1.

Lesson 10: The non-homogeneous case

Find the general solutions of the following differential equations
Exercise 10.1.
y 00 3y 0 + 2y = sin x
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
y 00 3y 0 + 2y = 0.
Considering the algebraic equation
m2 3m + 2 = 0,
we have the roots m = 1 and m = 2. Therefore, there is the root
c1 ex + c2 e2x
of this equation. Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous
differential equation, assuming that it is
f (x) = a1 sin x + a2 cos x.
Our task is to find constants a1 and a2 . By differentiating we obtain
f 0 (x) = a1 cos x a2 sin x,
f 00 (x) = a1 sin x a2 cos x.
Thus, we have the equations
a1 3a2 + 2a1 = 1,
a2 + 3a1 + 2a2 = 0,
or
a1 + 3a2 = 1,
a2 3a1 = 0
We obtain a1 = 0.1, a2 = 0.3. Therefore, the final solution of the equation is
y = 0.1 sin x + 0.3 cos x + c1 ex + c2 e2x .
Exercise 10.2.
y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = 1 + x2 .
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = 0
Consider the associated algebraic equation
m2 + 2m + 2 = 0.
The roots are m1 = 1+i, m2 = 1i. Therefore the solution of this homogeneous
equation is
ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x).
Let us now find a partial solution of non-homogeneous equation in the form
f (x) = a0 x2 + a1 x + a2 .
We have
f 0 (x) = 2a0 x + a1 ,
f 00 (x) = 2a0 .
1

Therefore,
2a0 + 2a1 + 2a2 = 1,
4a0 + 2a1 = 0,
2a0 = 1.
We obtain a0 = 0.5, a1 = 1, a2 = 1. The final solution is
y = 1 x + 0.5x2 + ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x).
Exercise 10.3.
y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = x 2e2x .
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = 0.
The associated algebraic equation is
m2 + 4m + 4 = 0.
The roots of this equation are m1,2 = 2. Therefore the solution of homogeneous
equation is
c1 e2x + c2 xe2x .
Then, the partial solution of the non-homogeneous equation has the following representation
f (x) = a0 x + a1 + a2 e2x .
Then,
f 0 (x) = a0 + 2a2 e2x ,
f 00 (x) = 4a2 e2x .
We have
4a2 + 8a2 + 4a2 = 2
That is

1
a2 = .
8

Next,

4a0 = 1,
1
a0 = ,
4

and

The final solution is

4a0 + 4a1 = 0,
1
a1 = .
4
1 x 1
y = + e2x + c1 e2x + c2 xe2x .
4 4 8

Exercise 10.4.
y 00 + 4y 0 + 8y = x ex .
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
y 00 + 4y 0 + 8y = 0.
The associated algebraic equation is
m2 + 4m + 8 = 0.

The roots of this equation are m1,2 = 2 2i. Therefore the solution of homogeneous equation is
e2x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x).
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous equation as
f (x) = a0 x + a1 + a2 ex .
We have
f 0 (x) = a0 + a2 ex ,
f 00 (x) = a2 ex .
Therefore

Next,

a2 + 4a2 + 8a2 = 1,
1
a2 = .
13
8a0 = 1,
1
a0 = ,
8

and
4a0 + 8a1 = 0,
1
a1 = .
16
The final solution of the differential equation is
x
1
1
y=
ex + e2x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x).
8 16 13
Exercise 10.5.
y 00 6y 0 + 9y = ex sin x.
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
y 00 6y 0 + 9y = 0.
The solution of the associated algebraic equation
m2 6m + 9 = 0
is m1,2 = 3. Therefore the solution of the homogeneous equation is
c1 e3x + c2 xe3x .
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation
in the form
f (x) = ex (a1 sin x + a2 cos x).
We have
f 0 (x) = ex (a1 sin x + a2 cos x) + ex (a1 cos x a2 sin x)
= ex ([a1 a2 ] sin x + [a1 + a2 ] cos x).
f 00 (x) = ex ([a1 a2 ] sin x + [a1 + a2 ] cos x) + ex ([a1 a2 ] cos x [a1 + a2 ] sin x)
= ex (2a2 sin x + 2a1 cos x).
Therefore we have the following
2a2 6a1 + 6a2 + 9a1 = 1,
2a1 6a1 6a2 + 9a2 = 0.

After reduction
3a1 + 4a2 = 1,
3a2 4a1 = 0,
and we obtain

3
,
25
4
.
a2 =
25
Then, the final solution of the non-homogeneous equation is

3
4
sin x +
cos x + c1 e3x + c2 xe3x .
y = ex
25
25
Exercise 10.6.
y 00 4y 0 + 3y = x3 .
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
a1 =

y 00 4y 0 + 3y = 0.
The roots of associate algebraic equation
m2 4m + 3 = 0
are m1 = 1 and m2 = 3. Therefore the solution of homogeneous differential equation
is
c1 ex + c2 e3x .
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation
as
f (x) = a0 x3 + a1 x2 + a2 x + a3 .
We have
f 0 (x) = 3a0 x2 + 2a1 x + a2 ,
f 00 (x) = 6a0 x + 2a1 .
Therefore,
3a0 = 1,
and
a0 =

1
.
3

Next,
3a1 12a0 = 0,
therefore
a1 =

4
.
3

Next,
3a2 8a1 + 6a0 = 0,
therefore
a2 =

26
,
9

and
3a3 4a2 + 2a1 = 0,
80
a3 =
.
27

The solution of the differential equation is

80 26
4
1
y=
+ x + x2 + x3 + c1 ex + c2 e3x .
27
9
3
3
Exercise 10.7.
8y 00 + 4y 0 + y = sin x 2 cos x.
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
8y 00 + 4y 0 + y = 0.
The roots of associate algebraic equation
8m2 + 4m + 1 = 0
are m1 = 0.25 + 0.25i and m2 = 0.25 0.25i. Therefore the solution of homogeneous differential equation is

x
x
ex/4 c1 cos + c2 sin
.
4
4
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation
as
f (x) = a1 sin x + a2 cos x.
We have
f 0 (x) = a1 cos x a2 sin x,
f 00 (x) = a1 sin x a2 cos x.
Therefore
7a1 4a2 = 1
7a2 + 4a1 = 2
Thus,
3
a1 = ,
13
2
a2 =
,
13
and the solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation is

2
3
x
x
y=
cos x
sin x + ex/4 c1 cos + c2 sin
.
13
13
4
4
Exercise 10.8.
4y 00 + 4y 0 + y = ex 2 cos 2x.
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
4y 00 + 4y 0 + y = 0.
The roots of associate algebraic equation
4m2 + 4m + 1 = 0
are m1,2 = 0.5, and the solution of homogeneous equation is
c1 ex/2 + c2 xex/2 .
Let us now find the partial solution of non-homogeneous differential equation as
f (x) = a0 ex + a1 sin 2x + a2 cos 2x.
We have
f 0 (x) = a0 ex + 2a1 cos 2x 2a2 sin 2x,

f 00 (x) = a0 ex 4a1 sin 2x 4a2 cos 2x.

Therefore
4a0 + 4a0 + a0 = 1,
and
a0 =

1
.
9

Next,
15a1 8a2 = 0,
8a1 15a2 = 2.
Then

30
,
289
16
a1 =
.
289
The solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation is
30
16
1 x
e +
cos 2x
sin 2x + c1 ex/2 + c2 xex/2 .
9
289
289
Exercise 10.9.
y 00 + y = 3 cos x.
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
a2 =

y 00 + y = 0.
The roots of associate algebraic equation
m2 + 1 = 0
are m1,2 = i, and the solution of homogeneous equation is
c1 cos x + c2 sin x.
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation
as
f (x) = a1 x cos x + a2 x sin x.
We have
f 0 (x) = a1 x sin x + a2 x cos x + a1 cos x + a2 sin x,
f 00 (x) = a1 x cos x a2 x sin x a1 cos x a2 sin x a1 sin x + a2 cos x.
Therefore,
2a2 = 3,
2a1 = 0,
and

3
,
2
a1 = 0.
The final solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation is
3
y = x sin x + c1 cos x + c2 sin x.
2
Exercise 10.10.
y 00 + y = ex + 3 cos x.
a2 =

Solution. As in Exercise 9.9, the solution of homogeneous differential equation

is
c1 cos x + c2 sin x.
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation
as
f (x) = a1 x cos x + a2 x sin x + a3 ex .
We have
f 0 (x) = a1 x sin x + a2 x cos x + a1 cos x + a2 sin x + a3 ex ,
f 00 (x) = a1 x cos x a2 x sin x a1 sin x + a2 cos x a1 sin x + a2 cos x + a3 ex ,
Therefore,
1
a3 = ,
2
and
2a1 = 0,
2a2 = 3.
That is,
a1 = 0,
3
a2 = .
2
The solution is
1
3
y = ex + x sin x + c1 cos x + c2 sin x.
2
2
Exercise 10.11.
y 00 3y 0 + 2y = 2 + ex .
Solution. Let us first find the solution of the homogeneous equation
y 00 3y 0 + 2y = 0.
The roots of associate algebraic equation
m2 3m + 2 = 0
are m1 = 1, m2 = 2, and the solution of homogeneous equation is
c1 ex + c2 e2x .
Let us now find the partial solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation
as
f (x) = a0 x2 + a1 x + a2 + a3 xex .
We have
f 0 (x) = 2a0 x + a1 + a3 xex + a3 ex ,
f 00 (x) = 2a0 + a3 xex + 2a3 ex .
Therefore,
a3 = 1.
Next,
2a0 3a1 + 2a2 = 2,
a0 = 0,
2a0 + a1 = 0
That is
a1 = 0,

a2 = 1.
The solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation is
y = 1 xex + c1 ex + c2 e2x .
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