Overvoltage

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l Dl l i
US008680713B2
(12) United States Patent
(10) Patent No.:
Koshizuka et al.
(45) Date of Patent:
(54) OVER-VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION APPARATUS

(75) Inventors: Tadashi Koshizuka, Saitama-ken (JP);
Minoru Saito, Kanagawa-ken (JP);
Hiroshi Kusuyama, Kanagawa-ken (JP);
Hiroyuki Maehara, Tokyo (JP);
Yoshimasa Sato, Kanagawa-ken (JP)
(73) Assignee: Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba, Tokyo (JP)
(*) Notice:
Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this

patent is extended or adjusted under 35
U.S.C. 154(b) by 460 days.
(21) Appl. No.:
13/125,913
(22) PCT Filed:
Mar. 1, 2010
(86) PCT No.:
PCT/JP2010/001371
371 (c)(1),
(2), (4) Date:
PCT Pub. Date: Sep. 16, 2010
(30)
Prior Publication Data

Aug. 25, 2011
Foreign Application Priority Data
Mar. 13, 2009
(JP) ................................. 2009-060925
(51) Int. Cl.

H02J 3/00
(52) U.S. Cl.
Field of Classification Search

USPC ............................................................ 307/59
See application file for complete search history.
(56)
References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
2010/0110600 Al
2010/0141050 Al
2010/0200383 Al
5/2010 Saito et al.

6/2010 Saito et al.
8/2010 Saito
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

WO
WO
2000 04564
1/2000
2008 065757
6/2008
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Primary Examiner Robert L. Deberadinis

(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Oblon, Spivak,
McClelland, Maier & Neustadt, L.L.P.
Apr. 25, 2011
US 2011/0204727 Al
(58)
Mar. 25, 2014
International Search Report issued Apr. 13, 2010 in PCT/JP1O/

001371 filed Mar. 1, 2010.
(87) PCT Pub. No.: W02010/103741
(65)
US 8,680,713 B2
(2006.01)
(57)
ABSTRACT
An overvoltage suppression device which suppresses overvoltage that occurs when breakers which turn on/off the connection between a power source bus and a power transmission
line, are turned on after the breakers are turned off. The
overvoltage suppression device measures the waveform of
voltage on the side of the power source and the voltage on the
side of the power transmission line, and extracts the waveform of a component in a predetermined frequency band on
the basis of the waveform obtained by multiplying the wave
shape of the voltage on the side of the power source by the
waveform of the voltage on the side of the power transmission
line. The breakers are turned on on the basis of a cycle
wherein the waveform is peaked.
USPC ............................................................ 307/59
16 Claims, 15 Drawing Sheets
U v W
4
3V
TRANSMISSION
LINE
3W
6V 6W
11
POWER
SOURCE SIDE
~> VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENT
SECTION
CLOSURE
INSTRUCTION 15
OUTPUT
SECTION
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VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENT
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DETECTION 14
SECTION
WAVEFORM 13
CALCULATION
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121
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15 L1
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--- 10
12 ;
o0
MEASUREMENT
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14
SECTION
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13
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FIG. 1
10
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------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------L_-_-__
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____ _----______-_-------- _____----J
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FIG. 2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
US 8,680,713 B2
Sheet 3 of 15
VOLTAGE (P.O
3
2
W3
------ --- ------
---- ------
- ---
1
0
-1
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TIME (SEC)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
to
FIG.3
VOLTAGE (P.O.)
3
2
1
0
----
----
---3
0.0
0.6
to
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1.0 TIME (SEC)
FIG.4
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014
061
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FIG.5
*TIME (SEC)
1.0
U.S. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
Sheet 4 of 15
US 8,680,713 B2
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
FL2
W6
-----------,-------,
0
-2
----- ----- ------ ------------
TIME (SEC)
to
FL1
FIG.6
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
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TIME (SEC)
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FIG.8
TIME (SEC)
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CLOSURE
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142
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II
II
12
FIG. 10
U.S. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
US 8,680,713 B2
Sheet 7 of 15
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
3
2 -------.---..
1 - 0
----
-2 i
-3
0.0 1
0.2
0.4
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0.8
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FIG.11
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0.2
0.0
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0.4
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0.8
TIME (SEC)
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FIG.12
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0.4
0.6
0.8
tcl tcl 1 tail tcl tcl 1 tcl tcl tcl tcl tc1 tcl
TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TMI
FIG.13
TIME (SEC)
1.0
U.S. Patent
US 8,680,713 B2
Sheet 8 of 15
Mar. 25, 2014
VOLTAGE (P.U.) FL3

----,
14
TIME (SEC)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
0-8
ti
FIG.14
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
3.0
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---
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TIME (SEC)
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0.4
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FIG.15
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
1.0
0.5......
rm
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0.0.
-1-* TIME (SEC)

0.2
0.4
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tl tcl tcl tc1 tcl tcl tcl tcl tcl tcl tcl
TM1TM1TM1TM1TM1TM1TM1TM1TM1TM1
FIG.16
1.0
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6U
6V 6W
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11
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POWER
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MEASUREMENT
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FIG. 17
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f VOLTAGE
14
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,-------------------I----------II----------------------- --------I
POWER
SOURCE
SIDE
VOLTAGE
POWER
SOURCE
14
13B
;
12
---------------------------- ------
FIG. 18
U.S. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
US 8,680,713 B2
Sheet 11 of 15
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
-- ----
3
0.0
------ ----- --- ------
0.2
t21
W19
--- -
TIME (SEC)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
FIG.19
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-3
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0.2
0.4
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1.0
FIG.20
VOLTAGE (P.U.)
THP
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0.0;
t2
X0.2
0.4
0.6
t21 tc2 tc2
FIG.21
TIME (SEC)
D.8
THN
1.0
U.S. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
Sheet 12 of 15
US 8,680,713 B2
(SEC)
FIG.22
U.S. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
Sheet 13 of 15
US 8,680,713 B2
3
2.5
E-i
a
2
1.5
0.5
TIME (SEC)
FIG.23
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12
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14
13C
------------------------------------
FIG. 24
10C
,
1--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- J/------------ `
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SOWER
SOURCE
SIDE
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DETECTOR
11
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DETECTOR
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INSTRUCTION
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WAVEFORM
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11
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12
FIG. 25
;
,
142
11
:I
CLOSURE
INSTRUCTION
I
I
US 8,680,713 B2
1
OVER-VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION APPARATUS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
APPLICATION
This application claims benefit of priority from Japanese
application number JP 2009-60925 filed Mar. 13, 2009, the
entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an over-voltage suppression apparatus that suppresses over-voltage generated when a
circuit breaker is re-closed.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, on a no-load transmission line in which no
compensation by a reactor is applied, there is a residual DC
voltage on the transmission line after the circuit breaker interrupts the current. As is known, if the circuit breaker is reclosed in a condition in which this DC voltage is still present,
an over-voltage (connection surge) is generated. The magnitude of this over-voltage is several times the system voltage.
There is a risk that generation of such a large over-voltage
may affect the insulation of equipment installed in the system.
A known method of suppressing such over-voltage when
re-closing of a no-load transmission line is effected is the
provision of a circuit breaker fitted with a resistor. For
example in the case of a 500 kV system as used in Japan, a
circuit breaker of the type that introduces a resistance into the
circuit is employed in order to suppress such over-voltage. A
circuit breaker fitted with a resistor has a construction in
which the resistor that is introduced is connected in series
with the contact. In a circuit breaker fitted with a resistor,
connection is effected in parallel with the main contacts of the
circuit breaker. A circuit breaker fitted with a resistor is reclosed before reclosing the main contacts of the circuit
breaker. In this way, over-voltage is suppressed. An example
is described in "Practical and Theoretical Handbook of Power
System Technology" byYoshihide Hase (hereinafter referred
to as Non-patent Reference 1).
In contrast, in the case of a no-load transmission line that is
compensated by a reactor, after current interruption is
effected by the circuit breaker, an oscillating voltage is generated on the transmission line by the electrostatic capacitance thereof and the reactor. Even in this case, over-voltage
is generated if the circuit breaker is re-closed at a time-point
where the voltage between the circuit breaker contacts is
large. In order to suppress over-voltage when re-closing a
transmission line that is compensated by a reactor, a known
method is to control the phase (timing) at which the circuit
breaker is closed. This method consists in performing reclosing of the circuit breaker at a time-point where the voltage
between contacts is small. The following are known methods
of predicting the time-point at which the voltage between
contacts is small.
As a first method, a method in which the voltage between
contacts of the circuit breaker is approximated by a function,
and the circuit breaker is closed with optimum timing is
disclosed as follows. Let us first assume that the power source
(side) voltage is a sine-wave of mains frequency. Also, if the
oscillation voltage on the line side is of a single frequency, it
can be regarded as a sine-wave. The voltage between contacts
is predicted by approximating these two voltages by a sinewave function. The closure timing of the circuit breaker is
determined using this voltage between contacts. An example
is to be found in Laid-open Japanese Patent Publication Tokkai 2003-168335 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Reference
1).
As the second method, a method in which the time between
5 zero-points of voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker
is measured and, using this information, the circuit breaker is
closed at a future zero-point voltage between contacts of the
circuit breaker is disclosed as follows. In this method, the
time between the voltage zero points of a single cycle of the
io voltage between contacts after circuit breaking and the time
between voltage zero points of the next single cycle of the
voltage between contacts are measured. If these two times
between the zero points of the voltage between contacts are
the same, the frequency of the voltage between contacts is
15 known. In this way, the future zero-point of the voltage
between contacts can be deduced irrespective of the voltage
waveform. An example is to be found in K. Froehlich: "Controlled Closing on Shunt Reactor Compensated Transmission
Lines Part I: Closing Control Device Development", IEEE
20 Transactions on Power Delivery, The Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc., April 1997, Vol. 12, No. 2, p
734-740 (hereinafter referred to as Non-patent Reference 2).
However, there are the following respective problems with
the methods of over-voltage suppression described above.
25
If the method of over-voltage suppression using a circuit
breaker fitted with a resistor is employed, a circuit breaker
fitted with a resistor must be specially added to an ordinary
circuit breaker. Consequently, in terms of the circuit breaker
as a whole, the circuit breaker size is increased.
30
In some cases, a reactor is installed on the transmission line
in order to compensate reactive power. When the transmission line on which the reactor is installed is open-circuited by
the circuit breaker, voltage oscillations of the frequency determined by the electrostatic capacity of the transmission line
35 and the inductance of the reactor are generated on the transmission line. In general, the frequency of the voltage oscillations of the transmission line is different from the frequency
of the power source voltage. In this case, the voltage between
contacts of the circuit breaker has a multifrequency wave (or
40 multiple frequency wave).
In determining the optimum closure timing for a circuit
breaker by approximating the voltage between contacts of the
circuit breaker by a function, there are the following problems.
45
The electrostatic capacity of a transmission line, which
determines the frequency of voltage oscillations of the line,
comprises an in-phase capacitative component with respect to
ground, an inter-phase component between the phase in question and other phases, and a component of the other phases
50 with respect to ground. These electrostatic capacitances have
different values in each phase, depending on the geometrical
arrangement of the transmission line. Consequently, it is
extremely rare for the oscillation waveform of the line voltage
to be a single-frequency sine wave. Frequently, this oscilla55 tion waveform is itself already a multifrequency waveform. In
this case, it is in itself difficult to approximate the voltage
oscillations of the line by a function. Accordingly, it is
extremely difficult in practice to find the voltage between
contacts from a function approximation.
60
Furthermore, the following problems are experienced if the
timing for circuit breaker closure is obtained by measuring
the time between the voltage between contacts between zero
points of the circuit breaker.
If the circuit breaker is closed in a condition with voltage
65 applied between the circuit breaker poles, a discharge will be
generated between the contacts if the voltage between the
contacts exceeds the voltage-withstanding capability (dielec-
US 8,680,713 B2
3
tric strength) of the insulation between the contacts. If such a

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
discharge is generated, the circuit breaker is brought into an
electrically contacting condition before mechanical contact
FIG. 1 is a layout diagram showing the layout of a power
of the contacts takes place. Such a discharge is termed "presystem to which an over-voltage suppression apparatus
arcing".
5 according to a first embodiment of the present invention has
Now if the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker
been applied;
is a multifrequency waveform, this voltage may have a peak
FIG. 2 is a layout diagram showing the layout of an overvalue (crest value) greater than the power source voltage. In
voltage suppression apparatus according to the first embodisuch cases, it can happen that a closed condition is produced
ment;
by discharge produced by pre-arcing as described above at a 10 FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavetime-point where the voltage between contacts is large, even
form of the power source side voltage of a circuit breaker
though the circuit breaker attempted to close at a zero-point of
measured by a power source side voltage measurement secthe voltage between contacts.
tion according to the first embodiment;
In such cases, a large over-voltage can be generated. Con- 15 FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavesequently, when the voltage between contacts is of multifreform of the line side voltage of a circuit breaker measured by
quency waveform, over-voltage cannot be suppressed purely
a line side voltage measurement section according to the first
by measuring the voltage between contacts zero-points.
embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
20 form of the voltage between contacts of a circuit breaker
according to the first embodiment;
An object of the present invention, when the voltage
FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram of the voltage waveform
between contacts of a circuit breaker is of multifrequency
obtained by calculation processing by a multiplier according
waveform, to provide an over-voltage suppression apparatus
to the first embodiment;
capable of suppressing over-voltage generated when the cir- 25
FIG. 7 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveform obtained by calculation processing by a low-pass filter
cuit breaker is closed.
according to the first embodiment;
In order to achieve the above object, an over-voltage supFIG. 8 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavepression apparatus in accordance with the present invention is
form obtained by calculation processing by a high-pass filter
constructed as follows. Specifically, an over-voltage suppression apparatus that suppresses over-voltage generated when, so according to the first embodiment;
after a circuit breaker that opens and closes the connection
system to which an over-voltage suppression apparatus
between a power system comprising a power source and a
according to a second embodiment of the present invention
transmission line is opened, aforementioned circuit breaker is
has been applied;
closed, comprises:
35
FIG. 10 is a layout diagram showing the layout of an
power source-side voltage measurement means that meaover-voltage suppression apparatus according to the second
sures the waveform of the power source-side voltage, which is
embodiment;
the voltage with respect to ground on aforementioned power
FIG. 11 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavesystem side of aforementioned circuit breaker;
transmission line side voltage measurement means that 40 measured by a power source side voltage measurement secmeasures the waveform of the transmission line side voltage,
tion according to the second embodiment;
which is the voltage with respect to ground on aforemenFIG. 12 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavetioned transmission line side of aforementioned circuit
form of the line side voltage of a circuit breaker measured by
breaker;
a line side voltage measurement section according to the
multiplication means that calculates a waveform by multi- 45 second embodiment;
plying the waveform of aforementioned power source side
FIG. 13 is a waveform diagram of the voltage waveform of
the voltage between contacts of a circuit breaker obtained by
voltage measured by aforementioned power source side voltcalculation processing by a subtractor according to the secage measurement means with the waveform of aforemenond embodiment;
tioned transmission line side voltage measured by aforemenFIG. 14 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavetioned transmission line side voltage measurement means; 50
form
obtained by calculation processing by a multiplier
extraction means that extracts the waveform of a compoaccording to the second embodiment;
nent of a higher frequency band than the frequency of the DC
FIG. 15 is a voltage waveform showing the voltage wavecomponent but lower than the frequency of aforementioned
form obtained by calculation processing by a low-pass filter
power source from aforementioned waveform calculated by
55 according to the second embodiment;
aforementioned multiplication means;
FIG. 16 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveperiod detection means that detects the period with which
form obtained by calculation processing by a high-pass filter
aforementioned waveform extracted by aforementioned
according to the second embodiment;
extraction means is a maximum; and
closure means that closes aforementioned circuit breaker 60 system to which an over-voltage suppression apparatus
in accordance with aforementioned period detected by aforeaccording to a third embodiment of the present invention has
mentioned period detection means.
been applied;
With the present invention, an over-voltage suppression
apparatus can be provided that makes it possible to suppress
over-voltage suppression apparatus according to a third
over-voltage generated when a circuit breaker is closed, even 65 embodiment;
when the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker is of
FIG. 19 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavemultifrequency waveform.
US 8,680,713 B2
5
measured by a power source side voltage measurement section according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 20 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveform W of the line side voltage of a circuit breaker measured
by a line side voltage measurement section according to the
third embodiment;
FIG. 21 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveform of the voltage between contacts of a circuit breaker
obtained by calculation by a subtractor according to the third
embodiment;
FIG. 22 is a waveform diagram showing schematically the
closure surge generated when a circuit breaker according to
the third embodiment closes on a no-load transmission line;
FIG. 23 is a characteristic showing the characteristic of the
pre-arcing generating voltage on the closure of a circuit
breaker according to the third embodiment;
system to which an over-voltage suppression apparatus
according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention has
been applied; and
over-voltage suppression apparatus according to the fourth
embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention are described below
with reference to the drawings.
(First Embodiment)
system 1 to which an over-voltage suppression apparatus 10
according to a first embodiment of the present invention has
been applied. It should be noted that corresponding portions
in the following Figures are given the same reference numerals and further detailed description is dispensed with i.e. the
description will focus on the differences between such portions. Repeated description will be avoided in the same way in
the following embodiments.
A power system 1 comprises: a power source bus 2, threephase circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W; a transmission line 4;
three-phase power source side voltage detectors 5U, 5V and
5W, three-phase line side voltage detectors 6U, 6V and 6W,
and an over-voltage suppression apparatus 10.
The power source bus 2 is a bus of the power source system
comprising a three-phase AC power source comprising a U
phase, V phase and W phase.
The transmission line 4 is electrically connected with the
power source bus 2 through circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W.
Although not shown, reactors are arranged between each
phase of the transmission line 4 and ground. These reactors
may be arranged at both ends of the transmission line 4, or
may be arranged at one end only, for example.
The circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W respectively connect
each phase of the transmission line 4 and the power source bus
2. The circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W are circuit breakers of
the type in which each phase can be independently operated.
The circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W are respectively provided
for the U phase, V phase and W phase.
Power source side voltage detectors 5U, 5V and 5W are
provided for respectively corresponding phases of the power
source bus 2. The power source side voltage detectors 5U, 5V
and 5W may be for example metering transformers. The
power source side voltage detectors 5U, 5V and 5W detect the
respective corresponding phase voltages (voltages with
respect to ground or voltages to ground) of the power source
bus 2. In other words, the power source side voltage detectors
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
5U, 5V and 5W detect the power source side voltages of the

respectively corresponding circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W.
The power source side voltage detectors 5U, 5V and 5W
output the respectively detected phase voltages of the power
source bus 2 to the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10.
The line side voltage detectors 6U, 6V and 6W are provided on the respectively corresponding phases of the transmission line 4. The line side voltage detectors 6U, 6V and 6W
may be for example metering transformers. The line side
voltage detectors 6U, 6V and 6W detect the respective corresponding phase voltages (voltages with respect to ground or
voltages to ground) of the transmission line 4. In other words,
the line side voltage detectors 6U, 6V and 6W detect the line
side voltages of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W of the
respectively corresponding phases. The line side voltage
detectors 6U, 6V and 6W output the respectively detected
phase voltages of the transmission line 4 to the over-voltage
suppression apparatus 10.
The over-voltage suppression apparatus 10 inputs the
phase voltages of the transmission line 4 detected by the line
side voltage detectors 6U, 6V and 6W and the phase voltages
of the power source bus 2 detected by the power source side
voltage detectors 5U, 5V and 5W. If the circuit breakers 3U,
3V and 3W are opened, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10 closes the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W in accordance with the phase voltages of the power source bus 2 and
the phase voltages of the transmission line 4.
The over-voltage suppression apparatus 10 comprises a
power source side voltage measurement section 11, a line side
voltage measurement section 12, a waveform calculation section 13, a phase detection section 14 and a closure instruction
output section 15.
The power source side voltage measurement section 11
measures the voltage on the power source side of the circuit
breakers 3U, 3V and 3W detected by the power source side
voltage detectors 5U, 5V and 5W. The power source side
voltage measurement section 11 outputs to the waveform
calculation section 13 the measured power source side voltage waveform data of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W.
The line side voltage measurement section 12 measures the
transmission line 4 voltages detected by the line side voltage
detectors 6U, 6V and 6W. The line side voltage measurement
section 12 outputs to the waveform calculation section 13 the
measured voltage waveform data of the transmission line 4.
The waveform calculation section 13 performs waveform
calculation processing for detecting the phase (timing) of
closure of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W with respect to
the voltage waveform data of the transmission line 4 measured by the line side voltage measurement section 12, and the
voltage waveform data of the power source bus 2 measured by
the power source side voltage measurement section 11. The
waveform calculation section 13 outputs to the phase detection section 14 the voltage waveform data produced by waveform calculation processing.
The phase detection section 14 detects the phase with
which the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W are respectively
closed, using the voltage waveform data obtained by waveform calculation processing by the waveform calculation section 13. The phase detection section 14 outputs to the closure
instruction output section 15 the closure phases (timings) of
each of the detected phases by the phase detection section 14.
The closure instruction output section 15 outputs instructions for respective closure of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and
3W at the phases (timings) of each of the detected phases by
the phase detection section 14.
FIG. 2 is a layout diagram showing the layout of an overvoltage suppression apparatus 10 according to a first embodi-
US 8,680,713 B2
7
ment of the present invention. It should be noted that FIG. 2

The closure phase calculation section 142 inputs the period
calculated by the period detection section 141. The closure
only shows the layout of one phase of the circuit breakers 3U,
phase calculation section 142 calculates the time-point
3V and 3W; however, the other two phases are constructed in
(phase) that is optimum for closure of the circuit breaker 3U,
the same way.
It should be noted that, at this point, the description will 5 from the input frequency. This optimum closure time-point is
the time-point at which it is inferred that the voltage wavechiefly focus on the construction of one phase (the U phase):
form of the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker 3U
as the other two phases (V phase and W phase) are conwill subsequently become a minimum. The closure phase
structed in the same way, description thereof will be discalculation section 142 outputs the thus-calculated timepensed with as appropriate. The same applies in the case of
io point to a closure instruction output section 15.
the following embodiments.
FIG. 3 to FIG. 8 are waveform diagrams showing the
The waveform calculation section 13 comprises a multivoltage waveforms W3 to W8, given in explanation of the
plier 131, low-pass filter 132 and high-pass filter 133.
calculation processing by the over-voltage suppression appaThe multiplier 131 inputs power source side voltage waveratus 10 according to the present embodiment. FIG. 3 to FIG.
form data of the circuit breaker 3U measured by the power 15 8 show the respective voltage waveforms W3 to W8 from the
source side voltage measurement section 11 and line side
vicinity of the time-point tO at which the circuit breaker 3U
voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U calculated by
interrupts the transmission line 4. As the coordinates shown in
the line side voltage measurement section 12. The multiplier
FIG. 3 to FIG. 8, the vertical axis shows voltage (p.u.: per
131 multiplies the power source side voltage waveform data
unit) and the horizontal axis shows time (seconds).
of the circuit breaker 3U and the line side voltage waveform 20
FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavedata of the circuit breaker 3U. The multiplier 131 outputs the
form W3 of the power source side voltage (voltage of the
voltage waveform data calculated by this multiplication propower source bus 2) of the circuit breaker 3U measured by the
cess to the low-pass filter 132.
power source side voltage measurement section 11. FIG. 4 is
The low-pass filter 132 inputs the voltage waveform data
a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveform W4 of
calculated by the multiplier 131. The cut-off frequency of the 25 the line side voltage (voltage of the transmission line 4) of the
low-pass filter 132 is set to a frequency such that the mains
circuit breaker 3U measured by the line side voltage measurefrequency (commercial frequency) can be cut off. The lowment section 12. FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram showing the
pass filter 132 transmits only frequency components of the
voltage waveform W5 of the voltage between contacts of the
input voltage waveform data that are lower than the cut-off
circuit breaker 3U. FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram showing the
frequency. In this way, the low-pass filter 132 removes the 30 voltage waveform W6 obtained by calculation processing
mains frequency component, which is a high-frequency comperformed by the multiplier 131. FIG. 7 is a waveform diaponent, from the input voltage waveform data. The low-pass
gram showing the voltage waveform W7 obtained by calcufilter 132 outputs the voltage waveform data transmitted by
lation processing performed by the low-pass filter 132. FIG. 8
the low-pass filter 132 to the high-pass filter 133.
is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveform W8
The cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter 132 will now be 35 obtained by calculation processing performed by the highdescribed.
pass filter 133.
The frequency of the voltage oscillations of the transmisThe voltage represented by the voltage waveform W3
sion line 4 after the opening of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V, 3W
shown in FIG. 3 is applied on the power source side of the
is altered by the compensation factor of the reactor that is
circuit breaker 3U. The voltage represented by the voltage
installed thereon, but is close to the mains frequency (com- 40 waveform W4 shown in FIG. 4 is applied on the line side of
mercial frequency), which is the power source side voltage
the circuit breaker 3U.
frequency. Consequently, a component of lower frequency
The voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker 3U is
than the mains frequency appears in the voltage between
represented by the voltage waveform W5 shown in FIG. 5.
contacts of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V, 3W. The cut-off freThe voltage waveform W5 is found by subtraction of the line
quency of the low-pass filter 133 is set to a frequency that 45 side voltage waveform W4 of the circuit breaker 3U from the
enables the mains frequency to be cut off.
power source side voltage waveform W3 of the circuit breaker
The high-pass filter 133 inputs the voltage waveform data
3U. Since, before the time-point t0, the voltage on the power
that has passed through the low-pass filter 132. The cut-off
source side of the circuit breaker 3U and the voltage on the
frequency of the high-pass filter 133 is set to a frequency that
line side of the circuit breaker 3U are the same, the voltage
enables very low frequencies close to the DC component to be 50 waveform W5 before the time-point tO is zero.
cut off. The high-pass filter 133 transmits only frequency
The multiplier 131 inputs the voltage waveform data on the
components of the input voltage waveform data that are
power source side of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the
higher than the cut-off frequency. In this way, the high-pass
voltage waveform W3 and the voltage waveform data on the
filter 133 removes very low frequency components from the
line side of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the voltage
input voltage waveform data. The high-pass filter 133 outputs 55 waveform W4. The multiplier 131 multiplies the data of these
the voltage waveform data transmitted by the high-pass filter
two input voltage waveforms. In this way, the multiplier 131
133 to the period detection section 141 of the phase detection
calculates the voltage waveform data indicated by the voltage
section 14.
waveform W6 shown in FIG. 6. In the voltage waveform W6,
The phase detection section 14 comprises the period detecthe mains frequency (commercial frequency) component,
tion section 141 and a closure phase calculation section 142. 60 which is a high-frequency component, a low frequency comThe period detection section 141 inputs the voltage waveponent FL1, and a very low frequency component FL2 are
form data that is transmitted by the high-pass filter 133. The
superimposed.
period detection section 141 calculates the frequency at
The low-pass filter 132 inputs the voltage waveform data
which the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker 3U
indicated by the voltage waveform W6 calculated by the
becomes a minimum, from the input voltage waveform data. 65 multiplier 131. In this way, the low-pass filter 132 calculates
The period detection section 141 outputs this calculated frethe voltage waveform data indicated by the voltage waveform
quency to the closure timing calculation section 142.
W7 shown in FIG. 7. The voltage waveform W7 is a wave-
US 8,680,713 B2
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form in which the mains frequency (commercial frequency)
by closing the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W at the optimum
component of the voltage waveform W6 is suppressed and the
closure time-point where the voltages between contacts of the
low frequency component FL1 and the very low frequency
circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W are small.
component FL2 are extracted.
(Second Embodiment)
The high-pass filter 133 inputs the voltage waveform data 5
FIG. 9 is a layout diagram showing the construction of a
indicated by the voltage waveform W7 calculated by the
power system 1A to which an over-voltage suppression appalow-pass filter 132. In this way, the high-pass filter 133 calratus 10A according to a second embodiment of the present
culates the voltage waveform data indicated by the voltage
invention has been applied.
waveform W8 shown in FIG. 8. The voltage waveform W8 is
The power system 1A has a construction wherein, in the
a waveform in which the very low frequency component FL2 io power system 1 according to the first embodiment shown in
of the voltage waveform W7 is suppressed and the low freFIG. 1, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10 is replaced
quency component FL1, of a frequency band that is lower
by an over-voltage suppression apparatus 10A. In other
than the frequency of the power source bus 2 and that is higher
respects, the power system 1A is the same as the power
than the frequency of the DC component is extracted.
system 1 according to the first embodiment.
The period detection section 141 inputs the voltage wave- 15
FIG.10 is a layout diagram showing the construction of an
form data indicated by the voltage waveform W8 whose
over-voltage suppression apparatus 10A according to this
waveform is calculated by the waveform calculation section
embodiment.
13. The period detection section 141 monitors the voltage
The over-voltage suppression apparatus 10A has a conwaveform data indicated by the voltage waveform W8 from
struction wherein, in the over-voltage suppression apparatus
interruption of the transmission line 4 by the circuit breaker 20 10 according to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a
3U until lapse of a preset time. The period detection section
waveform calculation section 13A is provided instead of the
141 detects the time-point tc at which the monitored voltage
waveform calculation section 13. In other respects, the overwaveform W8 is a maximum of positive polarity. By this
voltage suppression apparatus 10A is the same as the overdetection, the period detection section 141 measures the intervoltage suppression apparatus 10 according to the first
val at which the time-point tc appears. The period detection 25 embodiment.
section 141 calculates the period TM from this measured
The waveform calculation section 13A comprises a subinterval. The period detection section 141 outputs the calcutractor 13A1, a multiplier 13A2, a low-pass filter 13A3 and a
lated period TM to the closure phase calculation section 142.
high-pass filter 13A4.
As shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 8, the time-point tc at which
The subtractor 13A1 inputs the power source side voltage
the voltage waveform W8 is a maximum of positive polarity 30 waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U measured by the
and the time-point tc at which the voltage of the multifrepower source side voltage measurement section 11 and the
quency waveform of the voltage waveform W5 is a minimum
line side voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U
coincide. The period TM calculated by the period detection
measured by the line side voltage measurement section 12.
section 141 is therefore the same as the period TM at which
The subtractor 13A1 subtracts the line side voltage waveform
the voltage of the multifrequency waveform of the voltage 35 data of the circuit breaker 3U from the power source side
waveform W5 of the voltage between contacts is a minimum.
voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U. By this
The closure phase calculation section 142 calculates the
calculation, the voltage waveform data of the voltage between
optimum closure phase (closure time-point) for closure of the
contacts of the circuit breaker 3U is calculated. The subtractor
circuit breaker 3U, from the period TM calculated by the
13A1 outputs the voltage waveform data of the calculated
period detection section 141. This closure phase is one of the 40 voltage between contacts to the multiplier 13A2.
phases at which it is inferred that the voltage waveform W8
The multiplier 13A2 inputs the voltage waveform data of
will subsequently be a maximum of positive polarity.
the voltage between contacts calculated by the subtractor
The closure instruction output section 15 outputs a closure
13A1. The multiplier 13A2 squares the voltage waveform
instruction to the circuit breaker 3U such that the circuit
data that was thus input. The multiplier 13A2 outputs the
breaker 3U is closed with the closure phase calculated by the 45 voltage waveform data calculated by this squaring to the
closure phase calculation section 142.
low-pass filter 13A3.
The following beneficial effects maybe obtained with this
The low-pass filter 13A3 inputs the voltage waveform data
embodiment.
that was squared by the multiplier 13A2. The cut-off freBy multiplying the voltage on the power source side of the
quency of the low-pass filter 13A3 is set to a frequency such
circuit breaker 3U and the voltage on the line side of the 50 that the mains frequency (commercial frequency) can be cut
circuit breaker 3U, the low frequency component FL1 of a
off. The low-pass filter 13A3 transmits only frequency comfrequency band that is lower than the frequency of the power
ponents of the input voltage waveform data that are lower
source bus 2 but higher than the frequency of the DC compothan the cut-off frequency. In this way, the low-pass filter
nent is caused to appear prominently. FL1 is a frequency
13A3 removes the mains frequency (commercial frequency)
component of the composite waveform of the voltage W5 55 component, which is a high-frequency component, from the
between contacts of the circuit breaker. The low frequency
input voltage waveform data. The low-pass filter 13A3 outcomponent FL1 is extracted by the low-pass filter 132 and the
puts the voltage waveform data transmitted by the low-pass
high-pass filter 133. The time-point at which the voltage
filter 13A3 to the high-pass filter 13A4.
between contacts of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V, and 3W
The high-pass filter 13A4 inputs the voltage waveform data
becomes small can be inferred by finding the period TM at 60 that has passed through the low-pass filter 13A3. The cut-off
which there is a maximum of positive polarity in the voltage
frequency of the high-pass filter 13A4 is set to a frequency
waveform W8 from which the low frequency component FL1
that enables very low frequencies close to the DC component
is extracted.
to be cut off. The high-pass filter 13A4 transmits only freBy the above processes, the over-voltage suppression
quency components of the input voltage waveform data that
apparatus 10 can suppress the over-voltage generated when 65 are higher than the cut-off frequency. In this way, the highthe circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W are closed, even when the
pass filter 13A4 removes very low frequency components
voltages between contacts are of multifrequency waveform,
from the input voltage waveform data. The high-pass filter
US 8,680,713 B2
11
12
13A4 outputs the voltage waveform data transmitted by the

suppressed and the low frequency component FL3 and the
high-pass filter 13A4 to the period detection section 141 of
very low frequency component FL4 are extracted.
the phase detection section 14.
The high-pass filter 13A4 inputs the voltage waveform data
FIG. 11 to FIG. 16 are waveform diagrams showing voltindicated by the voltage waveform W15 calculated by the
age waveforms, given in explanation of the calculation pro- 5 low-pass filter 13A3. In this way, the high-pass filter 13A4
cessing by the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10A
calculates the voltage waveform data indicated by the voltage
according to the present embodiment. FIG. 11 to FIG. 16
waveform W16 shown in FIG. 16. The voltage waveform
show the respective voltage waveforms W11 to W16 from the
W16 is a waveform in which the very low frequency compovicinity of the time-point tl at which the circuit breaker 3U
nent FL4 of the voltage waveform W15 is suppressed and the
interrupts the transmission line 4. As the coordinates shown in io low frequency component FL3, of a frequency band that is
FIG. 11 to FIG. 16, the vertical axis shows voltage (p.u.) and
lower than the frequency of the power source bus 2 and that is
the horizontal axis shows time (seconds).
higher than the frequency of the DC component is extracted.
FIG. 11 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveThe period detection section 141 inputs the voltage waveform W11 of the power source side voltage (voltage of the
form data indicated by the voltage waveform W16 whose
power source bus 2) of the circuit breaker 3U measured by the 15 waveform is calculated by the waveform calculation section
13A. The period detection section 141 monitors the voltage
waveform data indicated by the voltage waveform W16 from
the line side voltage (voltage of the transmission line 4) of the
interruption of the transmission line 4 by the circuit breaker
circuit breaker 3U measured by the line side voltage measure3U until lapse of a preset time. The period detection section
ment section 12. FIG. 13 is a waveform diagram showing the 20 141 detects the time-point tcl at which the monitored voltage
waveform W16 is a maximum of negative polarity. By this
circuit breaker 3U obtained by calculation processing perdetection, the period detection section 141 measures the interformed by the subtractor 13A1. FIG. 14 is a waveform diaval at which the time-point tcl appears. The period detection
gram showing the voltage waveform W14 obtained by calcusection 141 calculates the period TM1 from this measured
lationprocessingperformedby the multiplier 131A2. FIG. 15 25 interval. The period detection section 141 outputs the calcuis a waveform diagram showing the voltage waveform W15
latedperiod TM1 to the closure phase calculation section 142.
obtained by calculation processing performed by the lowAs shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 16, the time-point tcl at
pass filter 13A3. FIG. 16 is a waveform diagram showing the
which the voltage waveform W16 is a maximum of negative
voltage waveform W16 obtained by calculation processing
polarity and the time-point tcl at which the voltage of the
performed by the high-pass filter 13A4.
30 multifrequency waveform of the voltage waveform W13
The voltage represented by the voltage waveform W11
becomes small coincide. The period TM1 calculated by the
shown in FIG. 11 is applied on the power source side of the
period detection section 141 is therefore the same as the
circuit breaker 3U. The voltage represented by the voltage
period TM1 at which the voltage of the multifrequency wavewaveform W12 shown in FIG. 12 is applied on the line side of
form of the voltage waveform W13 of the voltage between
the circuit breaker 3U.
35 contacts becomes small.
The subtractor 13A1 inputs the voltage waveform data on
The closure phase calculation section 142 calculates the
the power source side of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by
optimum closure phase (closure time-point) for closure of the
the voltage waveform W11 and the voltage waveform data on
circuit breaker 3U, from the period TM1 calculated by the
the line side of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the voltage
period detection section 141. This closure phase is one of the
waveform W12. The subtractor 13A1 subtracts the line side 40 phases at which it is inferred that the voltage waveform W16
voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U from the
will subsequently be a maximum of negative polarity.
power source side voltage waveform data of the circuit
The closure instruction output section 15 outputs a closure
breaker 3U. In this way, the subtractor 13A1 calculates the
instruction to the circuit breaker 3U such that the circuit
voltage waveform data of the voltage between contacts of the
breaker 3U is closed with the closure phase calculated by the
circuit breaker 3U indicated by the voltage waveform W13 45 closure timing calculation section 142.
shown in FIG. 13. Since, before the time-point t1, the voltage
The following beneficial effects may be obtained with this
on the power source side of the circuit breaker 3U and the
embodiment.
voltage on the line side of the circuit breaker 3U are the same,
By squaring the voltage between contacts of the circuit
the voltage waveform W13 is zero.
breaker 3U, the low frequency component FL3, in a freThe multiplier 13A2 inputs the voltage waveform data of 5o quency band of lower frequency than the power source bus 2
the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker 3U indibut higher than the frequency of the DC component, is accencated by the voltage waveform W13 calculated by the subtuated. The low-frequency component FL3 is extracted by the
tractor 13A1. The multiplier 13A2 squares the input voltage
low-pass filter 13A3 and high-pass filter 13A4. The timewaveform data. In this way, the multiplier 13A2 calculates the
point at which the voltage between contacts becomes small
voltage waveform data indicated by the voltage waveform 55 can be inferred by finding the period TM1 with which the
W14 shown in FIG. 14. In the voltage waveform W14, the
waveform becomes a maximum of negative polarity, in the
mains frequency (commercial frequency) component, which
voltage waveform W16 obtained by extraction of this low
is a high-frequency component, a low frequency component
frequency component FL3. By these processing steps, the
FL3, and a very low frequency component FL4 shown in FIG.
over-voltage suppression apparatus 10A can suppress over15 are superimposed.
60 voltage generated when the circuit breakers 3U, 3V, and 3W
The low-pass filter 13A3 inputs the voltage waveform data
are closed, even when the voltage between contacts is a mulindicated by the voltage waveform W14 calculated by the
tifrequency waveform, by closing the circuit breakers 3U, 3V,
subtractor 13A2. In this way, the low-pass filter 13A3 calcuand 3W at the optimum closure time-point where the voltages
lates the voltage waveform data indicated by the voltage
between contacts of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V, and 3W have
waveform W15 shown in FIG. 15. The voltage waveform 65 become small.
W15 is a waveform in which the mains frequency (commerAlso, since the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10A
cial frequency) component of the voltage waveform W14 is
directly finds the voltage between contacts and squares this
US 8,680,713 B2
13
14
voltage between contacts, it can pick out the difference

age between contacts. For example, as a method of detecting
between high and low voltage between contacts better than
change in the waveform of the voltage between contacts, such
the over voltage suppression apparatus 10 according to the
change may be identified using the frequency of the voltage
first embodiment. In this way, the over-voltage suppression
between contacts. The line side voltage of the circuit breaker
apparatus 10A makes it possible to perform control with 5 3U is zero while the secondary arc current is not extinguished.
higher precision than does the over-voltage suppression appaConsequently, the voltage between contacts is the same as the
ratus according to the first embodiment.
power source side voltage (for example mains frequency
However, in the case of the over-voltage suppression appa(commercial frequency)) of the circuit breaker 3U. Also, if
ratus 10A, calculation is necessary using the subtractor Al
the secondary arc current is extinguished when a reactor is
and multiplier 13A2, instead of calculation using the multi- io installed on the transmission line side, the voltage between
plier 131, as in the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10
contacts is a low voltage lower than the power source side
according to the first embodiment. Consequently, the overfrequency of the circuit breaker 3U. Consequently, the wavevoltage suppression apparatus 10 according to the first
form monitoring section 13B2 can identify extinction of the
embodiment has a faster calculation speed than the oversecondary arc current, by detecting lowering of the frequency
voltage suppression apparatus 10A.
15 of the voltage between contacts.
(Third Embodiment)
If the secondary arc current is extinguished within the set
time, the waveform monitoring section 13B2 terminates calsystem 1B to which the over-voltage suppression apparatus
culation processing. If the secondary arc current has not been
lOB according to a third embodiment of the present invention
extinguished in the set time, instead of performing waveform
has been applied.
20 processing by calculation using for example the multiplier
The power system 1B has a construction wherein, in the
131, the waveform monitoring section 13B2 uses the voltage
power system 1 according to the first embodiment shown in
waveform data of the voltage between contacts to perform
FIG. 1, an over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B is procalculation processing for closure of the circuit breaker 3U by
vided instead of the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10. In
suppressing the closure surge (over-voltage). The waveform
other respects, the power system 1B is the same as the power 25 monitoring section 13B2 delivers output to the closure
instruction output section 15B in accordance with the calcuFIG. 18 is a layout diagram showing the construction of an
lation result.
over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B according to this
The secondary arc current will now be described.
embodiment.
It is known that, in general, after a circuit breaker has
The over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B has a con- 30 interrupted the transmission line due to occurrence of a fault
on the transmission line, a small current flows at the fault
10 according to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a
point due to induction from phases that were not affected by
waveform calculation section 13B is provided in place of the
the fault or circuits that were not affected by the fault. This
waveform calculation section 13 and a closure instruction
current is termed the secondary arc current. A secondary arc
output section 15B is provided in place of the closure instruc- 35 current of a few tens of milliseconds to a few hundred millition output section 15. In other respects, the over-voltage
seconds that flows after the interruption of the transmission
suppression apparatus 10B is the same as the over-voltage
line by the circuit breaker is termed natural extinction. The
suppression apparatus 10 according to the first embodiment.
fault continues whilst this secondary arc current is flowing.
The waveform calculation section 13B has a construction
During this period, although an arc voltage is present due to
wherein a subtractor 13B1 and a waveform monitoring sec- 40 the secondary arcing, its magnitude is small compared with
tion 13B2 are added to the waveform calculation section 13
the power source voltage, so, even though the circuit breaker
according to the first embodiment.
has interrupted the transmission line, the voltage of the transThe subtractor 13B1 inputs the power source side voltage
mission line is practically zero. When the secondary arc curwaveform data of the circuit breaker 3U measured by the
rent is extinguished, voltage oscillation of the transmission
power source side voltage measurement section 11 and the 45 line commences. Accordingly, the waveform monitoring secline side voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U
tion 13B2 is able to identify extinction of the secondary arc
measured by the line side voltage measurement section 12.
current by detecting that the line side voltage of the circuit
The subtractor 13B1 subtracts the line side voltage waveform
breaker 3U has become zero.
data of the circuit breaker 3U from the power source side
Next, the set time that is set by the waveform monitoring
voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U. By this 50 section 13B2 will be described.
calculation, the voltage waveform data of the voltage between
The operating duty of a circuit breaker is laid down by the
contacts of the circuit breaker 3U is calculated. The subtractor
JEC (Japanese Electrotechnical Committee) Standard JEC13B1 outputs this calculated voltage waveform data of the
2300-1998 "AC Circuit Breakers" of the IEEJ (The Institute
voltage between contacts to a waveform monitoring section
of Electrical Engineers of Japan). This standard lays down the
13B2.
55 duty of a circuit breaker on high-speed reclosure of a circuit,
The waveform monitoring section 13B2 inputs the voltage
in terms of interruption-0-closure/interruption-(1 minute)waveform data of the voltage between contacts calculated by
closure/interruption. 0 is standardized as 0.35 sec.
the subtractor 13B1. By using this voltage between contacts
However, the time from opening of the circuit breaker 3U
waveform data, the waveform monitoring section 13B2
until extinction of the secondary arc current is governed by
monitors whether or not the secondary arc current flowing on 60 weather conditions, and so is not fixed. It is therefore somethe line side (transmission line 4) of the circuit breaker 3U has
times difficult to infer the time-point where the voltage
been extinguished within a previously set period (for example
between contacts becomes small by waveform processing, in
100 ms), after interruption of the transmission line 4 by the
the time 0 of high-speed reclosure described above, if the
circuit breaker 3U.
extinction time-point of the secondary arc current is lagging.
The method of identifying extinction of the secondary arc 65
In the waveform monitoring section 13B2, even if the
current performed by the waveform monitoring section 13B2
time-point at which the voltage between contacts becomes
is achieved by detecting change in the waveform of the voltsmall is inferred by waveform processing, the maximum time
US 8,680,713 B2
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that can be spent from the opening of the circuit breaker 3U

FIG. 21. The voltage waveform W21 is zero, since the power
until extinction of the secondary arc current is therefore set as
source side voltage of the circuit breaker 3U and the line side
the set time, in the period in which closure of the circuit
voltage of the circuit breaker 3U are the same prior to the
breaker 3U can be performed in a time of 0. In other words, if
time-point t2.
the time until the secondary arc current is extinguished is 5
The waveform monitoring section 13B2 inputs the voltage
longer than this set time, the over-voltage suppression appawaveform data of the voltage between contacts of the circuit
ratus 1 0B can no longer effect re-closure of the circuit breaker
breaker 3U indicated by the voltage waveform W21 calcu3U within the necessary time 0 for the above-described operlated by the subtractor 13B1 and the line side voltage waveating duty, if the time-point at which the voltage between
form data of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the voltage
contacts becomes small is inferred by waveform processing. io waveform W20. The waveform monitoring section 13B2
If the secondary arc current is extinguished in the set time,
measures the time from the time-point t2 at which the circuit
the over-voltage suppression apparatus infers the time-point
breaker 3U was opened to the time-point t21 at which the
at which the voltage between contacts becomes small by
secondary arc current was extinguished.
waveform processing. If the secondary arc current is not
The waveform monitoring section 13B2 terminates calcuextinguished in the set time, the over-voltage suppression 15 lation processing if the time from the time-point t2 at which
apparatus 10B performs closure of the circuit breaker 3U at
the circuit breaker 3U was opened to the time-point t21 at
the closure time-point calculated by the waveform monitorwhich the secondary arc current was extinguished is shorter
ing section 13B2.
than the set time.
FIG. 19 to FIG. 21 are waveform diagrams illustrating the
If the time from the time-point t2 at which the circuit
voltage waveform given in explanation of calculation pro- 20 breaker 3U was opened to the time-point t21 at which the
cessing by the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B
secondary arc current was extinguished is longer than the set
according to this embodiment. FIG. 19 to FIG. 21 show the
time, the waveform monitoring section 13B2 detects the
condition of the respective voltage waveforms W19 to W21
time-point at which the voltage waveform data of the voltage
from the vicinity of the time-point t2 at which the transmisbetween contacts of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the
sion line 4 was interrupted by the circuit breaker 3U. In the 25 voltage waveform W21 has a voltage value that is lower than
coordinates shown in FIG. 19 to FIG. 21, the vertical axis is
a preset instantaneous voltage threshold value THP or THN
the voltage (p. u.) and the horizontal axis is the time (sec).
(in this case, taken as 1.5 p. u.). In accordance with this
FIG. 19 is a waveform diagram showing the voltage wavedetection result, the waveform monitoring section 1382 outform W19 of the power source side voltage (voltage of the
puts a closure instruction to the closure instruction output
power source bus 2) of the circuit breaker 3U measured by the 30 section 15B so as to cause the circuit breaker 3U to be closed
while the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker 3U
is no more than 1.5 p. u. below the peak value of the power
the line side voltage (voltage of the transmission line 4) of the
source voltage under steady conditions.
circuit breaker 3U measured by the line side voltage measureThe closure surge VS will now be described.
ment section 12. FIG. 21 is a waveform diagram showing the 35
FIG. 22 is a waveform diagram showing diagrammatically
the closure surge VS generated when the circuit breaker
circuit breaker 3U obtained by calculation processing by the
closes a no-load transmission line. FIG. 22 shows the condisubtractor 13B1.
tion in which a closure surge (over-voltage) VS of 3 p. u. with
On the power source side of the circuit breaker 3U, the
respect to ground has been generated by closure of the circuit
voltage indicated by the voltage waveform W19 shown in 4o breaker at the time-point t3.
FIG. 19 is applied. On the line side of the circuit breaker 3U,
The power source voltage VP is a sine wave of peak value
the voltage indicated by the voltage waveform W20 shown in
1 p. u. The DC voltage VL remaining on the transmission line
FIG. 20 is applied.
prior to reclosure of the circuit breaker is 1 p. u. The voltage
In FIG. 19 and FIG. 20, a single-line to ground fault conbetween contacts (difference between the instantaneous
dition of the U phase of the transmission line will be assumed. 45 value of the power source voltage VP and the DC voltage VL)
Consequently, prior to the time-point t2 in FIG. 19 and FIG.
at the time-point t3 at which a closure surge VS of 3 p. u. with
20, the power source side voltage W19 and line side voltage
respect to ground was generated is 2 p. u. In other words, the
W20 are zero. Since the circuit breaker 3U performs interclosure surge VS is a voltage of about 1.5 times the voltage
ruption at the time-point t2, subsequently, the power source
between contacts.
side voltage W19 appears as the power source voltage. Fur- 50
Accordingly, by closing the circuit breaker 3U at the timethermore, the fault of the transmission line 4 continues up to
point where the voltage between contacts is voltage lower
the time-point t21. Specifically, the secondary arc voltage
than 2 p. u., the waveform monitoring section 13B2 is able to
continues up to the time-point t21. The time-point t21 shows
suppress the over-voltage produced by the closure surge to
the time-point where the secondary arc current is extinless than 3 p. u.
guished. Consequently, the voltage waveform W20 indicat- 55
Next, the timing of closure of the circuit breaker 3U by the
ing the voltage of the transmission line 4 is zero up to the
waveform monitoring section 13B2 will be described.
time-point t21.
FIG. 23 is a characteristic plot showing the pre-arcing
The subtractor 13B1 inputs the power source side voltage
generation voltage characteristics VTO, VT1 and VT2 on
waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the
closure of a circuit breaker 3U according to this embodiment.
voltage waveform W19 and the line side voltage waveform 60 In FIG. 23, the voltage VD between contacts is shown as an
data of the circuit breaker 3U indicated by the voltage waveabsolute value. The peak value of the voltage VD between
form W20. The subtractor 13B1 subtracts the line side voltage
contacts is taken as 1.5 p. u.
waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U from the power
The pre-arcing generation voltage characteristic VTO indisource side voltage waveform data of the circuit breaker 3U.
cates the pre-arcing generation voltage characteristic that is
In this way, the subtractor 13B1 calculates the voltage wave- 65 standard for the circuit breaker 3U. In general, the circuit
form data of the the voltage between contacts of the circuit
breaker will also have operating variability (fluctuation) and
breaker 3U indicated by the voltage waveform W21 shown in
discharge variability (fluctuation). The pre-arcing generation
US 8,680,713 B2
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18
voltage characteristics VT1, and VT2 indicate the pre-arcing

suppressing the over-voltage produced by the closure surge
generation voltage characteristics with reference to the prewithin a time such as to achieve the operating duty, even in
arcing generation voltage characteristic VTO, taking into concases where the time at which the secondary arc current is
sideration the operating variability and discharge variability
extinguished is lagging, making it impossible to achieve the
of the circuit breaker 3U.
5 operating duty by calculating the closure phase by waveform
The point of intersection of the voltage VD between conprocessing using for example a multiplier 131.
tacts and a further pre-arcing generation voltage characteris(Fourth Embodiment)
tic VT1, taking into account variability, with the aim of effectFIG. 24 is a layout diagram showing the construction of a
ing the closure of the circuit breaker 3U in such a way that the
power system 1C to which an over-voltage suppression appapre-arcing generation voltage characteristic of VT2, taking io ratus 10C according to a fourth embodiment of the present
into account variability, does not come into contact with the
invention has been applied.
voltage VD between contacts, is at about 1 p. u. Consequently,
The power system 1C has a construction wherein, in the
the circuit breaker 3U can be closed with voltage VD between
power system 1 according to the first embodiment shown in
contacts within a range of less than 1 p. u. in FIG. 23, taking
FIG. 1, an over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C is prointo account variability (fluctuation) of the circuit breaker 3U. 15 vided instead of the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10. In
The pre-arcing generation voltage characteristic, the operother respects, the power system 1C is the same as the power
ating variability and the discharge variability are different for
different circuit breakers. Specifically, the gradients of the
FIG. 25 is a layout diagram showing the construction of an
pre-arcing generation voltage characteristics VTO, VT1 and
over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C according to this
VT2 shown in FIG. 23 are different depending on the circuit 20 embodiment.
breaker.
The over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C has a conIt may be noted that the pre-arcing generation voltage
characteristic is a straight line that slopes downwardly
10B according to the third embodiment shown in FIG. 18, a
towards the right with respect to time, irrespective of indiwaveform calculation section 13C is provided in place of the
vidual differences between circuit breakers. Specifically, irre- 25 waveform calculation section 13B. In otherrespects, the overspective of the circuit breaker, the voltage at which the insuvoltage suppression apparatus 10C is the same as the overlation between contacts of the circuit breaker breaks down
voltage suppression apparatus 10B according to the third
drops inproportion to the lapse of time i.e. in proportion to the
embodiment.
drop in the distance between the contacts. Consequently, if
The waveform calculation section 13C has a construction
the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker is 1.5 p. u. 30 wherein a third waveform monitoring section 13B2 shown in
at the peak value, the circuit breaker 3U can be closed when
FIG. 18 is added to the waveform calculation section 13A
the voltage between contacts of the circuit breaker 3U is
according to the second embodiment shown in FIG. 10. The
guaranteed to be no more than 1.5 p. u.
waveform monitoring section 13B2 inputs the voltage waveAlso, even without performing waveform processing, the
form data of the voltage between contacts calculated by the
waveform monitoring section 13B2 can infer the phase (tim- 35 subtractor 13A1. In other respects, the waveform calculation
ing) with which the circuit breaker 3U should be closed so
section 13C is the same as the waveform calculation section
that the instantaneous value of the voltage between contacts is
13A according to the second embodiment.
no more than 1.5 p. u., by calculation processing. ConseWith this embodiment, the following beneficial effects can
quently, if the time taken for extinction of the secondary arc
be obtained, in addition to the beneficial effects according to
current is longer than the set time, taking into account the 40 the second embodiment.
pre-arcing generation voltage characteristics VTO, VT1 and
The over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C is provided
VT2 of the circuit breaker 3U, the waveform monitoring
with a waveform monitoring section 13B2 and monitors the
section 13B2 closes the circuit breaker 3U with a timing at
time from interruption by the respective circuit breakers 3U,
which the voltage between contacts is no more than 1.5 p. u.
3V and 3W up to extinction of the secondary arc current. If the
In this way, the over-voltage produced by the closure surge on 45 secondary arc current is not extinguished within the set time,
closure of the circuit breaker 3U can be kept smaller than the
the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C closes the circuit
maximum of 3 p. u.
breakers 3U, 3V and 3W at a time-point such as to suppress
With this embodiment, the following beneficial effects can
over-voltage to some extent, without performing waveform
be obtained in addition to the beneficial effects of the first
processing using for example the multiplier 13A2. In this
embodiment.
50 case, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C can close
In this over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B, the time
the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W in a shorter time than if
from interruption until extinction of the secondary arc current
waveform processing were to be performed, since the timing
is monitored by providing a waveform monitoring section
of closure of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W is calculated
13B2 in respect of the respective circuit breakers 3U, 3V and
without performing waveform processing.
3W. If the secondary arc current is not extinguished within the 55
In this way, thanks to the waveform monitoring section
set time, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B closes
13B2, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10C can
the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W at a time-point such as to
achieve closure of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W by
suppress over-voltage to some extent, without performing
suppressing the over-voltage produced by the closure surge
waveform processing using for example the multiplier 131. In
within a time such as to achieve the operating duty, even in
this case, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B can 60 cases where the time at which the secondary arc current is
close the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W in a shorter time
extinguished is lagging, making it impossible to achieve the
than if waveform processing were to be performed, since the
operating duty by calculating the closure timing by waveform
phase of closure of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W is
processing using for example a multiplier 13A2.
calculated without performing waveform processing.
It should be noted that, although, in the above embodiIn this way, thanks to the waveform monitoring section 65 ments, a construction was adopted employing a low-pass
13B2, the over-voltage suppression apparatus 10B can
filter and a high-pass filter, it would be possible to adopt a
achieve closure of the circuit breakers 3U, 3V and 3W by
construction wherein, instead of these filters, a bandpass filter
US 8,680,713 B2
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is employed. A bandpass filter makes it possible to transmit

POSSIBILITIES OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
only a specified frequency band. The bandpass filter can thus
be set to pass the frequency band that would not be cut off by
The present invention can be utilized in power systems or
the respective cut-off frequencies of a low-pass filter and
power distribution systems employing circuit breakers.
high-pass filter. In other words, the bandpass filter can be set 5
to pass only a prescribed frequency band, that is lower than
What is claimed is:
the mains frequency (power source frequency), but higher
1. An over-voltage suppression apparatus in which overthan low frequencies corresponding to the DC component. In
voltage generated when a circuit breaker that opens and
this way, by adopting a construction using a bandpass filter,
closes a connection of a power system having a power source
beneficial effects identical with those of the embodiments can io and a transmission line is closed after opening of said circuit
be obtained.
breaker is suppressed, comprising:
Also, the structural elements employed in the various
power source side voltage measurement means for meaembodiments could be embodied by software, or by hardsuring a waveform of a power source side voltage, which
ware, or a combination of these. For example, the various
is a voltage with respect to ground on a power system
filters could be analogue filters or digital filters. Also, the 15
side of said circuit breaker;
various calculators such as the subtractors could be contransmission line side voltage measurement means for
structed by hardware (including for example calculation
measuring a waveform of a transmission line side voltusing a coupling of wirings that input voltages), or could be
age, which is a voltage with respect to ground on a
constructed by calculation of digital data using a computer.
transmission line side of said circuit breaker;
In addition, instead of employing a high-pass filter, in the 20
multiplication means for calculating a waveform obtained
embodiments, an algorithm could be employed that calcuby multiplying a waveform of said power source side
lates the maximum value or minimum value of a waveform.
voltage measured by said power source side voltage
For example, if low-frequency components FL1, FL3 of a
measurement means and a waveform of said transmisfrequency band that is lower than the frequency of the power
sion line side voltage measured by said transmission line
source bus 2, but higher than frequencies corresponding to the 25
side voltage measurement means;
DC component appear fairly clearly, the maximum value or
extraction means for extracting a waveform of a compominimum value of the low-frequency components FL1, FL3
nent of a frequency band lower than a frequency of said
may be found by an algorithm without removing the DC
power source but higher than a frequency of a DC comcomponent. Specifically, any arrangement may be adopted so
ponent from said waveform calculated by said multiplilong as the maximum value or minimum value of the low- 30
cation means;
frequency components FL1, FL3 can be found, since this is
period detection means for detecting a period with which
essentially the same as extracting the low-frequency composaid waveform extracted by said extraction means is a
nents FL1, FL3. The construction can be suitably altered in
maximum; and
for example a trade-off between performance in regard to
closure means for closing said circuit breaker in accorcalculation speed of the computer employed in the over- 35
dance with said period detected by said period detection
voltage suppression apparatus and the operating duty of the
means.
circuit breaker.
2. The over-voltage suppression apparatus according to
Also, although, in the second embodiment and fourth
claim 1, further comprising:
embodiment, a construction was adopted in which the voltage
extinction identification means for ascertaining whether or
waveform data of the voltage between contacts was squared, 40
not a secondary arc current flowing in said transmission
the voltage waveform data could be raised to any even power
line has been extinguished in a prescribed time;
of two or more. This is because a power of 2xn (where n is a
voltage between contacts calculation means for calculating
natural number) is the same as squaring a value raised to the
a waveform of said voltage between contacts of said
power n, so the effect is the same as squaring.
circuit breaker, which is a difference of a waveform of
Furthermore, the method of ascertaining extinction of the 45
said power source side voltage measured by said power
secondary arc current flowing on the line side (transmission
source side voltage measurement means and a waveform
line 4) of the circuit breaker 3U is not restricted to that shown
of said transmission line side voltage measured by said
in the embodiments in the third embodiment and fourth
transmission line side voltage measurement means;
embodiment. For example, ascertaining extinction of the seccircuit breaker closure time point inference means for
ondary arc current could be achieved in terms of other ele- 50
inferring a time point for closure of said circuit breaker,
ments (such as phase or voltage value etc) instead of in terms
at which an absolute value of an instantaneous value of
of the frequency of the voltage between contacts, or no such
said voltage between contacts is a voltage value lower
evaluation based on the voltage between contacts may be
than a threshold value, using the waveform of said voltmade. It would also be possible to adopt a construction in
age between contacts calculated by said voltage between
which the secondary arc current is detected by providing a DC 55
contacts calculation means if said extinction identificacurrent detector or DC voltage detector on the transmission
tion means ascertains that said secondary arc current has
line 4.
not been extinguished in said prescribed time; and
The present invention is not restricted to the above embodishort-time closure means for closing said circuit breaker at
ments and could be embodied with structural elements modisaid time point inferred by said circuit breaker closure
fied in various ways in the implementation stage without 60
time point inference means.
departing from the gist thereof. Also, various inventions
could be formed by suitable combination of a plurality of
claim 1,
structural elements disclosed in the above embodiments. For
wherein said extraction means comprises:
example, some or all of the structural elements shown in the
a low-pass filter that extracts a low frequency component;
embodiments could be deleted. In addition, structural ele- 65
and
ments could be suitably combined across different embodia high-pass filter that extracts a high-frequency compoments.
nent.
US 8,680,713 B2
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22

9. An over-voltage suppression method in which overclaim 1,
wherein said extraction means is a bandpass filter that
extracts a prescribed frequency band.
and a transmission line is closed after opening of said circuit
5. An over-voltage suppression apparatus in which over- 5 breaker is suppressed, comprising:
a step of measuring a waveform of a power source side
voltage, which is a power source system side voltage
with respect to ground of said circuit breaker;
breaker is suppressed, comprising:
a step of measuring a waveform of a transmission line side
power source side voltage measurement means for mea- 10
voltage, which is said transmission line side voltage with
suring a waveform of a power source side voltage, which
respect to ground of said circuit breaker;
is a voltage with respect to ground on said power system
a step of calculating a waveform obtained by multiplying
side of said circuit breaker;
said waveform of said power source side voltage and
transmission line side voltage measurement means for
said waveform of said transmission line side voltage;
measuring a waveform of a transmission line side volt- 15
a
step
of extracting a waveform of a component of a freage, which is a voltage with respect to ground on said
quency band lower than a frequency of said power
transmission line side of said circuit breaker;
source but higher than a frequency of a DC component
voltage between contacts calculation means for calculating
from said waveform calculated by said multiplication;
a waveform of an voltage between contacts of said cira step of detecting a period with which said extracted
cuit breaker, which is a difference of a waveform of said 20
waveform is a maximum; and
power source side voltage measured by said power
source side voltage measurement means and a waveform
a step of closing said circuit breaker in accordance with
of said transmission line side voltage measured by said
said period.
transmission line side voltage measurement means;
10. An over-voltage suppression method according to
square calculation means for calculating a waveform 25 claim 9, comprising:
obtained by squaring said waveform of said voltage
a step of ascertaining whether or not said secondary arc
between contacts calculated by said voltage between
current flowing in said transmission line has been extincontacts calculation means;
guished in a prescribed time;
extraction means for extracting a waveform of a compoa step of calculating a waveform of a voltage between
nent of a frequency band lower than a frequency of said 30
contacts of said circuit breaker, which is a difference of
power source but higher than a frequency of a DC comsaid waveform of said power source side voltage and
ponent from said waveform calculated by said square
calculation means;
a step of, if it is ascertained that said secondary arc current
period detection means for detecting a period with which
has not been extinguished in said prescribed time, infersaid waveform extracted by said extraction means is a 3 5
ring a time point for closure of said circuit breaker, at
minimum; and
which an absolute value of an instantaneous value of
closure means for closing said circuit breaker in accorsaid voltage between contacts is a voltage value lower
dance with said period detected by said period detection
than a threshold value, using said waveform of said
means.
voltage between contacts; and
6. The over-voltage suppression apparatus according to 40
a step of closing said circuit breaker at said time point.
claim 5, comprising:
11. The over-voltage suppression method according to
extinction identification means for ascertaining whether or
claim 9,
not a secondary arc current flowing in said transmission
wherein said extracting step performs extraction using a
line has been extinguished in a prescribed time;
low-pass filter that extracts a low frequency component
circuit breaker closure time point inference means for, if 45
and a high-pass filter that extracts a high-frequency comsaid extinction identification means ascertains that said
ponent.
secondary arc current has not been extinguished in said
prescribed time, inferring a time point for closure of said
claim 9,
circuit breaker, at which an absolute value of an instanwherein said extracting step performs extraction using a
taneous value of said voltage between contacts is a volt- 50
bandpass filter that extracts a prescribed frequency band.
age value lower than a threshold value, using said wave13. An over-voltage suppression method in which overform of said voltage between contacts calculated by said
voltage between contacts calculation means; and
short-time closure means for closing said circuit breaker at
said time point inferred by said circuit breaker closure 55 breaker is suppressed, comprising:
time point inference means.
a step of measuring a waveform of a power source side
voltage, which is a power source system side voltage
claim 5,
with respect to ground of said circuit breaker;
wherein said extraction means comprises:
a step of measuring a waveform of a transmission line side
a low-pass filter that extracts a low frequency component; 60
voltage, which is said transmission line side voltage with
and
respect to ground of said circuit breaker;
a high-pass filter that extracts a high-frequency compoa step of calculating a waveform of said voltage between
nent.
contacts of said circuit breaker, which is a difference of
said waveform of said power source side voltage and
claim 5,
65
wherein said extraction means is a bandpass filter that
a step of calculating a waveform obtained by squaring said
extracts a prescribed frequency band.
waveform of said voltage between contacts;
US 8,680,713 B2
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24
a step of extracting a waveform of a component of a frequency band lower than a frequency of said power
source but higher than a frequency of the DC component
from said squared waveform;
a step of detecting a period with which said extracted
waveform is a minimum; and
a step of closing said circuit breaker in accordance with
said period.
claim 13, comprising:
a step of ascertaining whether or not said secondary arc
current flowing in said transmission line has been extinguished in a prescribed time;
a step of, if it is ascertained that said secondary arc current
has not been extinguished in said prescribed time, inferring a time point for closure of said circuit breaker, at
which an absolute value of an instantaneous value of
said voltage between contacts is a voltage value lower

than a threshold value, using the waveform of said voltage between contacts; and
a step of closing said circuit breaker at said time point.
claim 13,
and a high-pass filter that extracts a high-frequency component.
claim 13,
and a high-pass filter that extracts a high-frequency component.
10
15

Overvoltage

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l Dl l i

(12) United States Patent

(10) Patent No.:

(45) Date of Patent:

(54) OVER-VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION APPARATUS

Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this

(21) Appl. No.:

(22) PCT Filed:

(86) PCT No.:

PCT Pub. Date: Sep. 16, 2010

Prior Publication Data

Foreign Application Priority Data

Mar. 13, 2009

(JP) ................................. 2009-060925

(51) Int. Cl.

Field of Classification Search

5/2010 Saito et al.

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

Primary Examiner Robert L. Deberadinis

Apr. 25, 2011

Mar. 25, 2014

International Search Report issued Apr. 13, 2010 in PCT/JP1O/

(87) PCT Pub. No.: W02010/103741

USPC ............................................................ 307/59

16 Claims, 15 Drawing Sheets

____ _----______-_-------- _____----J

Mar. 25, 2014

1.0 TIME (SEC)

Mar. 25, 2014

----- ----- ------ ------------

-------------- -------- - ----------------- -- ------- -------=--- --- -----~------- -------

------ --- ----- ..

t0 tc tc tc tc tcJ tcc) tc4J t

------- ----- --- ---- ----------5U :---------------------------- ----11

Mar. 25, 2014

Mar. 25, 2014

VOLTAGE (P.U.) FL3

2.5 ----- ---

--_-- ----- -----

-1-* TIME (SEC)

5U ---------------------------- ------ --- - --------------- ---- --- --- -----------i

Mar. 25, 2014

------ ----- --- ------

----- ----- -----

------ ---- - -----

------ ----- ------ -------

> TIME (SEC)

t21 tc2 tc2

Mar. 25, 2014

Mar. 25, 2014

... ~... ~...

tric strength) of the insulation between the contacts. If such a

5U, 5V and 5W detect the power source side voltages of the

ment of the present invention. It should be noted that FIG. 2

13A4 outputs the voltage waveform data transmitted by the

voltage between contacts, it can pick out the difference

that can be spent from the opening of the circuit breaker 3U

voltage characteristics VT1, and VT2 indicate the pre-arcing

is employed. A bandpass filter makes it possible to transmit

4. The over-voltage suppression apparatus according to

said voltage between contacts is a voltage value lower

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