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CHAPTER 6
Work and Kinetic Energy
Introduction
Weve studied how Newtons Second Law allows us to
calculate an acceleration from a force but what if the force
changes during its application?
We will use:
Principle of conservation of energy: it cannot be created
nor destroyed
Work and energy.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Constant force
Straight line
displacement
Problem 6.8.
A loaded grocery cart is rolling across a parking
lot in a strong wind. You apply a constant force
F = (30 N)i (40 N)j to the cart as it undergoes
a displacement s = (-9.0 m)i (3.0 m)j. How
much work does the force you apply do on the
grocery cart?
Q6.1
An elevator is being lifted at a constant speed
by a steel cable attached to an electric motor.
Which statement is correct?
Motor
Cable
v
Elevator
A6.1
An elevator is being lifted at a constant speed
by a steel cable attached to an electric motor.
Which statement is correct?
Motor
Cable
v
Elevator
Q6.2
An elevator is being lowered at a constant
speed by a steel cable attached to an electric
motor. Which statement is correct?
Motor
Cable
v
Elevator
A6.2
An elevator is being lowered at a constant
speed by a steel cable attached to an electric
motor. Which statement is correct?
Motor
Cable
v
Elevator
Q6.8
Three blocks are connected as
shown. The ropes and pulleys are of
negligible mass. When released,
block C moves downward, block B
moves up the ramp, and block A
moves to the right.
After each block has moved a distance d, the force of gravity has done
A6.8
Three blocks are connected as
shown. The ropes and pulleys are of
negligible mass. When released,
block C moves downward, block B
moves up the ramp, and block A
moves to the right.
After each block has moved a distance d, the force of gravity has done
Positive work:
barbell on hands
Negative work:
hands on barbell
When one body does negative work
on the second body,
the second body does an equal amount of
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education
Inc., publishing
as Pearsonon
Addison-Wesley
positive
work
the first body
Kinetic energy
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
It is scalar! (unit J)
It does not depend on
velocity only speed!
Work-energy Theorem
Work
Final KE
Initial KE
Work-energy theorem
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
KE increases
KE decreases
Problem 6.73.
You and your bicycle have a combined mass 80.0 kg. When you reach
the base of a bridge, you are traveling along the road at 5m/s. At the top
of the bridge, you have climbed a vertical distance of 5.2 m and have
slowed to 1.5 m/s. You can ignore work done on by friction and any
inefficiency in the bike or your legs.
A) What is the total work done on you and your bicycle when you go
from the base to the top of the bridge?
B) How much work have you done with the force you apply to your
pedals?
Q6.3
Two iceboats (one of mass m, one of
mass 2m) hold a race on a frictionless,
horizontal, frozen lake. Both iceboats
start at rest, and the wind exerts the
same constant force on both iceboats.
Which iceboat crosses the finish line with more kinetic energy (KE)?
A. The iceboat of mass m: it has twice as much KE as the other.
B. The iceboat of mass m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other.
C. The iceboat of mass 2m: it has twice as much KE as the other.
D. The iceboat of mass 2m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other.
E. They both cross the finish line with the same kinetic energy.
A6.3
Two iceboats (one of mass m, one of
mass 2m) hold a race on a frictionless,
horizontal, frozen lake. Both iceboats
start at rest, and the wind exerts the
same constant force on both iceboats.
Which iceboat crosses the finish line with more kinetic energy (KE)?
A. the iceboat of mass m: it has twice as much KE as the other
B. the iceboat of mass m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other
C. the iceboat of mass 2m: it has twice as much KE as the other
D. the iceboat of mass 2m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other
E. they both cross the finish line with the same kinetic energy
Q6.4
A tractor driving at a
constant speed pulls
a sled loaded with
firewood. There is
friction between the
sled and the road.
The total work done on the sled after it has moved a distance
d is
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to
decide
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
A6.4
A tractor driving at a
constant speed pulls
a sled loaded with
firewood. There is
friction between the
sled and the road.
The total work done on the sled after it has moved a distance
d is
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to
decide
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Q6.5
A nonzero net force acts on an object. Which of the
following quantities could be constant?
A. the objects kinetic energy
B. the objects velocity
C. both of the above
D. none of the above
A6.5
A nonzero net force acts on an object. Which of the
following quantities could be constant?
A. the objects kinetic energy
B. the objects velocity
C. both of the above
D. none of the above
In a pile driver, a steel hammerhead with mass 200 kg is lifted 3.00m above the top of a
vertical I-beam being driven into the ground. The hammer is then dropped, driving the Ibeam 7.4 cm farther into the ground. The vertical rails that guide the hammerhead exert a
constant 60 N friction force on the hammerhead. Use the work-energy theorem to find:
B) the average force the hammerhead exerts on the I-beam. Ignore the effects of the air.
Area under
the curve
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Fx = kx
k force (spring)
constant (N/m)
The graph of force on
the y axis versus stretch
on the x axis will yield a
slope of k, the spring
constant.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Problem 6.39.
At a waterpark, sleds with riders are sent along a slippery,
horizontal surface by the release of a large compressed
spring. The spring with force constant k = 40 N/cm and
negligible mass rests on the frictionless horizontal surface.
One end is in contact with a stationary wall. A sled and rider
with total mass 70.0 kg are pushed against the other end,
compressing the spring 0.375 m. The sled is then released
with zero velocity. What is the sleds speed when the spring
A) returns to its uncompressed length?
B) is still compressed 0.20 m?
dW = F cos dl = Fk dl = F dl
R P2
R P2
R P2
W = P1 F cos dl = P1 Fk dl = P1 F dl
Wtot = K2 K1 = K
True always
If you watch a child on a swing set, you can also consider the motion of a
particle along a curved path.
At a family picnic you are appointed to push your cousin in a swing. His weight
is w, the length of the chains is R, and you push the boy until the chains make an
angle 0 with the vertical. To do this, you exert a varying horizontal force F that
starts at zero and gradually increases just enough so that the boy and the swing
move very slowly and remain very nearly in equilibrium. What is the total work
done on the boy by all forces? What is the work done by the tension T in the
chains? What is the work you do by exerting the force F? (Neglect the weight of
the chains and seat).
k
Pav = t
= Fk s
t = Fk v
t 0
P = Fk v
P = F
v
Q6.10
An object is initially at rest. A net force (which
always points in the same direction) is applied to
the object so that the power of the net force is
constant. As the object gains speed,
A. the magnitude of the net force remains
constant.
B. the magnitude of the net force increases.
C. the magnitude of the net force decreases.
D. not enough information given to decide
A6.10
An object is initially at rest. A net force (which
always points in the same direction) is applied to
the object so that the power of the net force is
constant. As the object gains speed,
A. the magnitude of the net force remains
constant.
B. the magnitude of the net force increases.
C. the magnitude of the net force decreases.
D. not enough information given to decide