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Prof. K.GOVINDARAJULU
M.Tech., Ph.D., F.I.E., M.I.S.T.E., C.E.
Professor of Mechanical Engineering Department,
Director of Evaluation,
JNTUniversity, Anantapur.
Andhra Pradesh, India.
govindjntua@gmail.com
Abstract:
Refrigeration plays an important role in developing countries, primarily for the preservation of food, medicine,
and for air conditioning. Conventional refrigeration systems are using Freon as refrigerant. As they are the main
cause for depletion of ozone layer, extensive research work is going on alternate refrigeration systems. Vortex
tube is a non conventional cooling device, having no moving parts which will produce cold air and hot air from
the source of compressed air without affecting the environment. When a high pressure air is tangentially injected
into vortex chamber a strong vortex flow will be created which will be split into two air streams, one hot stream
and the other is cold stream at its ends.
Keywords: Refrigeration, Vortex Tube Refrigeration, C.O.P, VCRS, R134a
1. Introduction
The system (VCRS) using in automobiles for getting air conditioning, the refrigerant R134a is having
ozone depleting potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) and toxic. Leakage of the refrigerant
during accidents is also a problem causing deaths due to its inhalation. The alternative cooling system in
automobiles is getting by Vortex Tube Refrigeration System. In Vortex Tube Refrigeration System the medium
used is compressed air and having zero ODP and GWP. When high-pressure air is tangentially injected into the
vortex chamber via the inlet nozzle, a swirling flow is created inside the vortex chamber. In the vortex chamber,
part of the gas exists via the cold exhaust directly, and another part called as free vortex swirls to the hot end,
where it reverses by the control valve creating a forced vortex moving from the hot end to the cold end. Heat
transfer takes place between the free end and the forced vortices there by producing two streams, one hot stream
and the other is cold stream at its ends.
To run the system some power from the vehicle engine shaft is diverted by a pulley arrangement to run an air
compressor. The high pressure created in the air compressor is used as inlet to a vortex tube which is placed
inside the vehicle cabin. The cold air from the vortex tube is used to cool the vehicle cabin and the hot air is
exhausted to atmosphere.
2. Analysis of Vortex Tube
Vortex tube gets high pressure air from an air compressor through a tangential nozzle. Assume suffixes
i, h, c stands for inlet to the nozzle, hot end and cold end, respectively then the mass and energy conservation of
control volume given by
Mass balance mi = mc + mh
....2.1
Steady flow energy balance
mi.hi = mc.hc + mh.hh
....2.2
Assuming the kinetic energies are negligible.
The cold gas temperature difference or the temperature drop of the cold air tube is defined as
Tc = TiTc.
....2.3
The hot gas temperature difference or the temperature raise of the hot air tube is defined as
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Th = ThTi.
.2.4
If the system is isentropic then the heat lost by the cold stream is equal to heat gained by hot stream.
mc (Ti Tc) = mh (Th Ti) = (mi - mc).(Th Ti)
Ti Tc = [(mi/mc)-1].(Th - Ti) = ( -1).(Th Ti)
....2.5
where is the ratio of cold air to the air supplied, called as cold mass fraction.
From equation 2.3 we get.
(Ti Tc) = (1 ).(Th Ti)
[(Ti Tc) + (Th Ti)] = (Th Ti)
= (Th Ti)/[(Ti Tc) + (Th Ti)]
= Th/(Th + Tc)
= mc/mi
....2.6
If the process had undergone an isentropic expansion from inlet pressure Pi to atmospheric pressure Pa
at the cold end then the static temperature drop due to expansion is given by
Tc = Ti Tc = Ti [1-(Pa/Pi)(-1)/]
....2.7
The temperature drop occurred in vortex tube is Tc. The ratio of Tc to Tcis called Relative
Temperature drop Trel = Tc/Tc
....2.8
The product of and Trel represents the adiabatic efficiency of the vortex tube because it is defined
as
ab =
ab = (mcTcCp)/(miTcCp) = Trel
ab = [Th/(Th + Tc)]*(Tc/Tc)
...2.9
The C.O.P of the vortex tube is defined as the ratio of the cooling effect to the work input to the air
compressor.
Cooling effect = mcTcCp
Work input to air compressor = (CpmiTi)[(Pi/Pa)(-1)/-1]/ac
where ac is the adiabatic efficiency of the compressor.
C.O.P =
C
W
= [(mcTcCp).ac]/(CpmiTi)[(Pi/Pa)(-1)/-1]
C.O.P = (Tc.ac)/{Ti[(Pi/Pa)(-1)/-1]}
Substituting the value of Ti from equation 2.5 in equation 2.8
{ (Tc.ac)}
C.O.P = ____________________________
{(Tc/[1-(Pa/Pi)(-1)/])[(Pi/Pa)(-1)/-1]}
....2.10
C.O.P = .(Tc/Tc)ac.[(Pa/Pi)(-1)/]
Substituting the value of (Tc/Tc), from equation 2.7
....2.11
....2.12
3. Experimental setup
For the better performance of the Vortex Refrigeration System inside the vehicle cabin, suitable layout
of the whole system is to be designed. Following figure shows the layout of the system experimental set up in
the vehicle.
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P1 V 1
..4.1
.
368 J.
=
=
=
50%.
4.2 Cooling load calculations (No. of occupants - 9)
The following assumptions were made in quantifying the amount of heating load on a car.
Heat conducted through the firewall into the passenger compartment has been neglected. It is assumed
that enough insulation is provided to minimize this heat transfer.
The following calculations estimate the heat gain loss via glass, from occupants, and infiltration.
Q
=Q
+ Q +Q
..4.2
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..4.6
= 53 Watts.
S
Qsolar_ground
..4.7
= 447 Watts.
= Qsolar_direct+ Qsolar_dffuse + Qsolar_ground
= 2381+53+447
= 2881 Watts.
Conduction Load (Qcond)
The following assumptions have been made for calculating conduction load.
Qsolar
Clear glass with reflectance rglass= 0.07; transmittance glass = 0.8 and absorptance = 0.13 (for
normal incidence).
Most of the absorption takes place on the outer surface of the glass.
Solar heat gain is obtained by summing direct normal, diffuse horizontal and solar radiation due to
ground reflection.
Qcond = hi (TL-Tin) Aglass
..4.8
= 15 (34-23) 3.4
= 561 Watts.
Q
= Q
+Q
..4.9
= 2881 + 561
= 3442 Watts.
4.2.2 Cooling load due to Infiltration
The heat gain due to infiltration has both sensible and latent components.
Q =Q _
+Q _
1. Sensible load (Q
Q
_
. .V
N .
.
..4.10
..4.11
35-23
= 2608 Watts.
2. Latent load (Q _
Q
=
=
L. .V
N .
..4.12
(note: Humidity () is const.)
= 491 Watts.
Hence, the total load due to infiltration is
Q
=Q _
+Q _
= 2608 +491
Q
= 3099 Watts.
4.2.3 Cooling Load due to Occupants
Similar to the cooling load due to infiltration, the occupant load also has both sensible and latent
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components given by
QOCC
=Q
Q
=Q
_
+Q
..4.13
* Nocc
= 65 * 9 persons
= 595 Watts
=Q _
* Nocc
= 30 * 9 persons
= 270 Watts.
Q OCC
= 595 + 270 = 865 Watts.
Total Generated Heat Load (Qload):
Qload
= Qglass + Qocc + Qinf
Qload
= Qsolar + Qcond + Qocc + Qinf
Qload
= Qsolar_direct+ Qsolar_diffuse+Qsolar_ground+Qcond
+ Qocc + Qinf
()
=
=
= 0.74
(74% of cold air is coming from cold side & 26% of hot air is from hot side)
5. Static temperature drop due to expansion (Tc) = Ti(1-(Pa/Pi)(-1)/)
= 30 (1-(1/2))(1.4-1)/1.4)
=5.40C.
6. Relative temperature drop (Trel) = (Tc/Tc)
=
= 1.3
7. Vortex tube adiabatic efficiency (ab)
=
= * Trel
= (Tc/Tc)
= 0.74 (7/5.4)
= 0.96.
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= 0.5
= ab. ac.[(Pa/Pi)(-1)/]
= 0.5*0.96 [(1/2)(1.4-1)1.4]
= 0.34
= a*a * v
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By installing humidifier along with the Vortex Tube Refrigeration System, the required comfort
conditions i.e. temperature & humidity will be maintained in the vehicle cabin.
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Volkan Kirmaci, Exergy analysis and performance of a counter flow RanqueHilsch vortex tube having various nozzle numbers at
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K.Dincer, Experimental investigation and exergy analysis of the performance of a counter flow Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube with
regard to nozzle cross-section areas, Elsevier Journal, April 2010.
C.W.Bullard and T. Malik Literature on heat load calculations prepared at Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, University of
Illinois, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. 1206 West Green Street Urbana, IL.
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www.p-a-hilton.co.uk
www.airtx.international.com
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