Biochemistry

1. Define hypoglycemia, describe its symptoms, and list the possible causes
of fasting and postprandial hypoglycemia.
2. Define hypoglycemia and explain the causes of postprandial and fasting
hypoglycemia.
3. Metabolic importance of glycolysis and HMP pathways in different tissues
with defects in one pathway.
4. Explain the biochemical basis of the following statement: Glucose is the only
fuel of the brain during the fed state.
5. What are the molecules that can produce energy to the brain? Discuss the
conditions under which each of these molecules will act as a source of
energy.
6. Give an account on: hyperglycemia.
7. Explain the biochemical basis of: Impaired gluconeogenesis causes lactic
acidosis
8. Give an account on: Glucosuria
9. Diabetes mellitus: Types and complications of uncontrolled diabetes.
10. Explain the biochemical basis and major clinical manifestations of:
Diabetic Neuropathy.
11. Give a short account on: Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
12. Explain in details biochemical changes in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
13. Describe the formation and disposal of ketone bodies and the
circumstances under which they accumulate.
14. Formation and utilization of Ketone bodies during health and disease.
15. Deficiency of some vitamins causes neurological manifestations. List
these vitamins and relate the manifestations to the function of each vitamin.
16. Explain the biochemical basis of: Vitamin B6 is essential for the synthesis
of neurotransmitters.
17. Biological compounds derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
18. Describe the steps of alpha-oxidation of fatty acids. Explain why it
occurs mainly in the brain.
19. Explain the biochemical basis of: Omega 3 fatty acid containing oils are
required in diet as 0.6-1.2% of total calories.
20. Explain the biochemical basis of: Mediterranean diets rich in olive oil
show a low CHD incidence.
21. Discuss serum cholesterol level, its regulation and
hypercholesterolemia.
22. Give an account on: Antioxidants
23. State the sources and fate of ammonia. Mention the causes and
consequences of hyperammonemia.
24. Discuss ammonia intoxication.
25. Metabolic fate of ammonia in different tissues with reference to
hyperammonemia.
26. Discuss hyperammonemia
27. Describe the fate of ammonia.
28. Give short account on: Parkinson's disease

29. Give short notes on: Important compounds derived from aromatic amino
acids.
30. Give short account on: Neuropeptides.
31. Explain the biochemical basis of the following statement: Vitamin B6 is
essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
32. Name 2 neurotransmitters that are derived from the metabolism of
amino acids in man. Show the pathway leading to the synthesis of one of
them.
33. Give a short account on: Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids.
34. Discuss synthesis and importance of serotonin.
35. Describe the fate of serotonin.
36. Discuss important derivatives of tyrosine
37. Glycine metabolism leads to the formation of a variety of metabolically
important compounds. Discuss this statement.
38. Describe the fate of Catecholamines
39. Explain synthesis and metabolic end products of catecholamines.
40. Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamines.
41. Give short account on Catecholamines
42. Explain the biochemical basis and major clinical manifestations of:
Hypocalcemia.
43. Give notes on: Blood Calcium level and its regulation.
44. Give notes on: Hyperbilirubinemia.
45. A patient known to suffer from bilharziasis, had an attack of hematemesis.
Although the bleeding was stopped, blood was transfused and hemodynamic
parameters were stabilized, the patient condition deteriorated and he
passed to coma. Discuss biochemical mechanisms that led to deterioration of
his condition.
46. Explain the biochemical basis and major clinical manifestations of each of
the following:
a. Lesch nyhan D.
b. Pernicious anemia
47. Explain the biochemical basis of each of the following:
a. Barbiturates are contraindicated for porphyria patients.
b. Some point mutations of DNA cause no effects.