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^gd[dgj]& g im] ka_fa^a[YnY& [d] Yd_me Y e Yf]ajY& me Y afn]kla\Y
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9 h Yjlaj \gk Yfgk 0*& \] lg\Y ^gje Y& Y j]hj]k]flY{zg \Y
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\]jY\gk j]Y[ag fwjagk & fzg k ]e ^mf{zg \] k]m ]f^gim]im]
hjanad]_aYnY Y ` Yje g f aY] g ]imadZjag [ge g ^mf{zg ' & [ge g hgj
[YmkY \Y k]d]{zg \gk gZb]lgk& ]flzg [gfka\]jY\gk hgm[g j]d]nYf
l]k hYjYg \]ZYl]fY[agfYd(Bw fg [Ye hg[aY kg[agdg_aY&Y\]k[gfk'
ljm{zg \Y fg{zg \] jY{Y&]ghYjYd]dgafn]klae ]flgfg[gf[]alg
\][dYkk]& Ydaf`YnY ]kkY \ak[ahdafY Yg dY\g \Yk j]anaf\a[Y{]k hg d
la[Yk \Y |hg[Y& Ykkae [ge g Ybm\YnY fg ]klYZ]d][ae ]flg \] [Ye
h g k \ aklaf lg k \] Y f w dak ] ( ; g e g g Z k] jn Y J g Z ]jlg < YE YllY
$+3224,*/%& lgjfgm'k] j][gjj]fl] Y e wpae Yim] kg[adg_gk& [a]f
laklYk hgdla[gk ] `aklgjaY\gj]k [gklme Ye n]je m\Yf{Y& \]k]ima
dZjag ]j]ngdm{zgY e zg nakn]d \Yk ^gj{Yk `aklja[Ykg f \] gk
Yfljghdg_gk n~]e Yh]fYk ]kljmlmjY ] [mdlmjY( Yfljghgdg_aY
[gjj]khgf\]jaY&_jg kkg e g\g&Y]kljmlmjY& ]fimYflg w kg[agdg_aY&
Y e m\Yf{Y( F zg | g [Ykg \] Yhjg^mf\Yj Y\ak[mkkzg kgZj] ]kk]k
]klm\gk& ]& kae & \] \]klY[Yj kmY ae hgjlyf[aY& fzg fg k]f la\ g \Y
]p[dmkzg \] me Y h]jkh][lanY \aYfl] \Y gmljY& eYk Zmk[Yf\g h]j
[]Z ]j daf`Y_]fk [Ym\YlwjaYk \Yk \mYk ljY\a{]k,,(
)% ER WHJOXR T K OXXOR Z QHK T
I M = K L G J 9 ; A9 D = = L F A ; A < 9 < =
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D A D A 9 C ( E G J A L R K ; @ O 9 J ; R
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,21
F g ]flYflg& k] ]jY hgkkn]d n]j f]kk]k danjgk Yk ^Y[]k \g
jY[ake g dg[Yd& ^ga fgk Yfgk 2* ] 3* im] me Y k|ja] \] afn]kla_Y
{]k j]lge YjYe g l]e Y ] Y Yfwdak] \] ZYk] \]e g_jw^a[Y ] \]
e gfkljYjYe [ge gg hj][gf[]alg\][gjfzg]klYnY]p[dmkanYe ]f
l] Ylj]dY\g Y me Y im]klzg ][gfe a[Y ] kg[aYd5 Yg [gfljwjag& h]j
kaklaY [ge g me \Y\g \ an akg j kg[aYd( J ]lg e Yf\g Yk l]k]k \]
>]jfYf\]k& me Y fgnY k|ja] \] h]kimakYk imYflalYlanYk afn]klam& Y
hYjlaj \gk Yfgk 2*& fY Yfwdak] \Yk \a^]j]f{Yk im] k]hYjYe ZjYf
[gk \] fzg'ZjYf[gk& jY[aYdarYf\g fgnYe ]fl] Y im]klzg( F gk
j]kme gk ] [Ylwdg _g k \Yk j]mfa]k \Y 9 fhg[k& hgj ]p]e hdg& Y
h j]k]f{Y \]kk] lahg \] ljYZYd`g | ]na\]fl]& \]k\] gk Yfgk 2*&
imYf\gh]kimakYke YakimYflalYlanYk[`]_YjzgYj]hj]k]flYj+/&1!
\gk ]fkYagk Yhj]k]flY\gk,/(
9 l]k] _]jYd \]^]f\a\Y hgj ]kk]k ]klm\gk kg[agd_a[gk ]jY
im] lYak \]ka_mYd\Y\]k Yhj]k]flYnYe me [ge hgf]fl] jY[aYd af]
imng[g& im] fzg hg\]jaY k]j\adm\g fme _jY\a]f l] \] [gj( H ]k
imakYk [ge g Yk \] ; Yjdgk @ Yk]fZYd_ $+313% ] F ]dkgf \g N Ydd] ]
KadnY $+32*%& Ykkae [ge g Yk \] L ]dd]k $+33,%& D gn]d $+323%&
9 f\j]o k $+33,%& ; Ykljg ] ? mae Yjz]k $+33-%& ]flj] gmljYk& \]k
e gflYjYe \]n]rYae Y_]e \]me Y\ak[jae afY{zg kmYn]&Yl]klYf
\g Y ]pakl~f [aY \] \ak[jae afY{zg ]e _jYmk ] ]k^]jYk \a^]j]fl]k(
,/( N]j lYZ]dY fg ^afYd \]kl] ]fkYag( = hj][akg \]klY[Yj im] ]kkY hgj[]flY_]e
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j]\m{zg e Yak afl]fkY \] ^][mf\a\Y\] k] \w ]flj] e md`]j]k hYj
\Yk4 me Yim]\Y\Y gj\]e \],,! ( ;ge ]kk]j]kmdlY\gYhjgpae Y'
k] Y]klae YlanY]flj]hj]lYk ]hYj\Yk' .&- ].&. ^ad`gk& j]kh][lanY
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, ^ad`gk h YjY +&.(
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\] ^g jl] \ ]ka_m Yd\ Y\ ] ` a]jwjima[Y( = f]kk] k]f la\ g im] Yd_me Yk
h]ki makYk j][]fl]k e gkljYe & fzg k Y af n akaZ ada\ Y\ ] ] Y f Ylm j]
rY h ]jn ]jkY \g jY[ake g x Z jYkad]ajY & [ge g \ ]e g f kljYe \]
im] e Yf ]ajY Y \ak[jae af Y{zg jY[aYd ]e fgkkg hYk n]e k]e hj]
Y[g e h Yf ` Y\ Y h]dY YjZ aljYja]\ Y\ ]& h]dY n ag d~f [aY [ ae hmfa\Y\]
[ge j]dY{zg Ygk e Yak ]d]e ]flYj]k \aj]algk \] [a\ Y\ Yf aY( = akkg
im] \ ]e gf kljY& h g j ]p]e hdg& K]j_ag 9 \gjfg& im]& Yg afn]kla_Yj
Y ]pakl~f [aY \] jY[ake g fYk hjwla[Yk h]fYak ZjYkad]ajYk& [g f klY
lgm me ljYlYe ]flg \a^]j]f[aYd hYmlY\g fY [gj( G k \Y\gk kzg
Yaf \ Y e Yak [gf [dmkangk imYf\g ]k[dYj][]e g h]j^ad _]jYd \Yk
[gf \ ]f Y{ ]k4 j|mk f ]_jgk l]f\]e Y k]j e Yak h ]jk]_ma\ gk h]dY
na_adyf [aY h g da[aYd5 j|mk f]_jgk ]ph ]jae ]flYe e Yagj]k g Z klw[m
dgk \] Y[]kkg x bm kla{Y [jae afYd ] e Yag j]k \ a^a[m d\ Y\ ]k \] m km
^jm j]e \g \ aj]alg \] Ye hdY \]^]kY& Ykk]_m jY\ Y h ]dYk fg je Yk
[g f klalm [ag f Yak n a_]f l]k5 ]e \ ][g jj~f [aY& j|mk f ]_jgk l]f\]e Y
e ]j][]j me ljYlYe ]flg h]fYd e Yak ja_g jg kg & j]hj]k]f lY\ g h]dY
e Yag j h jg Z YZ ada\ Y\ ] \] k]j]e h mf a\g k [ge h YjYlanYe ]fl] Ygk
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\gk jY[aYak ] ae hmk]jYe me Y hgklmjY \] afn]kla_Y{zg ]kh][^a[Y(
Gk hjae ]ajgk ]klm\gk e Yflan]jYe 'k]& hgj|e & me lYflg hj]kgk x
im]klzg im] \ge afgm Y kg[agdg_aY ]e k]mk e ge ]flgk \] kmj_a
e ]flg& aklg |& Y hjgZd]e wla[Y \g \]k]fngdnae ]flg ] \Y e g\]j
farY{zg&\]e g\gim]kmYkYfwdak]k^gjYek]e hj][gdg[Y\Ykfme Y
h]jkh][lanY \] ]ngdm{zg ] ljYfka{zg& k]bY \] me Y kg[a]\Y\] ljY\a
[agfYd hYjYme Y kg[a]\Y\]e g\]jfY&fgk l]je gk o ]Z]jaYfgk&k]bY
\[ me Y kg[a]\Y\] hj|'[YhalYdaklY& ]k[jYnaklY& h YjY me Y kg[a]\Y\]
[YhalYdaklY& fgk l]je gk e YjpaklYk $? mae Yjz]k& +3324,,%( u hgj
akkg e ]ke g im] g h]j^ad `a]jYjimarYfl] \Y kg[a]\Y\] dg[Yd ^ga
k]e hj]]f l]f\a\g[ge g me Yh]jkakl~f[aY\ghYkkY\g&im] l]f\]
jaY Y \]kYhYj][]j [ge Y af\mkljaYdarY{zg gm [ge Y lge Y\Y \]
[g fk[a~f[aY \Y [dYkk] ljYZYd`Y\gjY(
9 _]jY{zg \gk Yfgk 2* ]& kgZj]lm\g& gk ljYZYd`gk \] ;(
@ Yk]fZ Yd_ ] F( \g N Ydd] ] KadnY& \] []jlY ^gje Y& k] k]hYjYjYe
\]kkY ljY\a{zgYg]klYZ ]d][]jme Y\a^]j]f{Y]flj]_jm h g k\[[g j]
[dYkk]k kg[aYak& ] \]_jmhg k \] [gj ] hgka{zg kg[aYd( LYak [jal|jagk
d]nYjYe gk h]kimakY\gj]k& fzg k Y Ye hdaYj ]klm\gk \] \akljaZma
{zg \] j]f\Y& \g Y[]kkg x ]\m[Y{zg ] Yg ]e h j]_g & [ge g Y
j]afljg\mraj' \[ fgnY ^gje YY [Yl]_gjaY jY{Y [ge g nYjawn]d
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h Yjl] \]kk]k ]klm\gk ]fl]f\]jYe jY{Y [ge g me hjaf[hag [dYkka'
^a[Yljag ^mf\Ye ]flYd] ]kljmlmjYd fY kg[a]\Y\] ZjYkad]ajY&\] im]
\][gjj] me Y kg[a]\Y\]YdlYe ]fl] ]kljYla^a[Y\Y] \]ka_mYd(F g ]f
-*( = hj][akg ]f^YlarYj im] gk \a^]j]fl]k Ymlgj]k [alY\gk fzg ]klzg naf[mdY\gk
Y me fa[g []fljg \] ]klm\gk(
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\Yfg{zg \] _jm h g k \] j]dY{zg & [ge g me Y ^gje Y \] g j_Yf arY
{zg kg[aYd& ]e hghmdY{]k [mbgk e ]e Zjgk k] a\]fla^a[Ye ] kzg
a\]fla^a[Y\gk [ge g lYd( HYjlaf\g\]\]^afa{]k[gjj]fl]kfYdal]jY
lmjYYfljghgd_a[Y&g Ymlgjfglgmim]k]\]ka_fYnYg l]je g_ jm
hg |lfa[g hYjY me Y hghmdY{zg im]4 +( k] h]jh]lmY Zagdg_a[Y
e ]fl] ]e _jYf\] ]k[YdY5 ,( l]e [e [ge me nYdgj]k [mdlmjYak ]
me Y m f a\Y\] [mdlmjYd e Yfa^]klY5 -( [gfklalm]e me ]khY{g \]
[ge mfa[Y{zg ] afl]jY{zg5 .( [mbgk e ]e Zjgk k] a\]fla^a[Ye ] kzg
a\]fla^a[Y\gk h]dgkgmljgk[gfklalmaf\gme Y[Yl]_gjaYim]k]hg\]
\aklaf_maj \] g mljYk [Yl]_gjaYk \ Y e ]ke Y gj\]e ( ;ge ]^]alg&
l]f\g hgj ZYk] me Y \]^afa{zg a\]Yd)lha[Y& : Yjl` im]klagfYnY Y
hjae YraY\Y\Y x [mdlmjY& afkaklaY fY j]d]nyf[aY \Ya\]fla^a[Y{zg \g
hjhjag_jmh g ]fY k]d]{zg\]ljY{gk[mdlmjYak(; gf[]fljYf\g'k]fg
hdYfg kg[aYd&: Yjl` dg[YdarYnY&\]kkYe Yf]ajY& fg al]e .g ljY{g
\][akang \Y a\]fla\Y\]& gmk]bY& Y[YjY[l]jkla[Y\YYmlg'YljaZma{zg
gm \YYljaZma{zg\ggmljg Yme Y[Yl]_g jaY|lfa[Y( F ]kkY h]jkh][
lanY& ghg f lg [jm[aYd lgjfYnY'k]Y ^jgf l]ajY |lfa[Y im] \]^af] g
_jmh g ] fzg g e Yl]jaYd [mdlmjYd( L jg[YnY'k]& Ykkae & me Y [gf[]h
{zg ]klwla[Y\]a\]fla\Y\] hgjgmljY&e Yak \afye a[Y& bwim]Yl]flY
x [ aj[ m dY ja\ Y \ ] [ m dlm jY d ] x d _ a[ Y \] km Y e Y f ah m dY { z g ]
j]kka_fa^a[Y{zg( F ]kk] hjg[]kkg& Y[mdlmjY ] Y ljY\a{zg kzg ]fl]f
\a\Yk [ge g e Yl|jaY \] ]p[dmkzg ] af[dmkzg& lge Y\Yk& fzg [ge g
\a^]j]f{YkgZb]lanYk &eYk[ge g]d]e ]flgk lgjfY\gkka_fa^a[Yfl]k
gm fzg( 9 a\]f la\Y\] fzg |& hgjlYflg& Yl]e hgjYd ] ae mlwn]d ]e
k]mk ljY{gk [mdlmjYak $[j]f{Yk& nYdgj]k& ke Zgdgk& jalgk& j]_jYk \]
[gf\mlY& df_mY& n]klae ]flYk& [mdafwjaY (((% ljYfke ala\gk h]dg _ jm
hg( = dY j]kmdlY \Y Y{zg ] j]Y{zg ]flj] ]kk]k _jm hg k ] gk gmljgk&
fme lahg \] b g _ g im] f zg hwjY \] k]Ydl]jYj(
>ga bmklYe ]fl] Y h Yjlaj \Y gZjY \] >( : Yjl` im] JgZ]jlg
; Yj\gkg \] G dan]ajY hYkkgm Y j]^d]laj kgZj] Yk ae hda[Y{]k \]kkY
afl]jhj]lY{zg fg [Ykg ZjYkad]ajg4 Y a\]fla^a[Y{zg |lfa[Y j]^]j]'k]
Yg mkg im] me Y h]kkgY ^Yr \gk l]je gk jY[aYak& fY[agfYak ] j]da
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,30
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,32
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\g h YjY me ]na\]fl] mkg ]dwkla[g fg ljYlg \Y [gj fg hYk( =e
+3**& hgj]p]e hdg&\aYfl] \Y[gfklYlY{zg \] im] ]kk]]jY e ]ke g
me hYk e ]kla{g ] f]_jg& ghlgm'k] hgj j]lajYj g im]kalg [g j \g
[]fkg \]e g_jw^a[g( < ]kkY e Yf]ajY& ]e ZgjY gk []fkgk l]f`Ye
ka\g j]YdarY\gk ]e +21,& +23*& +3**& +3,*& +3.*& +3/*& +31* ]
+32* g al]e [gj fzg ^ga mladarY\g h]dg e ]fgk ]e lj~k e ge ]flgk4
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e Yag j[]fljgm'k]fYgZl]f{zg\]af^gje Y{]kkgZj]hj]lgk&ZjYf
[g k ] e ]kla{gk& k]f\g im]& fg hjae ]ajg []fkg& gk _jm hg k ]jYe
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g []fkg \] +3/* \akljaZmam Y hghmdY{zg ]e imYljg _jmh gk& k]
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\] hYj\gk Yim]d]k im]j]_akljYjYe \][dYjY{]k [ge g f\ag& [YZg
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kmY n]r& Y h ]kimakY j]dYlanY x [gj mladargm [af[g _jmhgk4 ZjYf[gk&
hj]lgk& Ye Yj]dgk& f\agk ] hYj\gk& \anmd_Yf\g'k]& hgj|e & Yk \ ]
[dYjY{]k im] \araYe j]kh]alg Ygk f\agk& fg _jmhg hYj\gk( Hgj
^ae &]e +32*&fg AP J ][]fk]Ye ]flg? ]jYd Y[gf[]almY{zg\][gj
j]kljaf_am'k]Ygk e ]ke gk_jmhgk \g []fkg \] +3/*&k]f\gim] k]
]fimY\jYnYe [ge g hYj\gk gk e mdYlgk& gk e ]kla{gk& gk f\agk&
gk [YZg[dgk& gk e Ye ]dm[gk& gk [Y^mrgk ]l[( $HgkY\Y& k( \(4 ,,.%(
= kk] Zj]n] d]nYflYe ]flg d]nY Y Yd_me Yk \aj]{]k( =e hja
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e Yagjh Yjl] \]kkYhghmdY{zg( >YdY& lYe Z|e & \]me Y []jlY [g f^m
kzg fYk [dYkka^a[Y{]k im] k] ]phj]kkY\]e Yf]ajYk ]]e kalmY{]k
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\]kYhYj][] \g []fkg( < Y\gk jY[aYak lYe Z|e hg\]e k]j j]lajY\gk \Yk H]k
imakYk FY[agfYak hgj 9e gkljYk \] < ge a[dagk \] +310& +32. ] +321(
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I M = K L G J 9 ; A9 D = = L F A ; A < 9 < =
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