkg& k] g e alg \Y \]e g[jY[aY jY[aYd ]klw [ge ^j]i~f[aY
naf[mdY\g x \]ka_mYd\Y\] \] \aj]algk & |& lYe Z|e & Ykkg[aY\g x
a_mYd\Y\] \] \aj]alg k & af\]h]f\]fl]e ]fl] \ Y [gj& bw im]& [g f
ljYhgklg Yg YhYjl`]a\ & kmj_] \]k[jalg [ge g Y [ge hjgnY{zg \ YYm
k~f [aY\]\ak[jae af Y{zg ^gje Yd( < an]jkY&Yaf\Y&|YnaYim]]f l]f
\] Y ^gje mdY{zg [ge g me Y ]e hj]kY hgdla[Y& me _jYf\] ]f_Yfg
afl]f[agfYd& j]khgfkwn]d hgj me Y fg[anY e YimaY_]e  kg[aYd++(
< aYfl] \Y [gfnan~f[aY ]flj] lYflYk n]jk]k& g im] k] h ]j[]
Z] | [ge g g e alg& dgf_] \] ]klYj Yl]fmY\g gm ]plaflg& [gflafmY
nang& lYd imYd me YYje Y\ad`Y( u hgkkn]d d]nYjY k|jag g ealg& g
im] ae h da[Y ]nalYj Ykkg[aw'dg x fg{zg \] a\]gdg_aY '  \] ^YdkY
a\ ]g dg _ aY '  gm [g e h j]]f \ ~'dg  Yh]fYk [ge g me  af l]f [ag f Yd
e Yk[YjYe ]flg \Y j]Yda\Y\]( =e dm_Yj \] af kaklaj fYk e ]f lajYk
im] g e alg \Y \ ]e g [jY[aY jY[aYd [gfl|e & fYimadg im] ]k[gf\](
lYdn]r k] h g kkY j]d]j g im] g e g\]dg Y^ajeY( h ]j_mflYj h]dYk
j][gjj~f[aYk& im] fzg hYj][]e  ^jmlg \g Y[Ykg& eYk kae  j]kmdlY\g
\]me  ]p[]kkg \] ka_fa^a[Y{zg(
F Y n]j\ Y\ ]& \ ]k[g f ljm \ g  g [g f[]alg Zagd_a[g \] jY{Y&
n]ja^a[Y\Yk Yk kmYk ae hda[Y{]k&YhjgZd]e wla[Y k]e Yfl|e  ghgjlm
fY& [ge g k] ]paklakk] me []jlg Zdgim]ag fY ]phda[alY{zg \Y im]k
lzg( K] Y j]khgklY& [ge  []jl]rY& fzg k] j]\mr x Y^aje Y{zg \] me Y
` Yje g f aY ]kk]f[aYdarY\Y& lYdn]r k]bY `gjY \] lge Yj g e alg ] kmYk
/*( KgZj] g l]eY& n]j ? mae Yjz]k $+331% ] KYflgk $+332%(

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A; A< 9 < =

-*3

n]jk]k [ge g gZb]lgk \] [gf`][ae ]flg \Y kg[a]\Y\] ZjYkad]ajY(


Aklg|&Zmk[Yj]fl]f\]j[ge g\arj]kh]algx j]Yda\Y\]]fzgimYf\g
0 Yh]fYk hmjY f]_Y{zg( I m]e  kYZ]& fg :jYkad& hYjY^jYk]Yf\g Y
]phj]kkzg\gYfljghdg_gfgjl]'Ye ]ja[YfgE Yjk`YddKY`dafk&gealg
l]f`YnajY\g `akljaY ] Y `akljaY& j]Yda\Y\]& gm& e ]d`gj& Y `akljaY
fzg hYkk] \] me Y ZgY e ]lw^gjY$+33*%( F ]kk] k]fla\g& Yf[gjY\gk
fghYkkY\g& gk e algkhYj][]e  hj]k]fla^a[Yj[gfljY\a{]k ] d]nYe Y
]kljmlmjYk im] ^Yr]e \aYdg_Yj e ge ]flgk \aklaflgk(
E ]fgk \g im] j]^Yr]j ]kk] \]ZYl] l]ja[g& lYdn]r nYd`Y Y
h]fY lge Yj hYjla\g \]d] ] j]^d]laj [ge g g e alg \ Y \]e g[jY[aY
jY[aYd YhYj][] Yf[gjY\g fY [mdlmjY( < ]kkY e Yf]ajY& lge Yf\g gk
l]je gk\]D |na'KljYmkk&hg\]jYe gk \ar]jim] ge algk]]pl]fmY
k]e  hgj akkg \ ]kYhYj][]j $+31/%( G m k]bY& Y ghgjlmfa\Y\] \g
e alg k] e Yfl|e &h YjYYd|e  \] kmY \]k[gfkljm{zg jY[agfYd& gim]
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fg : jYkad& Y a\|aY \] `Yje gfaY jY[aYd k] ae hgf`Y Ygk \Y\gk [ x
h j h jaY [g fk[a~f[aY \Y \ak[jae afY{zg( ; ge g \ar H]l]j >jq& S(((U
f]e  hgj akkg hj][akYe gk \]k[YjlYj Y \]e g[jY[aY jY[aYd [geg
a\ ]g dg _aY ^YdkY( ; ge g e alg& fg k]fla\g [e im] gk Yfljghdg_gk
]e hj]_Ye  g l]je g& | me  [gfbmflg \] a\|aYk ]nYdgj]k hg\]jgkgk
im] ^Yr]e  [ge  im] g : jYkad k]bY g : jYkad& h YjY Yhjgn]alYj Y ]p
hj]kkzg \] J gZ]jlg < YE YllY $+3234+-.%(
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me Y \Yk fgnYk n]jk]k \] me  e alg im] fzg hwjY \] [j]k[]j( =
hgkkn]d \ar]j im] Yd_me Yk [gakYk k] Ydl]jYjYe 4 fzg | e Yak lzg
^w[ad kmkl]f lYjhmZda[Ye ]fl]Ya_mYd\Y\]\]ghgjlmfa\Y\]k& ^j]fl]
Y lYflgk \Y\gk im][ge hjgnYe  g ghgklg& Ykkae  [ge g |]na\]fl]
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Y \ak[jae afY{zg( LYdn]r& `gb] ]e \aY& k]bY Yl| e Yak ^w[ad [jala[Yj g
e alg \Y \ ]e g[jY[aY jY[aYd \g im] ]phda[Yj kmY kgZj]nan~f[aY( G
^Ylg | im]e m\Ye gk \] hYlYe Yj ]fzg e m\Ye gk4 Y hgka{zg [gj
j]fl] h Yj][] k]j& Y_gjY& \]dYlYj g jY[ake g $im] hj][akY k]j \]dYlY
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D A D A 9  C & E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

J ][gf`][]jY ]pakl~f[aY \g jY[ake g fzg d]nY& Ykkae &x [ge


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lg ]p[dmkang& afn]flY\g fg : jYkad/+& | Yima im] g e alg \Y [gfna
n~f[aY jY[aYd `Yje gfagkY _Yf`gm me Y h]f]ljY{zg e hYj& im] d`]
Ykk]_mjgm me  dm _Yj \]e g\]dg& ]e [gfljYhgka{zg Y gmljYk ]ph]
ja~f[aYk& [ge g Y\gk = klY\gk M fa\gk \Y 9 e |ja[Y ] \Y ^ja[Y \g
Kmd( Af kaklaj fg e alg ka_fa^a[Y& hgjlYflg& j][mh]jYj me Y []jlY ^gj
e Y \] kg[aYZada\Y\] fY imYd g hjaf[hag \] [dYkka^a[Y{zg `a]jwj
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jgk \]me Y[]jlY ljY\a{zg&[mbYafa[aYlanY \] [gdgfarY{zg l]jaYka\g
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Yae Y_]e  \g [Y^| [gf d][`]& im] gk n]f]rm]dYfgkmkYe  hYjY \]k[j]n]j Y
[gj \Y hghmdY{zg(
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h]jkgfYda\Y\] im] hYj][] [gfklalmaj g ljY{g \][akang \]kkY ]ngdm{zg& \]k\]
l]e hgk ae ]e gjaYak $-,%(

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-++

+33-%(H gje ]ag\Y ^a_mjY\gZm^zg&]l]f\g[ge gZYk]gjge Yf


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\gkf]_jgkfg <jYkad* KYdnY\gj4 Fgngk Lgim]k(


?MKE G& F ]mkY E YjaY E ]f\]k \]( +33*( >ae]fkzghgdla[Y \Y [mdlmjY f]_jY fg
[Yehg6meYdmlY( emalYkdmlYk* Kzg HYmdg4 M fan]jka\Y\]\] Kzg HYmdg& l]k] \]
\gmlgjY\g(
@ 9 J J AK& E( +30.( JYll]jfk g ^  jY[] af l`] ;e]ja[Yk* FgnY Qgjc4 O Ydc]j Yf\
;gehYfq(
@ 9K=F :9 D? & ;Yjdgk 9( +313( >ak[jaeafY{zg]\]ka_mYd\Y\]kjY[aYakfg<jYkad* Jag
\]BYf]ajg4 ?jYYd(
@ 9K=F:9D? & ;Yjdgk " KADN9& F]dkgf \g NYdd] ]( L]dY{]k jY[aYakfg <jYkad
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 Jag >mf\g =\algjY(
@ 9K=F:9D? & ;( 9 5 N9DD= = KADN9 F( <G " :9J;=DGK& D( ;( +323(
F glYk kgZj] e ak[a_]fY{zg jY[aYd fg :jYkad( ?klm\gk;^jg)Ykavla[gk +0( Jag \]
BYf]ajg& k( ](

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A; A< 9 < =

-+1

@ =JKCG NALK&E(B( ,3.-( N`]f]_jgaf<Y`aY(<jYrad6YhjgZd]e afe]l`g\*;e]ja[Yf

Mg[agdg_a[YdE]e]9( 1(
@G D9F < 9& K]j_ag :mYjim] \]( +3-0( LYr]k \g <jYkad Jag \] BYf]ajg4 Bgk|
G dqe hag(
WWWWWWWWW( +312( :jYf[gk ] f]_jgk( Af4 =gZjY\]na\jg* Kzg HYmdg4 H]jkh][lanY(
A9 F F A& G[lYnag( +30,( ; ke]lYegj^gk]k\g]k[jYng* Kzg HYmdg4 <a^]d(
WWWWWWWWW ( +300( LY{Yk][dYkk]kkg[aYakfg<jYkad Jag\]BYf]ajg4 ;anadarY{zg : jYka
d]ajY(
D9;=J<9&Bg zg  :YlaklY( Mmjd]ke]klakYm<j|kad* HYjak4 Ae hjae ]ja] <]ngm_](
D9J9A9& Jgim] \] :Yjjgk( +320( J]dY{]k ]flj] f]_jgk ] ZjYf[gk fg :jYkad(
Af4 <C<  ' g im] k] \]n] d]j ]e [a~f[aYk kg[aYak fg <jYkad  Kzg HYmdg4 ;gjl]r)
9fhg[k(
DuNA'KLJ9MKK& ;dYm\]( +31/( ;fljghgdg_aY ]kljmlmjYd* Jag \] BYf]ajg4 L]ehg
:jYkad]ajg(
D = AL= & AdcY :( $gj_(%( +330( H]_jgkfgM md\g <jYkad6afnakaZada\Y\]]l]jjalgjaYda\Y\]*
>dgjaYfhgdak4 D]ljYk ;gfl]e hgjyf]Yk(
DAE 9 & FkaY Ljaf\Y\]( +33.( G hYkkY\g fgk [gf\]fY8 9 `]jYf{Y aZ|ja[Y fg
h ]fkYe ]flg \] G dan]ajY N aYfY& ? adZ]jlg >j]qj] ] K]j_ag :mYjim] \]
@ gYdYf\Y( Af4 R P ddd]f[gfljg\Y;fhg[k*
E9;@9<G& E YjaY @ ]d]fY( +33.( G hdYfg] g  h x f a[g*  Kzg HYmdg4 =\mkh(
E 9 ? ? A=& Qngff]( +31/( Am]jjY\]Ijapvk* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWWW ( +33,( E ]\g \] ^]ala{g4 j]dY{]k ]flj] eY_aY ] hg\]j fg :jYkad( Jag
\]BYf]ajg4 9jimang FY[agfYd(
WWWWWWWWW ( +330( 9im]d]k Y im]e  ^ga f]_Y\Y Y [gj \g \aY( 9k [Yl]_gjaYk [gj ]
jY{Y fY [mdlmjY ZjYkad]ajY( Af4 E9AG& E Yj[gk ; `gj $gj_(%( LY{Y( [a~f[aY ]

kg[a]\Y\]* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 >ag;jmr);;::(


E9AG& E Yj[gk ;`gj( +331Y( Me Y hgd~e a[Y ]kim][a\Y4 ; gklY Haflg& ? m]jj]ajg
JYe gk ] g l]e Y \Yk j]dY{]k jY[aYak( >Y\gk( .*& f( +& hh( +,1'+0,(
WWWWWWWWW ( +331(; `akljaY\ghjgb]lgOf]k[g6]klm\gkjY[aYak][a~f[aYkkg[aYakfg< jYkad
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 Amh]jb& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWW W +332( G :jYkad fg [gf[]jlg \Yk fY{]k4 YdmlY[gfljY g jY[ake gfgk
hjae j\agk \YMf]k[g( Af4 BakljaY( [a~f[aYk]kY\] '  GYf_maf`gk  ngd( ,( Jag
\]BYf]ajg& hh( -1/'.+-(
E 9 JP & 9 fl`gfq O( +330( 9 [gfkljm{zg \Y jY{Y ] g =klY\g'FY{zg( ?klm\gk

;^jg)Ykavla[gk  ,3( Jag \]BYf]ajg& k( ](


E 9JLAF K&Bgk| \] KgmrY( +33.( Ghg\]j\gYljYkg* ?fkYagk\]kg[agdg_aYd]flY* Kzg
HYmdg4 @m[al][(

D A D A 9  C ( E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

-+0

WWWWWWWWW ( +323( G im] Y; af\]j]dY f]_jY l]e Y \ar]j kgZj] Yhgdla[Y jY[aYd fg
:jYkad( Af4 >gkka~ Jgng H]_jg ) /,, Yfgk* Kzg HYmdg4 M fan]jka\Y\] \] Kzg
HYmdg(
>JQ& H]l]j " NG? L& ;Yjdgk( +330( ; ^ja[Y fg <jYkad7 =Y^mf\* Kzg HYmdg4
;ge hYf`aY \Yk D]ljYk(
>MF9 daa& H]\jg HYmdg( +330( FgnYk h]jkh][lanYk YZ]jlYk h]dY Yjim]gdg_aY fY
K]jjY \Y : Yjja_Y Af4 K;@O 9J;R& DadaY E gjalr " J=AK& D]l[aY Na\ g j
$gj_k(%( H]_jYkaeY_]fk* Kzg HYmdg4 =\mkh(
? M =JJ=AJG  J9E G K& 9dZ]jlg( +3.2( ; gflYlgk jY[aYak fg :jYkad( KmadgeZg(
Yfg +& f( +& h( 2(
WWWWWWWWW ( +3/*( G f]_jg fg :jYkad]me ]pYe] \][gfk[a]f[aY( Af4 L]+Y{]k\]

jY{Yfg<jYkad  Jag \]BYf]ajg4 =\a{]k ImadgeZg(


WWWWWWWWW( +32,( 9 M f]k[g ] Yk j]dY{]k \] jY{Y( Af4 F 9 K;AE =F LG & G f]_jg

j]ngdlY\g* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 F gnY >jgfl]ajY(


? M AE 9J=K& 9flgfag K|j_ag 9d^j]\g( +33/( J Y[ake g ] YflajY[ake g fg : jY
kad( Hgngk?klm\gk=]ZjYh & f( .-& fgn(& hh( ,0'..(
WWWWWWWWW ( +330( ;gj& [dYkk] ] klYlmk fgk ]klm\gk \] Ha]jkgf& 9r]n]\g ] @Yjjak
fY : Y`aY4 %3.*'+30*( Af4 E9AG& E( ;( " K9F LG K& J( N( $gj_k%( LY{Y(

[a~f[aY]kg[a]\Y\]* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 =\algjY >ag;jmr(


WWWWWWWWW ( +330( 9k ]dal]k \] [gj] gk ]klm\gk \] j]dY{]k jY[aYak( N]ehgMg[aYd(
2& f( ,& hh( 01'2,(
WWWWWWWWW ( +331( LY[akeg]Yfla)jY\keg fg <jYkad* Kzg HYmdg4 MKH& \akk]jlY{zg \]
danj]'\g[~f[aY(
WWWWWWWWW ( +332( Jj][gf[]alg ]\ak[jaeafY{zg* Km]apYk \] g^]fkYk ]ljYlYe]flg \]ka_mYd

\gkf]_jgkfg<jYkad* KYdnY\gj4 Fgngk Lgim]k(


?MKE G& F ]mkY E YjaY E ]f\]k \]( +33*( >ae]fkzghgdla[Y \Y [mdlmjY f]_jY fg
[Yehg6meYdmlY( emalYkdmlYk* Kzg HYmdg4 M fan]jka\Y\] \] Kzg HYmdg& l]k] \]
\gmlgjY\g(
@ 9JJAK& E( +30.( JYll]jfk g ^  jY[] af l`] ;e]ja[Yk* F gnY Qgjc4 O Ydc]j Yf\
;gehYfq(
@ 9K=F:9D? & ;Yjdgk 9( +313( >ak[jaeafY{zg]\]ka_mYd\Y\]kjY[aYakfg<jYkad* Jag
\]BYf]ajg4 ?jYYd(
@9K=F:9D? & ;Yjdgk " KADN9& F]dkgf \g NYdd] ]( L]dY{]k jY[aYak fg <jYkad*
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 Jag >mf\g =\algjY(
@ 9K=F:9D? & ;( 95 N9DD= =  KADN9 F( <G  " :9J;=DGK& D( ;( +323(
F glYk kgZj]e ak[a_]fY{zg jY[aYd fg:jYkad( ?klm\gk;^jg)Ykavla[gk  +0( Jag \]
BYf]ajg& k( ](

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F B; A< 9 < =

-+1

@ =JKC G NALK&E(B( +3.-( N`]f]_jgaf<Y`aY(<jYrad6Yh jgZd]eafe]l`g\*;e]ja[Yf

Mg[agdg_a[YdL]e]o( 1(
@GD9F<9& K]j_ag :mYjim] \]( +3-0( LYak]k \g <jYkad* Jag \] BYf]ajg4 Bgk|
G dqe hag(
WWWWWWWWW ( +312( :jYf[gk ] f]_jgk( Af4 =gZjY\]na\jg* Kzg HYmdg4 H]jkh][lanY(
A9 F F A& G[lYnag( +30,( ; ke]lYegj^gk]k\g]k[jYng* Kzg HYmdg4 <a^[d(
WWWWWWWWW( +300( JY{Yk][dYkk]kkg[aYakfg<jYkad* Jag\]BYf]ajg4 ; anadarY{zg :jYka
d]ajY(
D9;=J<9&Bgzg :YlaklY( Mmjd]ke]klakYm<j|kad  HYjak4 Ae hjae ]ja[ <[ngm_](
D9J9A9 & J gim] \] :Yjjgk( +320( J]dY{]k ]flj] f]_jgk ] ZjYf[gk fg :jYkad(
Af4 <C<  ' g im] k] \]n] d]j ]e [a~f[aYk kg[aYak fg <jYkad* Kzg HYmdg4 ;gjl]))
9fhg[k(
DuNA'KLJ9MKK& ;dYm\]( +31/( ;fljghgdg_aY ]kljmlmjYd  Jag \] BYf]ajg4 L]ehg
:jYkad]ajg(
D=AL=& AdcY :( $gj_(%( +330( H]_jgk fgM md\g <jYkad6afnakaZada\Y\]] l]jjalgjaYda\Y\]*
>dgjaYfhgdak4 D]ljYk ;gfl]e hgjyf]Yk(
DAE 9& FkaY Ljaf\Y\]( +33.( G hYkkY\g fgk [gf\]fY8 9 `]jYf{Y aZ|ja[Y fg
h]f kYe ]f lg  \] G dan]ajY N aYf Y& ? adZ]jlg > j]qj] ] K]j_ag : mYjim] \]
@ gYdYf\Y( Af4 RPCCC]f[gfljg\Y;fhg[k*
E9;@9<G& E YjaY @ ]d]fY( +33.( G hdYfg ] g hyfa[g( Kzg HYmdg4 =\mkh(
E 9? ? A=& Qngff]( +31/( Am]jjY\]Ijapvk* Jag \]bYf ]ajg 4 RY`Yj(
WWWWWWWWW ( 33,( E ]\g \] ^]ala{g4 j]dY{]k ] f lj ]  e Y_aY ] hg\]j fg :jYkad( Jag
\]BYf]ajg4 9jimang FY[agfYd&
WWWWWWWWW( +330( 9im]d]k Y im]e ^ga f]_Y\Y Y [gj \g \aY( 9k [Yl]_gjaYk [gj ]
jY{Y fY [mdlmjY ZjYkad]ajY( Af4 E9AG& E Yj[gk ; `gj $gj_%( LY{Y( [a~f[aY ]

kg[a]\Y\]* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 >ag;jmr);;::(


E9AG& E Yj[gk ;`gj( +331Y( M e Y hgd~e a[Y ]kim][a\Y4 ;gklY Haflg& ? m]jj]ajg
J Ye gk ] g l]e Y \Yk j]dY{]k jY[aYak( >Y\gk& .*& f( +& hh( +,1'+0,(
WWWWWWWWW ( +331(; `akljaY\ghjgb]lgOj+]k[g6]klm\gkjY[aYak][a~f[aYkkg[aYakfg<jYkad(
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 dmh]jb& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
WWWWWWWWW( +332( G :jYkad fg [gf[]jlg \Yk fY{]k4 Y dmlY[gfljY g jY[ake g fgk
hjae j\agk \Y Mf]k[g( Af4 BakljaY( [a~f[aYk]kY\] '  GYf_maf`gk ngd( ,( Jag
\]BYf]ajg& hh( -1/'.+-(
E 9 JP & 9fl`gfq O( +330( 9 [gfkljm{zg \Y jY{Y ] g =klY\g'F Y{zg( ?klm\gk

;^jg)Ykavla[gk  ,3( Jag \]BYf]ajg& k( ](


E 9JLAF K&Bg k| \] KgmrY( +33.( Ghg\ ]j\gYljYkg* ?fkYagk\]kg[agdg_aYd]flY* Kzg
HYmdg4 @m[al][(

D A D A 9  C ( E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

-+2

E =F <=K& E ajaYe  ?Yj[aY( +32,(; h]jkgfY_]ef]_jYfgl]YljgZjYkad]ajg* Kzg HYmdg4


la[Y(
E uLJ9MP & 9d^j]\( +30.( Mf]k[g Yf\ \a] jY[aYd hjgZd]e ( Cfl]jfYlagfYdMg[aYd

M[a]f[]Zmdd]laf & ngd( AA& f( -& hh( -2.'-3*(


E G F L=AJG&Bg`f Egfl]ajg( +330( 9k jY{Yk af\_]fYk fg h]fkYe ]flg ZjYka
d]ajg \g Aeh|jag( Af4 E9AG& EYj[gk ; `gj $gj_(%( LY{Y( [a~f[aY ] kg[a]\Y\]*
Jag \]BYf]ajg4 >ag;jmr);;::(
E G F L=JG & HYmdY( +32/( >Y\g]f{Yw \]kgj\]e7eY_aYfYmeZYf\Y* Jag \]bY f ] a
jg4 ?jYYd(
E G F L=K& EYjaY Dm[aY( +332( =flj] Yna\Y [geme ] Y Yjl]4 Y ^]klY ZYjjg[Y( Af4

I mfan]jkgev_a[g\gZYjjg[g ZjYkad]ajg* Kzg HYmdg4 >af]h)HafY[gl][Y(


WWWWWWWWW ( +332( 9 k ^a_mjYk\g kY_jY\g4 ]flj]g hZda[g ] g hjanY\g( Af4 Bakl

jaY\Yna\YhjanY\Y0* Kzg HYmdg4 ;ge hYf`aY \Yk D]ljYk(


E G JK= & Ja[`Yj\( +332( ?kh]d`g\] Jjkh]jg* Kzg HYmdg4 ;gehYf`aY \Yk D]ljYk(
EGLL& Dmar J gZ]jlg \] :Yjjgk( +322( G k]pghjgaZa\g6naj_]fk(_Yqk]]k[jYngkfYk

_YjjYk\YCfimaka{zg* ;Ye hafYk4 HYhajmk&


E G M J9 &;Yjdgk=m_~fag E Yj[gf\]k \]( +323( G ]mkafYd]klvfgl]m[gjhg6]k[jalgk

kgZj]Yj]da_azg\gkgjapvk* Kzg HYmdg4 =\mkh(


E G M J9& ;dnak( +311( I f]_jg* >] Zge ]k[jYng Y eYm [a\Y\zg* Jag \]BYf]ajg4
;gfimaklY(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32+( L]Z]da]k \Yk]fWxdY*KmadgeZgk( afkmjj]a{]k(_m]jjad`Yk* -( ]\( Kzg
HYmdg4 DanjYjaY = \algjY ;a~f[aYk @meYfYk(
E MF 9F ? 9& C YZ]f_]d]( +330(9k ^Y[]lYk \]mejY[ake gkad]f[aY\g Af4 E9AG&
EYj[gk ;`gj$gj_(%( LY{Y([a~f[aY]kg[a]\Y\]*Jag\]BYf]ajg4>ag;jmr);;::(
F 9K;AE =F LG & 9Z\aYk( +312( I_]fg[\ag\gf]_jgZjYkad]ajg* Jag \]bYf ]ajg 4 HYr
] L]jjY(
F=?JG& DkaYk F g_m]ajY( +313( 9 me ZYf\Y [ge g ]phj]kkzg \Y j]da_agka\Y
\] hghmdYj( L]da_azg ]kg[a]\Y\]( Jag \]BYf]ajg(
F G ? M = AJ9& GjY[q( +3//( Hj][gf[]alg jY[aYd \] e Yj[Y ] hj][gf[]alg jY[aYd \]
gja_]e $Km_]klzg \] me  imY\jg [a] j]^]j~f[aY hYjY Y afl]jhj]lY{zg \g
e Yl]jaYd kgZj] Yk j]dY{]k jY[aYak fg :jYkad( Af4 ; fYak\g RRRC =gf_j]kkg

Cfl]jfY[agfYd\gk;e]ja[YfaklYk* Kzg HYmdg4 =\algjY 9f`]eZa(


WWWWWWWWW ( +3//4+332( Jj][gf[]alg \] eYj[Y6 Yk j]dY{]k jY[aYak ]e ClYh]lafaf_Y* Kzg
HYmdg4 =\mkh(
WWWWWWWWW ( +32/( NYflghj]dg imYflg ZjYf[g6 ]klm\gk \] j]dY{]kjY[aYak* Kzg HYmdg4 L(
9 Im]ajgr =\algj(
G DAN =AJ9 & ;dgn]k Dmar H]j]ajY( +331(;  dmlYh g j medm_Yj* A~f]jg( jY{Y][dYkk]*

I M = K L G  J 9 ; A9 D  =  = L F A; A< 9 < =

-+3

?d]a{]k emfa[ahYak \]MYdnY\gj)<Y`aY( -55.* Kzg HYmdg)< qfYe qk =\algjaYd)


KYdnY\gj):94 G Hjg_jYe Y 9 ; gj \Y : Y`aY ] Hjgb]lg K(E(:9(
G DAN =AJ9 & J gZ]jlg ;Yj\gkg \]( +322( MgZj]gh]fkYe]flgYfljghgd_a[g* Jag \]
BYf]ajg4 L]e hg :jYkad]ajg(
G JLAR& J]fYlg( +312( ; egjl]ZjYf[Y\g^]ala[]ajgf]_jg* H]ljhgdak&Ng1(]k(
H=AJ9FG& E YjarY ? ge ]k ] KgmrY( +32+4+33+( N`]Yfl`jghgdg_qg ^ Yfl`jghgdg_q6

l`]<jYradaYf[Yk]* M|ja];fljghgdg_aY ++*( :jYkdaY4 >mf\Y{zgM fan]jka\Y\]\]


:jYkdaY(
H=APGLG& >]jfYf\Y( +33+( ?kljYf_]ajgkfg<jYkad6Yeakkzg^jYf[]kYfY Ofan]jka\Y\]

\]Mzg JYmdg* ; Ye hafYk4 M fa[Ye h& \akk]jlY{zg \] e]kljY\g(


WWWWWWWWW ( +332( >avdg_gk ZjYkad]ajgk6 meY Yfvdak] \Y gZjY \] Lg_]j<Ykla\]* Kzg
HYmdg4 MKH& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
H=J=AJ9 &Bgzg :YlaklY :gj_]k( +31*( =gj(hjg^akkzg]egZada\Y\]* , f]_jg]gjv\ag

]eMzg JYmdg* Kzg HYmdg4 Hagf]ajY)=\mkh(


WWWWWWWWW ( +32+( =klm\gk Yfljghgd_a[gk \Yk hghmdY{]k f]_jYk fY M fan]jka
\Y\] \] Kzg HYmdg( L]naklY\];fljghgdg_aY(  Kzg HYmdg(
HA=JKG F & < gfYd\( +3./4+31+( <jYf[gk]h j]lg kfY<Y`aY* ?klm\g \][gflYlg jY[aYd
KzgHYmdg4 ;aY( FY[agfYd(
HAFLG& Dmak ;gklY( +3/-( G f]_jg fg Lag \]DYf]ajg* Kzg HYmdg4 ;aY( =\algjY
FY[agfYd(
HAFLG& J]_afY HY`ae( +33-( Ggnae]flg f]_jg ]eMzgJYmdg6dmlY]a\]fla\Y\]* Kzg
HYmdg4 M fan]jka\Y\] \] Kzg HYmdg& l]k] \] \gmlgjY\g(
HG K9<9&B( =( E( =gjk]_mf\ggk[]fkgk\]eg_jv^a[gk( k( +(& eYk& k( \(
HJ9F < A& J]_afYd\g( *(j =Yf\geZd|k\]Mzg JYmdg* Kzg HYmdg4 @m[al][)=\mkh(
I M =AJG RBJ & L`]^adg( +31/( Jj][gf[]alg\][gj]YemdYlYfY dal]jYlmjY ZjYkad]ajY*
Kzg HYmdg4 la[Y(
IM=AJGR&J]fYlg(+32-( =YahajYkf]_jgkfgPYd]\YLaZ]ajY*KzgHYmdg4MKH)>>D;@(
J9E G K& 9jl`mj( +3-.( *  f]_jg ZjYkad]ajg* Kzg HYmdg4 ;aY( =\algjY F Y[agfYd(
WWWWWWWWW ( +3-2( G ]khjalg Ykkg[aYlang \g f]_jg ZjYkad]ajg( L]naklY\g;jimang

Gmfa[ahYd( P DN AA& hh( +*/'+,0(


WWWWWWWWW( +3.,( ; Y[mdlmjY{zg f]_jYfg< jYkad  Kzg HYmdg4 ;aY( = \algjY FY[agfYd(
WWWWWWWWW( +3.-( Am]jjY ]j]dY{]k\]jY{Y* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 < ]hYjlYe ]flg =\alg
jaYd \Y M fazg F Y[agfYd \gk =klm\Yfl]k(
J9E G K& ? m]jj]ajg( +30+( G hjgZd]eY f]_jg fg :jYkad( Af4 Cfljg\m{zg [jla[Y w

kg[agdg_aYZjYkad]ajY* Jag \]BYf]ajg4 =\( 9f\]k(


J=AK& Bgzg Bg k|( +322( ?k[jYna\zg ] afn]f{zg \Y daZ]j\Y\]6 ]klm\gk kgZj] g f]_jg fg

<jYkad  Kzg HYmdg4 :jYkada]fk](

D A D A 9  C ( E G J A L R  K ; @ O 9 J ; R

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