REWIE 2008 VIMAZAL The Use Constructed Wetlands With Horizontal Sub-Surface PDF

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Review
The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface

ow for various types of wastewater
J. Vymazal a,b,
a
Czech Republic
ENKI o.p.s., Dukelsk 145, 379 01 Trebon,
Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Landscape Ecology,
1, 281 63 Kostelec nad Cern
Nmest Smirickych
ymi
lesy, Czech Republic
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface ow (HF CWs) have been used for
Received 20 August 2008
wastewater treatment for more than 30 years. Most HF CWs have been designed to treat
Accepted 29 August 2008
municipal or domestic wastewater. Nowadays, municipal HF CWs focus not only on common
pollutants but also on special parameters such as pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptive
chemicals or linear alkylbenzensulfonates (LAS). At present, HF CWs are used to treat many
Keywords:
other types of wastewater. Industrial applications include wastewaters from oil reneries,
Constructed wetlands
chemical factories, pulp and paper production, tannery and textile industries, abattoir, dis-
Hybrid systems
tillery and winery industries. In particular, the use of HF CWs is becoming very common for
Municipal wastewater
treatment of food-processing wastewaters (e.g., production and processing of milk, cheese,
Nutrients
potatoes, sugar). HF constructed wetlands are also successfully used to treat wastewaters
Organics
from agriculture (e.g., pig and dairy farms, sh farm efuents) and various runoff waters
Sub-surface ow
(agriculture, airports, highway, greenhouses, plant nurseries). HF CWs have also effectively
been used to treat landll leachate. Besides the use as a single unit, HF CWs are also used
in combination with other types of constructed wetlands in hybrid systems.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1.
Introduction
The technology of wastewater treatment by means of constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface ow (HF CWs)
was started in Germany based on research by Kthe Seidel
commencing in the 1960s (e.g., Seidel, 1961, 1964, 1965a,b,
1966) and by Reinhold Kickuth in the 1970s (e.g., Kickuth, 1977,
1978, 1981). In these systems the wastewater is fed in at the
inlet and ows slowly through the porous medium under the
surface of the bed in a more or less horizontal path until it
reaches the outlet zone where it is collected before leaving
via level control arrangement at the outlet (Fig. 1). During this
passage the wastewater will come into contact with a network

of aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic zones. The aerobic zones
occur around roots and rhizomes that leak oxygen into the
substrate (Brix, 1987; Cooper et al., 1996). Major design parameters, removal mechanisms and treatment performance have
been reviewed by Kadlec and Knight (1996), Cooper et al. (1996),
Vymazal et al. (1998), Kadlec et al. (2000), Vymazal (2005),
Vymazal and Krpfelov (2008) or Kadlec and Wallace (2008).
HF constructed wetlands have long been used primarily for
treatment of municipal or domestic wastewaters. However, at
present, constructed wetlands are used for a wide variety of
pollution, including agricultural and industrial wastewaters,
Czech Republic.
Correspondence address: ENKI o.p.s., Dukelsk 145, 379 01 Trebon,
E-mail address: vymazal@yahoo.com.
0925-8574/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.08.016
the differences in the degree to which the homologues are

adsorbed onto suspended particles and different biodegradation rates. The removal has also been found to be temperature
and HLR dependent. The comparison with the elimination of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products through other
types of wastewater treatment plants (activated sludge, biolters) showed either similar or slightly better results for HF
CWs.
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of a constructed wetland
with horizontal sub-surface ow. 1, distribution zone lled
with large stones; 2, impermeable liner; 3, medium (e.g.,
gravel, crushed stones); 4, vegetation; 5, water level in the
bed; 6, collection zone lled with large stones; 7, collection
drainage pipe; 8, outlet structure for maintaining of water
level in the bed. The arrows indicate only a general ow
pattern. From Vymazal (2001).
various runoff waters and landll leachate. The objective of

this paper is to evaluate the use of constructed wetlands with
horizontal sub-surface ow for various types of wastewater.
2.
Municipal wastewaters
HF constructed wetlands are commonly used to treat municipal and domestic (single house or cluster of houses)
wastewaters as both secondary and tertiary treatment
stages (Table 1). In general, HF constructed wetlands are
not used to treat raw municipal wastewater. Kadlec and
Knight (1996) listed the typical composition of municipal wastewatersBOD5 : 220 mg l1 , COD: 500 mg l1 , TSS:
220 mg l1 , NH4 N: 25 mg l1 , NOx N: 0 mg l1 , Norg : 15 mg l1 ,
TKN: 40 mg l1 , TP: 8 mg l1 . However, the concentrations vary
widely as a consequence of water consumption, which varies
substantially in cities and villages and also among countries.
The results shown in Table 1 indicate that HF constructed
wetlands have been successfully used to treat municipal
wastewater with a wide range of inow concentrations. Especially important is the fact that HF constructed wetlands can
successfully treat wastewaters with very low concentrations
of organics. It is well known that conventional treatment
systems such as activated sludge cannot treat wastewater
with low organic concentrations (usually less than 5080 mg/l
BOD5 ). Average treatment performance of the HF constructed
wetlands is shown in Table 2.
Besides pollutants commonly monitored in municipal
wastewaters (see Table 1), HF CWs were also used for removal
of linear alkylbenzensulfonates (LAS) (del Bubba et al., 2000;
Billore et al., 2002; Thomas et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2004;
Kantawanichkul and Wara-Aswapati, 2005) and pharmaceuticals (Matamoros et al., 2005) from the sewage. The results
indicated that sulfophenylcarboxylic acids represent the primary biodegradation products of LAS and, among these,
sulfonezoic acid is present at signicant percentages. The
results also revealed that the longer alkyl chain homologues
were removed to a greater extent than the shorter alkyl chain
homologues in the order C13 > C12 > C11 > C10 . This decrease
has been found by other authors and has been attributed to
3.
Industrial wastewaters
There is variety of industrial wastewaters which have been

treated in HF constructed wetlands (Table 3). The quality of
industrial wastewaters varies widely, with many wastewaters
having very high concentrations of pollutants (Table 4).
3.1.
Petrochemical and chemical industries
Concentrations of BOD5 and COD in renery efuents usually vary in the range of 101000 mg l1 and 504000 mg l1 ,
respectively (Vymazal and Krpfelov, 2008). Treatment of
contaminated waters from the petrochemical industry (e.g.,
process waters from oil-elds, oil-contaminated waters,
runoff waters from reneries, oil-renery efuents) is aimed at
removal of various hydrocarbons including diesel range organics (typically reported as C10 C40 ), BTEX (benzene, toluene,
ethylene, xylene). Probably the largest system (240,000 m2 )
was built in Heglig, Sudan, to treat oil-elds hydrocarboncontaminated waters (D. Wood, pers. comm.). One of the
largest HF constructed wetlands in Europe (total area of
49,000 m2 ) was built in 1990 at the Air Products chemical works at Billingham, Teeside, United Kingdom (Sands
et al., 2000). The plant is producing alcohols for the plastics and detergent industries, phenol/acetone and derivatives
for plastics, detergents, pharmaceuticals and ame-retardant
purposes and amines and derivatives for drugs, detergents,
paper treatment, agrochemicals and animal feedstock additives. A HF CW built in Portugal treats wastewaters rich in
nitrates from the production of nitric acid. For references, see
Table 3.
3.2.
Pulp and paper, textile and tannery industries
Pulp mill efuents are complex mixtures of wood-derived

organics as well as some inorganic ions and compounds. In
untreated efuents, the BOD5 is high (generally in the range
of 200800 mg l1 ). Secondary treatment (by aerated lagoon or
activated sludge) can be quite effective, reducing the BOD5 to
about 10100 mg l1 . The compounds responsible for the BOD5
of untreated efuents are primarily simple sugars, organic
acids (e.g., acetic) and alcohols (e.g., methanol). After treatment, the residual BOD5 is largely caused by biological solids
and some more refractory organic compounds (Thut, 1993).
The most common target parameters in pulp and paper efuents are organics, suspended solids and ammonia. Besides
these parameters, also color and phenol have been targeted
in these wastewaters.
Concentrations of BOD5 , COD and TSS in tannery wastewaters usually vary between 1000 and 2000 mg l1 , 2000 and
Table 1 Examples of treatment performance of HF constructed wetlands for treatment of municipal and domestic sewage
Location
UK
Czech Republic
UK
USA
Jamaica
Lithuania
Italy
Denmark
Czech Republic
UK
Czech Republic
Belgium
Denmark
UK
Croatia
Spain
Brazil
Area (m2 )
328
2100
825
2035
90
3780
96
2640
806
612
4495
896
437
168
360
229
450
BOD5
Flow
(m3 d1 )
TSS
In
Out
In
87
92
306
14.9
0.9
180400
6
103
50
30
176
23.3
8.1
10
40
5.8
5.8
5.9
8.5
9.4
27
51
81
115
143
189
204
232
330
390
427
513
1.1
2.7
2.3
1.0
13
7.8
7.2
6.0
14.8
18.5
15
6.0
16
25
56
67
9.7
12.0
17.7
72
57
30.6
55
158
129
135
102
196
392
116
171
304
6.6
979
19
224
TP
Out
3.8
5.2
3.8
3.5
13
12.2
18
6.4
2.4
19
11
9.0
10
21
32
33
104
TN
In
Out
1.3
6.6
9.6
11.2
5.7
4.8
8.8
NH4 N
In
Out
1.0
17.9
10.7
0.45
0.4
9.6
1.8
4.8
7.0
52
40
9.4
72
22.5
57
9.9
1.6
7.4
25
16.8
42.5
81
74.5
29
43.3
10.1
12.4
21
6.8
4.0
14.3
13.2
14.5
5.9
10.9
152
110
80
53
In
0.67
5.2
5.5
10.5
5.8
Out
0.24
4.2
0.44
2.7
0.4
FC
Ref.
In
Out
5.4
4.4
5.3
5.6
1.0
2.2
6.5
2.5
7.4
5.6
8.2
5.2
6.2
3.0
17.3
35.5
65.5
42.1
12.5
33
42.3
22.2
63.2
15.7
84
48.7
1
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
2
1
2
8
9
1
10
11
49
16
12
Wigmore
Onsov
Leek Wootton
Bear Creek, AL
Pisgah
Lifosa
Baggiolino
Uggerhalne
Ondrejov
Holtby
Kolodeje
Hasselt-Kiewit
Brondum
Middleton
Glavotok
Carrin de los
Cspedes
Agronomica
Country
Chemical parameters in mg l1 , fecal coliforms (FC) in log CFU 100 ml1 . Values are mostly annual means. From Vymazal and Krpfelov (2008). 1, CWA (2006); 2, unpublished results; 3, Watson (1990);
4, Stewart (2005); 5 Gasiunas and Strusevicius

(2003); 6, Pucci et al. (2004); 7, Kadlec et al. (2000); 8, VMM (2006); 9, Schierup et al. (1990); 10, Shalabi (2004); 11, Sardn et al. (2006); 12, Philippi et al.
(2006).
Table 2 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating municipal and domestic wastewaters. Elaborated from
Vymazal and Krpfelov (2008)
Concentration (mg l1 )
In
BOD5 (<40 mg l1 )
BOD5 (>40 mg l1 )
COD
TSS
TN
NH4 N
TP
19.5
178
287
113
53.0
28.4
8.7
Eff. (%)
Out
6.8
32
76
22.3
29.8
17.1
4.4
60.7
80.7
63.2
68.1
39.4
21.1
40.9
Loading (kg ha1 d1 )
na
281 (122)
746 (261)
556 (244)
975 (319)
419 (182)
789 (254)
643 (247)
In
Out
Rem
49.3
97
237
111
25.9
18.2
6.8
17.2
19.4
88
28
15.9
12.9
4.9
32.1
77.6
149
83
10
5.3
1.9
na
230 (103)
624 (213)
493 (217)
828 (271)
388 (162)
711 (225)
509 (213)
In = inow to a vegetated bed(s), Out = nal outow, Rem = removed load.

a
The number denotes the number of annual means with number of systems in parentheses.
Table 3 Examples of the use of horizontal ow constructed wetlands for treatment of various types of industrial
wastewater
Industry
Location
Reference
Petrochemical
USA
UK
South Africa
China
Taiwan
Sudan
Wallace (2002a)
Chapple et al. (2002)
Wood and Hensman (1989)
Ji et al. (2002)
Yang and Hu (2005)
D. Wood (pers. comm)
Chemical
UK
Portugal
China
Sands et al. (2000)

Dias et al. (2006)
Wang et al. (1994)
Pulp and paper
USA
USA
Kenya
Thut (1990, 1993)

Hammer et al. (1993)
Abira et al. (2005)
Textile
Slovenia
Australia
Germany
Bulc et al. (2006)

Davies and Cottingham (1992)
Mbuligwe (2005)
Winter and Kickuth (1989)
Tannery
Portugal
Turkey
USA
Calheiros et al. (2007)

Kck et al. (2003)
Dotro et al. (2006)
Abattoir
Australia
New Zealand
Mexico
Ecuador
Uruguay
Finlayson et al. (1990)

Van Oostrom and Cooper (1990)
Poggi-Varaldo et al. (2002)
Lavigne and Jankiewicz (2000)
Perdomo (pers. comm.)
Food processing
Slovenia
Netherlands
USA
France
Italy
Lithuania
c et al. (1998)
Vrhovsek et al. (1996), Urbanc-Berci
De Zeeuw et al. (1990)
White (1994), Wallace (2002b)
Khalil et al. (2005)
Pucci et al. (2000), Mantovi et al. (2007), Gorra et al. (2007)
Gasiunas et al. (2005)
Distillery and winery
India
Italy
South Africa
Billore et al. (2001)

Masi et al. (2002)
Grismer et al. (2003), Sheridan et al. (2006)
Lignite pyrolysis
Germany
Wiessner et al. (1999)
Mining
USA
Germany
Gerth et al. (2005)

Pantano et al. (2000)
Laundry
Australia
Davison et al. (2005, 2006)
Table 4 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating industrial wastewaters

BOD5
COD
TSS
TN
NH4 -N
TP
In
Out
652
1856
239
138
65.2
9.3
254
789
128
102
48.6
5.2
Eff. (%)
60.1
63.1
71.6
27.8
28.0
47.6
na
48 (23)
40 (25)
37 (17)
18 (8)
46 (22)
10 (4)
In
Out
Rem
353
1212
212
84.4
34.1
5.6
158
652
137
63.9
27.0
2.7
195
560
75
20.5
7.1
2.9
na
45 (22)
40 (24)
37 (15)
18 (8)
43 (21)
10 (4)
Elaborated from Vymazal and Krpfelov (2008). In = inow to a vegetated bed(s), Out = nal outow, Rem = removed load.
a
4000 mg l1 and 1500 and 3000 mg l1 , respectively (Vymazal

and Krpfelov, 2008). The use of HF CWs for treatment
of tannery wastewaters is relatively new, and experiments
were carried out in Portugal, Turkey, and USA (Table 3).
On the other hand, the attempts to use HF CWs for treatment of textile wastewaters were carried out as early as
during late 1980s and early 1990s in Germany and Australia (Table 3). Colored wastewater, with high COD (up to
35,000 mg l1 ), TSS (up to 25,000 mg l1 ) and pH values and low
BOD5 values (BOD5 :COD ratio usually between 0.1 and 0.4),
is treated satisfactorily in HF CWs with very good removal
of COD, TSS, ammonia, sulfate and anionic sulfate. Also, the
removal of visible colorization is high. On the other hand, low
BOD/COD ratio indicates the hardly-degradable nature of textile wastewater and therefore, high BOD5 removal cannot be
expected.
3.3.
Abattoir and meet processing efuents
The rst experiments to treat abattoir wastewaters were

reported by Finlayson et al. (1990) from Australia. PoggiVaraldo et al. (2002) described an 1144 m2 HF constructed
wetland as a part of treatment system for wastewaters from
an abattoir (slaughter house) in the State of Hidalgo, Mxico.
The system consisted of primary sedimentation, anaerobic
lagoon and an HF constructed wetland. The overall treatment
efciencies were 90%, 91%, 85% for COD, BOD5 and TSS, respectively. Reduction of fecal and total coliforms amounted to 5.5
and 5.0 log units, respectively. Lavigne and Jankiewicz (2000)
reported on the use of a 1200 m2 HF constructed wetland for
slaughterhouse wastewater treatment in Ecuador.
Van Oostrom and Cooper (1990) used the HF CW for the
treatment of meat-processing wastewater in New Zealand.
Gasiunas and Strusevicius

(2003) and Gasiunas et al. (2005)
presented the results from a 1880 m2 HF constructed wetland
designed to treat meat-processing wastewaters in Lithuania.
3.4.
Food processing
There is a wide variety of food-processing wastewaters which

have been treated in HF CWs. Food-processing wastewaters usually contain high concentrations of easily degradable
organics up to BOD5 and COD of 80,000 and 200,000 mg l1 ,
respectively, for oil olive production wastewaters (Vymazal
and Krpfelov, 2008). One of the rst reports on the use of
HF CW for food-processing wastewater was by White (1994) on

seafood processor wastewater. Vrhovsek et al. (1996) described
the use of 156 m2 HF CW to treat highly loaded wastewater
Slovenia. The sysfrom a food-processing plant in Gradisce,
tem exhibited excellent removal of organicsaverage COD
and BOD5 inows of 3674 and 962 mg l1 , were reduced by
92% and 89%, respectively. The concentration of orthophosphate in the inow reached a maximum value of 4.6 mg l1
and the removal efciency varied between 92% and 99%.
Ammonium inow concentrations varied between 2.1 and
16.3 mg l1 with an average treatment efciency of 86%.
c et al. (1998) reported on the use of
Also Urbanc-Berci
HF CW to treat food-processing wastewaters in Slovenia.
Recently, HF CWs have been frequently used to treat
cheese-processing wastewaters. Wallace (2002b) reported on
the use of 189 m2 HF constructed wetland with articial aeration designed to treat cheese-processing wastewaters in
Eichten Cheese, a small dairy in Minnesota. Khalil et al. (2005)
reported on treatment of cheese dairy farm efuent in southern France. Gorra et al. (2007) reported on the use of an HF
constructed wetland for the treatment of wastewater from
a medium-size cheese-making plant in Aosta Valley, northwest Italy, in a mountain region at the altitude of 540 m. The
wetland was a long (ca. 100 m) narrow ditch 1 m deep and
about 2 m wide. The slope follows a natural terrain conguration. The wetland is divided into ve sections lled with
gravel, ground ceramic wastes, magnetite, zeolite and local
soil supplemented with compost and marble sand. Mantovi
et al. (2007) described the use of HF CW to treat wastewaters
from the production of Italian cheese Parmigiano-Reggiano
(400 m2 , 10.5 m3 d1 ) and Grana Padano (2700 m2 , 70 m3 d1 ).
The treatment efciency in both systems was very high
and amounted to 94%, 96%, 98%, 62% and 45% for TSS,
COD, BOD5 , TKN and TP, respectively. Also, the reduction
of vegetable fats and oils was very highthe inow concentrations of 59 mg l1 (Parmigiano) and 167 mg l1 (Grana
Padano) were reduced to 1 and 2 mg l1 , respectively. The
HF constructed wetland was also used to treat domestic
(75%) and wastewaters produced by seasonal food processing (cheese, tomato sauce, apple and grape juice, olive oil
etc., 25%) near Florence in Tuscany, Italy (Pucci et al., 2000).
De Zeeuw et al. (1990) used HF constructed wetlands for
the treatment of wastewaters from potato starch processing.
3.5.
Winery and distillery
Winery wastewaters are characterized by the high content of

organic (up to 45,000 mg l1 BOD5 ) and solids content, high
acidity and large variations in a seasonal ow production
(Shepherd et al., 2001; Masi et al., 2002). Also, the winery
wastewaters are characterized by low N/C and P/C ratios.
Detailed studies on the organic composition indicated that
ethanol and sugars (fructose and glucose) represent more
than 90% of the organic load. However, the wastewater also
includes low amounts (about 0.15% of the total COD) of recalcitrant constituents (polyphenols and lignins), that could be
difcult to degrade because of their structure as well as high
molecular weights. Constructed wetlands may offer an efcient low-cost, low-maintenance and energy alternative for
wineries that have sufcient land available for a wetland creation. Constructed wetlands also have the advantage of being
able to accept seasonal ow uctuations without adversely
affecting the functional aspects of the treatment system (Masi
et al., 2002; Grismer et al., 2003). For example, Masi et al. (2002)
reported on three HF CWs in Tuscany, Italy and Sheridan et al.
(2006) described the HF CW for treatment of winery efuent
in South Africa.
Billore et al. (2001) reported on the use of an HF constructed
wetland to treat the secondary treated distillery efuent from
a private distillery, Associated Alcohols and Breweries, Ltd.
at Khodigram village in the outskirts of Baraha town in Central India. The BOD5 and COD concentrations in the distillery
efuent even after the conventional secondary treatment
amounted to 2540 and 13,866 mg l1 , respectively and, therefore additional treatment was necessary. The system achieved
COD, BOD5 TKN and TP reductions of 64%, 84%, 59% and 79%.
The study indicated that constructed wetlands may be a suitable tertiary treatment option.
3.6.
stored for a long time in an efuent pond. Jardinier et al.

(2001) reported on the use of the pilot-scale two-stage HF
constructed wetland to treat coke plant efuents in France.
The authors concluded that HF constructed wetland may be
a valid method to substantially decrease nitrogen concentrations and also to retain some metals and PAHs. Gerth et al.
(2005) used a hybrid FWSHF constructed wetland (total area
of 1400 m2 ) to treat seepage water from uranium mining in
Achlema-Alberoda, Germany. The authors pointed out that
different conditions are needed for removal of arsenic (aerobic) and uranium (anaerobic). Pantano et al. (2000) reported
the use of HF CWs to treat mining impacted groundwater
with elevated metal concentrations in Butte, Montana, USA.
The wetlands were effective in removing Cd, Zn and Cu while
arsenic was released from the system and lead concentrations
were not affected by the wetland. Davison et al. (2005, 2006)
reported on the use of an HF constructed wetland planted with
a mixture of Typha orientalis and Bolboschoenus uviatilis for the
treatment of laundry wastewater in Australia.
4.
Agricultural wastewaters
Wastewaters from various feedlot operations are commonly

treated with free water surface constructed wetlands with
series of lagoons as pretreatment step (Kadlec and Knight,
1996; Kadlec et al., 2000; Vymazal and Krpfelov, 2008). HF
constructed wetlands are used to a lesser extent but many
ne examples could be found in the literature (Table 5). Average treatment performance for HF CWs treating wastewaters
from agro-industrial operations are presented in Table 6. The
inow concentrations are much lower as compared to raw
wastewaters because of intensive pretreatment.
4.1.
Pig farms efuents
Other industrial efuents
Wiessner et al. (1999) reported on the use of an HF constructed

wetland to treat lignite pyrolysis wastewater which had been
Finlayson et al. (1987, 1990) reported on the use of HF CW

for the treatment of piggery wastewater at Cooper County
Hog Farm, in Springs, Australia. Wang et al. (1994) reported
Table 5 Examples of the use of horizontal ow constructed wetlands for treatment of various types of wastewater from
agricultural operations
Type of wastewater
Location
Reference
Pig farms
Australia
China
United Kingdom
Thailand
Lithuania
Taiwan
Finlayson et al. (1987, 1990)

Wang et al. (1994), Junsan et al. (2000)
Gray et al. (1990)
Kantawanichkul and Somprasert (2005)
Strusevicius
and Struseviciene
(2003)
Lee et al. (2004)
Fish farm efuent
USA
Canada
Germany
Zachritz and Jacquez (1993)

Comeau et al. (2001), Naylor et al. (2003), Chazarenc et al. (2007)
Schulz et al. (2003)
Dairy
Italy
Germany
USA
New Zealand
Denmark
Lithuania
United Kingdom
Mantovi et al. (2002, 2003)

Kern and Brettar (2002)
Hill et al. (2003), Chen et al. (1995), Drizo et al. (2006)
Tanner (1992)
Schierup et al. (1990)
Gasiunas et al. (2005)
Gray et al. (1990)
Table 6 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating agricultural wastewaters

BOD5
COD
TSS
TN
NH4 -N
TP
In
Out
464
871
516
116
71.5
19.8
183
327
180
57.5
39.6
8.5
Eff. (%)
68.2
63.0
76.9
51.3
33.8
54.3
na
43 (19)
38 (17)
56 (26)
31 (13)
45 (18)
44 (18)
na
In
Out
Rem
541
1239
1430
68.0
74.6
13.7
294
602
779
42.0
19.0
7.0
246
637
651
26.0
55.6
6.7
43 (18)
37 (17)
54 (23)
31 (13)
45 (18)
44 (18)
a
on the use of an HF constructed wetland for treatment of

a pig farm in Leping, south China. The system consists
of screens, sedimentary pond, upow anaerobic hydrolysis
pond, HF constructed wetland and sh pond. The average
inow/outow concentrations for the whole system were
15,000/99, 8000/58 and 70,000/432 mg l1 for COD, BOD5 and
TSS, respectively. Gray et al. (1990) reported on the use of
HF wetlands for the treatment of a combined stream of
wastewater from a septic tank and farmyard runoff resulting from muck from pig housing being scraped across the
yard. Junsan et al. (2000) used a 4-stage HF constructed
wetland with a total surface area of 449 m2 for the treatment of pig farm efuents in China. The system performed
quite wellconcentrations of BOD5 , COD and TSS were
reduced from 1038 to 124 mg l1 , 1865 to 246 mg l1 and 558
to 51.5 mg l1 , respectively. Kantawanichkul et al. (2003) and
Kantawanichkul and Somprasert (2004, 2005) used a combination VFHF and HFVF constructed wetlands to treat pig
farm efuents in Thailand with TKN and COD concentrations
of about 400 and 1000 mg l1 . Strusevicius

and Struseviciene
(2003) presented the results from a 50 m2 HF constructed
wetland designed to treat pig-breeding farm wastewaters in
Lithuania. The wetland was lled with sand and planted with
Phragmites australis. The pretreatment unit consisted of a 3chamber septic tank. Lee et al. (2004) used HF CW for the
treatment of swine efuent in Taiwan.
4.2.
Fish farm efuents
Efuents from trout farms are typically 2025 times more

diluted than medium-strength municipal wastewaters. With
respect to receiving water quality objectives, the most constraining element to remove from freshwater sh farm
efuents is phosphorus (Comeau et al., 2001). Zachritz and
Jacquez (1993) reported the use of HF constructed wetland for
a treatment of recycled water from a geothermal aquaculture
high density nsh culture in New Mexico. The authors
concluded that the potential of HF constructed wetlands as
an ecologically attractive and economical method for treating
sh farm efuents to reduce solids and phosphorus discharge
appears promising. In Canada, Comeau et al. (2001) used two
HF constructed wetlands to treat trout farm efuents at the
Pisciculture du Lac William near St-Ferdinand, southeast of
Qubec City. In another study from Canada, Naylor et al. (2003)
reported on the use of experimental HF constructed wetlands
to treat diluted sludge from a freshwater sh farm anaero-
bic digester. Pollutant removal was generally very good with

planted wetlands (Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia) clearly
outperforming unplanted units in term of BOD5 , COD, TKN,
NH4 N. The removal of TSS, NO3 N PO4 P and TP were comparable. Chazarenc et al. (2007) used a combination of a HF
constructed wetland (28 m2 ) followed by static columns lled
with electric arc furnace slag to treat efuent from anaerobic digester-sludge storage tank at the ow-through trout sh
farm. The TSS, COD, TKN and TP concentrations of 120, 710,
29 and 25 mg l1 in the storage tank efuent were reduced to
respective values of 23, 43, 5.9 and 11 mg l1 in the HF wetland
efuent. Slag columns reduced the TP concentrations down
to 2.3 mg l1 . Schulz et al. (2003) reported successful use of HF
constructed wetlands to treat rainbow trout farm efuents in
Germany under various hydraulic retention times (HRT: 1.5,
2.5 and 7.5 h).
4.3.
Dairy efuents
Mantovi et al. (2002, 2003) reported the use of a HF constructed

wetland to treat dairy parlor efuent and domestic sewage
in an isolated mountain rural settlement in the province of
Reggio Emilia, Italy. The treatment system consisted of pretreatment in an Imhoff tank and two 72 m2 HF cells lled
with washed gravel and planted with Phragmites australis. The
results were quite promising and the authors pointed out that
this technology is an appropriate treatment to reduce pollutants in wastewater from rural activities to values acceptable
for discharge into surface waters. Gasiunas et al. (2005) presented results from a gravel-based HF constructed wetland
treating domestic wastewater and wastewaters from a dairy
farm in Lithuania. Kern and Brettar (2002) reported on the use
of the experimental HF wetland to treat dairy farm wastewater in Potsdam, Germany. The wetland was lled with gravel
(28 mm), compost and sand (0.52 mm) in the upper layer and
planted with Spartina pectinata, Phragmites australis and Carex
acutiformis. Despite high inow N concentrations (264 mg l1 )
the overall removal was 91.6% for NH4 and 80.6 for Norg . Hill
et al. (2003) reported on the use of HF system to remove soluble P from an 800-head dairy farm in New York State. Eight
55 m2 beds were lled with four different materials: wollastonite tailings (by-product of a mining operations containing
approximately 15% wollastonite and 7080% garnet), Norlite
(shale that has been crushed and red; it is a construction
material that is classied as a lightweight aggregate), limestone and soil. Over 1.5 years, soil removed the most soluble P
Table 7 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating landll leachate

In
BOD5
COD
TSS
TN
NH4 -N
TP
Eff. (%)
na
Out
155
933
391
211
162
1.7
96
698
86
126
98
0.29
32.8
24.9
54.5
33.1
38.7
66.1
25 (13)
7 (6)
8 (5)
8 (5)
25 (11)
11 (3)
In
Out
Rem
28
330
40
46.3
32.2
0.16
17.1
279
17
37.8
21.7
0.02
10.9
51
23
8.5
10.5
0.14
na
24 (12)
7 (6)
8 (5)
8 (5)
26 (10)
8 (3)
a
(53%), followed by Norlite (34%), wollastonite tailings (13%) and

limestone (4%). Drizo et al. (2006) used HF wetlands planted
with Schoenoplectus uviatilis to treat dairy wastewaters in Vermont, USA. The results indicated that constructed wetlands
have a good potential for dairy farms wastewater management under cold climate conditions. The use of HF constructed
wetlands to treat dairy farm wastewaters was also reported by
Gray et al. (1990) in United Kingdom, Chen et al. (1995) in USA
or Tanner (1992) in New Zealand.
ment in United Kingdom with wetland area up to 2800 m2 .

The use of HF constructed wetlands was also reported by
Sanford (1999) from Ithaca, NY, USA or Sloop et al. (1996) from
New Hanover County, NC, USA. The summary of treatment
performance landll leachate treatment systems (Table 7)
indicated quite low removal of organics as compared to
other types of wastewater. This is because organics in landll leachate frequently consist of compounds which are not
easily biodegradable as indicated by high COD/BOD ratio.
5.
6.
Stormwater runoff
6.1.
Airport runoff
Landll leachate
Inltration of precipitation and migration of water through

municipal solid waste landlls produce leachate that contains undesirable or toxic organic chemicals. The chemical
quality of landll leachate differs greatly from one landll
to another and uctuates seasonally within an individual
landll. Leachate composition is waste- and site-specic
depending on the waste type, landll age, and amount of
inltrating water (Staubitz et al., 1989). Leachate is generally colored, anoxic and has high concentrations of total
dissolved solids, COD, BOD5 (with very low BOD/COD ratio),
ammonia (Table 7), phenols, benzene, toluene, chloride, iron,
manganese, arsenic, heavy metals such as lead, cadmium,
zinc or chromium but little or no phosphorus (McBean and
Rovers, 1999).
HF constructed wetlands have been frequently used for
landll leachate treatment (Table 8). CWA (2006) database
includes 17 HF constructed wetlands for landll leachate treat-
Airport runoff (Table 9) contains de-icing and anti-icing compounds applied to the aircraft, runways and taxiways. The
principal materials involved are ethylene, di-ethylene, and
propylene glycols (Worrall et al., 2002). Probably the rst fullscale HF constructed wetland for airport-runoff was a 5500 m2
system of a Kickuth type built in 1994 to treat de-icing runoff
water at Zrich-Kloten Airport (Rthlisberger, 1996). After the
trial reed beds experiment constructed in 1994 (Revitt et al.,
2001) a full-scale system at London Heathrow International
Airport was completed in 2002 with the primary aim to treat
de-icing compounds contaminated runoff from an extensive
catchment of some 600 ha of runways, taxiways, cargo areas
and terminal buildings. The system comprises a series of aerated balancing ponds combined with 2.08 ha of gravel-based
HF constructed wetlands together with a kilometer of rafted
Table 8 Examples of HF constructed wetlands used to treat landll leachate (Vymazal and Krpfelov, 2008)
Country
Location
Area (m2 )
Flow (m3 d1 )
Reference
Canada
Richmond, BC, Canada
6 45
Norway
Blstad
40
Mhlum et al. (1999), part of a complex system
Poland
Szadki
3600
50
Obarska-Pempkowiak et al. (2005)
Slovenia
Dragonja
Mislinjska Dobrava
Lubevc
450
600
275
10
35
11
c (1997)
Bulc et al. (1996), Urbanc-Berci
c (1997)
Urbanc-Berci
c et al. (1998)
Urbanc-Berci
United Kingdom
Monument Hill
1800
USA
Tompkins Co., New York

Jones Co., Iowa
720
93
Birkbeck et al. (1990), Experimental units
Robinson et al. (1999)

8
0.55
Surface et al. (1993)

Nivala et al. (2005) Pilot-scale
Table 9 Examples of HF constructed wetlands used to treat various types of stormwater runoff
Runoff waters
Location
Reference
Airport
UK
USA
Switzerland
Canada
Germany
Revitt et al. (2001), Worrall et al. (2002)

Karrh et al. (2002)
Rthlisberger (1996)
Higgins and Dechaine (2006)
Abydoz Environmental (2005)
Greenhouse and nursery
Canada
Australia
France
Prystay and Lo (1996)

Headley et al. (2001)
Merlin et al. (2002)
Agricultural
China
Zhou et al. (2004)
Urban
Australia
Geary et al. (2006)
Highway
UK
Italy
Shutes et al. (2001), Revitt et al. (2004)

Bresciani et al. (2007)
reedbeds. Results have been reported by, e.g., Richter et al.

(2004). Karrh et al. (2002) reported on the use of an HF constructed wetland for the treatment of anti/de-icing runoff built
at Westover Air Reserve base in western Massachusetts. Deicing runoff is also treated in HF constructed wetlands at
Edmonton, Canada (Higgins and Dechaine, 2006), and BerlinSchnefeld (Abydoz Environmental, 2005). The catchment
area at Edmonton International Airport is very large, and this,
coupled with the airports tight clay soil, result in very large
amounts of stormwater runoff. The HF constructed wetland
consists of 12 square gravel-lled cells with sides of 47.5 m
each arranged in six trains of two cells each. Wetland surface
area is 2.7 ha and design conditions for the wetland were for
the treatment of stormwater runoff contaminated with up to
1350 mg l1 of ethylene glycol at ows of up to 1500 m3 d1
(Higgins and Dechaine, 2006).
6.2.
Greenhouse and nursery runoff
Runoff from a nurseries and greenhouses (Table 9) typically

contains high concentrations on nitrogen (mostly as nitrate)
and very low concentrations of organics. Prystay and Lo
(1996) tested the potential use of an HF constructed wetland with a surface area of 254 m2 for the treatment of low
organic carbon, high nutrient wastewaters (TOC 21 mg l1 ,
TP 126 mg l1 , NH4 N 38 mg l1 , NOx N 240 mg l1 ) generated
in the greenhouse operations in Canada. The authors suggested that the treatment efciency appeared to be related
to the organic carbon concentration in the system implying
increased treatment efciencies can be achieved as the wetland mature and larger litter layer accumulates. Merlin et al.
(2002) tested in Nimes, France HF constructed experimental units to treat tomato greenhouse drainage solutions with
the mean nitrateN concentration of 329 mg l1 . Up to 70% of
nitrate was reduced in Phragmites-planted units. Headley et al.
(2001) noted that in New South Wales, Australia, the introduction of legislation to control runoff and charge for water used
in agricultural production has encouraged commercial plant
nurseries to collect and recycle their irrigation drainage. The
authors tested HF pilot-scale units lled with 10 mm basaltic
gravel and planted with Phragmites australis. TN and TP load
removals were >84% and >65%, respectively, at HRTs between
2 and 5 days.
6.3.
Agricultural runoff
Zhou et al. (2004) reported on the use of HF constructed

wetlands to treat agriculture stormwater runoff in China.
The beds were lled with gravel and planted with Phragmites
australis and Zizania caduciora. The average TN inow concentration was approximately 22 mg l1 in which about 80% was
nitrate, 10% ammonia and 10% organic nitrogen and removal
varied between 27% and 80% depending on the hydraulic
retention time.
6.4.
Urban and highway runoff
For treatment of urban stormwater runoff, FWS constructed

wetlands are mostly used (Scholz, 2006; Vymazal and
Krpfelov, 2008). However, there are some examples of the
use of an HF constructed wetlands as well (Table 9). Geary et
al. (2006) reported on the use of an HF constructed wetland
to treat urban runoff from a 21 ha urban catchment at Blue
Haven, Australia. Shutes et al. (2001, 2003), Pontier et al. (2004)
and Revitt et al. (2004) described the use of HF CW for highway
runoff treatment along the A34 Newbury Bypass in the United
Kingdom. The authors pointed out that the wetland had been
designed as an HF wetland; however, during the storms, the
runoff water will over-top the substrate and therefore, it turns
the system into surface ow part way through an intense
storm event. The target parameters, copper, chromium, nickel
and zinc, were removed sufciently. Bresciani et al. (2007)
reported on the highway runoff treatment project for the highway connection Villesse-Gorizia in Italy. The project includes a
total of 60 constructed wetlands along 17 km of highway. Each
system consists of a rst ush sedimentation tank, HF constructed wetland, wet pond and a nal vegetated retention
area.
7.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and
special organics
Chemical substances that can interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system have been termed Endocrine
Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) (Keith, 1997). Masi et al. (2004)
pointed out that the full list of EDCs includes a large range of
10
anthropogenic organic compounds, such as phthalates, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols, bisphenols and
steroid estrogens (Birkett and Lester, 2003). EDCs do not represent any special wastewaters but they occur in most types of
wastewaters (municipal agricultural and industrial) and therefore they are evaluated separately in this review. Vymazal and
Krpfelov (2008) summarized that a number of EDC classes
(phthalates, pesticides, PCBs and bisphenols) are industrial
products, worldwide used for several applications and are
therefore common pollutants (Staples et al., 1997; Kupfer,
1975; Chen et al., 2002). Other EDCs compounds such as dioxines and PAHs are not commercial products, but are formed as
by-products of various industrial and combustion processes;
they are transported from atmosphere to soil and water bodies (Birkett and Lester, 2003). Alkylphenols are metabolites of
their ethoxylate precursors, which are non-ionic surfactants
used in many industrial, commercial and household functions
(Del Bubba and Lepri, 2002). The presence of steroid estrogens
in wastewater mainly arises from direct female excretion, in
particular from pregnant females and women using oral contraception or hormone replacement therapies (Arcand-Hoy et
al., 1998; Andrews, 1995). In Table 10, examples of the use of
HF CWs for treatment of EDCs are presented.
Masi et al. (2004) monitored the removal of EDCs in a HF
(160 m2 )VF (180 m2 ) constructed wetland treating wastewaters from a hotel in Florence, Italy. Among EDCs (Table 10),
trace amounts of estrogens, PAHs and phthalates were found
in inlet wastewater. All of these compounds were removed
at high percentage (up to 100% for estrogens), with the only
exception of bis-2-ethylhexylphthalate which was released
by the HDPE liner. Giraud et al. (2001) described the use of
an HF constructed wetland to treat water contaminated with
PAHs, particularly uoranthene and the possible role of fungi
present in these ecosystems. Out of 40 fungal species from 24
genera, uoranthene was degraded efciently by 33 species
while only 2 species were able to remove anthracene over 70%.
Container nurseries apply pesticides and nutrients at various times throughout the year. Overhead irrigation systems
are commonly used to water the plants daily. As much as
7075% of this irrigation water runs off the packed gravel beds
that the container plants rest on (Cabrera, 1997; Beeson and
Knox, 1991). This runoff may have signicant concentrations
of pesticides. Removal of pesticides has been often reported
using FWS constructed wetlands (e.g., Alvord and Kadlec,
1996; Braskerud and Haarstad, 2003; Sherrard et al., 2004),

but studies with the use of HF systems are limited. Stearman
et al. (2003) used HF constructed wetlands to treat runoff
water from container nursery containing herbicides simazine
(Princep) [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and metolachlor (Pennant) [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-2methoxy-1-methylethyl-acetamide]. Removal of both herbicides was high with planted cells more efcient than
unplanted cells; during the 2-year period, R wetlands planted
with Scirpus validus removed 82.4% metolachlor and 77.1%
simazine compared with control cells without plants, which
removed 63.2% metolachlor and 64.3% simazine. Removal also
depended on hydraulic loading rateat 2.3 d HRT 62% of the
applied herbicide was removed while at 5.1 d HRT 82% of the
herbicide was removed.
Moore et al. (2000) used the HF constructed wetland to
treat condensate-contaminated groundwater at the Gulf Strachan Gas Plant, near Rocky Mountain House, approximately
200 km northwest of Calgary, Alta., Canada. The groundwater
contained between 15 and 20 mg l1 of C5 C12 hydrocarbons,
including 50% BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes). An HF constructed wetland with a total area
of 850 m2 was planted with Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia. The wetland was supplemented with articial aeration
at the bottom of the bed to prevent freezing. With the use
of aeration during the period NovemberMay, hydrocarbons
were completely removed. Without aeration (MayNovember),
hydrocarbon removal efciency in the wetland varied from
30% to 100%. Without aeration, temperature appeared to be
a signicant factor in the variable removal rates. The authors
pointed out that the main removal mechanism appeared to
be volatilization. Also, Wallace (2002a) reported effective BTEX
removal in HF constructed wetland in South Dakota.
Zachritz et al. (1996) reported excellent removal of benzoic
acid (ca. 90%) in pilot-scale constructed wetlands planted with
Scirpus validus up to inow concentration of benzoic acid of
80 mg l1 . The vegetated units outperformed unplanted units.
Behrends et al. (2000) described the use of an HF constructed
wetland to treat groundwater contaminated with explosives
(Table 10) at the Milan Army Ammunition Plant near Milan,
TN, USA. Del Bubba et al. (1998) reported on the successful use of an HF constructed wetland in tertiary treatment
of municipal activated sludge system in Florence, Italy with
respect to hydrocarbons removal (Table 10). Braeckevelt et al.
(2006) described the use of pilot-scale HF constructed wetland
Table 10 Examples of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) treated in HF constructed wetlands

EDCs
Location
Estrogens (17--estradiol and ethynyl-estradiol), PAHs (naphthalene,

phenanthrene, uoranthene and pyrene), Phthalates (diethyl,
di-n-butyl and bis-2-ethylhexylphthalate), Alifatic hydrocarbons,
alkylbenzenes (C2 C3 ), naphatalene, nonylphenols and phthalates
PAHs (uoranthene, anthracene)
Herbicides (simazine, metolachlor)
Monochlorbenzene
Explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX, TNB, 2A-DNT, 4A-DNT)
BTEX
Benzoic acid
BTEX
Italy
Masi et al. (2004), Del Bubba et al. (1998)
France
USA
Germany
USA
Giraud et al. (2001)

Stearman et al. (2003)
Braeckevelt et al. (2006)
Behrends et al. (2000)
Wallace (2002a)
Zachritz et al. (1996)
Moore et al. (2000)
Canada
Reference
11
to treat contaminated groundwater with monochlorobenzene (MCB) in Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The results
showed that MCB concentrations decreased along the wetland
transect with the most effective removal in the upper layer.
Isotopic fractionation provided evidence for in situ MCB degradation and suggested that anaerobic microbial degradation
processes played a relevant role.
are called hybrid constructed wetlands (Vymazal, 2005). HF

constructed wetlands suffer from the lack of oxygen in ltration beds and, therefore, nitrication is very low. In order
to enhance ammonia removal, HF CWs are commonly combined with VF constructed wetlands in a staged manner.
VF systems have a much greater oxygen transport capacity
and, therefore, provide much better conditions for nitrication. However, very limited or no denitrication occurs in VF
systems (Vymazal, 2007). Recently also, FWS constructed wetlands have been combined with sub-surface ow constructed
wetlands in order to achieve better treatment performance.
Therefore, the optimum combination of various types of constructed wetlands always depends on the target pollutants
(Table 11).
8.
HF constructed wetlands used id
combination with other types of constructed
wetlands
Various types of constructed wetlands may be combined
in order to achieve higher treatment effect. These systems
Table 11 Examples of hybrid constructed wetlands used for various types of wastewater
Type of CW
Country
Type of wastewater
Reference
Sewage
UK
USA
Estonia
France
Ireland
Tunisia
Turkey
Greece
Denmark
Poland
Mexico
Greece
Canada
Kenya
Poland
Estonia
Thailand
Italy
VFHF
VFHF
VFHF
VFHF
VFHF
VFHF
VFHF
VFHF
HFVF
HFVF
HFVF
FWSHF
HFFWS
HFFWS
HFVFHF
VFHFFWSP
VFHFFWSP
HFVFHFFWS
Burka and Lawrence (1990)

House and Broome (2000)
vel et al. (2007)
Lienard et al. (1990)
OHogain (2003)
Mhiri et al. (2005)
Korkusuz et al. (2004)
Tsihrintzis et al. (2004)
Brix et al. (2003)
Obarska-Pempkowiak et al. (2005)
Belmont et al. (2004)
Zdragas et al. (2002)
Laouali et al. (1996)
Nyakango and van Bruggen (1999)
Obarska-Pempkowiak (1999)
Mander et al. (2003)
Brix et al. (2006)
Pucci et al. (2004)
Landll leachate
Slovenia
Norway
Canada
USA
Portugal
VFHF
HFFWS
HFFWS
FWSHF
VFHFP
Bulc (2006)
Mhlum et al. (1999)
Kinsley et al. (2006)
Eckhardt et al. (1999)
Dias et al. (2006)
Hospital
Nepal
HFVF
Laber et al. (1999)
Dairy
Japan
VFHF
Kato et al. (2006)
Cheese dairy
France
VFHF
Reeb and Werckmann (2005)
Pig farm
Thailand
VFHF
Kantawanichkul and Neamkam (2003)
Winery
Italy
Italy
HFFWS
VFHFFWSP
Masi et al. (2002)

Masi et al. (2002)
Fish aquaculture
Taiwan
FWSHF
Lin et al. (2002)
Shrimp aquaculture
Taiwan
FWSHF
Lin et al. (2003, 2005)
Polluted river
Taiwan
FWSHF
Jing et al. (2001)
Industrial
China
FWSHF
Wang et al. (1994)
Mining
Uganda
FWSHF
Byekwaso et al. (2002)
Compost leachate
France
VFHF
Reeb and Werckmann (2005)
Slaughterhouse
Poland
VFHF
Soroko (2005)
VF = vertical ow, HF = horizontal ow, FWS = free water surface, P = pond.
12
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by grants no. 206/06/0058 Monitoring of Heavy Metals and Selected Risk Elements during
Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands from the
Czech Science Foundation and grants no. 2B06023 Development of Mass and Energy Flows Evaluation in Selected
Ecosystems and ME 876 The Use of Constructed Wetlands
with Intermittent Vertical Flow for Wastewater Treatment
from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech
Republic.
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e c o l o g i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g 3 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 117

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoleng

The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface

1, 281 63 Kostelec nad Cern

Received 20 August 2008

Accepted 29 August 2008

treatment of food-processing wastewaters (e.g., production and processing of milk, cheese,

passage the wastewater will come into contact with a network

the differences in the degree to which the homologues are

various runoff waters and landll leachate. The objective of

There is variety of industrial wastewaters which have been

Petrochemical and chemical industries

Pulp and paper, textile and tannery industries

Pulp mill efuents are complex mixtures of wood-derived

4, Stewart (2005); 5 Gasiunas and Strusevicius

Loading (kg ha1 d1 )

In = inow to a vegetated bed(s), Out = nal outow, Rem = removed load.

Sands et al. (2000)

Pulp and paper

Thut (1990, 1993)

Bulc et al. (2006)

Calheiros et al. (2007)

Finlayson et al. (1990)

Distillery and winery

Billore et al. (2001)

Wiessner et al. (1999)

Gerth et al. (2005)

Davison et al. (2005, 2006)

Table 4 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating industrial wastewaters

Loading (kg ha1 d1 )

4000 mg l1 and 1500 and 3000 mg l1 , respectively (Vymazal

Abattoir and meet processing efuents

The rst experiments to treat abattoir wastewaters were

Gasiunas and Strusevicius

There is a wide variety of food-processing wastewaters which

HF CW for food-processing wastewater was by White (1994) on

Winery and distillery

Winery wastewaters are characterized by the high content of

stored for a long time in an efuent pond. Jardinier et al.

Wastewaters from various feedlot operations are commonly

Pig farms efuents

Other industrial efuents

Wiessner et al. (1999) reported on the use of an HF constructed

Finlayson et al. (1987, 1990) reported on the use of HF CW

Finlayson et al. (1987, 1990)

Fish farm efuent

Zachritz and Jacquez (1993)

Mantovi et al. (2002, 2003)

Table 6 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating agricultural wastewaters

Loading (kg ha1 d1 )

on the use of an HF constructed wetland for treatment of

of about 400 and 1000 mg l1 . Strusevicius

Fish farm efuents

Efuents from trout farms are typically 2025 times more

bic digester. Pollutant removal was generally very good with

Mantovi et al. (2002, 2003) reported the use of a HF constructed

Table 7 Average treatment performance of HF CWs treating landll leachate

Loading (kg ha1 d1 )

(53%), followed by Norlite (34%), wollastonite tailings (13%) and

ment in United Kingdom with wetland area up to 2800 m2 .

Inltration of precipitation and migration of water through

Richmond, BC, Canada