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Content
* Level - 1
* Level - 2
* Level - 3

UNIT - 3
Application of Derivatives

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 1 (Objective)

dy
1. Clearly = tan θ ⇒ Slope of normal = − cot θ
dx
Equation of normal at 'θ' is y − (a sin θ − θ cos θ) = − cot θ( x − a (cos θ + θ sin θ) )
⇒ y sin θ − a sin 2 θ + aθ cos θ sin θ = − x cos θ + a cos 2 θ + a θ sin θ cos θ ⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a
Clearly this is an equation of straight line which is at a constant distance ‘a’ from origin.
dy  dy 
2. y = e2x ⇒ = 2e 2 x ⇒  dx  = 2
dx ( 0 ,1)

∴ Tangent at (0, 1) is y - 1

= 2(x - 0) or 2x - y + 1 = 0.
1
It meets x-axis where y = 0 ⇒ 2x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − .
2
 1 
∴ Required point is  − 2 , 0  .
 
dy dy dy
3. y = x3 ⇒ = 3x 2 ⇒ = 3 and = 3.
dx dx x = −1 dx x =1

Hence tangents are parallel.

x3 dy 3x 2
4. y= ⇒ = .
8a 2 dx 8a 2
8a 2 2
∴ Slope of normal = − 2
= − (given)
3x 3
⇒ x 2 = 4a 2 ⇒ x = 2a (Q x > 0 in first quadrant)

(2a )3
∴y= =a .
8a 2
∴ Required point is (2a, a).
5. Let (x1, y1) be the required point.
dy
∴ = 2( x − 3)
dx
∴ Slope of tangent at (x1, y1) = 2(x1 - 3). Also, slope of chord joining (3, 0) and (4, 1) is
1− 0
=1
4−3
7
∴ 2( x 1 − 3) =1 ⇒ x1 =
2

7 1
2
7  1
∴ y1 = ( x1 − 3) =  − 3  = ∴ Required point is  2 , 4  .
2

2  4  

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 dy dy
6. 2y = 3 − x 2 ⇒ 2 = −2 x ⇒ = −x
dx dx

1
⇒ Slope of normal =
x

1
∴ Slope of normal at (1, 1) = =1
1
Equation of normal is y - 1 = 1(x - 1) ⇒ x - y = 0.
dy
7. Tangent is parallel to x-axis if =0 .
dx

dy
⇒ dθ = 0 ⇒
dy dx
= 0 and ≠0
dx dθ dθ
dθ

d  3 sin 2θ 
∴   = 0 ⇒ 3 cos 2θ = 0 .
dθ  2 

π π
⇒ 2θ = ⇒θ = .
2 4

Also for θ = π , dx = eθ (sin θ + cos θ) ≠ 0 .

4 dθ

dy
8. = x−2
dx
∴ By given condition.
x - 2 = -2(x - 2) ⇒ x = 2.

n −1
1x
n −1 n −1 −  
b n . x n −1
n n
x y nx n  y  dy dy aa
9.   +  = 2 ⇒   +   =0 ⇒ = = − n n −1
a b aa b  b  dx dx 1  y  n −1 a .y
 
bb

dy b n a n −1 b
∴ At (a, b), = − n n −1 = −
dx a b a

b
∴ Tangent at (a, b) is y - b = − ( x − a )
a

y x x y
⇒ − 1 = − + 1⇒ + = 2
b a a b
which is independent of n.

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 dy
10. = 6 − 2x
dx

dy
∴ = 0⇒x = 3.
dx
∴ y = 18 − 9 = 9
∴ Point is (3, 9).
11. y = ax2 - 6x + b passes thorugh (0, 2)
∴ 2=0-0+b
⇒ b=2
dy
= 2ax − 6
dx

dy 3
∴ = 2a   − 6 = 3a − 6 .
dx x=
3 2
2

Since tangent is parallel to x-axis.

dy
∴ =0⇒a =2.
dx x=
3
2

dx
12. = 2t,
dt

dx
Tangent is perpendicular to x-axis if = 0⇒ t = 0 .
dt
13. Let the point be ( α, β )

∴ β = be−α / a ...... (1) (Q the point lies on the curve)

dy b
Also, = − e−x / a
dx a

 dy  b β
⇒  = − e−α / a = − [By (1)]
 dx  (α ,β ) a α

y x α x y α
⇒ − +1 = − ⇒ + = 1+
β a a a β a

x y
Comparing with + = 1, we get
a b

α
β = b, 1 + =1 ⇒ α = 0
a
∴ Point is (0, b).

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14. For the point (2, -1)
2 = t2 + 3t - 8 ⇒ t2 + 3t - 10 = 0 ⇒ t = 2, -5 and -1 = 2t2 - 2t - 5 ⇒ 2t2 - 2t - 4 = 0
⇒ t2 - t - 2 = 0 ⇒ t = 2, -1
∴ Common solution is t = 2

dy
dy dt 4t − 2 6
= = = for t = 2.
dx dx 2 t + 3 7
dt

15. Coordinates of the point P are (at2, 2at).

dy
Differentiating y2 = 4ax ⇒ 2 y = 4a
dx

dy 2a dy 2a 1
⇒ dx = y ⇒ dx = 2at = t .
P

∴ Equation of tangent is
1
y − 2at = ( x − at 2 ) ⇒ x − yt + at 2 = 0 .
t

dy dy 1
16. y2 = x ⇒ 2y =1 ⇒ = = tan 450 = 1 (given )
dx dx 2 y

1
⇒ y=
2

1
∴ x=
4

1 1
∴ Point is  4 , 2  .
 

x 2 y2
17. The given line x + y = a.... (1) is tangent to the ellipse + = 1 ..... (2) if it intersects the ellipse at a
9 16
unique point.
Using (1) in (2), we get

x2 1
+ (a − x ) 2 = 1⇒16 x 2 + 9(a − x ) 2 = 144 .
9 16
⇒ 25x2 - 18ax + 9a2 - 144 = 0.
∴ Its discriminant is zero.
∴ (18a)2 - 4 × 25 × (9a2 - 144) = 0
⇒ 18 × 18a2 - 4 × 25 × 9(a2 - 16) = 0
⇒ 16a2 = 400
⇒ a = ± 5.

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 dy dy
18. y = sin x ⇒ = cos x ⇒ =1
dx dx ( 0, 0 )

∴ Slope of normal is -1
∴ Equation of normal is y - 0 = -1(x - 0) ⇒ x + y = 0.
dx dy dy 2a 1
19. = 2at , = 2a ⇒ = =
dt dt dx 2at t

1
⇒ = ∞ ⇒ t = 0 ⇒ point is (0, 0).
t

dy dx
20. = 3a sin 2 t cos t , = − 3a cos 2 t sin t .
dt dt

dy 3a sin 2 t cos t sin t

⇒ =− 2
=−
dx 3a cos t sin t cos t

sin t
∴ Equation of tangent is y − a sin t = − ( x − a cos 3 t ) .
3

cos t
⇒ x sin t + y cos t = a sin t cos t (cos2t + sin2 t).
Divide by sin t cos t and get (b).
dy
21. y = x2 ⇒ = 2 x ⇒ m1 = 2
dx

dy 1 1
6y = 7 − x 3 ⇒ = − ⇒ m2 = −
dx 2 2
∴ m1m2 = -1 at (1, 1)
π
⇒ θ= .
2

22. Solving y = 4 - x2 and y = x2, the point of intersection is ( )

2, 2 .
m1 = slope of tangent = 2 2
m2 = slope of tangent = − 2 2

4 2 4 2
∴ tan θ = =
1− 8 7 .

23. x 2 − y2 = p ........ (1)

q
xy = q or y = .......... (2)
x

dy x
Differentiating (1), =
dx y

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 dy q
Differentiating (2), =− 2
dx x

x −q q −q
∴ Product of slopes = y × x 2 = − xy = q = −1 (by (2))

π
⇒ angle is .
2
24. x3 - 3xy2 + 2 = 0 ..... (1)
2 3
3x y - y - 2 = 0 ..... (2)
Differentiating (1) and (2), w.r.t. x, we get

dy  x 2 − y2
m1 = =
dx  From (1) 2 xy

dy  − 2 xy
m2 =  = 2
dx  From ( 2 ) x − y 2
Since m1m2 = -1, curves cut at right angles.
25. A(bt12 , 2bt1 ), B(bt 22 , 2bt 2 )

dy
y 2 = 4bx ⇒ 2 y = 4b
dx

 dy  2b 1
∴ Slope of tangent at A =   = =
 dx  A 2bt1 t 1

2bt 2 − 2bt1
∴ Slope of AB =
bt 22 − bt12

 2bt 2 − 2bt1   1 
∴     = − 1
2  
 bt 2 − bt1   t1 

⇒ 2t 2 − 2 t1 = − t1 ( t 22 − t 2 )

2
⇒ t2 = − − t1 .
t1

dy 18 9
26. =2⇒ =2⇒ y=
dx 2y 2

9
∴ y 2 = 18x ⇒ x =
8

9 9
∴ Point is  8 , 2  .
 

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27. f ′′( x ) = 6( x − 1)

 x2 
′
⇒ f ( x ) = 6 − x  + C
 2 
Since f ′( 2) = 3 = C, (slope of tangent at (2, 1) = 3)

∴ f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3

⇒ f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x + d
It passes through (2, 1), therefore f(2) = 1 ⇒ d = -1
∴ f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1 = ( x − 1) 3 .

dx dy
28. = − a sin θ, = a cos θ
dθ dθ

dx
∴− = tan θ
dy

sin θ
∴ Equation of normal at θ is y − a sin θ = [ x − a (1 + cos θ)]
cos θ
⇒ ( x − a ) sin θ − y cos θ = 0
∴ It passes through the point of intersection of lines x - a and y = 0.
∴ It passes through the point (a, 0).
29. Let f ′( x ) = 6ax 2 + 6bx + 6c

⇒ f ( x ) = 2ax 3 + 3bx + 6cx + d

Here, f(0) = d = f(1)
⇒ f ′( x ) = 0 , will have at least one root in (0, 1)
∴ 6ax2 + 6bx + 6c = 0 will have at least one root in (0, 1)
∴ ax2 + bx + c = 0 will have at least one root in (0, 1).

30. As f(1) = -2 and f ′( x ) ≥ 2 ∀ x ∈[1, 6]

Applying Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
f (6) − f (1)
= f ′(c) ≥ 2
5
⇒ f (6) ≥ 10 + f (1)
⇒ f (6) ≥10 − 2
⇒ f ( 6) ≥ 8 .

 1 
31. Here, f (1) = f (3) and f ′ 2 + =0
 3
⇒ a + b + 11 - 6 = 27a + 9b + 33 - 6 and

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 2
 1   1 
3a  2 +  + 2b 2 +  + 11 = 0
 3  3

 1 4  2b
⇒ 26a + 8b = -22 and 3a  4 + +  + 4b + = −11
 3 3 3

 2 
⇒ 13a + 4b = -11 and a (13 + 4 3 ) + b 4 +  = −11
 3

2
⇒ 13a + 4b = -11 and 4 3a + b=0
3
⇒ 13a + 4b = -11 and 12a + 2b = 0
⇒ 13a + 4b = -11 and 6a + b = 0
Solving we get, a = 1, b = -6.

4
32. Here f(1) = f(2) and f ′   = 0
3
2
4 4
⇒ 1 + b + c = 8 + 4 b + 2c and 3   + 2b  + c = 0
3 3
Solve and get (b).
33. Applying Rolle’s theorem to F(x) = f(x) - 2g(x),
F(0) = 0, F(1) = f(1) - 2g(1)
⇒ 0 = 6 - 2g(1)
⇒ g(1) = 3.
34. Since f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + ax + b defined on [1, 3] satisfies Rolle’s theorem
∴ f(1) = f(3)
⇒ 1 - 6 + a + b = 27 - 54 + 3a + b
⇒ a = 11. It is independent of b
∴ b∈R .

f (x 2 ) − f ( x) 0
35. lim  
x →0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0

2xf ′(x 2 ) − f ′(x)

= lim (By L’Hospital’s Rule)
x →0 f ′(x)

2xf ′( x 2 )
= −1 + lim = −1 (Q f ′(0) ≠ 0 as f is strictly increasing)
x →0 f ′( x )
36. f(x) = x2 - 6x + 8, 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
f(2) = 0 = f(4)
∴ By Rolle’s theorem, ∃ c∈ ( 2, 4) such that f ′(c) = 0
⇒ 2c − 6 = 0 ⇒ c = 3 .
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37. f (x) = x 3 − 3x ⇒ f ′(x) = 3x 2 − 3 = 3(x 2 − 1)

⇒ f ′( x ) ≥ 0 if x 2 ≥ 1 i.e. if x ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ (1, ∞)

and f ′(x) ≤ 0 if x 2 ≤ 1 i.e. if x ∈(−1, 1)

dy
38. y = x 3 + 5x 2 − 1 ⇒ = 3x 2 + 10 x = x (3x + 10)
dx

dy   10  
⇒ = 3( x − 0)  x −  −  
dx   3 

  − 10  
= 3  x −    (x − 0)
  3 

dy   − 10  
∴ < 0 if  x −    ( x − 0) < 0
dx   3 

− 10
i.e. if < x < 0.
3
39. y = 8x 3 − 60 x 2 + 144x + 27

dy
⇒ = 24 x 2 − 120 x + 144 = 24 ( x 2 − 5x + 6)
dx
= 24(x - 2)(x - 3)
dy
⇒ y is decreasing if < 0 i.e. if 2 < x < 3
dx
40. f ( x ) = 2x 3 + 9x 2 + 12x − 1

⇒ f ′( x ) = 6 x 2 + 18x + 12 = 6( x + 1)( x + 2)
= 6(x - (-2))(x- (-1)) ≤ 0 if -2 ≤ x ≤ -1
41. f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + px + 2
⇒ f ′( x ) = 3x 2 + 12x + p
∴ f(x) is decreasing in (-3, -1) ⇒ f ′( x ) ≤ 0 in (-3, -1)
⇒ 3x2 + 12x + p ≤ 0 in (-3, -1)
⇒ 3(-3)2 + 12(-3) + p ≤ 0 and 3(-1)2 + 12(-1) + p ≤ 0
⇒ 27 − 36 + p ≤ 0 and 3 − 12 + p ≤ 0
⇒p≤9 ∴ p = 9.
42. f ( x ) = cot −1 x + x

1 x2
⇒ f ′( x ) = − +1 = > 0 for all x
1+ x2 1+ x2
∴ f(x) increases in ( −∞, ∞ )

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 π
43. We must have f ′(0) = 0, f ′  = 0
b

⇒ − a sin 0 + b sec 2 0 + 1 = 0

π π
and − a sin + b sec 2 + 1 = 0
6 6

2
⇒ b = −1, a = −
3

log x dy 1 1 1 1
44. y= ⇒ = − 2 log x + . = 2 (1 − log x )
x dx x x x x
dy
∴ = 0 ⇒ log x = 1 ⇒ x = e.
dx
For x < e ⇒ log x < 1 and for x > e ⇒ log x > 1
dy
∴ At x = e, changes sign from +ve to -ve.
dx
log e
∴ y is maximum at x = e and its value is = e −1 .
e
t2
45. If x = t, then y = are the parametric equations of the parabola
2
 t2 
∴  t,  and if its distance from (0, 5) is d, then
 2
2
 t2 
=
z d = t  − 5 
+2 2

2 

dz  t2 
∴ = 2t + 2t  − 5  = 0
dt 2 

t 2 d 2z 1
⇒ (t − 8) = 0 ⇒ t = 0, ± 2 2 , 2 = (3t 2 − 8) > 0 for t = ±2 2
2 dt 2
∴ z and hence d is min. when t = ±2 2
∴ y = 4.
(
∴ Points are ± 2 2 , 4 . )
46. Let two parts be x and 64 - x

dS d 2S
∴ S = x + (64 − x ) ⇒
3
= 3x − 3(64 − x )
3
2 2
and = 6x + 6(64 − x) > 0 for each x.
dx dx 2
dS
∴ S is min. when = 0 ⇒ 3x 2 − 3(64 − x ) 2 = 0
dx
⇒ (x + 64 - x)(x - 64 + x) = 0 ⇒ x = 32
∴ Parts are 32, 32.
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47. y = x x ⇒ log y = x log x
1 dy dy
⇒ = 1 + log x ⇒ = y(1 + log x )
y dx dx
dy
=0 ⇒ 1 + log x = 0 ⇒ x = e −1
dx
48. y = x 5 − 5x 4 + 5x 3 − 10
dy d2y
⇒ = 5x 4 − 20 x 3 + 15x 2 and = 20 x 3 − 60x 2 + 30x = 10 x (2 x 2 − 6 x + 3)
dx dx 2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 5x 2 ( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0,1, 3
dx

d2 y d2 y d2y
= 0, 2 < 0, 2 >0
dx 2 x =0
dx x =1
dx x =3

∴ Max. at x = 1, Min. at x = 3.
x 2 y2
49. A point on hyperbola 2 − 2 =1 is (a sec θ, b tan θ) .
a b
Here a = 2 6 , b = 3 2 .
∴ p = perpendicular distance from 3x + 2y + 1 = 0
3a sec θ + 2b tan θ + 1
=
13
∴ p is max. or min. if p2 is max. or min.
1
Let z = (3a sec θ + 2b tan θ + 1)
13
dz
∴ = 0 ⇒ 3a sec θ tan θ + 2b sec 2 θ = 0
dθ
2b − 2 × 3 2 1
⇒ sin θ = − = =−
3a 3 × 2 6 3

2
∴ cos θ = ± . Putting these values of sin θ and cos θ , the points are (6, -3), (-6, 3).
3
Also p is min. at (-6, 3).

50. f(x) = x1/x, x > 0.

Since x = e is a point of maxima, f(e) > f(x) for all x > 0.
⇒ f ( e) > f ( π) ⇒ e1/ e > π1/ π

( ) > (π )
⇒ e1 / e
πe 1 / π πe
⇒ e π > πe .

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 2 (Subjective)

dy dy 
1. Integrating = 3 x2 - 4x + A ;
dx  x = 1
=0 ⇒ A=1
dx

dy
Hence = 3x2 - 4x + 1 ;
dx
Integrating again,
y = x3 - 2x2 + x + B ; y]x = 1 ⇒ B = 5 . Thus y = x3 - 2x2 + x + 5

dy 1 139
Also =0 given x = and z = 1 f(1/3) = ; f(1) = 5
dx 3 27
also f(0) = 5 ; f(2) = 7 .
Hence Global Maximum Value = 7 ; Global Minimum Value = 5.
1/ x
f (x)  f (x) 
2. ∆ =1+ 3 , Limit ln 1 + 3  =2
x x→0  x 
⇒ f(x) have co-efficient of x3, x2, x or constant term zero in order that the limit may exist .

Limit a x + b x + cx = 2
f (x) 6 5 4
Limit 1 . f (x)
= Limit ⇒ c=2
x→0 x x3
= ln e x→0 4 = 2 = x→0 4
x x
Hence f(x) = ax6 + bx5 + cx4
f ′ (x) = x3 (6 ax2 + 5 bx + 8)
f ′ (1) = 0 and f ′ (2) = 0 gives 6a + 5b + 8 = 0 and 24 a + 10 b + 8 = 0
2 12 2 6 12 5
⇒ a= ; b=- ⇒ f(x) = x - x + 2 x4
3 5 3 5
3. f ′ (x) = 10 x - 5 A x -6 and f ′′ (x) = 10 + 30 A x -6 > 0 i.e. f ′ (x) = 0 gives a minima
1/ 7
A  A
⇒ x7 = ⇒ x=  
 2
2
Since A > 0 ⇒ we get only one minima and no maxima
1/ 7
 A
Hence smallest value of f(x) will be at x =  
 2

2/ 7 − 5/ 7 7/ 2
 A  A
2/ 7 2/ 7
 A  A  24 
i.e. f(x)]min = 5   +A  = 24 or 5   +2  = 24 ⇒ A = 2  
 2  2  2  2 7

4. f(x) = sin3x + λ sin2x

∴ f ′( x ) = 3 sin 2 x cos x + λ . 2 sin x cos x = sin x cos x (3 sin x + 2λ )
For an extremum f ′( x ) = 0 if it exists.
∴ sin x = 0 or cos x = 0 or 3 sin x + 2 λ = 0
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 π π
Q− <x< cos x ≠ 0
2 2

2λ
∴ sin x = 0 or sin x = −
3

 2λ   3   3
∴ x = 0 or x = sin −1  −  ⇒ λ ∈ − , 0  ∪  0, 
 3   2   2
One of these will give a maximum and one a minimum, provided -1 < sin x < 1
2λ 3 3
i.e. − 1 < − < 1 ∴ − 3 < −2λ < 3 i.e. 3 > 2λ > −3 i.e. >λ > −
3 2 2

 3 3
i.e. λ ∈  − ,  but if λ = 0 , x = 0 and hence only one solution
 2 2

 3   3
⇒ λ ≠ 0 ⇒ λ ∈  − , 0  ∪  0, 
 2   2
For this value of λ there are two distinct solutions,
Since f(x) is continuous, these solutions give one maximum and one minimum because for a continuous
function, between two maxima there must lie one minimum and vice versa.
1
5. Here f ( x ) = log x − bx + x 2 is defined and continuous for all x > 0.
8

1 16 x 2 − 8bx + 1
Then f ′( x ) = − b + 2x or f ′( x ) =
8x 8x
for extrema let f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ 16x2 - 8bx + 1 = 0

8b ± 64(b 2 − 1) b ± b2 −1
so, x = or x=
2 × 16 4
Obviously the roots are real if b2 - 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ b > 1 [as b > 0]
Hence, when b > 1, then using number line rule for f ′( x ) as shown in figure we know f ′( x ) changes sign

b − b2 −1
from +ve to -ve at x =
4

b − b2 −1 b + b2 −1
∴ f ( x ) max at x = and f ′( x ) changes sign from -ve to +ve at x =
4 4

b + b2 −1
∴ f ( x ) min at x = also if b = 1
4

16x 2 − 8x + 1 (4 x − 1) 2
f ′( x ) = = no change in sign.
x x
∴ Neither maximum nor minimum if b = 1.
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  b− b2 −1
 f ( x ) max when x = and b > 1
 4
 b+ b2 −1
Thus, f ( x ) ⇒  f ( x ) min when x = and b > 1
 4
f ( x ) neither max imum nor min imum when b = 1



6. Since f(x) the cubic curve vanishes at x = -2 therefore we can choose

y = f(x) = (x + 2) (ax2 + bx + c)
dy
= ( x + 2) ( 2ax + b) + 1( ax 2 + bx + c ) = 0 at x = -1 and x = 1/3
dx
∴ -a + c = 0 and 15a + 24b + 9c = 0 or 24a + 24b = 0 or a + b = 0
∴ c = a, b = -a,
∴ y = f(x) = a(x + 2)(x2 - x + 1)
1
14
Again ∫ f ( x ) dx = (given )
−1 3

1 1 1
14 14 14
∴ ∫ a ( x + 2) ( x 2 − x + 1) dx = = a ∫ ( x 3 + x 2 − x + 2) dx = = 2a ∫ ( x 2 + 2) dx =
−1 3 −1 3 0
3

1
 x3  14 14 14
2a  + 2 x  = or a= ∴ a = 1, b = -1, c = 1
3 0 3 3 3
Hence the cubic equation is (x + 2)(x2 - x + 1) = 0
7. f(1) = 2(1) - 3 = -1
The function f(x) = 2x - 3 is increasing on [1, 3] ∴ f(1) = -1 is the smallest value of f(x) at x = 1.
(b 3 − b 2 + b − 1)
Also, f ( x ) = − x +
3
is decreasing in [0, 1) for fixed values of ‘b’.
(b 2 + 3b + 2)

 3  b 3 − b 2 + b − 1  b3 − b 2 + b − 1
Its smallest value occurs when xlim f ( x ) = lim− − x +  2  = −1 + 3
→1− x →1
  b + 3b + 2  b + 3b + 2
This value must be greater than or equal to -1.

b3 − b2 + b −1 (b 2 + 1) (b − 1)
∴ ≥0 i.e. ≥0
b 2 + 3b + 2 (b + 2) (b + 1)

( b − 1)
i.e. ( b + 2) ( b + 1) ≥ 0 Qb 2 + 1 ≥ 0

By the method of intervals, it follows that ‘b’ must assume the values in (-2, -1) or b ≥ 1 , in order that
f(x) = -1, the smallest value.
∴ Possible values of ‘b’ are (−2, − 1) ∪ [1, ∞)

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8. If x = a, then from the equation of the curve, y2(a + a) = a2(3a - a)
i.e. y2 = a2 i.e., y = + a
Hence, the points on the curve where x = a are P(a, a), Q ≡ (a, -a)
Differentiating the equation of the curve w.r.t. x, we get
dy
2y (a + x) + y 2 = 6ax − 3x 2
dx

dy 6ax − 3x 2 − y 2
∴ =
dx 2y(a + x)

 dy  1
Hence, the slope of the tangetnt at P(a, a) =   =
 dx (a ,a ) 2

 dy 
∴ Slope of normal at P(a, -a) =   = −2
 dx (a ,a )
∴ Equation of tangent at P, (y-a) = ½(x-a) i.e. x - 2y + a = 0
Equation of the normal at P, y - a = -2(x-a) i.e. 2x + y - 3a = 0

 dy  1
Again, Slope of tangent at Q(a, -a) =   =−
 dx ( + a ,− a ) 2

 dx 
∴ Slope of normal at Q(a, -a) =   =2
 dy (a ,− a )
Hence, equation of tangent at Q, y + a = -½(x - a) i.e., x + 2y + 3a = 0
Equation of normal at Q, y + a = 2(x - a) i.e., 2x - y - 3a = 0.
dy
9. We have = cosx - 2 sin 2x = cos x - 4 sin x cosx
dx

dy 1
∴ =0 when cos x = 0 or sin x =
dx 4
The given function in periodic with period 2π . Now
π 3π
cos x = 0 ⇒ x = and and
2 2
1 1 1
sin x = ⇒ x = sin−1 and π − sin−1
4 4 4
1 π
sin-1   lying between 0 and
4 2

d2 y
Again = - sin x - 4cos2x
dx 2

π d2 y
∴x = ⇒ 2 =3>0
2 dx

3π d2 y
∴x = ⇒ 2 =5>0
2 dx
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 1 d2 y 15
x = sin −1 ⇒ 2
= − sin x − 4(1 − 2sin 2 x) = − < 0
4 dx 4

1 d2 y 15
x = π − sin −1 ⇒ 2
=− <0
4 dx 4

1 1 π 3π
∴ y is max for x = sin−1 , π − sin−1 and is a min. for x = ,
4 4 2 2
Putting these values of x in sin x + cos 2x
9 9
We see that , are its two max. values and 0, -2 are its two min. values.
8 8

10. Let g(x) = ∫ P(x) dx

x102 x101 x2
∴ g(x) = 51. − 2323 − 45 + 1035x + c
102 101 2

x102 45
= − 23x101 − x 2 + 1035x + c
2 2
Since g(x) is polynomial of degree102, which is continuous and differentiable in (451/100, 46).
1 45 1/ 100 2
Also f (451/ 100 ) = (451/ 100 )102 − 23(451/ 100 )101 − (45 ) + 1035(451/ 100 ) + c
2 2

 45102 45 
= (45)1/ 100  − 23.45101 − .452 + 1035 + c = c
 2 2 

(46)102 45
f (46) = − 23(46)101 − (46) 2 + 1035(2) + c = c
2 2
∴ f(451/100) = f(46)
∴ g'(x) must have atleast one root for x ∈ (451/ 100 ,46)
∴ P(x) should have atleast one root between (451/100, 46).

a 
11. f(x) = 4x2 - 4ax + a2 - 2a + 2. Vertex of this parabola is  2 , 2 − 2a 
 

a
Case 1: − 0 < <2
2

a a
In this case f(x) will attain the minimum value at x = . Thus f  2  = 3
2  

⇒ 3 = −2a + 2 ⇒ a = −
1
(Re jected)
2

a
Case 2: ≥2
2
In this f(x) attains the global minimum value at x = 2. Thus f(2) = 3
⇒ 3 = 16 − 8a + a 2 − 2a + 2 ⇒ a = 5 ± 10 . Thus a = 5 + 10

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 a
Case 3: ≤0
2

In this case f(x) attains the global minimum value at x = 0. Thus f(0) = 3 ⇒ 3 = a 2 − 2a + 2 ⇒ a = 1 ± 2 .
Thus a = 1 − 2
Hence permissible value of ‘a’ are 1− 2 and 5 + 10 .
f ′ (x) = 2 cos 2 x + 8 (b + 2) sin x - (4 b + 16 b + 6)
2
12.
= 2 (1 - 2 sin2 x) + 8 (b + 2) sin x - (4 b2 + 16 b + 6)
= - 4 [ sin2 x - 2 (b + 2) sin x + (b2 + 4 b + 1) ]
For monotonic decreasing and no critical points f ′ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Now, D = 4 (b + 2)2 - 4 (b2 + 4 b + 1)
= 4( 3 ) = 12 which is always positive .
Now let sin x = y ; y ∈ [ - 1 , 1 ]
g (y) = y2 - 2 (b + 2) y + (b2 + 4 b + 1)
We have to find those values of ' b ' for which g(y) > 0 for all y ∈ ( - 1 , 1 )
Conditions are
b
g (- 1) > 0 & - < -1
2a

b 0
or g (1) > 0 and - >1
2a (- 1 , 0) (1 , 0)
First condition gives
1 + 2 (b + 2) + b2 + 4 b + 1 > 0
2 (b + 2)
b2 + 6 b + 6 > 0 ......... (1) & < - 1 or b < - 3 ......... (2)
2

(1) & (2) ⇒ (

b < - 3+ 3 )
(
Similarly second condition gives b > 3 - 1. Hence b ∈ − ∞ , − (3 + 3 ) ∪ ) ( )
3 − 1, ∞ .

dy
13. = 3x 2 + 2px + q > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
dx
Now we know that sign of a quadratic expression is same as that of the first term i.e. 3 i.e. +ive, provided
∆ = 4p 2 − 12q < 0 or p 2 − 3q < 0
dy
Alternatively: = 3x 2 + 2px + q
dx

 2 2p q  p   q p2 
2
 p   3q − p2 
2

= 3x + x +  = 3 x +  +  −  = 3 x +  +  

 3 3  3   3 9   3   9 

dy
Now = + ive ∀ x ∈ R if 3q - p2 > 0 or p2 - 3q < 0.
dx

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 x 1/ x
ln t ln t
∫1 1 + t dt, x ∈ R ⇒ f (1 / x) = ∫ 1 + t dt,
+
14. f (x) =
1

1
x ln   x

Let T = 1/ t ⇒ dt = − 2 dT ⇒ f (1/ x) = ∫ − 2 .   dT = ∫
x
1 1 T ln T ln t
dT = ∫ dt
T 1 T 1+ 1 +
1 T(1 T) 1 t(1 + t )

ln t  1 
x x
ln t 1 1
⇒ f (x) + f (1/ x) = ∫  1 +  dt = ∫ dt = (ln x) 2 ⇒ g(x) = (ln x)2
1
1 + t  t  1
t 2 2

1 ln x > 0, x ∈ (1, ∞)
Now g′(x) = =
4 x < 0, x ∈ (0, 1)

1
Hence g(x) = (ln x)2 and it’s increasing in (1, ∞) and decreasing in (0, 1).
2

x x 1

15. We have, g ( x ) = 2f   + f ( 2 − x ) ⇒ g′( x ) = 2f ′   .   + f ′( 2 − x ) (-1)
2  2 2

x
⇒ g′( x ) = f ′   − f ′( 2 − x ) ........... (1)
2
It is given that f ′′( x ) < 0 ∀ x ∈(0, 2)
It means that f ′( x ) would be decreasing on (0, 2).
Let us see the cases:
x
Case 1: > ( 2 − x ) and f ′( x ) is decreasing.
2

x 4 x 4
⇒ f ′  < f ′(2 − x ) ∀ x > or g′( x ) = f ′  − f ′( 2 − x ) < 0 ∀ < x < 2
2 3 2 3

4 
∴ g ( x ) is decreasing in  , 2  .......... (2)
3 

< ( 2 − x ) and f ′( x ) is decreasing ⇒ f  x  > f ( 2 − x ), ∀ x < 4

x
Case: 2
2 2 3

x 4
or g′( x ) = f   − f (2 − x ) > 0, ∀ 0 < x <
2 3

 4
∴ g(x) is increasing in  0 ,  ......... (3)
 3

 4 4 
From (2) and (3) we conclude that g(x) is increasing in  0,  and decreasing in  , 2  ..
 3 3 

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  a+4 
16. f ′( x ) = 5x 4  − 1 − 3
 1 − a 
for f(x) to be decreasing for all x, f ′( x ) < 0

 a+4  4 3
⇒  − 1 x < for all x .
 1 − a  5

a+4
This is possible only if −1 ≤ 0 ................ (i)
1− a
Equation (i) is always true if a > 1.
⇒ a ∈ (1, ∞ ) ................ (ii)
Consider the case when a < 1
For a + 4 to be real, we have a + 4 ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≥ − 4

a+4
∴ ≤1 ⇒ a + 4 ≤ 1 − a ⇒ a + 4 ≤ (1 − a ) 2 ⇒ a + 4 ≤ 1 + a 2 − 2a (or) a2 - 2a + 1 ≥ a + 4
1− a
a2 - 3a - 3 ≥ 0

3 ± 9 + 12 3 ± 21
a2 - 3a - 3 ⇒ a = ⇒a=
2 2

 3 − 21   3 + 21 
a ∈  − ∞, ∪ , ∞ 
 2   2 

 3 − 21 
⇒ a ∈  − ∞,  (Q a < 1)
 2 

3 − 21
⇒ −4≤a ≤ (Q a ≥ −4) ................ (iii)
2

 3 − 21 
Taking union of Equation (ii) & (iii), we get a ∈ − 4,  ∪ (1, ∞ ) .
 2 

17. We have g(x) = f(sin x) + f(cos x)

⇒ g′( x ) = f ′(sin x ) cos x + f ′(cos x ) (− sin x )
⇒ g′′(x ) = − f ′(sin x ) . sin x + f ′′(sin x ) . cos2 x − f ′(cos x ) cos x + f ′′(cos x ) . sin 2 x

 π
As f ′(sin x ) < 0, f ′′(sin x ) > 0, sin x > 0, cos x > 0 ∀ x ∈ 0, 
 2

 π
∴ g′′( x ) > 0 ∀ x ∈ 0, 
 2

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   π  
 Note that f ′(sin x ) < 0 ⇒ f ′(cos x ) = f ′ sin  − x   < 0
  2  
  π  
 and f ′′(sin x ) > 0 ⇒ f ′′(cos x ) = f ′′ sin  − x   > 0 
  2  

 π
∴ g ′( x ) is increasing function for x ∈ 0, 
 2

π
We have g′( x ) = 0 ⇒ f ′(sin x ) cos x − f ′(cos x ). sin x = 0 if x =
4

ð ð
∴ g′(x) > 0 if sinx > cosx ⇒ x ∈ , 
4 2

 π
and g′( x ) < 0 if cos x > sin x ⇒ x ∈ 0,  [Q f ′(sin x ) < 0]
 4

 xeax , x≤0
18. Given, f (x) = 
 x + ax − x , x > 0
2 3

 ax e ax + e ax , x ≤ 0
Differentiating both sides, f ′( x ) = 
1 + 2ax − 3x , x > 0
2

2a e ax + a 2 x e ax , x ≤ 0
Again differentiating both sides, f ′′( x ) = 
 2a − 6x, x>0

f ′( x ) is increasing if f ′′( x ) > 0

When x ≤ 0 , 2aeax + a2xeax > 0

⇒ 2 + ax > 0 (Q a > 0, eax > 0)
⇒ x > -2/a

∴ -2/a < x ≤ 0 ...................... (1)

When x > 0, 2a - 6x > 0

⇒ x < a/3
∴ 0 < x < a/3 ....................... (2)

∴ f ′( x ) increases in  − , 0 ∪  0, 
2 a

 a   3

−2 a
i.e.  , .
 a 3

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19. The given curve is y = bex/a
Let us consider a point (x1, y1) on the curve.
Then y1 = be x1 / a ........... (i)
Differentiating the curve y = bex/a w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1
= be x / a .
dx a

 dy  b
∴   = e x1 / a ........... (ii)
 dx  ( x1 , y1 ) a

 dx 
Thus, the length of subtangent = y1  ( x1 , y1 )
 dy 

a
= y1.
b e x1 / a

a
= be x1 / a .
b e x1 / a

= a (constant) [using (i) and (ii)]

⇒ Subtangent is of constant length a

 dy 
Again, length of subnormal = y1  dx 
  ( x1 , y1 )

be x1 / a
= b e x1 / a .
a

1 1
= ( b e x1 / a ) 2 = y 2 [using (i)]
a a
Therefore, subnormal varies as the square of ordinate.
20. The equation of given curve is,
x2 + y2 = a2 .......... (i)
Differentiating equation (i) w.r.t x, we get
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx

 dy  −x
⇒   = 1 .......... (ii)
 dx  ( x1 , y1 ) y1

 dy 
Thus, the equation of tangent is, y − y1 =  dx  ( x − x1 )
  ( x 1 , y1 )

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 x1
⇒ y − y1 = − ( x − x1 ) [from (ii)]
y1

⇒ yy1 − y12 = − xx1 + x12

⇒ xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12

⇒ xx1 + yy1 = a2 [using (i) as (x1, y1) lies on x2 + y2 = a2 ⇒ x12 + y12 = a 2 ]

While the equation of normal is,
y1
y − y1 = + ( x − x1 )
x1
⇒ x1y - x1y1 = xy1 - x1y1
⇒ xy1 - x1y = 0

 dx 
The length of subtangent = y1 .  dy  (x1 , y1 )
 

−y 
= y1 .  1  [using (ii)]
 x1 

y12
The length of subtangent =
x1

 dy 
While the length of subnormal = y1  
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )

 x 
⇒ y1  − 1  = | x1 | .
 y1 
21. Given curve is x + y = xy .......... (i)
At x-axis y = 0,
∴ x + 0 = x0
⇒ x=1
∴ Point is A(1, 0)
For differentiation x + y = xy take log on both sides
⇒ log(x + y) = y log x
1  dy  1 dy
∴ 1 +  = y . + (log x )
x + y  dx  x dx

 dy   dy 
Putting x = 1, y = 0 1 +  = 0 ⇒   = − 1
 dx   dx  (1, 0 )

y−0
∴ Slope of normal = 1. Equation of normal is, = 1 ⇒ y = x −1 .
x −1
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22. Let the coordinate of P be (x1, y1)
We have, x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3
Differentiating the curve w.r.t. x we get,
2 −1 / 3 2 −1/ 3 dy
x + y =0
3 3 dx

dy y1/ 3
⇒ = − 1/ 3
dx x

 dy  y11/ 3
or   = − 1/ 3
 dx  ( x1 , y1 ) x1

The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) to the given curve is,

y11/ 3
y − y1 = − 1/ 3 ( x − x1 )
x1

y − y1 − ( x − x1 )
⇒ =
y11/ 3 x11/ 3

⇒ xx1−1/ 3 + yy1−1 / 3 = x12 / 3 + y12 / 3

⇒ xx1−1/ 3 + yy1−1 / 3 = a 2 / 3 [as (x1, y1) lies on x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3]

(
This meets the coordinate axis at A(a 2 / 3 x11/ 3 , 0) and B 0, a 2 / 3 y11 / 3 . )
Thus length of intercept made on coordinate axes,

AB = a 4 / 3 x12 / 3 + a 4 / 3 y12 / 3 = a 4 / 3 (x12 / 3 + y12 / 3 ) [ as x12 / 3 + y12 / 3 = a 2 / 3 ]

⇒ AB = a 4 / 3 . a 2 / 3 = a 2 = a.
Length of intercept on coordinate axis = a.
23. Here, by2 = (x + a)3, differentiating both sides, we get
dy
2 by = 3( x + a ) 2 .1
dx

dy 3 ( x + a ) 2
⇒ =
dx 2 by

dy 3 ( x + a ) 2
∴ Length of subnormal ⇒ SN = y = .......... (i)
dx 2 b

dx 2 by 2
and length of subnormal ⇒ ST = y = .......... (ii)
dy 3( x + a ) 2

p (ST) 2
= (given)
q (SN)

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 p (2by 2 ) 2 .2b
⇒ = {using, (i) and (ii)}
q {3(x + a) 2 }2 .3(x + a) 2

8b {( x + a )3 }2
= {using, by2 = (x + a)3}
27 ( x + a ) 6

8b
=
27

p 8b
∴ = .
q 27
24. At x = 0, y = 1. We conclude that the point at which normal is drawn is P(0, 1).
Also, (1 + x)y - y + sin-1(sin2 x) = 0 ......... (i)
Differentiating, we have

 dy y  dy 1
(1 + x) y log (1 + x) + − + .2sin x cos x = 0
 dx 1 + x  dx 1 − sin 4 x

dy y 2 sin −1 x
⇒ {(1 + x ) log(1 + x ) − 1} + 1(1 + x ) .
y y
+ =0
dx 1+ x 1 + sin 2 x

1 2 sin 0
(1 + 0)1 × −
 dy  1+ 0 1 − sin 2 0
⇒  = =1
 dx  ( 0 , 1) 1 − (0 + 0) . log 1

⇒ Slope of normal = -1
⇒ Equation of normal having slope -1 at point P(0, 1) is given by y - 1 = -(x - 0)
⇒ x + y = 1.
25. Slope of given line is -1/2, .......... (i)

 dy 
∴ Slope of tangent =   = −1/ 2
 dx 
The equation of given curve y = cos(x + y),
Differentiating the curve w.r.t. x we get,
dy  dy 
= − sin( x + y) 1 + 
dx  dx 

dy dy
∴ + sin( x + y) = − sin( x + y)
dx dx

dy sin( x + y)
∴ =−
dx 1 + sin( x + y)

− sin ( x + y)
∴ Slope of the tangent = ........ (ii)
1 + sin ( x + y)

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 − sin ( x + y) 1
from (i) and (ii) 1 + sin ( x + y) = − 2 ⇒ 2 sin (x + y) = 1 + sin (x + y)

⇒ sin (x + y) = 1 ....... (iii)

∴ cos (x + y) = 0
From the given curve y = cos (x + y)
⇒ y=0 ............. (iv)
and sin (x) = 1 [using (iii) and (iv)]
π 3π
∴ x= ,− .
2 2
Thus points are P(π / 2, 0), Q(−3π / 2, 0)

π 3π
Tangent at P is x + 2 y = and tangent at Q is x + 2 y = − .
2 2
26. Since the curve passes through (-1, 0), 0 = a - b + c ......... (1)
Since y = x is the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where x = 1, the point must be (1, 1).
Therefore (1, 1) must satisfy the equation of the curve
∴ 1=a+b+c ....... (2)

at (1, 1) = 2ax + b at (1, 1)

dy
Also
dx
= 2a + b = 1, from the slope of the tangent y = x ........ (3)
Solving (1), (2) and (3) we get
1 1 1
b= , a = and c = .
2 4 4

1
27. xy = 1 ⇒ y =
x

1
Now let u = x + y = x + ; Now u is a function of one variable x.
x

du 1 d 2u 2
= 1 − 2 and 2 = 3
dx x dx x

du
For maximum or minimum values of u, =0
dx

1
∴ 1− =0 ∴ x2 = 1 or x = ±1
x2
given that x > 0, the value x = -1 is to be rejected

d 2u 2
when x = 1, 2
= 3 , is positive ∴ u is minimum when x = 1
dx (1)

1 1
Minimum value of u = x + = 1+ = 2 .
x 1
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 dy
28. Slope of the curve, = − 3x 2 + 6 x + 9
dx
Let u = 9 + 6x - 3x2; To find the maximum value of u
du
= 6 − 6 x = 0 when x = 1
dx

d2u
= −6
dx 2

d 2u
when x = 1, 2 is negative (negative for all values of x)
dx
∴ u is maximum when x = 1 and correspondingly y = -(1)3 + 3(1)2 + 9(1) - 27 or y = -16.
∴ Maximum slope = 9 + 6(1) - 3(1)2 = 12 and it occurs at the point (1, -16).
dy ax
29. m1 = from the first curve = −
dx by

dy a 1x
m2 = from the second curve = − b y
dx 1

aa1 x12
∴ At the point of intersection ( x1 , y1 ), bb y 2 = − 1
1 1

or aa 1 x 12 + bb 1 y 12 = 0 ....... (1)
Also (x1, y1) satisfies both equations
∴ ax12 + by12 = 1 ......... (2)

a 1 x 12 + b 1 y 12 = 1 ......... (3)
From (2) and (3) on subtraction we get
(a − a1 ) x12 + (b − b l ) y12 = 0 ......... (4)

a − a 1 b − b1
Comparing (1) and (4) we have aa = bb
1 1

1 1 1 1
or − = −
a1 a b l b .
1

30. f (x) = x x

1
∴ log(f (x)) = log x
x

1 1 1  1  1 − log x
∴ f ′(x) = . − log x  2  =
f (x) x x x  x2

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  1 − log x 
1
∴ f ′( x ) = x  x

 x 
2

when 1 - log x = 0, logex = 1

∴ x = e.
1
Hence when x > e, 1 - log x is negative, x x and x2 are positive. e π

∴ f ′( x ) is negative for all x > e

f(x) is decreasing for all x > e
Since π > e, f ( π) < f (e)
1 1
(i.e.) π π < e e

πe πe
 1  1
∴  ππ  <  ee 
   

(i.e.) π e < e π .
x +1
 1
31. Let f ( x ) = 1 + 
 x
Taking logarithmic differentiation

f ′( x )  1 1  1 
= log 1 +  + ( x + 1) . − 
f (x)  x  1   x2 
1 + 
 x

 1 1
= log1 +  − ........ (1)
 x x

 1 1
Let g( x ) = log1 +  −
 x x

 
 1  1  1 1 1 1
g′( x ) =  − 2 + 2 = 2 − = 2 > 0 for x > 0
1+ 1   x  x x x (1 + x ) x (1 + x )
 
 x

∴ g(x) is increasing.
x
 1  1
x log1 +  − 1 log1 +  − 1
 x = 
x
Now g( x ) =
x x

x x
 1  1
As x → ∞, 1 +  → e and log 1 +  → 1
 x  x

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 Hence, as x → ∞, g(x) → 0
But g(x) is an increasing function
∴ g(x) is negative for all x > 0 ....... (2)
f ′( x )
Hence is negative, but f(x) is positive.
f (x)

∴ f ′( x ) is negative and therefore f(x) is a decreasing function.

32. (
Let f ( x ) = 2x − tan −1 x − log x + 1 + x 2 )
1 1  x 
f ′( x ) = 2 − − . 1 + 

1+ x x + 1+ x2
2
 1+ x2 

1 1
= 2− −
1+ x 2
1+ x2
As it is not possible to say whether f ′( x ) is positive or not.

1 1
Let g( x ) = f ′( x ) = 2 − −
1+ x 2
1+ x2

2x x
g′( x ) = + > 0 for x > 0
(1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
2 2

∴ g ( x ) is increasing; g(0) = 0
Hence g(x) is positive. (i.e.) f ′( x ) is positive.
∴ f(x) is increasing for x > 0, increasing from the value 0.
f(0) = 0.
∴ f(x) is positive.

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 3 (Questions asked from previous Engineering Exams)

1. y = 2x3 - 21x2 + 36x - 20

dy d2y
⇒ = 6x 2 − 42x + 36 and = 12 x − 42
dx dx 2

dy
= 0 ⇒ 6 x 2 − 42 x + 36 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 6
dx

d2y d2y
= 12 − 42 < 0, = 72 − 42 > 0
dx 2 x =1 dx 2 x =6

∴ y is min. at x = 6 and min. value is 2(6)3 - 21(6)2 + 36(2) - 20 = -128.

1
2. y = sin x (1 + cos x ) = sin x + sin 2 x
2

dy
⇒ = cos x + cos 2 x = 0
dx

dy
∴ = 0 ⇒ cos 2 x = − cos x = cos(π − x )
dx

π
⇒ 2x = π − x ⇒ x = .
3

d2y π
2
= − sin x − 2 sin 2 x < 0 for x = .
dx 3

π 3 3
∴ y is maximum at x = and its value is .
3 4

dy
3. = 0 ⇒ cos x − 2 sin 2 x = 0
dx

1 π 1
⇒ cos x (1 − 4 sin x ) = 0 ⇒ cos x = 0, sin x = ⇒ x = , sin x =
4 2 4

d2y π
2
= − sin x − 4 cos 2 x > 0 for x = .
dx 2

π π
∴ y is min. at x = or x = ( 2n + 1) .
2 2
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 x

4. f (x) = ∫ e t (1 + t) dx = xe x (on integrating by parts)

0

∴ Maximum value of f(x) in [1, 2] is f(2) = 2e2

Minimum value of f(x) is f(1) = e
∴ Difference = 2e2 - e.
5. f(x) = 2x3 - 9ax2 + 12a2x + 1
f ′( x ) = 6 x 2 − 18ax + 12a 2

f ′′(x) = 12x − 18a

∴ f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = a , 2a

f ′′(a ) < 0 and f ′′( 2a ) > 0

∴ f(x) has max. at x = a and min. at x = 2a.
∴ p = a, q = 2a
∴ a2 = 2a ⇒ a = 2 (Q a > 0)

1
6. f (x ) = x +
x

1 2
f ′( x ) = 1 − 2
, f ′′( x ) = 3
x x

∴ f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = ±1

f ′′(1) > 0
∴ f(x) is min. at x = 1.

dy dy 2a
7. y 2 = 4ax ⇒ 2 y = 4a ⇒ =
dx dx y

dy 2a
∴ Length of subnormal = y = y× = 2a .
dx y

2 2 dy
8. x 2 / 3 + y2 / 3 = a 2 / 3 ⇒ 1/ 3
+ 1/ 3 =0
3x 3y dx

dy y1/ 3
⇒ = − 1/ 3
dx x

∴ Equation of tangent at (x, y) is

y1/ 3
Y − y = − 1/ 3 ( X − x ) ............ (1)
x

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 Y−y X−x
⇒ 1/ 3
= − 1/ 3
y x

Y X
⇒ 1/ 3
+ 1/ 3 = x 2 / 3 + y 2 / 3 = a 2 / 3
y x

Y X
⇒ 1/ 3
+ 1/ 3 = a 2 / 3 ........ (2)
y x

∴ Intercepts on axes are obtained on putting Y = 0 and X = 0

∴ X = a2/3 x1/3 and Y = a2/3 y1/3
⇒ X2 + Y2 = a4/3 (x2/3 + y2/3)
= a4/3 (a2/3) = a2 = constant.

dy t
9. Check that = tan
dx 2

2
 dy 
∴ Length of normal = y 1 +  
 dx 

t
= a (1 − cos t ) sec
2

 t 1 t t
= a  2 sin 2  × = 2a sin tan
 2  cos t 2 2.
2

dy dy
10. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 7 ⇒ 2 x + x + y + 2y =0
dx dx

dy − (2 x + y)
⇒ = ..... (1)
dx x + 2y

y
Length of subtangent = at (1, − 3)
dy
dx

−3 3
= = = 15 .
 2−3 1
− 
 1− 6  5

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 Sub tangent y
11. = ......... (1)
x dy
.x
dx

dy dy 2a .
y 2 = 4ax ⇒ 2 y = 4a ⇒ =
dx dx y

∴ From (1), the ratio is

y y 2 4ax
= = =2.
2a 2 ax 2 ax
.x
y

12. For the required abscissa,

dy
= 0 ⇒ 3x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0
dx
⇒ x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, -1.
13. Given curve is y = be-x/a ..... (1)
It crosses y-axis where x = 0 i.e.
where y = be0 = b i.e. at the point (0, b).
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x

dy  1 b
= be − x / a  −  = − e − x / a
dx  a a

b 0 −b
∴ Slope of tangent at (0, b) = − e =
a a
Equation of tangent at (0, b) is

b x y
y − b = − ( x − 0) or ay − ab = −bx or + = 1.
a a b

14. f ( x ) = e ax + e − ax , x ∈ R

 1 
⇒ f ′( x ) = ae ax − ae −ax = a e ax − ax  for all x ∈ R .
 e 

 ax 1 
∴ f is monotonically decreasing if f ′( x ) < 0 i.e. if a  e − ax <0
 e 

1
if e >
ax
i.e. (Q a < 0)
e ax
i.e. if e2ax > 1 i.e. if 2ax > 0 i.e. if x < 0.
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 log x dy 1 − log x d 2 y 2 log x − 3
15. Let y = ⇒ = and 2 =
x dx x2 dx x3

dy
For extremum, = 0 ⇒ log x = 1 ⇒ x = e
dx

 d2y  2−3
Also,  dx 2  = e 3 < 0
  x =e

So, y is maximum at x = e.

log e 1
Maximum y = = .
e e

d 3
16. The function is increasing if ( x + 3x 2 + 3x + 7 ) ≥ 0
dx
i.e., if 3x2 + 6x + 3 ≥ 0
i.e., if (x + 1)2 ≥ 0 which is true for all x ∈ R .

1
17. Now x + y = x + (Q xy = 1)
x

2
 1 
= x −  +2 (Q x > 0)
 x

≥ 2 for all x > 0 .

∴ Minimum value of x + y is 2.

f (1) − f (0) e1 − e 0
18. f ′(c) = ⇒ ec =
1− 0 1
⇒ ec = e - 1 ⇒ c log e = log (e - 1)
⇒ c = log (e - 1).
19. Given curve is (1 + x2)y = 2 - x ......... (1)
It meets X-axis, where y = 0 i.e.
where 0 = 2 − x ⇔ x = 2 .
So, (1) meets X-axis at the point (2, 0).

2−x
Also, from (1), y =
1+ x2

dy (1 + x 2 )(−1) − (2 − x )(2x ) dy x 2 − 4x − 1
⇒ = ⇒ =
dx (1 + x 2 ) 2 dx (1 + x 2 ) 2

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 Slope of tangent at (2, 0)

4 − 8 −1 − 5 −1
= = =
(1 + 4) 2 25 5

∴ Equation of tangent at (2, 0) is

1
y − 0 = − ( x − 2) .
5
20. If ‘x’ is the length of each side of an equilateral triangle and A is its area, then

3 2 dA 3 dx
A= x ⇒ = 2x
4 dt 4 dt

dx 
∴ = 2 cm / sec .
dt  x =10

dy dy 1
21. For the curve y2 = x, 2 y =1 ⇒ = , which tends to ∞ at (0, 0).
dx dx 2 y

So, at (0, 0) there is a vertical tangent to the curve y2 = x.

For the curve y = x2,

dy  dy 
= 2x ⇒   = 0.
dx  dx  ( 0 , 0 )

π
So, at (0, 0) there is a horizontal tangent to the curve y = x2. Therefore angle between the curves is .
2

22. Let P = xy3 = (60 - y)y3 (Q x + y = 60)

⇒ P = 60 y3 − y 4 where 0 < y < 60 (Q x > 0, Q 60 − y > 0)

dP d 2P
⇒ = 180y 2 − 4 y 3 and = 360y − 12 y 2
dy dy 2

dP  d 2P 
For extremum, = 0 ⇒ y = 45 and  2  = 360 × 45 − 12( 45) 2 < 0
dy  dy  y = 45

Hence P is maximum when y = 45.

Maximum value P = xy3 = 15(45)3.
23. Let f(x) = x2 log x ⇒ f ′( x ) = x (1 + 2 log x ) > 0 for all x ∈ (1, e) .
Hence f is strictly increasing on [1, e].

∴ max
1≤ x ≤ e
f ( x ) = f(e) = e2 log e = e2.

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 d 1 
24. f ( x ) = x1/ x ⇒ f ′( x ) = x1 / x  log x 
dx  x 

 1 − log x 
= x1/ x  , x > 0
 x 
2

Hence f ′( x ) > 0 iff 1 - log x > 0 i.e. iff 0 < x < e and f ′(x) < 0 iff 1 - log x < 0.
i.e., iff x > e.
∴ f(x) is increasing on (1, e) and decreasing on (e, ∞ ) .

1 1
25. Here, f ′( x ) = − −
( x + 1) 1 + x
2

 1 1 
= − + 
 ( x + 1)
2
x + 1 

⇒ f ′( x ) < 0 for all x > 0.

∴ f(x) is a decreasing function.

dx
26. Normal is parallel to X-axis, when the tangent is parallel to Y-axis i.e. when = 0.
dy

From x + y = a , we get

1 1 dy dy − y dx − x
+ =0 ⇒ = ⇒ =
2 x 2 y dx dx x dy y .

dx x
Hence =0⇒− = 0 ⇒ x = 0;
dy y

when x = 0, then 0 + y = a ⇒ y = a.

∴ Point is (0, a).

1 dy 1
27. y= ⇒ =− 2
x dx x
∴ Slope of normal is x2.
a
Slope of line ax + by + c = 0 is −
b

a a a
∴ x2 = − ⇒− >0⇒ <0
b b b
∴ a and b have opposite signs.

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 dx
28. = −a sin θ + aθ cos θ + a sin θ = aθ cos θ
dθ

dy
= a cos θ − a cos θ + aθ sin θ = aθ sin θ
dθ

dy sin θ
⇒ = = slope of tangent
dx cos θ

cos θ
⇒ Slope of normal is −
sin θ

cos θ
∴ Equation of normal is [y − (a sin θ − aθ cos θ )]= − [x − (a cos θ + aθ sin θ)]
sin θ

(
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = a )
a
Its distance from (0, 0) = = a = constant .
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ

29. f ( x ) = x 2 + bx − b ⇒ f ′( x ) = 2 x + b
⇒ f ′(1) = 2 + b
∴ Equation of tangent at (1, 1) is
y - 1 = (2 + b)(x - 1) ⇒ (b + 2)x - y - (b + 1) = 0

b +1
∴ Length of x-intercept =
b+2
Length of y-intercept = -(b + 1)

1  b +1 
∴ Area of ∆ = − 2  b + 2 ( b + 1) = 2 (given )
 

⇒ b2 + 6b + 9 = 0 ⇒ (b + 3)2 = 0 ⇒ b = -3.

dy
dy dt e t (sin t + cos t) π
30. = = t = ∞ at t =
dx dx e (cos t − sin t) 4
dt

∴ The tangent is perpendicular to x-axis.

dy xy  dy  dy
31. y - exy + x = 0 ⇒ −e x + 1.y  + 1 = 0 ⇒ (1 − xe xy ) = ye xy − 1
dx  dx  dx

dy ye xy − 1
⇒ = = ∞ at (1, 0) .
dx 1 − xe xy

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32. y = 2 sin x + sin 2x

dy
⇒ = 2 cos x + 2 cos 2 x
dx

dy 1  1
⇒ = 2 × + 2 −  = 0
dx x=
π 2  2
3

π
Also when x = ,
3

π 2π 3 3 3 3
y = 2 sin + sin = 2. + =
3 3 2 2 2
∴ Equation of tangent is

3 3  π
y− = 0  x −  or 2 y − 3 3 = 0 .
2  3

dy (1 − x 2 ) .1 − x (−2x ) 1 + x 2 π
33. = = = tan = 1 (given )
dx (1 − x ) 2 2
(1 − x )
2 2
4

⇒ 1 + x 2 = (1 − x 2 ) 2 ⇒ x 2 ( x 2 − 3) = 0

3 3
⇒ x = 0, 3 , − 3 ⇒ y = 0, − , .
2 2

 3  3
∴ Points are (0, 0),  3 , − ,  − 3 ,
 
.

 2   2 

dy
34. = 2x + 3
dx
∴ Equation of tangent is Y - y = (2x + 3)(X - x).
It passes through (0, 0),
∴ -y = -x(2x + 3)
⇒ y = x(2x + 3)
⇒ 2x2 + 3x = x2 + 3x + 4
⇒ x = 2, -2 ; y = 14, -2.

dy 3ax 2 dy
35. = ⇒ = 2a = 4 (slope of y = 4x - 5) ⇒ a = 2
dx 2y dx ( 2 , 3)

Also, (2, 3) lies on the curve y2 = ax3 + b

∴ 9 = 2 × 8 + b ⇒ b = −7 .

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 1
36. Slope of normal at (3, 4) is −
f ′(3)

1 3π
∴ − = tan = −1 ⇒ f ′(3) = 1 .
f ′(3) 4

37. Let x + y = k be normal to y2 = 12x at P (α, β) is ....... (1)

∴ β 2 = 12α ....... (2)

Also, slope of normal at P (α, β) is -1

dy 6 dy 6
From (1), = ⇒ =
dx y dx P β

−1
∴ −1 = ⇒ β = 6.
6
β

Then from (1), α = 3 .

∴ P is (3, 6) which lies on x + y = k.
∴ 3+ 6 = k⇒k = 9 .

dy 2x
38. y 3 + 3x 2 = 12 y ⇒ =
dx 4 − y 2

For vertical tangents, 4 - y2 = 0

⇒ y=2
16 4
∴ x2 = ⇒ x=±
3 3

 4 
∴ Points are  ± , 2 .
 3 

39. For Rolle’s theorem to be applicable,

(i) f(1) = f(0)
(ii) f is continuous for x ∈ [0, 1]
(iii) f is differentiable for x ∈ (0, 1)
From (i), f(1) = 0 which is true

(ii) 0 = f (0) = f (0 + ) = lim+ x α . log x

x →0

which is true only for positive values of α .

∴ (d) is correct.

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40. f ( x ) = xe x (1− x ) ⇒ f ′( x ) = e x (1− x ) + xe x (1− x ) (1 − 2 x )

⇒ f ′( x ) = e x (1− x ) (1 + x − 2 x 2 )
∴ f ( x ) is increasing if f ′( x ) ≥ 0
i.e. if 1 + x - 2x2 ≥ 0, i.e. 2x2 - x - 1 ≤ 0

1
⇒ ( 2 x + 1) ( x − 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ − ≤ x ≤ 1.
2

41. h ( x ) = f ( x ) − (f ( x )) 2 + (f ( x ))3

⇒ h′(x) = f ′(x) − 2f (x)f ′(x) + 3(f (x)) 2 f ′(x) = f ′(x)[1 − 2f (x) + 3f (x)) 2 ]
But 1 - 2f(x) + 3(f(x))2 = (1 - f(x))2 + 2(f(x))2 > 0 for all f(x).
∴ h ′( x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ f ′( x ) ≥ 0
⇒ h is increasing whenever f is increasing.
1
42. f (x) = 1 − (sin 2 2x) ⇒ f ′( x ) = −2 sin 2 x cos 2 x = − sin 4 x > 0 if f is increasing.
2

π π
∴ sin 4 x < 0 ⇒ π < 4 x < 2π ⇒ < x <
4 2

π 3π  3π π 
⇒ <x< . Q < 
4 8  8 2

43. f ( x ) = log(1 + x ) − x ⇒ f (0) = 0

1 x
f ′( x ) = −1 = − < 0 for x ∈(0, 1)
1+ x 1+ x
∴ f(x) is decreasing.
Since f(0) = 0,
∴ f ( x ) < 0 for x ∈ (0, 1) ⇒ log (1 + x ) < x .

44. f ( x ) = ∫ e x ( x − 1)( x − 2)

⇒ f ′( x ) = e x ( x − 1)( x − 2) < 0 (Q f is decreasing)

⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 2) < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 2) .

45. 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x = sin 3x which increases for

 π π  π π
3x ∈  − ,  ⇒ x ∈  − , 
 2 2  6 6

2π π
whose length = = .
6 3

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 f ′( x ) = e − ( x +1) 2
. 2x − e −( x . 2x = 2xe − (x +1+ 2x 2 )
(1 − e2x +1 ) > 0 ∀ x ∈ ( −∞ , 0) .
2 2 2 4 2
)
46.

47. y = a log | x | + bx 2 + x

 log x if x > 0
log | x | = 
log(− x ) if x < 0

a
dy  x + 2bx + 1 if x > 0
∴ =
dx  a + 2bx + 1 if x < 0
x

dy
Now, = 0 at x = −1, 2
dx

a
∴ − a − 2b + 1 = 0, + 4b + 1 = 0 ⇒ a + 2b = 1, a + 8b = -2
2

1
Solving, a = 2, b = − .
2

48. f ′( x ) = x (e x − 1)( x − 1)( x − 2)3 ( x − 3)5 = 0 ⇒ x = 0,1, 2, 3 (critical points)

Now, f ′(3− ) < 0 and f ′(3+ ) > 0

∴ f(x) is min. at x = 3.

− x , − 2 < x < 0

49. f ( x ) =  0, x=0
 x, 0<x<2


f ′( x ) does not exist as f ′(0 − ) = −1 and f ′(0 + ) = 1 .

π π π  3 − tan A
50. A+B= ⇒ B = − A ⇒ tan B = tan  − A  =
3 3 3  1 + 3 tan A

Now, z = tan A tan B =

t ( 3−t )= 3t − t 2
1 + 3t 1 + 3t

where t = tan A

⇒ =
(
dz 1 + 3t )( 3 − 2t )− ( 3t − t )( 3 ) 2

dt (1 + 3t ) 2

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 =
3 − 2 t + 3t − 2 3t 2 − 3t + 3t 2
=
3 − 2 t + 3t 2
=−
(t + 3 )( 3t − 1)
(1 + 3t ) 2
(1 + 3t )2
(1 + 3t )
2

dz 1 1 π
∴ =0⇒ t = ⇒ tan A = ⇒A=
dt 3 3 6

π π π
⇒ B= − = . Other value of both A and B are rejected as A and B are both acute.
3 6 6

dz 1
Clearly, changes sign from +ve to -ve to while passing through t = .
dt 3

1 1
∴ It is max. when t = and maximum value is .
3 3

51. f ′( x ) = 1 if − 1 ≤ x < 0

1
f ′(0 − ) = 1, f ′(0 + ) =
2

∴ f ′ (0) does not exist.

1
Also, f ′ ( x ) = for 0 < x ≤ 1
2

∴ In all cases f ′( x ) ≠ 0 for any x ∈ [ −1, 1]

∴ f(x) has neither a maxima nor a minima.

52. f (θ) = a sin θ + b cos θ = r sin( θ + α ) [Put a = r cos α , b = r sin α ⇒ r = a 2 + b 2 ]

∴ Max. value of f (θ) is r = a + b .

2 2

x 2 −1 ( x 2 + 1) 2x − ( x 2 − 1) 2x 4x
53. f (x ) = , x ∈ R ⇒ f ′( x ) = = 2
x +1
2
( x + 1)
2 2
( x + 1) 2

∴ f ′( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0

( x 2 + 1) 2 . 4 − 4 x . 2( x 2 + 1) . 2 x
f ′′( x ) =
( x 2 + 1) 4

4−0
∴ f ′′(0) = =4 > 0
(0 + 1) 4

0 −1
∴ x = 0 is a point of minima and minimum value is = −1 .
0 +1

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