Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
AFKORTINGEN/ABBREVIATIONS
AWN
BABesch.
BAI
BH
Bjf
BfKjNOB
BRGK
BROB
IPP
JMP
JNG
JRGZM
NAFN
NAP
NKNOB
NNU
OML
RMO
ROB
VORG
Archeologische Werkgemeenschapvoor
Nederland (Archaeological Work Group of the
Netherlands)
Bulletin (van de Vereeniging tot bevorderingder
kennis van de) antieke beschaving
Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, Groningen
Brabantsheem
Banner Jahrbiicher,
Bulletin van deln) (Koninklijke)
Nederlands(ch)efn) Oudheidkundige fn) Bond
Bericht der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission
Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek
Albert Egges van Giffen Instituut voor Pre- en
Protohistorie, Amsterdam
Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde
Jahrbuchfur Numismatik und Geldgeschichte
Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germamschen Zentralmuseums Mainz
Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in
Niedersachsen
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil (Dutch Datum Level)
Nieuwsbulletin van de Koninklijke Nederlandse
Oudheidkundige Bond
Nachrichtenaus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte
Oudheidkundige medede ( e) lingen uit het Rijksrftuseum van Oudheden te Leiden
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden
Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Amersfoort
Verslagen en mededeelingen van de Vereeniging tot
beoefeningvan Overijsselschreglengeschiedenis
NOOT
Het aardewerk is op schaal 1:4 afgebeeld, tenzij anders aangegeven; de profielen van het handgevormde aardewerk zijn
wit, die van gedraaid aardewerk zijn zwart getekend.
Unless otherwise stated, the pottery is drawn to a scale of 1:4;
the profiles of hand-made pottery are represented in white,
of wheel-thrown pottery in black.
Staatsuitgeverij-'s-Gravenhage
ISBN 90 12 025666 4
REDACTIE
W.A. van Es, J.F. van Regteren Altena, P. J. Woltering
enW.C. Mank
Adres : Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig
Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, 3811 HE Amersfoort, Nederland
INHOUD
P. V O N S
INTRODUCTION
COINS
During 1972 members of the AWN Velsen group1 discovered a new site of Roman archaeological finds in Velsen
(fig. i), i km southeast of the known site of Roman
refuse near the Velsen tunnel under the North Sea
Canal. The terra sigillata found there might date the
beginning of this new site to the time of Tiberius;
potters' stamps were found from the region of Arezzo2
of Cn. Ateius, Xanthus, and others. Originally the site
was dated c. AD 15-30, but some later pieces of terra
sigillata pointed to the possibility of Roman presence
between AD 20-5 5.3
The above-mentioned new site is called Velsen I in
order to distinguish it chronologically from the more
northwestern site Velsen II, which, also on the grounds
of terra sigillata,4 dates from the Claudian period. Since
1972 the AWN Velsen group, together with the IFF,5 have
undertaken excavations on the new site Velsen I. Abundant finds have appeared and many rows of wooden
posts and post-discolorations have been unearthed.
Until now no castellum has been located but a configuration of rows of posts has been exposed which indicate
that a Roman harbour had existed on the bank of the
ancient course of the River IJ. Roman water-wells found
in the vicinity of the harbour strengthened the suspicion
that a Roman settlement could not be very far away.6
IDENTIFIABLE COINS
139
luck, two or three coins were separated from their coating of corrosion and this layer was partly instrumental
in identifying the find. A successful method seemed to
be to immerse the coin 'lump' in hot water and, after
expansion had taken place, to open it. In the spring
of 1975 this method was applied to a lightly corroded
plated denarius. The result was startling (photograph
2).11 The denarius was minted in the reign of Augustus
c. AD 13 (RIC 355). As a result of this success, coins
that had been discarded because research was thought
to be fruitless were examined once again.
The corroded 'lumps' were to be cut open and the coin
was to be extracted from between the front and back
layers of corrosion, even at the risk of sacrificing what
remained of the coin.
A coin 'lump' consists of two parts:
a a coin or the remains of one.
b the coating, sometimes thick, of oxide in which the
coin rests.
n
COIN LIST
A coin list was made based upon the coin book. The
coins are arranged according to denomination, and
placed in chronological order (date of issue), where this
information was available. Unidentified coins are listed
per denomination, and their numbers are recorded at
the end of the list.
12
L I S T OF R O M A N C O I N S F R O M V E L S E N I
13 For the list of Roman coins found at Velsen II, see Appendix (pp. 160 ff.).
No. Issued
Money er/Emperor
Reference
Remarks
L. Procili
?
C. ConsidiNoniani
Ancus Marcius
Marcus Antonius
Marcus Antonius
RRCjji
RRCjSot
RRC8&6
RRCyiy
RRCi2i2l
RRC 12121
plated; cmk.
plated
plated
plated
plated
plated
Augustus
RIC 327
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
RICH
RIC 306
fl/C 239/265
K/C 355
,R/C350t
.R7C350
.R7C350
REPUBLIC
i
2
3
4
5
6
denarii
80 BC
77 BC
57 BC
56 BC
32/3 I BC
32/31 BC
AUGUSTUS
aureus
7
8
9
10
n
I4/I2BC
denarii
30/27 BC
13
25/22 BC
25/22 BC
2BC-AD 14
2BC-AD 14
2BC-AD 14
14
2BC-AD 14
12
142
plated
plated; cmk.
plated
plated
plated
plated
plated
No. Issued
15
16
17
18
19
20
Reference
Remarks
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
RIC?
RIC^6o
RIC 360
7?7C36o
#70360
7?7C36o
RIC 360
7?7C36o
RIC 360
nemausus;half
altar I
altar I
altar I ; cmk.
altar I
altar I
altar I
altar I
altar I ; cmk. (2 x )
Augustus
7?7C368/370
or AD 14
Augustus
RIC 368/370
altar lib or He
semis
AD 10r l
or AD 14
Augustus
7?7C 3 6 7 /37i
altar II
Augustus
RIC 362
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
RIC 360/364/368/370
idem
idem
idem
idem
7?7Ci89
7?7Ci86t
7?7Ci89t
RIC 193/194
7?7Ci86
7?7Ci89
7?7C 1 87; 190/193
7?7C 189/192/193 or 194
7?7Ci86t
Tresviri IVb
Tresviri IVb ; cmk.
Tresviri IVb; cmk.
Tresviri IVb
Tresviri IVb; cmk.
Tresviri IVb; cmk.
Tresviri IVb ; cmk. (2 x )
Tresviri IVb; cmk. ; half
Tresviri IVb
Tresviri IVb or earlier; cmk.14
7?7Ci86t
RIdS6t
7?7Ci86t
7?7Ci86t
7?7Ci86t
7?7Ci86t
RIC?
RIC?
RIC?
RIC?
RIC?
cmk. : IMP
cmk. : rosette; half
cmk. : AVG
cmk,: A V ( ? )
asses
p
IOBC
24
IOBC
IOBC
IOBC
IOBC
IOBC
IOBC
IOBC
AD 1 0-1 1
25
AD IO-II
21
22
23
or AD 14
26
asses
27
AD IO-II
28
lOBCor
AD IO-II
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4i
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
14
or AD 14
idem
idem
idem
idem
RIC 1^6
143
No. Issued
Moneyer/Emperor
Reference
Remarks
RIC?
RIC?
A U G U S T U S or T I B E R I U S
asses
54
AD2l(?)
55
or earlier
AD 15-17
Augustus or
early Tiberius
Augustus/Tiberius
AUGUSTUS
quadrantes
56
3-2 BC
57
3-2BC
GALLIC IMITATION
quinarii
58
28-26 BC
imitation of BM C 647?
59
60
2BC-ADI4
RIC 352/354
CELTIC
61
GALLIENUS
antoninianus
62
AD 260/268
Gallienus
UNIDENTIFIED COINS
I denarius
19 asses
15 half asses
9 quadrantes
RECAPITULATION
11
I
3
i
106
144
AUREUS
DENARII, ALL PLATED, TWO WITH MARKS
ASSES, OF WHICH 21 HALF AND 17 WITH CMK.
SEMIS
After closing the manuscript the following rornan 'coin-lumps' of Velsen I are opened and identified:
No. Issued
Money er/Emperor
Reference
Remarks
RRC948
plated
plated
RRCi2i2t
plated
REPUBLIC
denarii
I38BC
63
64
48 BC
65
32/31 BC
Cn. Geli
C.VibiusC.F.
C.N.Pansa
Marcus Antonius
AUGUSTUS
66
denarii
i SBC
2 BC-AD 14
2 BC-AD 14
2 BC-AD 14
P. Petronius Turpilianus
Augustus
Augustus
Augustus
RIC 104/107
67
68
69
jo
dupondii
AD 10-14
Augustus
7?7C 362/366/370
71
asses
IOBC
Augustus
72
73
74
75
RIC 3 50
RIC 350
350/356
plated
plated
plated
altar I
RIC 197
RIC?
RIC?
POSTUMUS
76
antomnianus
AD 259-268
Postumus
SeabyVolIV336at
plated
145
77
BC
57
56 32
BC
BC
31 30 - 27 25 - 22 14 - 12
BC
BC
BC
AUREUS
07
RIC 327
DENARII
01
RRC771
02
RRC780
type
03
RRC886
04
RRC 919
05
RRC1212
type
06
RRC 1212
type
08
RIC 1
type
09
RIC 306
10
RIC 239
or 265
11
RIC 355
12
RIC 350
type
13
RIC 350
14
RIC 350
ANTONINIANUS
62
RIC 57
Vol. V
146
2 BCAD 14
AD
260 268
GALLIC
before
AES,
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
EC
10
0.
A CD
2
12
10
14
16
18
20
Nemausus
Altar I
Altar II b,c
m M MI
M M
MJ
Mi
Ml
Ml Ml
Altar Ila
A l t a r I Ila b c
mm mi ma l mm mm i
mm m mt mm m mm l mm
ma
mM mi m mm mm
mm m mm <
mm
mi M Ml
mm mm mm*
-.
mm
._.
mm
Ml
Ml HI Ml
..-
Ml Ml
_.
Tresviri IVb
Tresviri
Ml
HI m m M
mm
m m Ml
m mm
m m Ml
ma m *
m M Mi
c m k . AUG
cmk. IMP
c m k . rosette
c m k . AUG
c m k . AV?
cmk TIB
c m k . CAESAR
quadrante
--
mm m mm
Mr MI
mi mm
Gallic imitatn.
Celtic
MX
<- -
Ml
) IB
m mm
MB 1 M Ml
M H
mm mm
mm mt m
MB * Ml
,-
C O U N T E R M A R K S ON R O M A N COINS, V E L S E N I
com type :
obverse :
Altar I
23
Altar I
iT B
28
Altar I or II
Altar I or II
34
Tresviri IVb
Agrippa
35
Tresviri IVb
Agrippa
37
Tresviri IVb
Tullus
// \'
unidentifiable
38
39
40
148
unidentifiable
Tresviri IVb
Agrippa
Tresviri IVb
Otho
Tresviri IVb"
half
C O U N T E R M A R K S ON R O M A N C O I N S , V E L S E N I
obverse:
obverse or reverse:
coin type :
42
Tresviri IVb15
46
Tresviri?
49
unknown
unknown
51
unknown; half
52
unknown
53
unknown
54
unknown
15
C O U N T E R M A R K S ON R O M A N COINS, V E L S E N I
obverse :
obverse or reverse :
com type :
unknown
probably
Tresviri; half
18
unidentifiable
Altar I
47
2 small cmk's
unidentifiable
Tresviri?
Measurements countermarks
No.
23
23
28
3i
34
35
37
38
39
40
42
46
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
150
length x width in mm
9x
7x
8 x
10 X
9x
IO X
10 X
7x
12 X
II X
18 x
< 13 x
12 X
6x
8x
9 x
II X
8x
9 x
5
4
5
9
8
8
8
6
8
7
5
<5
6
4
<3
5
6
6
6
03
C
OJ
a
Velsen I
Oberaden18
Haltern19
Oberhausen 20
Neuss-Sels21
Valkenburg 22
Hofheim 23
c
o
tH
03
'a
o
50
14
5-4
4-3
13
2.9
o
699
1.6
14
86
101
12
2IO
222
109
2421
301
3
i
i
-
2533
44
77
ii
2718
50
688
346
2796
denarii
Velsen I
Oberaden18
Haltern19
Oberhausen20
Neuss-Sels21
Hofheim 23
10
66
43
58
n
43
i
19
-
no
no
no
no25
yes
i
151
Total denarii
Velsen I
Oberaden18
Haltern19
Oberhausen20
Neuss-Sels21
Vindonissa 22
Hofheim 23
14
12
109
44
77
154
ii
Total plated
14
15
17
12
23
>I
27
%
100
28 BC :
20 or soon after:
19-15:
I o:
8 or soon after:
3-2:
AD 10ii:
14:
14
39
16
15
>IO
TABLE VI
Velsen I
Republican
Local Gallic
Celtic
3
i
I
II
NEMAUSUS
Oberaden
Haltern
Oberhausen
Neuss-Sels
Vindonissa
I2BC-9/8
1 1 BC-AD 9
1 5 BC-AD 14/17
20/I5BC-C.AD35
AD- 1 7-1 00
I
3
4
403
73
660
III
10
517
47
30
65
44.
26
41
12
III
I or II
uncertain
32
33
Total
143
38
26
199
176
> 55
123
9i
476
Ila
lib
He
IIb,c
uncertain
3
5
5
135
69
47
274
250
200
Total
17
328**
127
239
1316
10
29
6
42
3
10
M
185
32
26
25
96
488
301
48
1 06
134
988
41
96
35
4
199
LUGDUNUM
(Altar)
Ia,b
IIa,b
s=27 3
TRESVIRI
(Moneyers) IVa,b
uncertain
9
7
Total
16
65
46
213
418
301
744
2696
42
1017
153
154
percentage of Italian issues which are found is an indication of the lateness of initial occupation.
If Velsen I is added to this list, then the 22 Gallic and
the 16 Italian asses give 42% to Italian issues. If part
of Well's table is used and Velsen is added, the results
are:
Oberaden
Haltern
Neuss-Sels
6%
II"o
Oberhausen
Vindonissa
Velsen I
42%
51%
42%
16%
n%
24%
11 Countermarks
A survey of the Velsen I countermarks can be found
on pages 14810 150. Approximately 44% of the identified
bronze coins are countermarked. However, the identification of a countermark does not always lead to the
identification of the coin bearing it.
Although various numismatists question the date of
application and the purpose of countermarks, in general
it can be stated that the Velsen I countermarks origina-
38
39
Moneyer
asses
Nijmegen
Neuss-Sels
Neuss-Lager
Vindonissa
Hofheim
Velsen I
125
129
26
945
32
14
CAESAR
monograms
64
37
8
20
5
c. 6
/(>
50
29
30
2
15
c. 40
b IMP
The countermark IMP is, in general, viewed as being
Augustan. Kraay 45 observes that in Oberaden, which
ended in 9/8 BC, a coin was found with the countermark
IMP. Later authors think in terms of Claudius or Nero.46
c AVG, AVC, and AV.
A number of coins from Haltern (abandoned in AD 9)
which bear the countermarks AV and AVG, are listed.
These countermarks were manifestly still in use during
the late Augustan period.
d EUl and ( i ) With regard to this countermark, Kraay writes: 'The
countermarks TIB, TIB-IM and TIB-AVG differ from
Caesar in that they occur both on the issues of the
moneyers of Augustus and, though less commonly, on
the altar coins of Lugdunum. In addition to these two
main series, there are, as with Caesar, a few later coins
which bring the terminal date down to AD 22-23. '47
40
41
nur
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
I56
157
30.
APPENDIX
The Identification of Coins from Velsen II
1 Twenty-eight Roman coins found at Velsen II in 1964 were
heavily oxidized as were those coins found during the excavation campaign at Velsen I. Only one denarius and two dupodii
were exceptions.
A few coins had already been examined by the Royal Coin
Cabinet and the IPP,1 Amsterdam. The research was continued
by the author using the same methods as were applied to the
coins from Velsen I. Of the 28 coins, 25 could be indentified
(see Coin List Velsen II, p. oo).
2 The coins had been lost on the reedy bank of the ancient
course of the River IJ, then probably a northern tributary of
the Rhine. They were found distributed over all excavation
trenches. In one place (less then i m2) eight Roman asses were
found together, which supports the impression that these coins
were all lost at the same time and that either all or part of
the contents of a purse was lost (see 3).
3 The finds from the trenches were assembled for each square
metre. In trench E, square H 15 a (= i m2) eight asses were
found together. They are:
T A B L E IX
Number
Emperor
Denomination
3
6-9
Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Moneyer Tullus
193
Provident
p. 95/96
Germanicus
44/45 or 46
Minerva
66
21
24,25
RIC
These coins could not have been lost earlier than the Claudian
period. Because both Claudian coins found were barbarous,
and if coin drift is taken into account, it is plausible that they
were lost after AD 54.2
It is striking that this coin find (treasure trove) consists only
of non-countermarked asses, without sestertii or dupondii.
4 Three Agrippa asses were found (nos. 10-12) which according to many numismatists are from the reign of Caligula.
Rodewald,3 echoing the opinion of a large number of numisma-
8 Denarii
The apparently unplated shiny denarius no. i from Velsen II
was already identified in 1964 by the Royal Coin Cabinet, The
Hague (letter dated 28.5.64 no. 722 to the Institute of Preand Protohistory, Amsterdam). There was, therefore, no point
in trying to open this denarius just to see whether or not it
was plated.
After Professor J.E. Bogaers, University of Nijmegen, pointed
out how light-weight the denarius was (2.5122 gr.) and asked
if it had perhaps been plated, it appeared, after a small hole
had been drilled, that it was not plated. The Central Laboratory
of the Van Gelder Paper Works, Velsen, analysed the metal
borings and determined the specific gravity.
Their report dated 24.10.77 was surprising: S.G. 6.61, and 'The
coin is composed mainly of tin.' Thus it was not a silver denarius
but a shiny counterfeit tin 'denarius'. Subsequent research on
the coin showed that there were
a some pouring cavities, and
b scars, occasioned by the removal of the pouring channel,
on the edge of the coin.
The deduction to be made at present from all the denarii found
at Velsen I and II is that, with the exception of the abovementioned tin coin, all other denarii were plated. Moreover,
the Gallienic antoninianus is plated. If Crawford, in his article
'Plated coins - false coins,'6 is to be believed, then all denarii
from Velsen I and II are counterfeit. This is difficult to accept.
Velsen would then have been a place selected for counterfeit
silver coins. For in the middle of the third century, in the reign
of either Gallienus or Postumus, a plated, therefore counterfeit,
antoninianus was deposited by a visitor.
TABLE x
-a
a
o
a
TS
T3
en
W
"
O
41
Arrangement
according
7?7C
Republic
Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Total
treasure
trove
8 asses
'stray coins'
D( = B-C)
Agrippa
added to
Caligula
Caligula cmk.
added to
Claudius
3
7
n
4
i
10
13
12
15
15
15
7
9
3
7
n
25
23
5
6
159
No. Issued
Moneyer/Emperor
Reference
Remarks
?
T, Carisius
>
Cr. 464/2
M. Maecilius Tullus
Augustus
RIC 193
7?7Ci97
RIC 368/370
altar 1 1
Tiberius
Tiberius
Tiberius
Tiberius
Tiberius
Tiberius
Tiberius
7?7Cp.95/6
7?7Cp.95/6
7?7Cp. 95/6
7?7Cp.95/6
7?7C32
RIC32
RIC32
Provident
Provident
Provident
Provident
Agrippa
Agrippa
Agrippa
7J7C 30/31/32
RIC 30
RIC 30
RIC30
RIC 30
7?7C44
7?7C44
7?7C44
RIC 44/45/46
Vesta
Vesta
Vesta
Vesta
Vesta
Germanicus
Germanicus; cmk.
Germanicus; cmk.
Germanicus
REPUBLIC
denarii
i
2
BEFORE 89 BC
56 BC
AUGUSTUS
asses
3
4
5
3-2 BC
3-2 BC
AD IO-II
or AD 14
TIBERIUS
6
7
8
9
10
u
12
after AD 22
after AD 22
after AD 22
after AD 22
late Tib.?
late Tib.?
late Tib.?
CALIGULA
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
17
AD 3 7-4 1
18
19
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
Caligula
dupondii
AD 3 7-4 1
AD 3 7-4 1
Galigula
Caligula
7?7Cp.96/8
7?7Cp.96/8
Divus Augustus
Divus Augustus
Claudius
Claudius
7?7C66
7?7C66
Minerva
Minerva
13
14
15
16
20
21
22
23
CLAUDIUS
24
25
AD 4 1-54
AD 41-54
R O M A N C O I N S O F V E L S E N II
EMPEROR
moneyer
REPUBLIC
before
80
REPUBLIC
1
?
2 T.Carisius
AUGUSTUS
3 Tullus
4 Volusus
5 Altar II
TIBERIUS
6 Provident
7
8
9
10 Agrippa
11
12
CALIGULA
13 Vesta
14
15
16
17
18 Germanicus
19
20
21
22 Divus Aug.
23
CLAUDIUS
24 Minerva
25
Craw.
den ?
den 4 6 4 / 2 RIC
as 193
as 197
as 368/370
TIBERIUS
14 . 37
AUGUSTUS
27 BC. AD 14
BC | AD
56
10-14
CALIGULA CLAUDIUS
37. 41
41 - 54
37. 41
41 - 54
cmk.
after
22
37
mm
mm
ma
b)
mm
__
as p. 9 5 / 6
as
95/6
as
95/6
as
95/6
as
32
as
32
as
32
b)
b)
b)
b)
mmmm
mmmm.
mmmm
m.
mm
mm
as
30
as
30
as
30
as
30 ?
as 30/31/32
as
44
as
44
as
44
as 4 4 / 4 6
dupp. 9 6 / 8
dupp. 9 6 / 8
as
as
mmmm
mmmm
mmmm
mmmmm
_
_
mmmm
--a)
TiNIM
- - a)
CA
b)
mmmm
mmmm
mmmm.
66
66
i: -__
b)
b)
2
11
(9)
2 (4)
161
CONCLUSION
With the omission of the eight asses found together (see paragraph 3), only fifteen asses remain - small number with which
to make comparisons with other sites and from which to draw
conclusions. However, it can indicate a trend. The renewal and
strengthening of Velsen I (Velsen II) was undoubtedly
undertaken in connection with the activities on the northern
frontier of the empire which was the materialization of the
ancient dream to extend the imperial frontier from the Rhine
to the Elbe.
The identified coins of column F, Table X, p. 159, together
with
a the peak of Caligula coins (12 out of 15),
b the operation of coin drift, if any, and
c the historical facts, means that Velsen II was established
during the reign of Claudius. The only possibility being that
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
C O U N T E R M A R K S O N T W O C O I N S O F C A L I G U L A FROM V E L S E N I I
obverse
com type
NIM
Germanicus
reverse
Germanicus
20
Measurements countermarks
162
No.
length x width in mm
19
20
I5X4
?x6
REFERENCES
31
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