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Speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of its
position); it is thus a scalar quantity.
Velocity is the rate of change of the position of an object, equivalent to a
specification of its speed and direction of motion, for example, 60 km/h to the
north.
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time,
v = s/t
where v is velocity and s is the displacement vector.
Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time. An
object's acceleration is the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, as
described by Newton's Second Law. The SI unit for acceleration is the meter per
second squared (m/s^2). Accelerations are vector quantities.
If the speed of the car decreases, this is acceleration in the opposite direction,
sometimes called deceleration. There is no separate formula for deceleration,
as both are changes in velocity.
Average acceleration over a period of time is the change in velocity divided by
the duration of the period;
a = v-u
t
where a is acceleration, v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity and t is the
duration of the period.
Velocity:
If a cyclist in the Tour de France traveled southwest a distance of 12,250 meters
in one hour, what would the velocity of the cyclist be?
Answer:
The 1 hour has to be converted to seconds.
v = 12,250 m = 3.83 m/s southwest
3,200 s
s = ut + at^2
Buoyant force is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of
an immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a
result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus a column of fluid, or an object
submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom of the column
than at the top. This difference in pressure results in a net force that tends to
accelerate an object upwards.
Density; p = pf - pg. Here pf is the density of the fluid and pg is density of the
body.
Hence the formula can also be given as
F = (pf pg) gV
Archimedes principle formula is helpful in finding the buoyant force, volume of
displaced body, density of body or density of fluid if some of these quantities are
known.
Problem solving:
Question 1: A ball of mass 2 kg having diameter of 50 cm falls in the swimming pool. Calculate
its buoyant force and volume of water displaced.
Solution:
Given: Mass of water, m = 2 kg,
Diameter of ball, d = 0.5 m r = 0.25 m
Volume of sphere V =
r3
=
0.253
= 0.0208 m3
Hence the density is given by
=
=
= 96 kg/m3.
g Vdisp
Question 2: If a stone of mass 250 g is thrown in water. Calculate the buoyant force acting on it?
Solution:
Given: Mass of stone m = 0.25 kg,
The buoyant force is given by F = mg
= 0.25 9.8
= 2.45 N.
Hence 2.45 N of upward force is acting on the stone.