Water Technology - May 2015

The Information Source for Water Treatment Professionals
Riding
changing
wave of
the
marketing
pg. 20
Also in this issue:

Examining E. coli..page 10
Unplugging pipe problems..page 26
www.WaterTechOnline.com Volume 38 Number 5 May 2015
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CONTENTS
Volume 38 Number 5 May 2015
Cover Story
20
Riding the changing wave of marketing

Are you social capable?
20
Features
10
Contaminant of the Month: E. coli and

other fecal bacteria in drinking water
Risks are associated with exposures to sewage/sanitary contaminated
milk and food, recreational water and drinking water.
10
18
New Product Roundup

A review of some of the latest technology to hit the market.
24
Water Technology interviews WQA

Board President Douglas Sam Karge
Karge reflects on his time and work with the association.
26
26
30
Avoid internal particulate deposition and

plugging of piping
Product Center
The author discusses effective ways to ensure proper flow and

performance.
Centrifugal pumps and their piping

for water applications: Part two
Products & Services

A showcase of manufacturers products and services. This month:
Commercial RO systems; carbon filters; flow meters; and more.
Column
12 Professor POU/POE
This months topic: Daily drinking water requirements and actual
water intake.
The importance of pump installation and more.
Departments
Editors note: In the March 2015 issue of Water Technology on page 16, boiling
of water, as in distillation, as another effective means to kill microorganisms,
including Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia, was inadvertently not mentioned. We apologize for the omission.
4 ............................................................................................................................ Upfront
6 ......................................................................................................Around the Industry
34 ............................................................................................. Reader Service Center
35 ............................................................................................................... Marketplace
36 .................................................................................................................. Classifieds
Cover photo credit: Rawpixel//Signature/iStock
GET SOCIAL
facebook.com/WaterTechnology
2 Water Technology May 2015
twitter.com/WaterTechOnline
linkedin.com/pub/water-technology
WaterTechOnline.com
FROM THE EDITORS DESK
ADVERTISING
VICE PRESIDENT
OF BUSINESS PUBLISHING
Tracy Aston-Martin
205-789-0968
tracy@grandviewmedia.com
Measure marketings
impact
Effectively connecting with todays customers.
hats your companys marketing plan and, more importantly, is it effective? These two questions, which can be more
accurately described as many businesses top critical issues,
are often posed by our readers. In fact, each July we publish
results of our annual benchmarking survey and finding new customers
and marketing/advertising have become popular responses to the question, What keeps you up at night?
For decades, businesses from small
mom-and-pops to larger corporations and public relations firms to even trade publishers
have been challenged to measure the impacts
of many forms of advertising and marketing.
And, when you cant manage what you cant
measure, as the old saying goes, it becomes
a critical issue. Over the years, creating unique
URLs and developing promo codes have
By Rich DiPaolo
helped determine a marketing programs
Editorial Director
success.
Water Technology magazine
Today, social media is driving eyeballs
to your companys website and, ultimately,
communication with your sales reps. More
and more customers are turning to the Web to find local water treatment
dealers and water quality experts. Winning the SEO battle against your
competition involves being a leader on social media. This months cover
story delves a little deeper into the shifting dynamic of online marketing.
Last months WQA Aquatech USA 2015 convention offered several
chances for attendees to enhance their marketing and professional water
quality acumen. Let us know what you think is working in marketing today.
Post comments to our online articles and on our Bulletin Board.
SALES MANAGER
Lisa Williman
518-640-9170
lwilliman@watertechonline.com
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
Lisa Williman
518-640-9170
VICE PRESIDENT
OF BUSINESS PUBLISHING
Tracy Aston-Martin
tracy@grandviewmedia.com
VICE PRESIDENT
OF FINANCE
Brad Youngblood
brad@grandviewmedia.com
VICE PRESIDENT, AUDIENCE
DEVELOPMENT
Delicia Poole
delicia@grandviewmedia.com
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER
Anna Hicks
ahicks@grandviewmedia.com
EDITORIAL
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
Rich DiPaolo
516-404-4532
rdipaolo@watertechonline.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Maria Woodie
205-991-1346
mwoodie@watertechonline.com
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Joseph Cotruvo
joseph.cotruvo@verizon.net
CREATIVE
ART DIRECTOR
Marty Harris
205-408-3760
marty@grandviewmedia.com
MATERIALS MANAGER
Marty Harris
205-408-3760
marty@grandviewmedia.com
CORPORATE
GENERAL MANAGER
Barry Lovette
barry@grandviewmedia.com
CHIEF OPERATIONS
OFFICER
Brent Kizzire
brent@grandviewmedia.com
VICE PRESIDENT
OF B2B GROUP
Mike Wasson
MikeW@grandviewmedia.com
EDITORIAL
INFORMATION
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Water Technology Advisory Board

David Chew, Fairmount Water Solutions, Chardon, OH; Stephen Grandeau, CWS-V, AQUASCIENCE
of New York, Clifton Park, NY; Cang Li, Ph.D., Selecto Scientific, Inc., Suwanee, GA; Matthew
Wirth, Pargreen Water Technologies, Chicago, IL; Norm Marowitz, Region-X, Taunton, MA; Steven
Richards, CWS-VI, CI, CSR, CCO, The Aqua Source Group, Inc., Honeoye, NY; Dr. Joseph Cotruvo of
Joseph Cotruvo & Associates, LLC, Washington, DC.
AROUND THE INDUSTRY
California governor issues statewide

mandatory water restrictions
California Gov. Jerry Brown recently
issued mandatory water restrictions for
the first time across the state to reduce
water usage by 25 percent. Brown, standing on dry grass from Phillips Station in
the Sierra Nevada, issued an executive
order, explaining in a statement Californias
drought demands unprecedented action.
The 25 percent cut in water use amounts to
approximately 1.5 million acre-feet of water
in nine months.
Infographic highlights importance

of fresh water conservation
An infographic titled, Every Drop
Counts, released by Natures Water Ltd.
illustrates the importance of fresh water.
According to the infographic, 97 percent of
the worlds water is salt water, two percent
is frozen in glaciers and only one percent
equates to available fresh water, which the
worlds population, around seven billion
people, all share. The infographic highlights
that the worlds population is growing by 80
million people a year on average, increasing
the demand for fresh water by around 16.9
billion gallons a year.
New standard evaluates effective

Cryptosporidium removal from
public drinking water
NSF International has published the
first consensus-based American National
Standard to evaluate municipal water filtration technologies performance in removing Cryptosporidium from public drinking
water supplies. The new standard, NSF/
ANSI 419: Public Drinking Water Equipment
Performance Filtration, incorporates federal and state regulatory requirements
and assists state regulators in verifying
compliance while reducing costs and time
for manufacturers by streamlining the testing process. In addition to federal and
state requirements such as certification
to NSF/ANSI 61: Drinking Water System
Components Health Effects, the NSF/
ANSI 419 standard incorporates the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA)
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water

Treatment Rule (LT2) created to ensure
Cryptosporidium is effectively removed from
public drinking water and applies to all
public water systems using surface water
or groundwater that is under the direct influence of surface water.
Four federal agencies join forces,

develop early warning system to
detect algal blooms
EPA announced it is joining forces with NASA, the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and
the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to
develop an early warning indicator system
using historical and current satellite data to
detect algal blooms. EPA researchers will
develop a mobile app to notify water quality
managers of water quality changes using
satellite data on cyanobacteria algal blooms
from NASA, NOAA and USGS. The project
will create a standard, reliable method for
detecting cyanobacteria blooms in fresh
water lakes and reservoirs throughout the
U.S. using ocean color satellite data. To
allow for more frequent observations over
wider areas than can be accomplished by
taking traditional water samples, numerous
satellite data sets will be evaluated against
environmental data collected from the fresh
water reservoirs and lakes.
California Energy Commission

approves standards for water
appliances
To help manage water resources to
deal with the effects of Californias drought
and in preparation for any future droughts,
the California Energy Commission
approved standards for water appliances
which will save over 10 billion gallons of
water in the first year. Over time, water
savings are forecast to reach 105 billion
gallons per year, a savings of over three
times the annual amount of water used by
San Francisco. The approved energy efficiency and water standards require water
appliances to consume less water which in
turn will require less energy while performing the same function. Last year, California
consumed 443 billion gallons of water a

year from running faucets and flushing
toilets/urinals.
EPA launches Safe Drinking Water

Act dashboard
EPA announced the release of the
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) dashboard. The SDWA dashboard is a
user-friendly website presenting data
about violations and the compliance status of public water systems. The website
contains interactive charts and graphs
providing information regarding public
water systems compliance with federal
drinking water regulations and enforcement actions. Annual statistics and fiveyear trends for U.S. public drinking water
systems in easy-to-read bar chart and pie
graph formats are included in the dashboard, and all data on the website can be
downloaded, exported and printed. The
SDWA dashboard is the latest in a series
of online dashboards available through
EPAs Enforcement and Compliance
History Online (ECHO) website.
PEOPLE
Chandler Systems Inc. announced
Brett Wilfong has been hired as the
companys business development
manager, and Ted Cooksey has
joined the company as the national
sales manager. Wilfong brings more
than 20 years of sales experience in
the wastewater and water treatment
industries, and Cooksey has more
than 40 years of experience in the
water treatment industry.
Corvias Solutions announced Jason
Washington and John Campagna
have joined the company as vice presidents of partnership development.
Both Washington and Campagna will
help municipalities in the Chesapeake
Bay region understand the benefits
of a community-based public-private
partnership solution for stormwater
and infrastructure challenges.
WT
Water
Should
be
Treated
by
the
Best
METERING INJECTOR PUMPS FLOWMETERS
A-100NF
Peristaltic Metering Pump

VARIABLE SPEED with
PERCENTAGE SPEED
CONTROL
BENEFITS TO YOUR SYSTEM INCLUDE:

Variable speed motor results in near continuous
chemical injection.
Adjust output 5100%.
Eicient operation with nothing to program.
Built-in Tube Failure Detection System The Best in
The Business, (U.S. Patent 7,001,153 and 7,284,964).
A-100NC
Peristaltic Metering Pump

FIXED SPEED with
TIME INTERVAL CONTROL
BENEFITS TO YOUR SYSTEM INCLUDE:

Precise output control to 20:1 turndown by
means of an easy to adjust dial knob.
5 second repeating timer cycle.
0.255 second adjustable feed (injection) cycle.
Exclusive, patented Tube Failure Detection
System built-in!
In
the
Be
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st
F-1000
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THREE MODEL VARIATIONS:
RB = Rate Only TB = Total Only RT = Rate and Totalizer
Easy to read six digit LCD.
Battery powered with two standard
AAA batteries.
Factory calibrated, nothing to program.
5300 Business Drive,

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714-893-8529 fax: 714-894-9492
sales@blue-white.com
www.blue-white.com
Products & Services

Exchange tanks
Commercial RO systems
Flow meters
The FLX tank stocking program has been

initiated by Arts Way Vessels to promote
quick shipping for steel skid-mounted D.I.
exchange tanks. These tanks are used with
various configurations of media to produce
high-purity water in several applications.
The portable or exchange capability allows
the facility to be free of harmful chemicals
used in the regenerating process once these
medias are exhausted. The tanks are then
taken to a central facility to regenerate the
media to a usable state.
To accommodate the growing demand in

commercial water treatment of tap and well
water, AXEON Water Technologies is proud
to announce the redesign and expansion of
the R1-Series Commercial Reverse Osmosis
Systems. Ranging from 1,800 up to 21,600
gallons per day, R1-Series systems feature a
robust, innovative design that allows for versatility in the event of feedwater-quality variations. R1-Series systems sleek, expandable
design allows for more membrane housings,
offering an economical and flexible option
when capacity demands increase.
Blue-White Industries Ltd.s Sonic-Pro

Hybrid Ultrasonic flow meters measure flow
rate using either Doppler or Transit Time
methods. Noninvasive, clamp-on transducers work with both clean and dirty fluids,
with a high-capacity flow velocity range
of up to 30 feet per second. Sonic-Pro
can be configured and controlled remotely
through RS-232, RS-485, USB or Ethernet.
View real-time flow and download data log
files remotely on a Windows PC. Housing is
NEMA 4X (IP 66) wash down.
Arts Way Vessels
AXEON Water Technologies
Blue-White Industries Ltd.
Circle 110
Circle 111
Circle 112
Carbon filters
FilterCor pleated carbon filters, offered with

polyester or polypropylene carbon impregnated media, feature the efficiencies of standard
pleated cartridges with the added benefit of
carbon. Theyre designed to improve the taste
and quality of drinking water by reducing and/
or eliminating sediment, taste, odor, chlorine
and other undesirable components. The coconut-based, food grade carbon impregnated
media is ultrasonically side-seamed netted
and assembled using molded thermoset plastisol end caps, which wont import foreign
contaminants into the downstream flow.
RO system
Submicron depth filtration
Microfilter Co. Ltd. is pleased to

announce the Reverse Osmosis Drinking
Water Filtration System (M9 RO system)
has been tested and newly certified by
NSF International against NSF/ANSI 58. The
system has the ability to produce at least
23.39 gallons per day with 0.5 gallons per
minute. The M9 system and filters can be
easily installed and replaced, even without
any tools, and a wide range of filters can be
applied for each customers needs.
QMP Inc.s Protector Red-D Ultra submicron depth filtration series uses a proprietary,
patented, electro-adsorptive media technology capable of removing submicron pathogens
and inorganic contaminants through electroadhesion and ion exchange. This technology can remove/reduce: Chlorine, bromine,
iodine, VOCs, residual pharmaceuticals and
more. Tested by a certified laboratory, it can
also remove/reduce: >99.99 percent of viruses, bacteria and cysts; >95 percent of lead,
arsenic V and cadmium; ferrous-iron, >80
percent; chromium, >85 percent; selenium,
>75 percent; and mercury, >60 percent.
FilterCor Inc.
Microfilter Co. Ltd.
QMP Inc.
Circle 113
Circle 114
Circle 115
CONTAMINANT OF THE MONTH
By Joseph Cotruvo, Technical Editor
E. coli and other fecal

bacteria in drinking water
E. coli detections in food and water are a good indication
relatively recent sewage/sanitary contamination has occurred.
What they are:
Coliforms (total coliforms) are diverse
bacteria that live (not exclusively) in the
intestines of warm-blooded animals.
Thermotolerant fecal coliforms are a
subgroup that can ferment lactose at 44o
to 45o C (111.2o to 113o F).
E. coli (Escherichia coli) are a
subgroup of fecal coliforms. They are
gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria
named after Theodor Escherich, who
discovered them in 1885.
There are numerous species and
strains of each, and most are not harmful,
but some can infect humans.
E. coli constitute about 0.1 percent of
gut flora, so they are present in greater
numbers than pathogens and are usually
beneficial.
E. coli are the most important
indicator bacteria for relatively recent
fecal contamination, because they are
more numerous than fecal pathogens,
can survive in the environment and are
similarly subject to water treatment.
Risks are associated with exposures
to sewage/sanitary contaminated
milk and food, recreational water and
drinking water.
Apart from the disease concerns of
some strains, E. coli have many uses
in biotechnology, including recombinant
DNA research.
Health effects:
Nonpathogenic E. coli begin to
colonize an infants gastrointestinal (GI)
tract within 40 hours after birth from
food, water or human contact.
E. coli detections in food and water are
a good indication that relatively recent
(perhaps 10 to 15 days) sewage/sanitary
contamination has occurred. They
survive longer at lower temperatures.
They reproduce rapidly under ideal

conditions, doubling in 20 minutes.
They are good indicators for potential
bacterial and viral contamination.
Certain pathogenic strains can cause
diarrhea and illnesses such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, neonatal
meningitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome,
peritonitis, septicemia and some pneumonia.
Shiga toxin-producing strains such as
E. coli 0157:H7 cause hemolytic-uremic
syndrome, which has many serious
health outcomes and often death.
Water treatment:
E.coli are effective treatment indicators
for bacteria and viruses but not protozoa.
Standard disinfection with chlorine,
hypochlorite,
chlorine
dioxide,
ozone or ultraviolet (UV) is effective
in minutes in low turbidity water, as
well as chloramines with much longer
concentration multiplied by time values.
Protozoa are not as susceptible to
disinfection as are E. coli and bacterial
and viral pathogens, thus filtration is
necessary for removal, although UV is
also effective; boiling and distillation will
eliminate all pathogens.
One micron POU carbon filters
remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium,
but not bacteria and viruses. If they
contain silver, it is only to reduce
microbial regrowth on the filter and not to
disinfect the water.
POU is not permitted for meeting
microbial drinking water standards in
public water supplies.
Appropriate POE systems can be
used for decentralized compliance.
Analyses:
Optimal growth of E. coli occurs at
37o C (98.6o F), which is normal body

temperature.
Traditional
analyses
involve
membrane filtered culture plating in a
microbiology laboratory.
In recent years, Colilert-type
methods involving production of the
enzyme -glucuronidase have greatly
simplified the analyses for E. coli. The
enzyme produced by E. coli partially
metabolizes a marker chemical that
then produces color.
Kits costing about five dollars per
test allow testing under nonmicrobiology
laboratory conditions.
The water sample with the reagent is
retained for 18 to 24 hours at approximately 98o F (37o C). As a presence/
absence test, appearance of a yellow
color indicates total coliforms; fluorescence under a UV lamp indicates E. coli.
Quantification can be done using
multiple dilutions.
Regulation:
Disinfection and filtration drinking
water regulations have reduced risks of
waterborne diseases.
The current drinking water regulations
have an MCL of < 1/100 ml only for E.
coli or fecal coliforms.
Analyses for total coliforms are still
required, but they are used primarily to
indicate whether there are sanitary flaws
in the system that should be corrected.
If E. coli are verified, there is the
potential for a boil water notice to be
issued because of the connection with
sewage contamination.
WT
Dr. Cotruvo is president of Joseph Cotruvo and
Associates, LLC, Water, Environment and Public
Health Consultants. He is a former director of the
U.S. EPA Drinking Water Standards Division.
PROFESSOR POU/POE
By Joseph Cotruvo, Technical Editor
Professor POU/POE
This months topic: Daily drinking water
requirements and actual water intake.
How much water should people drink, and how much do they
actually drink every day?
It is complicated. The amount of water that is needed for health and

homeostasis varies by a persons age and weight, climate and their
level of physical activity. Some estimates and recommendations have
been generated from several published studies.
Introduction
The statement, Water is life, is not an exaggeration.
All living plants and animals require regular and sufficient
water consumption for survival, as well as for growth and
development. Serious and even fatal outcomes can occur
under extreme conditions of either seriously inadequate
or very excessive water intake, and there might be some
health benefits associated with consumption beyond the
averages. Water is also a common element in Christian,
Muslim and Jewish religious writings.
Daily water consumption occurs from several sources:
Tap water, beverages and foods made with tap water,
bottled water, bottled beverages and metabolic water that
is produced from ingested food and its conversion to
energy. The first four are obvious. The fifth, metabolic
water, is created by living organisms through metabolism
by digesting and oxidizing energy-containing substances in
their food. Metabolism produces about 110 grams of water
per 100 grams of fat, 41.3 grams of water per 100 grams
of protein and 55 grams of water per 100 grams of starch.
So, it adds a few hundred milliliters to our daily water intake.
How much water should we drink?

Ingested water serves many functions. It is essential for
maintaining blood composition, salts balance and cellular
osmotic pressure, and it aids digestion, helps eliminate
wastes in urine and feces, provides a solvent/solute load
for the kidneys and helps control body temperature through
perspiration. It usually contains salts and some nutrients
like calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, sodium and
potassium; and, uptake of essential minerals is often more
efficient from water than from foods. Calcium and magnesium

uptake from water and milk is in the range of 50 to 60 percent
versus approximately 15 to 20 percent from foods.
It is important to consume water regularly, especially
during physical stress conditions. I recall when coaches
would not allow athletes to consume water during practice
and games, ostensibly to prevent vomiting. Nowadays,
we see them drinking constantly. Acute dehydration has
immediate, measurable and adverse consequences.
Fluid loss of one percent stimulates thirst and impairs
thermoregulation. Vague discomfort and loss of appetite
appears at two percent. Dry mouth appears at about three
percent loss. At four percent loss, work capacity decreases
by 20 to 30 percent. Headaches and sleepiness occur at
about five percent loss. Collapse can occur at about seven
percent, and a 10 percent loss is life-threatening.
Water intake is needed at a minimum to replace
losses and prevent dehydration. Water is lost through
urine, feces, respiration and evaporation. Young children,
pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, heavy work
and exercisers and persons with certain diseases have
increased fluid requirements compared to the general
sedentary population. Numerous studies have attempted to
determine water needs, but in 1989 the National Research
Council (NRC) concluded that because of the complexities,
a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) could not be
established, but an Adequate Intake (AI) reference value was
provided for healthy Canadian and American populations.
Water needs under conditions of physical stress, high
temperature and humidity are substantial. Physically active
individuals might sweat at the rate of three to four liters per
hour under those conditions. Daily fluid

requirements have been shown to range
from as little as two liters per day to 16
liters per day. Several national military
organizations have conducted studies of
the water needs of troops under stressed
survival and endurance requirements.

A study of members of the Zimbabwe
National Army doing strenuous work over
12 days showed that consumption of the
test group was 11 liters per day versus
seven liters per day in the control group.
Table 1
Age
AI (l/day)
Zero to six months
0.7 assumed from human milk
Seven to 12 months
0.8 milk plus food and beverages
One to three years
1.3
Three to eight years
1.7
Nine to 13 years
2.4 boys, 2.1 girls
14 to 18 years
3.3 boys, 2.3 girls
19 to 70+ years
3.7 men, 2.7 women
The U.S. Army revised its water

replacement guidelines to 0.5 liters per hour
for an easy work rest cycle at 78o to 81.9o
F to at least one liter per hour for a hard
work/rest cycle of 10/50 minutes at > 90o
F. The revision occurred after 190 military
personnel were hospitalized over several
years for hyponatremia (excess, unreplaced
sodium loss by perspiration), which can be
fatal when excessively large volumes of
plain water were consumed in combination
with a low sodium chloride diet.
Gender and age specific AIs were
established by the NRC in 2004 (See
Table 1).
The values in Table 1 are applicable
under typical, nonstressed conditions. For
higher stress situations (e.g., athletes), the
amount of water ingested should equal the
amount lost, i.e., 1 kg of lost weight = 1 kg
www.WaterTechOnline.com 13
PROFESSOR POU/POE
of water consumption. Alcohol has a known

transient diuretic effect, but adequate
fluid intake immediately following alcohol
consumption will not result in appreciable
fluid losses over a 24-hour period.
The World Health Organizations
(WHO) requirements in liters per day for
adults are listed in Table 2.
How much water is actually

consumed by U.S. citizens?
Regulatory
agencies
establish
regulations for contaminants in water partly

based upon assumed values for daily
human tap water consumption. Precise
determinations of actual consumption
vary by individuals and conditions; so
to simplify the regulatory decision, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) assumes lifetime consumption of
two liters per day for a 70 kg adult, and
one liter per day for a 10 kg child. WHO
assumes two liters per day for a 60 kg
adult and one liter per day for a 10 kg
Table 2
Sedentary,
temperate env.
Physically active/
increased temperature
Female adult
2.2
4.5
Male adult
2.9
4.5 - 11.0
child. Canada assumes 1.5 liter per day

for a 70 kg adult.
Several large-scale surveys have
produced data on consumption of
community water and/or total water by
individuals and groups. Results tend to
be in similar ranges given the margins
of variability in these types of studies
(e.g., Kahn; and Kahn and Stralka,
2008). For example, a 1989 report by
Ershow and Cantor, using survey data
for three consecutive days from 197778, concluded that the mean value for
tap water consumption was 1.193 liters
per person per day, and 88 percent
consumed two liters per day or less. A
more recent analysis of a survey for two,
nonconsecutive days from 1994-96 (EPA,
2000) of 15,303 persons gave 0.927 liters
per person per day as the average per
capita ingestion of tap water. The estimated
PROFESSOR POU/POE
90th percentile consumption was 2.016

liters per day (range 1.991 to 2.047). Some
people reported drinking no tap water, so
results for 14,012 consumers only were
1.0 liters per day (0.976 to 1.024) as the
mean, and the 90th percentile value was
2.069 liters per day.
Values for total water consumption
for consumers only were 1.241 liters per
day (1.208 to 1.274) as the mean, and the
estimated 90th and 95th percentiles were
2.345 and 2.922 liters per day, respectively.
So, 83 percent of consumers only consumed
two liters of water per day or less.
The average reported consumption for
bottled water drinkers was 0.737 liters per
day; the 90th and 95th percentile estimates
were 1.568 liters per day and 1.971 liters
per day.
The total water consumption average
for all individuals was 1.232 liters per day,
and the 90th and 95th percentiles were

2.341 and 2.908 liters per day. In this
study, approximately 84 percent of the
U.S. population consumed two liters or
less per day. About 13 percent of the U.S.
population water consumption in those
studies was attributable to bottled water
and 10 percent to other sources.
For children between one and 10 years
old, the mean total water consumption was
0.528 liters per day, and the 90th and 95th
values for total ingestion were 1.001 and
1.242 liters per day. Thus, 90 percent of
children consume one liter of water per
day or less.
Are there health benefits

from greater water
consumption?
Although it is difficult to precisely
determine desirable and ideal water
consumption levels, there are reports that

people with greater water consumption
may benefit more compared to those
with less. Dehydration has been linked
to increases in risks of urinary tract
infections, dental disease, constipation,
kidney stones and impaired cognitive
function. Higher fluid intakes have been
associated with reduced risks of urinary
tract stones, colon and urinary tract
cancer, and mitral valve prolapse in some
studies. More research is necessary on
this appealing hypothesis.
Conclusions: How do these

approximate values compare
to AIs and regulatory default
assumptions?
It is clear that the actual water
consumption in the U.S. is below the
recommended AI values for almost every
PROFESSOR POU/POE
age group. Some additional water is

provided by metabolism and nontap water
sources, but the AI values would not
likely be exceeded in many cases except
perhaps for active high consumers.
Regarding the default water consumption values of two liters per day
for adults and one liter per day for a 10

kg child, approximately 90 percent of
adults are consuming two liters per day
of tap water or less, and almost all very
young children are consuming about
one liter of tap water per day or less. So,
water consumption levels indicate that
or
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Sources
1. Water requirements, impinging
factors and recommended intakes.
Ann C. Grandjean, in Nutrients in
Drinking Water, World Health
Organization, Geneva, 2005. ISBN92
4 159398 9.
2. EPA estimated per capita water
consumption in the U.S. EPA-822-00008, April 2000.
3. The mineral composition of water
and its contribution to calcium and
magnesium intake. CN Ong, AC
Grandjean and RP Heaney, in calcium
and magnesium in drinking water, JA
Cotruvo and J Bartram eds. World
Health Organization, Geneva, 2009.
ISBN 978 92 4 156355 0.
Dr. Cotruvo is president of Joseph Cotruvo
and Associates, LLC, Water, Environment and
Public Health Consultants. He is a former
director of the U.S. EPA Drinking Water
Standards Division.
NEW CUSTOMERS ONLY LIMIT ONE
www.SafewayWater.com
drinking water standards are generally

protective of the population and have
greater margins of safety for essentially all very young children and virtually all adults. Additional conservatism
is embedded in calculations of drinking
water standards by inclusion of relative
source contribution factors attributable
to drinking water as a source. The usual
default value is 20 percent which results
in additional safety.
There are several studies indicating
potential health benefits from long-term
consumption of greater amounts of water,
which is worth exploring further.
So, todays take-home message is:
More water and a little more salt is good
for people with more strenuous activity.
And, the good news is that community
tap water in the U.S. is safe almost
everywhere.
WT
For more information on this topic, go to www.

WaterTechOnline.com and enter keyword(s):
Drinking, water, EPA, community, health.
Joseph Cotruvo, Technical Editor
New Product Roundup
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COVER STORY
Riding
changing
wave of
the
marketing
Modern techniques and strategies
require technology-focused thinking.
By Steve Marsh
f you are sitting comfortably under the umbrella of your marketing plan with
your toes in the sand, beware: A tidal wave of change is coming. Triggered by
growing use of the Internet for purchases, this change will not only disrupt how
service companies get customers, but also, how businesses are run. This new
system establishes a winner takes all environment for the industry, which might be
good news if you can learn how to surf it.
Social review sites form this approaching tsunami. They threaten established water
treatment companies and provide opportunities for startups to rocket to the top-ranking
positions. The first companies that adapt to this change will ride a wave of success that
can establish their dominance in the industry for years to come.
Disruptive nature of social review

Consumers are shifting to social review sites for help in choosing service companies. Yelp, Google Plus and Angies List have already staked their claims as the leaders
in this new world of marketing. Some companies have felt the sting of a bad review
and responded emotionally with frustration. Instead of embracing this change, business
owners have complained and halfheartedly attempted to play the game, and many
businesses are hoping that the shift towards

review sites will just go away.
This exasperation stems from losing control over how consumers perceive companies. Until now, businesses controlled their
public image. Only positive praise was presented to the general public. In general, dissatisfied consumers did not openly express
their feelings.
In the past, well-designed websites had
the power to persuade people to choose
companies that actually provided horrible
service. Clients were unable to confirm the
reliability of advertising messages. Review sites have changed all of

that. Consumers now have a powerful voice. They are empowered
to express their opinions to the world.
Warning signs of change

Just as you would note the impending devastation of a tsunami
when you see a receding waterline, you must now heed the signs
of this coming wave of social review.
The wave that started in California and swept to the East Coast
before finally flowing to the South is beginning to cover every
place. There are still places along the way where no reviews have
been written for water treatment companies. But we all know that
trends in social media can sweep the country almost overnight.
Social review sites are taking over the rules of search engine
optimization (SEO). For example, the Google Map listings are
given to companies with the most Google Plus reviews. If you
perform this test in major cities across the country, you will see this
trend follow the same path.
Only a year ago, social review sites had no placements on the
first page of a Google search. The crash of this wave is already
disrupting existing marketing.
SEO efforts already have taken a major hit by being knocked
off of Googles first page by review sites. As this trend grows, it

will draw more consumers toward review sites.
People are shifting from popular search engines to review
sites because of the convenience, reliability and speed
mentioned previously.
Personal referrals are being replaced by the more
comprehensive nature of review sites.
The most surprising source of new users is the large number
of customers who are willing to jump ship. Many consumers
have tolerated their current service company for fear of trying
a different one. Social review provides the confidence many
people need to make a change.
Changing how companies run

The standards by which companies are judged have been
rewritten. Companies are no longer predominantly evaluated on
how well they accomplish a service. They are now largely judged on
the consumer experience of the entire process. Failure to perform
as expected, arriving late, poor communication or disappointing the
customer in any way can now result in a costly negative review. It
Whats so great about review sites?

Growing numbers of consumers are deferring to social review
websites due to convenience and reliability. According to Pew
Research, 58 percent of adults in the U.S. carry a smartphone.
Social reviews are literally at peoples fingertips. These social
media sites offer your customers as well as prospects many benefits, including:
Speed: It takes only seconds to retrieve names and relevant
information on local service companies. A similar search
engine produces many distracting results which confuse and
slow the process.
Narrower search: Many review sites make choosing easier
by creating a prioritized list. By looking at the top listings, 90
percent of the options are instantly eliminated.
Easily compared: Several top companies can be viewed with
just a few clicks. Since the same format is used, comparisons
are easily made.
Reliability: As the number of company reviews increases, so
does the reliability of the ranking. Once a company acquires
30 reviews, the consumer description becomes pretty clear.
As the reviews reach into the hundreds, the ranking becomes
hard to debate.
Accountability: Customers feel confident that a highly rated
company will pay attention if a problem should arise. They know
if they receive poor service, they can give a bad review in return.
Dealers
anted
Worldwide brand recognition
Exclusive consumer nancing
Dealer sales, marketing,
and technical support
Service providers wanted.
Visit us today for more information.
www.westinghousewatertreatment.com
1-800-763-8363
, WESTINGHOUSE and INNOVATION YOU CAN BE SURE OF are trademarks of

Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Used under license by The LeverEdge. All Rights Reserved.
A consumer shift
Where are the growing numbers of social review site users
coming from?
COVER STORY: RIDING THE CHANGING WAVE OF MARKETING
takes 15 five-star reviews to counteract a

one-star rating. A single bad review could
cost a company thousands of dollars in lost
revenue.
This new consumer power is
highlighted by the fact that a person can
write a scathing review based solely on an
unsatisfactory inquiry call. A poor review can
be permanently lodged against a business
even if that person never hires the company.
Low-end and bait-and-switch companies are
easy to identify with this system. Reviews
make clear which companies provide good
value. The consumer-satisfaction bar has
been raised. Those who cant meet the new
standards will be swept away.
How customers feel has now become as
important as the service itself. Companies
must adapt to this new set of expectations.
Larger, established businesses may find
this to be a daunting task.
An overhaul of the entire service process

will be required. Owners must evaluate their
businesses from a customers perspective.
Negative reviews need to be analyzed to
determine how to prevent that experience
from happening again. Sensitivity to
consumers feelings must become part of
the company culture.
It may be necessary to hire a business
consultant to objectively evaluate and
implement the necessary changes. Another
option is to find a panel of consumers to
recommend changes.
Winner takes all

Review ranking systems lead to an
environment where only a few companies win. Consumers intentionally ignore
companies with low ratings or the fewest
number of reviews and focus solely on the
top-ranked companies. The top-ranked
companies will get the most work and, as

a result, receive even more reviews. The
companies that reach the top will be able
to ride the wave and dominate consumer
attention for that review site. The only
way for the winners to get dethroned is for
them to slip up on their customer service
and allow their rating score to drop.
The good news is that few companies
have yet to claim a dominant ranking.
A window of opportunity is wide open,
especially in cities where social review has
not yet become popular and the competition
is not already established.
The companies with the highest rankings are the targets to beat. In order to
discover the Yelp rankings of a company
and its competitors, simply go to Yelp.
com and type in the service type and city
at the top.
The easiest way to find Angies List
rankings is to join Angies List as a consumer member. The cost for this ranges from
free to $29 annually depending on the city.
Google Plus ranks are determined by
looking at the Google Map section for the
city and service offered. The companies
with the most reviews tend to rank higher
on the local map listing. The sooner a company starts this process, the better their
chance of riding the wave.
Another reason to start sooner rather
than later is that Yelp and Google Plus
reviews accumulate. They are not eliminated from the ranking score due to age. A
company that has actively collected reviews
for many years will be hard to beat. Angies
List, on the other hand, only takes into
account the most recent three-year period
for scoring.
A startup company now has the
opportunity to seize the top position before
established companies are able to adjust
to the new service standards. Larger and
more mature companies do not have an
advantage in this new system.
Steve Marsh is the creator of the Be Competition

Free Marketing Program. He is a 40-year veteran of the carpet cleaning industry, an instructor and a Senior Carpet Inspector. Marsh is a
marketing and business consultant who helps
owners build their companies to attract higher
quality customers. For more information, visit
www.BeCompetitionFree.com. Marsh is also a

frequent writer for Cleanfax magazine.
For more information on this topic, go to
www.WaterTechOnline.com and enter
keyword(s): Marketing, sales, customers,
SEO, social.
Steve Marsh
WATER PURIFICATION
ATION
REIMAGINING WATER
RO TRANSFORMED
ORMED
The wave is coming

Get up off the sand and get ready. This
tsunami of change is coming, and there
does not appear to be a way of escaping it.
The reality of having to deal with consumer
reviews will be a challenge for all service
companies.
Overall, this will eventually create a
far more professional and service-oriented
industry. The consumers will be the victors.
As far as businesses are concerned,
there will be both winners and losers.
Those who adapt to the new rules first are
going to ride the wave and win big. The others will be swept away.
Heed the warning signs for this one.
Getting on top of this wave is worth the
effort.
WT
Editors note: A version of this article originally appeared in our sister publication,
Cleanfax. Please visit www.cleanfax.com
to read articles and news from the professional carpet cleaning and restoration
industry.
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Water Technology interviews WQA

Board President Douglas Sam Karge
The associations board president offers a closer look into his role with WQA, the
associations accomplishments and how WQA plans to stay ahead of the curve.
By Maria Woodie, Assistant Editor
Photo credit WQA
e recently spoke with the Water Quality Associations (WQA)

Board President Douglas S. Sam Karge, who is also vice
president of Pentair Water Purification, a division of Pentair.
In this exclusive interview, Karge discusses WQAs push for
a different type of strategy in the market, some changes during his tenure,
the associations recent accomplishments and WQAs plans to stay ahead
of the curve.
Water Technology: Please offer a little background into your role
at WQA, and what accomplishments you achieved as board president.
Sam Karge: This is a huge question. Ive been on the board for the last
seven years, serving first as governor-at-large and then moving through the
different executive roles, culminating in this last year as president. During
the last several years, I continually came back to the question, How do
we keep this organization relevant in a constantly changing environment?
Ive always felt that WQA has great staff members who do great work, but
theyve generally been focused on playing defense rather than offense in
terms of the organizations overall strategy on several fronts.
As many of your readers may know, we implemented a number of leadership changes at the WQA over the past 12 months. This was by far the
most difficult, gut-wrenching time in my professional career because I feel
so close to the staff and the organization as a whole. However, I knew that if
we wanted to keep the organization relevant and moving forward, and keep
the great staff at WQA doing great things, we would need to transition from
a defense to offense strategy in the market.
The one accomplishment I value most from my tenure on the board and
as president is how we worked closely with the board of directors and staff
to reset the focus, structure and overall direction of the staff and organization to align with the industry, the members and our market overall. This
refreshed and focused strategy will help drive us forward in the future.
WT: In your opinion, what is the most important issue(s) facing our
industry today?
SK: I think consumers are growing more and more knowledgeable every
day about water quality. If we want to be relevant in 10 years, we need to
acknowledge changing consumer perceptions and expedite our growth and
forward momentum as an industry. I feel that new technology has lagged as
has new thinking about how we approach consumers. Pretty soon consumers
may pass us in their knowledge of what it is we do. We need to stay ahead of
this as an association and an industry.
WQA Board President Sam Karge is also vice

president of Pentair Water Purification,
a division of Pentair.
WT: How have WQA and its members worked to solve these concerns
in recent years?
SK: The WQA has made great strides
in providing better industry information for
consumers. Some good examples include
our newer consumer-directed publications,
such as Water Treatment for Dummies and
Getting Smart with Softeners, as well as
our Consumer Opinion Study and Modular
Education Program (MEP). All of these projects help us get ahead of the curve when
it comes to information about the industry.
These are also prime examples of our
associations efforts to move from defense
to offense.
WT: In retrospect, how have disruptive legislation, such as Californias
FEATURE
stance on water softeners, helped to

strengthen our industry and incorporate advanced technology?
SK: I think adversity gives us a reason to work together. While many of
WQAs member companies have different focuses in the marketplace, we all
provide a great benefit for consumers
clean, safe and enjoyable water for
hundreds of millions of people in the
U.S. When legislators lose sight of that
fact, we need to remind them of the great
things we do, while pointing out that our
industry can be the solution, as opposed
to the problem.
WT: Why is the WQA and becoming
a member of this association important
for water treatment dealers and manufacturers?
SK: When the association speaks,
its only as loud as its membership. As
members, we can speak much more
loudly than as individuals. As the WQA
looks forward in the upcoming years and
becomes a proactive rather than reactive player, people in this industry will
want even more to be part of our membership to take advantage of everything the
association has to offer.
WT: Has the experience of serving as WQAs president helped with
your own companys vision planning
or your own personal development to
better serve customers? If so, in what
specic ways?
SK: When I signed up for the role
several years ago, I thought all I had to do
was attend a few meetings and receptions
each year. Boy was I wrong. Being WQA
president has basically become a second
full-time job for me over this past year.
I have loved every minute of it though.
Working with the WQA staff, our members
and the industry has been a really enriching experience for me personally.
However, I wouldnt change the experience of what we accomplished as an
association this past year. It was difficult
at times, but I firmly believe that we
moved the association forward strategically and have set up a strong future. I
also believe that it taught me about how

to manage my time and priorities better
than ever before.
One of my favorite quotes is from
Roger Seip, who was the keynote speaker at the WQA convention a few years
ago. He said, Dont confuse that which
is urgent for that which is important. That

really sticks with me.
WT
keyword(s): WQA, POU, POE, association,
regulations.
Maria Woodie, Assistant Editor
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Parts
Refurbs
Avoid internal
particulate deposition
and plugging of piping
A household system consists primarily of a
discharge tank and a semi-automatic
washer assembly.
By Alan Cross
he objective of this article is to determine how to properly evaluate the

means to be used in sizing of the interconnecting piping among the
several vessels comprising the overall system. These vessels consist
of such items as the automated washer, a receiving tank connected
to the washer and such auxiliary equipment as sinks and showers all
of which discharge water laden with particulate matter that could possibly
consolidate, causing piping blockages. These blockages would require the
removal through the use of appropriate cleaning tools or, perhaps, partially
disassembling the piping.
System description and objectives

The household system, being considered herein, consists primarily of a
discharge tank and a semi-automatic washer assembly. The washer assembly
is provided with removable, hot and cold fresh water connections and a
removable wastewater connection attached to a wastewater discharge or
holding tank. The holding tank is also provided with a permanent wastewater
pipeline discharging to a sewer as well as with a separate hand-loaded dryer.
The overall system is supplied with additional household items such as
toilets, multiple sinks and showers. These items will be considered as well,
since wastewater from all of these materials is provided with wastewater
piping, and they are ultimately connected to a common sewer line. It is
important to mention the direct gravity flow of wastewater is transferred by the
pipeline from the discharge or holding tank to the sewer, as it is necessary
to note the same for the sinks, showers and other such items, separate from
the washer assembly. Pumped flow, however, is used for the transfer of
wastewater from the washer to the discharge tank.
Operational procedure
The procedure used to operate the
semi-automatic washer discharge tank
assembly consists first of properly making
a selection from the available operational
variables, which are comprised of: The
material to be washed, such as cotton, knit
fabrics or delicate fabric materials; these
materials are then followed by temperature
of the water to be used; the degree to which
the fabric is soiled; and the water level to be
used for the washer.
After depositing detergent with the fabrics
to be washed, the washer is started and the
remainder of the operating conditions that
need to be followed is automated.
The wash tank is first filled with clean
water and the fabrics are cleaned by agitation.
This is followed by the pump transfer of the
wastewater to the discharge tank, which
then discharges the water by gravity to
the sewer line, through appropriately sized
piping, while the fabrics are dewatered by
rapid rotation of the inner tank of the washer.
This processing sequence is repeated with
a second input of clean water for rinsing,
followed by dewatering the wash in order to
complete, stop and end the cycle.
Figure 1 provides a schematic and
partial general arrangement of the
items discussed earlier in regards to the
description of the system.
FEATURE
Wastewater discharge
of this variable of utmost importance the

belief being that the density of the particles
and the velocity of the water in the piping
are being considered more important.
However, efforts were made initially to filter
the washer discharge material to avoid
possible clogging of the piping.
This procedure proved unacceptable,
but because the filter openings needed for
filtration were rather small in size due to
space limitations restricting the size of the
filter, and because the particulates were
Examination of the discharge wastewater

flow revealed that the contents consisted of
rather small, elongated fibrous pellets, 1/8
to 1/4 inch in diameter with a small length to
diameter ratio of perhaps two to one.
Although the concentration of the
pellets in the washer assembly was not
measured and varied with the type of
input fabric materials processed, the
analysis, considered herein, did not require
consideration of the small concentrations
Figure 1: Schematic arrangement of piping

6
10
11
12
1
3
0.75
5 4
Summary
7
In the above application, it has been

assumed that the particulates are not sticky
and are not capable of adhering to the
inside surfaces of the piping; the density of
1.7
somewhat fibrous, the filters quickly clogged

and required replacement. Cleaning of the
filters was not considered an option because
of the fibrous nature of the deposits, which
rendered a cleaning operation too timeconsuming and impractical.
Because of the filtering difficulties
involved, it was thought that clogging of the
wastewater piping might best be avoided
by maintaining turbulent flow in the piping.
Whether turbulent or laminar flow exists in
the interconnecting piping of the subject
installation is easily determined by the
calculation of the Reynolds number, or Re.
Thus, it has been concluded by others that
if the Re is less than 2,100, laminar flow
prevails and if greater than an Re of 2,100,
turbulent flow prevails. Pertinent equations
for making this determination are as follows:
Re = (D)(V)(Liq.Dens./(0.000672)(Liq.
Visc.)
(Liq.Press.Drop) = (2)(f)(L)(Va)2/(g)(D)
(Ent.+Ex.Loss) = (1.5)(Va)2/(2)(g)
(Vert.Liq.Height) = (Liq.Press.Drop) +
(Ent+Ex.Loss)
8
* Graphic created and courtesy of Alan Cross.
Description of Figure 1
Description of schematic arrangement
(locations 1-11)
1. Semi-automatic washer, provided with an inner vessel with sidewall perforations and a
motor-driven agitator for washing, as well as with the ability to rotate rapidly to dewater
the wash after wastewater is transferred by the pump to the discharge tank.
2. Discharge tank a holding tank from which water is drained by gravity to the sewer.
3. Inner vessel of washer.
4. Clean wash water hot and cold water inlets and outlets and the wastewater discharge
outlet, provided with control valves.
5. Water source for clean water.
6. One-inch diameter transfer line for a high velocity transfer of wastewater to the
discharge tank.
7. Two-inch diameter piping from the shower, sink and discharge tank to the sewer with
discharge by gravity only.
8. Sewer line.
9. Shower water discharge outlet.
10. Sink water discharge outlet.
11. Maximum discharge tank water level.
Table 1: Nomenclature
Re = Reynolds number
D = Inside pipe diameter, feet
V = Liquid velocity, feet per second
Liq.Dens. = Liquid density, pounds/

cubic feet
Liq.Visc. = Liquid viscosity, centipoise
Liq.Press.Drop = Frictional loss inside
pipe, feet
f = Frictional pipe loss coefficient, .005
used in this calculation
L = Total pipe length, feet
Va = Inside pipe velocity
g = 32.2
Ent.+Ex.Loss = Loss due to entering
and leaving the pipe, feet
Vert.Liq.Height = feet
FEATURE: AVOID INTERNAL PARTICULATE DEPOSITION AND PLUGGING OF PIPING
the particulates is not much greater than that

of the liquid water carrying fluid; and the particulates are not long, thin or highly flexible
and are not capable of entanglement, such
as hair, so as to form large size bundles of
pipe blocking debris. Furthermore, the internal pipe flow in all cases, as determined by
the Re, must be greater than 2,100 the
transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
The calculation method proposed in
this article has indicated that this is indeed
the case: An Re of 2,100 or greater having

been calculated, as shown in Table 2, for all
of the arrangements comprising the overall
system.
That turbulent flow in a pipeline in
this particular service, as described
herein, remains to be seen as a means of
avoiding pipeline clogging. However, as of
three months in service with this system,
there has been no reported clogging of
the piping, during which washing was
Table 2
System
performed almost daily.
WT
Alan Cross received a B.Ch.E. degree from the

City College of New York and an M.S.Ch.E. degree
from NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering of
Brooklyn. Cross is a long-time member of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers and
has more than 30 years of experience in the
design of direct fired process heaters, while
in the employment of the Abb Lummus Heat
Transfer Division of Abb Lummus Crest located in
Bloomfield, New Jersey. He has since written and
published about 10 design articles relating to heat
transfer, fluid flow and a variety of other topics
and has authored and received five U.S. patents.
Reynolds number (Re)
Discharge piping from holding or discharge tank to sewer

Discharge piping from shower to sewer
Discharge sink to sewer
3,000
200,000
150,000
For more information on this topic, go to www.

WaterTechOnline.com and enter keyword(s): Piping,
washers, sewer, discharge, water.
Alan Cross
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The Business Center
MAINTENANCE & OPERATIONS
By Amin Almasi
Centrifugal pumps and their piping

for water applications:
Part two
Significant causes of poor pump performance and solutions.
Editors note: If you missed Part one, please visit WaterTechOnline.com.
he function of suction piping is to supply an evenly distributed flow of water

to the pump suction, with sufficient pressure to the pump to avoid excessive turbulence in the pump impeller. Pump suction problems can result
in poor pump performance, poor bearing life and poor mechanical seal
performance. In extreme cases, vibration can cause failure of piping and appurtenances. Significant causes of poor pump performance and maintenance problems
are cavitation and air-lock. Suction piping should be adequately sized and properly
designed to avoid cavitation. Generally for any pumps piping, the optimum piping
size should consider the installed cost of the piping and the operational requirements (piping friction and others).
There are always some maximum velocity limits. Particularly for suction piping,
the piping size should limit velocity to values below those where bubbles will rise
through water. A minimum velocity is usually needed to prevent the settling of
solids (if applicable). As a very rough indication, suction piping velocities should
be in the 2.95 feet to 4.27 feet per second range unless suction conditions are
unusually good. In many pumps, suction piping is at least one size larger than the
suction flange at the pump. The piping should also be laid out correctly to eliminate
air/gas pockets and air-lock. The suction piping should be as short as possible and
as simple as possible to prevent accumulation of air from water being pumped. In
other words, suction pipes need to be short and straight. The suction piping should
be arranged with as few bends as possible. If bends are necessary, use long
radius ones when applicable. An important factor to consider during the design of
suction pipe work geometry is to reduce turbulence at the pump suction nozzle.
It is imperative that the amount of turbulence and entrained gas (or air) is kept to
a minimum. The water flow is further complicated when elbows or tees are located
adjacent to the pump suction nozzle; when this happens, uneven flow patterns or
air (gas) separation keep the water from evenly filling the impeller. A straight length
of pipe is needed before any pump. As a rough indication, a straight length of pipe
of an equivalent length of five times the pump inlet size (five times diameter) should
be installed before any pump; some specifications mandate eight times diameter
or even 10 times diameter for this straight length. With a suction line entering the
pump in the horizontal plane, the eccentric reducer is placed with the flat on the top.
Both a check valve and a manual stop valve (usually gate valve) should be
installed in the discharge piping with the check valve placed between the pump and
the stop valve to protect the pump from reverse flow and excessive back pressure.
If a control valve is needed, place at the discharge piping in a reasonable distance
from the pump. Ideally, the optimum control valve location is within 4.93 feet of the
pump discharge to prevent too much surging of water in the pumping system when
the discharge is throttled.
Avoid pockets or high points where

gas (air) can accumulate in the suction
and discharge piping. An ideal discharge
piping run is one where the piping
gradually slopes up from the pump to
the discharge. This will ensure any gas
or air in the discharge side of the pump
can be evacuated to the outlet.
Radial forces are being generated
in the pump housing from the pressure
in the piping system acting on the volute
area. The magnitude and direction
of the forces is dependent upon the
piping arrangement along with the
areas and pressures involved; this
should be considered in the design of
the pump piping. For maintenance and
repair work, remove the coupling; the
pump internals can also be removed
from the pump case, ideally without
disturbing the pumps piping.
Site installation
The pump installation requires special attention. The pump base-plate
should be leveled to within 0.008 inches per inch. Regarding the installation
of a pumps piping, it is recommended
to pipe from the pump suction flange
to the suction source (such the pipe
rack), not the other way around.
Do not operate a centrifugal pump
for long periods of time at or near
the shut-off point (zero flow maximum
head). For some pumps, this operation
should be limited to 20 to 100 seconds.
In certain simple pumping systems,
the pressure switch shuts the pump
down when the pressure is high, which
means there is low or no flow. Use more

sophisticated measures and controls for
other pumping systems to avoid operation
at or around the shut-off point.
Any centrifugal pump should have a
pressure gauge on the discharge side
close to the outlet of the pump; this will help
diagnose pump system problems. It is also
useful to have a pressure gauge on the
suction side. The difference in pressure is
proportional to the total head. The pressure
gauge reading will have to be corrected
for elevation, since the reference plane for
total head calculation is usually the suction
flange of the pump.
In case of any issue or problem, an
accurate suction and discharge pressure
reading should be taken. Additionally,
check the pump for excessive vibration,
noise, bearing operation, shaft deflection,
operating temperature and other operational
details. If pump hydraulic operation seems

normal, a problem source could be the
alignment, bearing or seal.
Most centrifugal pumps cannot run dry,
the pump should always be full of water. To
ensure a pump stays full of water, a check
valve at the suction piping is occasionally
needed (for instance, a foot valve in some
water sources at the source end of the suction line). Certain types of centrifugal pumps
do not require a check valve at the suction,
as they can generate suction at the pump
inlet to lift the fluid into the pump some
of them are known as self-priming pumps.
Centrifugal pumps should preferably
be self-priming. Many plants and pumping
services have successfully converted to
self-priming pumps for different water
applications. Self-priming pumps should
usually be the first choice. For many
centrifugal pumps, the height and size of
the suction piping have been too large for

self-priming pumps. Sometimes a special
pumping system design can be selected
to achieve a self-priming capability for
instance, a below ground pit eventually can
be built to allow the pump to be lowered.
When gas (air) enters a pump it can get
trapped in the volute, reducing the capacity
and creating vibration and noise. If a pump
is excessively noisy, most likely gas (air) in
the pump is creating vibration and noise.
A less common issue could be cavitation. Cavitation usually produces a distinct
noise, often different from noise produced
by other reasons. Another way to examine
if the issue is cavitation is to monitor fluctuations in suction and discharge pressure.
Operation at lower or higher than
the BEP (best efficiency point) flow rate
results in lower efficiency, poor performance, higher bearing loads, increased
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MAINTENANCE & OPERATIONS

shaft deflection and seal problems.
Particular attention is required for low flow
rates. Most centrifugal pumps should not
be used at a flow rate less than a certain
level (say as a very rough indication 50
percent of the flow rate at the BEP) without a recirculation line. The factors determining the minimum allowable rate of flow
include the following:
Temperature rise of water: This is
often established as 46.4 F or 50 F; if
a pump operates at very low flow (say
around shut-off), it could overheat.
Radial hydraulic thrust on impellers:
This is most serious with single volute
pumps, and even at flow rates as high
as 50 percent of the BEP could cause
reduced bearing life, excessive shaft
deflection, seal failures, impeller rubbing
and shaft breakage.
Flow recirculation in the pump
impeller: This can also occur below

minimum flow (say 50 percent of
the BEP) causing noise, vibration,
cavitation and mechanical damage.
Recirculation can occur at both the
impeller inlet and outlet.
Total head characteristic curve:
Some pump curves droop toward shutoff and other curves show a dip in
the curve. Operation in such regions
should be avoided.
If a lower flow rate is needed, a recirculation line or another capacity control method,
such as a variable speed driver, should be
used. Operation at high flow could also be
problematic. The maximum flow point can
often represent the theoretical operating
limit and the pump may not operate past this
point, will be noisy and vibrate excessively
as well as consume the maximum amount
of power.
WT
Amin Almasi is a rotating machine consultant

in Australia. He is a chartered professional
engineer of Engineers Australia (MIEAust
CPEng Mechanical) and IMechE (CEng
MIMechE) in addition to a M.Sc. and B.Sc. in
mechanical engineering and RPEQ (Registered
Professional Engineer in Queensland). He
specializes in rotating machines including compressors, gas turbines, steam turbines, engines, pumps, condition monitoring
and reliability. Almasi is an active member of
Engineers Australia, IMechE, ASME and SPE.
He has authored more than 100 papers and
articles dealing with rotating equipment, condition monitoring and reliability.

keyword(s): Pump, motor, piping, flow.
Amin Almasi
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READER SERVICE PAGE
Circle number
Advertiser
Page number (do not circle)
URL
229.............Aries Filterworks...............................................................................................................Inside Back Cover.............................................................................................. www.ariesfilterworks.com

206.............Blue-White Industries.....................................................................................................................7 ...................................................................................................................... www.blue-white.com
223.............Chlorinators Incorporated.............................................................................................................31 ......................................................................................................... www.regalchlorinators.com
221.............Electrotemp Technologies Inc. ....................................................................................................29 ...................................................................................................................www.electrotemp.com
203.............H2O Filter Warehouse.....................................................................................................................3 ...................................................................................................... www.h2ofilterwarehouse.com
209.............Healthway Home Products ...........................................................................................................13 ......................................................................................................................www.healthway.com
204.............Hydrotech .........................................................................................................................................5 .............................................................................................................www.hydrotechwater.com
210.............Likuan Hardware Industries .........................................................................................................14 ..............................................................................................................................www.likuan.com
224.............McClean Anderson ........................................................................................................................32 ........................................................................................................www.mccleananderson.com
207.............Micro Filter Co Ltd ...........................................................................................................................9 ........................................................................................................................www.mcmmcm.com
218.............Pentair Residential Filtration LLC.................................................................................................23 ............................................................................................www.waterpurification.pentiar.com
208.............Quality Home Products of Texas..................................................................................................11 ......................................................................................................................... www.qualitytx.com
202.............Resintech ..........................................................................................................................................1 ........................................................................................................................ www.resintech.com
217.............Rosedale Products Inc. .................................................................................................................22 .........................................................................................................www.rosedaleproducts.com
212.............Safeway Water LLC........................................................................................................................16 ...............................................................................................................www.safewaywater.com
211.............Shelco Filter.....................................................................................................................................15 ............................................................................................................................ www.shelco.com
201.............TAITRA ................................................................................................................................Inside Front Cover...................................................................................................... www.aquataiwan.net
222.............Triple O Systems Inc. .....................................................................................................................31 ............................................................................................................................ www.tripleO.com
225.............UV Dynamics Inc. ...........................................................................................................................32 ...................................................................................................................www.uvdynamics.com
219.............UV Superstore .................................................................................................................................25 .................................................................................................................www.uvsuperstore.com
230.............VIQUA - a Trojan Technologies Company ..........................................................................Back Cover .......................................................................................................................www.viqua.com
226.............Water Quality Association ............................................................................................................33 .................................................................................................................................. www.wqa.org
213.............Watts Water Technologies, Inc. ..................................................................................................17 .............................................................................................................................. www.watts.com
216.............Westinghouse .................................................................................................................................21 ................................................................................... www.westinghousewatertreatment.com
220.............Wishing Well International Foundation ......................................................................................28 ............................................................................................................... www.wishingwellintl.org
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The Information Source for Water Treatment Professionals

Also in this issue:

www.WaterTechOnline.com Volume 38 Number 5 May 2015

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Contaminant of the Month: E. coli and

New Product Roundup

Water Technology interviews WQA

Avoid internal particulate deposition and

The author discusses effective ways to ensure proper flow and

Centrifugal pumps and their piping

Products & Services

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AROUND THE INDUSTRY

California governor issues statewide

Infographic highlights importance

New standard evaluates effective

Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water

Four federal agencies join forces,

California Energy Commission

consumed 443 billion gallons of water a

EPA launches Safe Drinking Water

Peristaltic Metering Pump

BENEFITS TO YOUR SYSTEM INCLUDE:

Peristaltic Metering Pump

BENEFITS TO YOUR SYSTEM INCLUDE:

Digital Paddlewheel Flowmeter

5300 Business Drive,

Products & Services

The FLX tank stocking program has been

To accommodate the growing demand in

Blue-White Industries Ltd.s Sonic-Pro

Arts Way Vessels

AXEON Water Technologies

Blue-White Industries Ltd.

FilterCor pleated carbon filters, offered with

Submicron depth filtration

Microfilter Co. Ltd. is pleased to

Microfilter Co. Ltd.

8 Water Technology May 2015

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CONTAMINANT OF THE MONTH

By Joseph Cotruvo, Technical Editor

E. coli and other fecal

They reproduce rapidly under ideal

37o C (98.6o F), which is normal body

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By Joseph Cotruvo, Technical Editor