Military of Ancient India

The Persians are famed for their archers, the Turks for their horsemen, and India for
its armies.
- Arab proverb
India is one of the oldest civilizations on earth, going back more than 6,000 years. Although
divided from the rest of Asia by the Himalayan mountains, India has for most of its history
been fighting numerous and violent wars among itself. During its long history, there could be
anywhere from 16 to more than a hundred kingdoms, all fighting each other, making and
breaking alliances. In the harsh deserts to the northwest were the fierce Rajput (literally
sons of kings) kingdoms, who fought on horseback and camel back. In central India were
mighty kingdoms descended from the Indo-Iranians, who invaded India around 1600 BC. In
the jungles to the south were other large and formidable kingdoms, more ancient than the
Indo- Aryan ones, the first settlers in India. In the Deccan Plateau, where the Kingdoms of
the north and the south met, were other smaller nations, but with some of the fiercest
fighters on the subcontinent. To the east were the kingdoms of Bengal and Assam, to the
north was the feared kingdom of Nepal.
Warfare in ancient India centered around the chariot. Indian chariots were nothing like the
light, sleek chariots of Egypt. They were massive, made of wood and iron, and intricately
decorated in gold. They had four wheels, and typically held two men-the charioteer, and an
archer who also had a weapon for hand to hand combat. This archer, standing on the
chariot, would be a good six or more feet off the ground, giving him a significant advantage
over enemy infantry. Some chariots held more men, the largest could hold seven men.
Indian chariots were so large and heavy that they required four to six horses to pull them.
Unlike Egyptian chariots, which moved quickly and fired arrows into the enemy ranks,
Indian chariots often charged right into melee battle. They crushed enemy soldiers under
their wheels, trampled them under the horses, all while the soldier(s) on the chariot fired
arrows into them, or fought it out hand to hand.
No description of Indias ancient military is complete without mentioning the elephant. India
was the first nation to use the elephant in battle (~1600BC) and the last nation to stop using
it in battle (1800s AD). Wars were frequently fought over territories that had a great deal of
elephants. Elephants from the tip of south India and Sri Lanka were the most prized as they
were considered the fiercest in battle. Often times, a kings wealth was measured in how
many elephants he owned. A single Indian prince might own more elephants than all of
Carthage. According to Kautilya, the army of the Indian emperor Chandragupta Maurya had
more than 21,000 elephants. War elephants typically were heavily armored. They had a
castle like structure on their back where several warriors and a mahout, who guided the

elephant, would be housed. The number of warriors varied anywhere from one to six
warriors, and would be armed with an arsenal of weapons, bows and arrows, long lances,
javelins, tridents, and a variety of polearms. The elephants themselves had long daggers or
swords, sometimes several feet long, attached to their tusks.
The way in elephants were used in battle varied widely as well. One common tactic, used
by Porus at the Hydaspes, was to place the elephants a distance apart, anywhere from 40
to 100 feet. These elephants would act like mobile fortresses, where the rest of the army
could rally around. Another common tactic, probably the most dangerous and effective one,
was to use the elephants to directly assault enemy lines. The elephants would be arranged
in a wall formation, and be heavily armored in iron or steel from head to foot. Long steel
swords, often coated with poison, would be attached to their tusks. The mahouts would then
drive them forward in a coordinated charge, wreaking havoc in enemy ranks. Archers or
lancers on top of the elephants would pick off enemy soldiers as well. One king even went
as far as to train his elephants to swing heavy iron balls on chains with their trunks. The
very sight of a wall of heavily armored elephants charging, whirling huge iron balls with their
trunks, their tusks tipped with poisoned swords, the soldiers on the elephant wielding
enormous lances, would often cause the enemy to break ranks and flee.
The cavalry of Indian armies is, for the most part, not noteworthy. The cavalry of the Middle
Eastern and Arab armies were probably superior. There are exceptions though. The Rajput
cavalry was extremely skilled, and man for man, was more than a match for the Mughal
cavalry, as they proved several times. They were lightly armored, and moved extremely
swiftly. Armed with a light curved sword and a small circular shield, they could charge and
fight with incredible speed. Many carried bows and arrows, and were expert archers. The
Rajput army was almost entirely composed of cavalry, and were powerful enough that they
were able to keep the Muslim forces in check for many years. In the other armies of India
cavalry were also used, sometimes in large numbers, but rarely were they equipped with
bows and arrows. Their role was either to protect the elephants and chariots, or to charge
into melee battle.
The bulk of the Indian army, and most other armies in the world, were the infantry, or foot
soldiers. The infantry were equipped with a huge variety of weapons, which differed hugely
across India. Probably the most common weapon was the sword, but even this came in
hundreds of shapes across India. Indian archers used a bow similar to the English longbow,
in that it was as tall as the person using it. However, Indian bows were also recurved.
Armies in India were typically larger than those of Europe. It was common to see armies of
hundreds of thousands fighting on the battlefield, even thought the kingdoms themselves
might be small in size. As infantry formed the majority of the army, a typical battle would
look like a sea of infantry and cavalry fighting, while the chariots and elephants stood out.
India was one of the first nations to implement tactics, divisions, and formations. Armies did

not simply rush out onto the battlefield; there were commanders who carefully put their
massive armies in intricate formations. Some formations were: Chakra (wheel) Vyuha,
Suchi (needle) Vyuha, Chayana (hawk) Vyuha and Mala (garland), and Garuda (eagle).
Another one I read about recently was the lotus formation, where the archers would be on
the inside, and the infantry and cavalry would be arranged like a lotus flower, protecting
them.
Their armor differed greatly as well. Some kingdoms, especially in south India wore no
armor, because of the extreme heat. Others wore tough sturdy armor, made of interlocking
iron, steel, and leather plates. Many warriors wore no armor, but instead wore silk clothing.
This actually worked to block arrows, which couldnt penetrate the silk fibers.
Ancient India has been home to many unique weapons. The worlds first all steel bow was
made in India. Some other weapons from the subcontinent are the famous kukri knife, the
tiger claw weapon used by assassins, tridents, the long handled mace, swords, axes, and
spears of all shapes and sizes.
The Army of The Mauryan Empire

The Mauryan empire was the first empire that managed to unite all of India. This was
partially because of their complex army structure. Like most ancient Indian armies, the
Mauryan army had 4 types of troops- elephant (gaja), chariot (ratha), cavalry (turanga), and
infantry (pada).
The army was broken into many units. The smallest unit was called a patti, and had 1
chariot, 1 elephant, 3 cavalry and 5 infantry. The elephant and chariot would typically be in
the center with the cavalry and infantry surrounding them. Three patti made up a Sena

mukha, and three Sena Mukha made up a Gulma. Other divisions were the Gana, Vahini,
Pratana, Camu and Ani kini, each of which was three times as big as the one preceding it.
The Aksauhini was composed of ten Ani kini, and was the largest unit in an army.
The Mauryan army had multiple Aksauhini's. The standing army had three-quarter million
troops, one of the largest armies in the world at the time.
A variety of formations were used in the Mauryan army. Formations were known as vyuha,
each one had a center, two flanks and two wings. There were thirty main vyuha used,
divided into four main categories. One example of a vyuha would be the Padma vyuha or
lotus formation.
It would be easy to visualise the 'padma vyuha' if it is imagined as a six pointed star. The
Deputy Commanders-in-Chief would be placed at each outer point of the petals and at the
inner end, where each end of lotus petal joins with the other, to form an inner-circle
resembling the corolla of the lotus, the Commanders-in-Chief would be stationed. The
space between any two 'petals' is the only access to reach the centre of the 'lotus' where
the Supreme Commander was placed. If a contingent of enemy soldiers moved between
any two petals for this purpose, the petals would close in and crush the invader like the
powerful tentacles of a crab.
The Garuda Vyuha or Eagle formation was another commonly used formation.
The Garuda Vyuha had a 'beak' where the best elite Kshatriya soldiers would be placed in
tight wedge formation. The 'head,' behind the beak had a small contigent of reserves, also
of good quality. Often, war elephants would be placed in the beak and head. Two broad
'wings' would sweep out behind the head, with the swiftest troops - the chariots and cavalry
at the outside. Behind the wings, the body, would consist of reserves.
Some other formations:
Suchi vyuha - Needle formation
Chayana vyuha - Hawk formation
Mala vyuha - Garland formation
Karuncha vyuha - Heron formation
Makara vyuha - Fish formation
Padma vyuha - Lotus formation
Kurma vyuha - Turtle formation
Trishula vyuha - Trident formation
Chakra vyuha - Wheel or Discus formation
Garuda vyuha - Eagle formation

The Mauryan army was composed of people all over the subcontinent. In addition,
Chandragupta Maurya did not discriminate against different castes, as he was of low caste
himself (reputedly he was the son of a peacock tamer ). As a result, there were soldiers in
his army from all castes, making the army very diverse.
The core of the army was composed of Uttarapathian warriors, from central and western
India. Uttarapatha had many militaristic peoples like the Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas and
Vardas. Other peoples in the Mauryan army were the Maghadas, Assamese, and Cheras.
Even the Nagas (literally serpents, because they worshiped cobras), a mystical people to
the east, were incorporated into the army.