Emf UNIT I

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF
EC 1253 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

(FOR IV SEM ECE STUDENTS)
PREPARED BY
Mr.M.SIVAPRAKASAN LECT/ECE
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG,PACHAL
PREPARED BY : Mr.M.SIVAPRAKASAN , LECT/ECE
UNIT I
STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD
TWO MARKS
1. What is a Scalar quantity?

A Quantity which has magnitude only is called Scalar quantity. It is represented
by length. EG: Temperature, Mass, Volume and Energy.
2. What is a Vector quantity?

A Quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called Vector quantity. It is
graphically represented by a line with an arrow to show magnitude and direction.EG:
Force, Velocity, and Acceleration
3. Define Unit Vector?

A Vector which has magnitude unity and defining the same direction as given
vector.
4. Give the properties of Vectors.

1) Vector addition obeys commutative law A + = B +A
2) Vector addition obeys associative law
A + (B +C) = (A + B) + C
3) - A is also a vector. It has same magnitude; its direction is 1800 away from
Direction of A. A B = A + (- B)
5. Define Scalar or Dot Product.

A.B = ABcos 0 where A = A and B = B and angle between
two vectors. It is denoted as A.B It is the product of magnitudes of A and B and the
cosine of the angle between them.
6. Define Cross or Vector product.

It is denoted as A B.It is a vector whose magnitude is equal to the product of
magnitudes of two vectors multiplied by the sine angle between them and direction
perpendicular to plane containing A and B.
A B = AB sin 0
Where A = A , B = B and is the angle between two vectors.
7. Write the BAC- CAB rule

A (B C) = B(A.C) C(A.B).
8. Define Coordinate system and give its types.

A system in which a vector can be described by its length, direction
,projections,angles or components is Coordinate system.
There are three types in coordinate system.
a) rectangular coordinate system: x, y, z
b) Cylindrical coordinate system: r, , z

c) Spherical coordinate system: r, ,
9. Give the conversion of cylindrical to Cartesian and Cartesian to

cylindrical.
cylindrical to Cartesian
Cartesian to cylindrical.
Given (r, , z)
x = r cos
y = r sin
z=z
Given (x,y,z)
r = x2 + y2
= tan-1(y/x)
z=z
10. Give the conversion of Cartesian to spherical.

Given (x , y , z )
r = x2 + y2 + z2 r 0
= cos-1(z / r) 0
= tan-1(y/x)
02
11. Give the conversion of spherical to Cartesian

Given (r, , )
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
12. Sketch a differential volume element in cylindrical coordinate resulting

from differential changes in 3 orthogonal [NOV 2002]
13. Define Gradient.

It is the space rate of change of a scalar field at a given time. When the operator
Operates on a scalar function the resultant is a vector called gradiant
Grad V = Vax/x +Vay/y+ Vaz/z
14. Define divergence

It is the spatial derivative of a vector field. The dot product of Del and any vector
is called divergence
.D = Dx/x +Dy/y+ Dz/z
15. Define curl

The cross product of del and any vector is called curl
ax
ay
az
XH=
/x
/y
/z
Hx
Hy
Hz
16. Define divergence theorem. [NOV 2003] [APRIL 2005]

The volume integral of the divergence of a vector field equal the total out ward
flux of vector through the surface that bounds the volume
.A dv = .A ds
17. Define stokes theorem

The surface integral of the curl of a vector field over an open surface is equal to
closed line integral of the vector along the contour bounding the surface
X A ds = .A dl
18. Define the term electrostatics

It is the study of the effect of electric charges which are static or rest
19. What is static electric field?

The electric field produced by static electric charge is time invariant i.e. it does
not vary with time, so called as static electric field
20. State coulombs law

It states that force between two charges 1 and 2 is
1. directly proportional to the product of charges
2. inversely proportional to square of the distance between them(R2)
F = K Q 1 Q2
aR
R2
Where K=1/40
Force acts along the line joining the two point charges, and aR is the unit vector along the
line joining two charges
21. What are the types of charge distributors?

There are 4 types of charge distributors, namely
a) Line charge
b) Point charge
c) Surface charge
d) Volume charge
22. Define point charge

Point charge is one whose maximum dimension is very small in comparison with
any other length
23. Define line charge

If the charge is uniformly distributed along a line, it is called line charge. The line
may be finite or infinite
24. Define surface charge

If the charge is distributed uniformly over a two dimensional surface then it is
called surface charge
25. Define volume charge

If the charge is distributed uniformly over a volume then it is called as a volume
charge
26. Define line charge density

It is denoted as L. it is the ratio of total charge in coulomb to total length in
meters
L= Q = total charge in coulomb

l
l
total length in meters
27. Define surface charge density

It is denoted as is defined as charge per unit area
S = total charge/total area in C/m2
28. Define volume charge density

It is denoted as v and is defined as charge per unit volume
V = total charge/total volume in C/m3
29. Define electric field intensity

It is defined as the force exerted per unit charge. It is a vector quantity
E=F
Q
30. Give the formula for electric field intensity at a point due to n number
of point charges.
E = 1/40
Where E-electric field intensity V/m
Qi-charges due to n number of charges
Ri-radius of P
31. Write the formula for electric field intensity due to line charge.
E = L.dl
R
40R2
Where E- Electric field intensity due to line charge

L- Line charge density
R- Distance between the point and small element line charge
32. Give the electric field intensity due to surface charge

E= Sds
R
40R2
Where E- Electric field intensity due to surface charge
S- surface charge density

R- Distance between point and small element of surface charge
33. Write the electric field intensity due to volume charge

E= Vdv
R
4 0R
Where E- Electric field intensity due to volume charge
V = volume charge density

R- Distance between point and small element of volume charge
34. Write
finite line
to finite line
E = ---------- x -----------20r
1+(r/a)2
the electric field intensity due to

charge
Where E- Electric field intensity due
charge
l - line charge density

r- Distance between origin and
point P
35. Give the electric field intensity due to infinite line charge.
E =
l
R
20r
Where l - linear charge density

r - distance between line charge and point
36. Give the electric field intensity for charged disc.

l r a
E=
R
2 0 (a +r )
2
2 3/2
Where E electric field intensity

a - radius of disc.
37.Give the principle of superposition. [ NOV 2002 ]

If a system consists of n point charges namely q1,q2 .qn, then the force on
its charge is given by the vector sum of all the individual forces given by coulombs law.
This is linear superstition.
38.Define Potential .
Work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to any point is called
potential. Unit is volts.
39. Define Electric scalar potential .

It can be written as negative of gradient of potential .
40.Give the relation between electric field and potential.

E = V V/m
d
Where E Electric field intensity
V potential
d distance.
41. Give the potential difference due to infinite line charge.

l
ln rB
volts.
VAB =
2 0
rA
42. Give the potential due to electrical dipole.

V= Q
4 0
dcos
r2
volts.
where V - potential due to electrical dipole

d - distance between the two charges
r - distance between point and the origin.
0 - permittivity of free space.
43. Define Electric flux.

It states that the electric flus through any surface equals the integral of the flux
density over the surface.
= D.ds
Where - electric flux through the surface(coulomb)
D - Flux density (c/m2)
44.State Gauss law.

The electric flux through the surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the
surface(for any closed surface)
D.ds = Q
where D flux density vector at any point P.
ds small vector area in the surface at point P.
Q - total charge enclosed by the surface.
45. Define Equipotential surface.

It is the surface in which all the points will have the same absolute potential.
46.Give the applications of Gauss law.
To find the electric field intensity fro symmetrical or uniform charge

configurations.
To find the electric field intensity for unsymmetrical or non uniform field.
47. Give the relationship between potential gradient and electric field.
E= - V
E=-
V
x + Vy +Vz
V
x + Vy +VzVx
x
y
z
Where E electric field intensity V/m

V potential (V)
48.What is physical significance of div D.

. D = v
The Divergence of a vector flux density is electric flux per unit volume leaving a
small volume .This is equal to the volume charge density.
PROOF
49.Prove Div curl = 0
x
X ==
==
/x
/y
/z
Ax
Ay
Az
Az - Ay
Az - Ax
y
x ==
x . x
Az - Ay
2Az -
Ay - Ax
+ y . y
z . z
z
==
+
x
Ax - Az
z
y
+
Ay - Ax .
x
y
2Ay + 2Ax - 2Az + 2Ay - 2Ax
yx
zx
zy
xy
xz
yz
x == 0
50. Prove curl grad V = 0

i.e
x V =0
x
V =
/x
/y
/z
x
== x
.
. .
V - 2V
yz yz
V
xz
- y
- 2V + z
V- V
xy
xy
xz
== 0
51. Prove
V=
V = V x + V y + V z
x
x +
y +
V x
+ V y + V z
.
x
2V + 2V + 2V
x2
52. Div( + ) =
y2
z2
.+
.B
. ( + ) = x . ( + ) +y. ( + ) + z . ( + )
x
= Ax + Bx + Ay + By + Az + Bz
x
. ( + ) =
.+
53. curl ( + ) =
x +
x ( + ) = x
.B
xB
10
Ax+Bx Ay+By Az+Bz
Ax
x ( + ) =
Ay
x +
Az
Bx
y
By
z
Bz
xB
54. Transform a vector =y x x y +z z. Into cylindrical coordinates.[ april

2003]
The cartesian coordinates are (y,-x,z)
The cylindrical coordinates are(r,,z)
Ax = Ax cos +Aysin
Ar = y cos x sin
But x = r cos and y = rsin
So, Ar = rsin cos - rcos sin =0
A = - Ax sin + Ay cos
= -y sin x cos
= -[ rsin sin +rcos cos ]
= -r[sin2 + cos2 ]
= -r
Az = z
Vector A in cylindrical coordinates is
= -r z z
55. Find the nature of the field given by determining the divergence and curl
=30 x +2xy y +5xz2 z
=30 x +2xy y +5xz2 z
Div =
. = (30) + (2xy) + (5xz2)

x
= 0 + 2x + +10xz
10
11
Divergence exists . So,field is non-solenoidal.

Curl =
X =
30
2xy
5xz2
x(0) - y [ (5xz2) 0 ] +z [ 92xy) -0]

x
y
2
X = - 5z y + 2y z
=
Curl exists. So field is rotational..
56. Find the E at (0, 3,4)in cartesian coordinates due to a point charge Q =
0.5c at the origin.
R = 3y + 4 z
R = 9+16 = 5
R = R
R
= 3y + 4 z
= 0.6 y + 0.8 z
5
E =
Q
40 R2
= 0.5 x 10 6 ( 0.6 y + 0.8 z )

4 x 1 x 10 -9 x 25
36
E =180 V/m in the direction R
57.A uniform line charge infinite in extent ,with l =20nc/m lies along z
axis.Find E at (6,8,3) m.
In cylindrical coordinates r = 62 + 82 = 10 m
Field is constsnt with Z
E = l
= 20 x 10 -9
R
20 R
2 x 1 x 10 -9 x10
= 36 R V/m
11
12
36
58. Two small identical conducting spheres have charge of -1nc and 2nc
respectively if they are brought in contact and then separated by 4 cm. What
is the force between them.
q1q2
Force F =
N
40 R2
When both charges are brought in contact ,
Q = q 1+ q 2
= (-1 +2)/2 = 0.5nc
2
F =
0.5 x 10-9
4 x 1 x 10-9 x 16x 10-4
36
F = 0.2813 104 N
59. A uniform electric field. Is directed along +ve x axis and its
magnitude is 30 V/m. What is the potential difference between two points
P1 and P2 on x axis at a distance x1 = 5 cm ,x2 = 20 cm from the origin
O
5 Cm
P1 20cm P2
E 30 V/m
If a positive test charge is moved from P2 to P1 work is done against the

field an dso potential rises from P2 to P1 and is equal to E x (x2 x1) =30 x 0.15 =4.5
V .P1 is at higher p[otential than P2 by 4.5 V.
60. Given that D=10x x c/m2 determine the flux crossing a 1 m2 area that
is normal to x axis at x=3 m.
We know =DA = [30][1] =30c.
12
13
8mark questions
1)
Explain the three coordinate system
2)
3)
Write the conversion formulas for different

coordinatesystem.
State and prove Divergence theorem
4)
State and prove Stokes theorem
5)
Determine the electric field intensity of an

finite&infinite long, straight, line charge of uniform
density fL in air. (Nov. 2003).
A Circular disc of radius a is uniformly charged with a
charge density of coulombs / M2. Find the electric
field intensity at a point h from the disc along its
central axis.
Find the electric field intensity at a point p due to an
Electric dipole. Hence define Electric Dipole moment.
(April 2003).
Define Divergence, Gradient, Curl and haplacian in
Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system
with mathematical expressions. (April 2004,).
State the principle of super position as applied to
electricpotential and derive a general expression for the
resultant potential due to point, line and surface,
volume charges composing the systems (April 2004).
Derive the potential due to uniformly infinite line
charge of charge density L c/m.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
Derive the potential due to an electric dipole.
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
Find the Laplacian of
14)
r = f (x,y,z) where
. (Note Laplacian of scalar)

Find Laplacian of Vector point function
r
13)
1
for
r
x 2 y2 z2
Showthatvector
E (6 xy x 3 ) ax (3x 2 z ) ay (3x 2 y) az is
irrotational and find its scalar potential.

15)
Determine the electric field Intensity at P (-0.2, 0, -2.3)

due to point charge of 5nc at Q (0.2, 0.1, -2.5) in air. All
13
14
dimensions are in metres (Nov. 2003).

16)
Given
A 2r cos I r I
r
in cylindrical coordinates.
For the contour shown in fig, verify Stokes Theorem.

(Nov. 2002)
17)
6y 6
E
5
I v / m . Find the
Given a field
z
x2 x x y
potential difference VAB given A (-7, 2, 1) B (4, 1, 2)

[Nov. 2002].
18)
i) State Divergence Theorem (April 2003) Refer 2

Marks
(ii) A Vector field
5r 2
D
Ir
4
is given in
spherical co-ordinates. Evaluate both sides of

divergence theorem for the volume enclosed
between r=1 and r=2.
19
20
Derive the boundary conditions at the charge interface

of two dielectric media.
Derive the electric field and potential distribution and
the capacitance per unit length of a co-axial cable.
UNITII
Two Marks
1.
Define Biot Savart Law?
The magnetic flux density produced by a current element at any point in a

magnetic field is proportional to the current element and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
14
dB
Id lSin
4R 2
or
dH
15
Id lSin
4R 2
where,
dB is magnetic flux density by a current element
I dl is the current element
R is the distance between point and current element.
2.
Write Biot Savart Law in Vector form?

dB
Id l a R
4R 2
aR
where
Idl R
dB
4R 3
aR
dB
Idl
3.
Unit Vector,
Magnetic flux density,
Current element.
Give the Magnetic field intensity due to a finite and infinite wire
carrying a current.
For a Finite wire
H
I
Cos 1 Cos 2 . A / m
4d
For a infinite wire

H
Where
I
D
4.
I
A/ m
2d
Current thro wire

Distance between point P and Wire.
Give the Magnetic field Intensity due to a circular coil.

The magnetic field intensity due to a circular coil is
15
Ia 2
2 a2 d 2
where I
a
d
5.
3/ 2
16
.A / m
Current thro coil

Radius of coil
Distance from centre of coil to point P
State Amperes Law

Magnetic field Intensity around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by
the path
H .dl I
6.
What is the relation between magnetic flux density and

magnetic field Intensity.
H (Tesla)
0 r H.
B
B
=
=
Magnetic flux density (Tesla)

Magnetic Field Intensity (A/m)
Permeability of free space
Relative permeability of medium
Where
B
H
0
r
7.
What is magnetic dipole moment.
Magnetic dipole moment is the product of current and area of loop. Its direction
is normal to loop
M = IA
Where
M is magnetic dipole moment
I is the current
A is the area
8.
Define Magnetic Flux Density

It is flux per unit area
B = /A Wb/m2 or Tesla.
9.
Flux (Wb)
Area (m2)
Give Lorentz force Equation

It is expressed as follows.
16
17
F E v B
where
F
v
B
10.
11.
- Lorentz force
- Charge of the moving charge
-Velocity of charge
-Magnetic field.
What is the expression for the torque experienced by a current

carrying loop, placed in a magnetic field. [April 2003]
Torque experienced by a current carrying loop, placed in a magnetic field
is given by
T
=
BIA cos
m
=
IA
T
=
mB cos or T = m x B
where
m
magnetic moment
-A m2.
A
Area (m2)
What is the difference between scalar and vector magnetic

potential.[Nov 2003]
Magnetic scalar potential is a quantity whose negative gives the magnetic
intensity.
H V m
B 0 V m
or
Scalar potential Vm H .dl

Magnetic Vector potential is a quantity whose curl gives the magnetic flux density
B A
Vector Potential
A
12.
r .dr.
Can a magnetic field exist in a good conductor if it is static or

time varying? Explain
Yes, magnetic field exist in a good conductor if the field is static or Time Varying.
For a good conductor, conductuvity is high and current exists.
But H J
Static or time varying Magnetic field exists.
13.
A very along and thin, straight wire located along Z axis carries a
current I in Zdn. Find Magnetic field Intensity at any point in
free space. [Nov 2002]
17
18
The Magnetic fi8eld intensity at any point P due to current carrying conductor is
given by
H
I
Cos 1 Cos 2 .
4d
If the conductor is infinitely long,

1 = 2 = 0
H
14.
I
A/ m
2d
Give the force between two parallel conductors

F
0 I1 I 2
N /m
2d
where
15.
Force between two conductors
I1
Current flowing in 1st conductor
I2
Current flowing in2nd conductor
Distance between two conductors.
Give the formula for magnetic field due to square loop at a

distance h.
H
Where
16.
Ia
2
a
a
h2
2
2
a
h
H
.A / m
h2
Side of square loop

Distance b/w point P and centre of coil.
Magnetic field due to a square loop.
Write Magnetic field of square loop at centre of coil

Magnetic field at centre of coil is
H
17
2 ZI
A/m
a
Determine the force between two parallel conductors of length

1m separated by 50 cm in air and carrying currents of 30A. i.
in the same dn b). in opposite dn.
Solution:
18
19
Given
I = 30 A,
l = 1m,
d = 0.5 m.
a).
Force of attraction:
0 I1 I 2 l
2d
I 2l
F 0
2d
I 1 I 2 30 A
4 10 7 30 1
2 0.5
900 4 10 7
= 3600 10 7
F 0.36 10 3 N
2
b).
Force of Repulsion:
F
18.
0 I 2l
0.36 10 3 N .
2d
What is the maximum torque on a square loop of 1000 turns in a

field of intensity of 1 Tesla. The loop has 10 cm sides and carries
3A. What is magnetic moment of loop?
Solution:
N
a
I
B
Area
Torque
Magnetic Moment
19.
=
=
=
=
=
1000
0.1 m
3A
1 Tesla
0.01m2
=
=
=
IAB
3 x 0.01 x 1
0.03 N-m
=
=
=
IA
3 x 0.01
0.03 Amp. m2
Write Magnetic field Intensity due at the centre of coil (circular)

Magnetic field Intensity at centre of circular coil radius a (m) with current I is
19
20.
20
I
A/ m
2a
A circular coil of radius 10 Cm is made up of 100 turns. It carries

a current of 5A. Compute Magnetic field Intensity at centre of
coil.
Solution:
Given
21.
a
N
I
=
=
=
10 x 10-2 m
100 turns
5A
NI
2a
100 5
2500 AT / m
2 10 10 2
Calculate the magnetic flux density due to a circular coil fo 100

amp turns and area of 70 cm2 on the axis of coil at distance 10 cm
from the centre.
Solution:
Given
NI
Area
d
=
=
100 AT
70 10 m a 2
0.1m
4
a 2 22.28 10 4 m 2
Magnetic flux Density
=
=
22.
=
=
0 NIa 2
2 3/ 2
Wb / m 2
2a d
4 10 7 100 100 22.28 10 4
2
2 22.28 10 4 0.01
103.7 x 10-6 Tesla.

103.7T.
3/ 2
Two wires carrying in the same dn of 500A and 800 A are placed
with this axes 5cm apart. Calculate Force b/w them.
Solution
Given
I1
I2
R
F
=
=
=
500 A
800 A
5 x 10-2m.
0 I 1 I 2 4 10 7 500 800
16 10 5 N .
2
2d
2 5 10
20
23.
21
Find the maximum torque on a n 100 turn rectangular coil, 0.2 m

by 0.3m, carrying a current of 2A in the field of flux density 5
Wb/m2?
Solution:
Given
N
A
I
B
Tmax
Tmax
24.
=
=
=
=
100
0.2 x0.3 = 0.06 m2
2A
5 Wb/m2
=
=
NIAB
100 x 2 x 0.06 x 5
60 N-m
Determine the force per unit length between two long parallel
wires separated by 5 Cm in air and carrying current of 40A in the
same direction.
0 I1 I 2
2d
4 10 7 40 40
6.4 10 3 N / m.
2
2 5 10
Force/ length =
25.
State Gauss Law for Magnetic field.

The total magnetic flux passing through any closed surface is equal to zero.
B.ds 0
s
26.
Calculate
Solution:
B=
if the vector potential
2
2
2
A a 5 x y z
ax
ax
/x
5 x2 y2 z2
/ z
/ y
az
21

5 x2 y2 z2
z
ax 0 ay
1 5 ay x 2 y 2 z 2
B 10 z x
y z
2
10

2
2
2
z 5 x y z
z
2 z 5 a2 1 x
2
y z
2
y2 z2
2 y
1
az
2 2
Z ay y a z
y2 x2
2
ay 10 y x
2 2
22
22
S.NO
1.
CONTENTS
8 MARK QUESTIONS
Derive Magnetic
intensity
any
point
GNANAMANI
COLLEGEField
OF ENGG
/ ECE / ECat
1253
/ EMF
PAGE
NO
due to finite
length wire carrying current I.
23
2.
Derive Magnetic Field Intensity at any point due to infinite

wire carrying current I.
3. Derive the magnetic field intensity along the axis of circular
loop carrying current I
4. Derive the equation for force between two parallel
conductors.[APRIL 2004]
5. Explain Magnetic Force on a moving charge (or) Derive
Lorentz Force Equation.
6. Derive Torque on a Rectangular loop carrying current
I[APRIL 2004]
7. A wire carrying a current of 100A is bent into the form of a
circle of diameter 10cm. Calculate a). flux density at the
centre of the coil. B). Flux density at appoint on the axis of
the coil and 12 cm from it.
8. Derive
scalar
Magnetic
potential
and
vector
magneticpotential.
9. Find the magnetic flux density at the center of a square loop
with side W carrying a current I.[NOV2003]
10. State and explain Amperes circuital law and Biot savart law
using mathematical expression for finding magnetic flux
density due to current I. Explain the merit and demerit of
these laws.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
11. Develop an expression for magnetic field intensity both
inside and outside a solid cylindrical conductor of radius a
carrying a current I with uniform density and sketch the
variation of field intensity as a function of distance from the
conductor axis.
12. A single phase circuit comprise two parallel conductors A
and B, 1 cm in diameter and spaced 1m apart. The
conductors carry currents of +100 amps and -100 amps.
Determine the field intensity at the surface of each
conductor and also in the space exactly midway between A
and B.
13. A steady direct current I amps flows in a wire bent in the form
of rectangle of length l and breadth b. Assume Z axis
passing thro the centre of rectangle find the magnetic field
intensity H at any point on the axis.(or)Derive an expression
for magnetic field intensity at any point due to rectangular
coil.
14. Determine the electric field intensity at P(-0.2, 0, -2.3) due to a
point charge of +5 nC at Q (0.2, 0.1, -2.5) in air. All dimensions
are in metres.
15. A circular disc of radius a m is charged uniformly with a
charge density of s C/m^2. Find the electric field at a point h
m from the disc along its axis.
16. Derive an expression for electric field intensity E due to an

uniformly charged infinitely long straight line with constant
charge density in C/m.
23
24
UNIT III
TWO MARKS
1. Write the poissons and laplace equation.
Poissons equation is
2V = - /
2V + 2V + 2V
x2
y2 z2
where
volume charge density
permittivity of the medium
2 laplacian operator
Laplace equation is
V=0
2V + 2V + 2V = 0
x2
y2 z2
2. Obtain Poissons equation from Gausss law?

Gauss law in point form is
.D =
where
D electric flux density
- volume charge density
but D = E
therefore .E =
. E = /
24
25
but E = - V
- . V = /
2V = - /
This is poissons equation
3. What is displacement current?

It is the current that flows through the capacitor.Displacement current density
is given by
JD = D
A/m2
t
4. What is a capacitor?
A capacitor is an electric device which consists of two conductors separated
by a dielectric medium which can store equal and opposite charges .
5. Express laplace equation in Cartesian coordinate system[ april

2003]
Laplace equation 2V = 0
In Cartesian coordinate system
2V + 2V + 2V
=0
x2
y2 z2
6 . Express laplace equation in cylindrical coordinate system[ april
2003]
In cylindrical coordinate system,
1 2V
2V
+
2
2V
+
=0
z2
7. Define Magnetic dipole [ NOV 2003]

A small bar magnet with pole strength m and length l may be trated as small
bar magnet. A small current carrying loop is called a magnetic dipole.
8. What is magnetic dipole moment?

loop.
It is the product of current and area of the loop .Its direction is normal to the
m = I *A where
m magnetic dipole moment
I current in the loop
A Area of the loop.
25
26
9.Define magnetization
It is defined as ratio of magnetic dipole moment to unit volume.
M = Magnetic dipole moment = m
Volume
V
10. Define magnetic susceptibility.

It is the ratio of magnetization to magnetic field intensity.
Xm = M
H
11 What is the relation between relative permeability and susceptibility.

A = 1 + Xm
where A - relative permeability
Xm - susceptibility
12. What are the different types of magnetic materials

According to their behaviour ,magnetic materials are classified as diamagnetic
,paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
13. Define magnetic flux?

It is define das ratio of magnetomotive force to reluctance of magnetic circuit.
Magnetic flux = mmf
reluctance
13. Define mmf?

Magnetomotive force of a magnetic circuit is equal to the line integral of
magnetic field H around the closed circuit.
Mmf = H.dl = NI amp-turns.
14. Define Reluctance and pemeance?

It is defined as ratio of total mmf of magnetic circuit to flux through it.
Reluctance =
mmf
Magnetic flux
Permeance is the revesal of reluctance.
P = 1/R
15. What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor?

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is
C = A 0 r farad
26
27
d
Where
A area of the capacitor
d distance between the parallel plates
16. State the boundary conditions at the interface between two perfect
dielectrics
a) The tangential component of electric field is continuous
Et1 = Et2
b)The normal component of electric flux density is continuous.
Dn1 = Dn2
17. Define Boundary conditions.

The conditions existing at the boundary of the two media when field passes from
one medium to other are called boundary conditions.
18.Write down the magnetic boundary conditions

a)The normal components of flux density B is continuous across the
boundary.
Bn1 = Bn2
b)The tangential component of field intensity H is continuous across the
boundary
Ht1 = Ht2
19) Define Polarization

The product of charge Q and length l between dipole is dipole moment.
Dipole moment per unit volume is called polarization,a vector field directed from
Q to +Q .
P = Ql/Al = Q/A ul where ul is unit vector directed Q to +Q.
20)Write the point form of ohms law

Ohms law at a point states that the field strength within a conductor is
proportional to the current density.
JE
J = E
21) Give the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

with 2 dielelectrics medium
Capacitor of a capacitor with 2 dielectrics is
C=
A 0
d1 + d2
r1
r2
Where
A area of the capacitor
D1 distance between one platenof capacitor and one dielectric
D2 distance between other plate of capacitor and second dielectric.
27
28
r1 r2 - relative epermittivity
22) Write down the capacitance for two concentric spheres.

The capacitance fro two concentric spheres of radius a and b is
C = 4
ab
ba
23) Write the capacitance for 2 wire parallel transmission line

The capacitance for 2 wire parallel transmission line of radius a is
C=
ln (d/a)
where d - distance between two transmission line
24) Give the inductance of solenoid.

The inductance of solenoid
L = N2A H
l
where l - length
N - number of turns
A - area of cross section
25) Give inductance of toroid.

The inductance of toroid is
L = N2r2 H
2R
where N number of turns
R radius of the toroid
r - radius of the ring.
26) Give the inductance for coaxial transmission line .

The inductance per unit length for coaxial transmission line is
L = ln b/a H/m
d
2R
where
L/d Inductance per unit length
a radius of inner transmission line
b - radius of outer transmission line
27) Give the Inductance for two wire transmission line

The inductance per unit length for two wire transmission line is
28
29
L=
ln D/a
H/m
d
where L/d Inductance of the two wire transmission line

D distance between two transmission lines
a radius of the transmission line
28) Give energy and energy density in a capacitor.

Energy in a capacitor with Q charge and capacitance C is
1 Q2
W=
1
2
=
2C
CV =
2
Joules
2
29) Write the continuity of current equation:
.Jdv
.J
V
dv
t
v
t
30) Define conduction current density

It is the product of conductivity and Electric field intensity.
Jc E
31)
Define energy and energy density in an inductor.

Energy stored in inductor with current I is
W
1
LI 2
2
Energy Density in Inductor per unit volume is

W
32)
1
BHJ / m 3
2
Define self inductance.
The self induction of a coil is defined as ratio of total magnetic flux linkage to the
circuit thro the coil
L
N
H
I
where
N
Magnetic flux (Wb)

Number of turns
29
33)
30
Current thro the coil.
Define Mutual inductance.
The mutual inductance between two coils is defined as the ratio of induced
magnetic flux linkage in one coil to current through in other coil.
M
N2
12
I1
N2 = Number of turns in coil 2.

12 Magnetic flux linkage in coil 12
I1= Current through coil 1.
34)
Give the relation between mutual inductance and self inductance.

M K
where M
L1
L2
K
L1 L 2
Mutual inductance
Self inductance of coil 1,
Self inductance of coil 2,
Coupling coefficient.
35). Define Hysteresis: (April / 2003)

The phenomenon which causes magnetic flux density (B) ot lag behind magnetic
field intensity is called Hysteresis.
36)
A parallel plate air core capacitor is flowing with 10V across the
plates. If the separation between the plate is now increased to
double the original value, calculate the new value of the voltage
across the capacitor.
Q CV
Q
C
A 0 A
d
30
31
If d doubles, New capacitance
C'
0 A
2d
C'
C
z
V1
Q 2Q
C
C1
V1
37)
= 2V
= 2 x 10 = 20 V.
A parallel plate capacitor with d = 1m and plate area 0.8 m 2 and a

dielectric relative permittivity of 2.8. A dc volt of 500 v is applied
between the plates. Find the capacitance and energy stored.
Capacitance C
A
d
12
d = 1m, A = 0.8 m2 0 r 8.854 10 2.8
8.854 10 12 0.8 2.8

1
c = 19.833 pF
1
CV 2
2
1
2
19.833 10 12 500
2
Energy stored
38)
= 2.48 x 106 J.
Find the resistance of a 1 Km length of is wire which has a

conductivity 6.17 10 7 ohm 1 / m and r radius of
1 x 10-3
m.
Resistance R
pl
l
a a
Area r2 1 10 3 10 6 m 2
l = 1 x 103 m.
2
39)
1 10 3
5.159
6.17 10 7 10 6
Given the potential function V = 4x+3y in free space, find energy

density.
31
32
V = 4x + 3y.
E V

ax
ay
a z 4x 3y
y
z
x
E 4 a x 3 a y V / m
Magnitude of E is
16 9 5V / m
Energy Density
1
0 E 2
2
1 10 9
25
2 36
0.11 10 9 J / m 3
40)
Find the Polarization in a dielectric medium with r 2.5 if D = 5

x 10-8 C/m2
Polarization p 0 E
D 0 r E
D
r
But r 1
then p
r 1
D
r
then p
2.5 1
8
5 10
2
.
5
1.5 1
5 10 8
2.5
p = 3 x 10-8C/m2
41
Two coils A and B with 800 and 1200 turns respectively are having
common magnetic circuit. A current of 0.5 A in coil A reduces a
flux of 3mwb and 80% of flux links with coil B. Calculate L 1, L2
and M.
Coil
Coil
B
32
N1 = 800
33
N2 = 1200
I1 = 0.5 A
1 3 10 3 Wb
21 50%of1
= 0.5 x 3 x 10-3 Wb
h = 80%
= 0.8
L1
N 11 800 3 10 3
4.8 H
I1
0.5
1200 0.5 3 10 3
3.6 H
0.5
L2
3.6 4.2188H .
M2
2
K L1 0.8 2 4.8
2
42
A and B are two coils with 1000 and 1500 turns respectively and
lying in parallel planes, 50% of flux produced by coil A links with
coil B. The hysteresis curve indicates that a current of 3A in the
coil A produces 0.3 mWb while the same current in coil B
produces 0.6 mWb. Calculate Mutual Inductance between them
and self inductance of coils.
Coil A
Coil B
NA = 1000
NB = 1500
A 0.3 10 3
B 0.6 10 3 Wb
IA = 3A
IB = 3A
LA
N A A
IA
1000 0.3 10 3
0.1H
3
LB
N B B
IB
1500 0.6 10 3
0 .2 H
3
Since the flux linkage is 50% K = 0.5

Mutual Inductance M K L1 L2
33
34
0.1 0.3
M = 0.0866 H.
43)
Evaluate the loop inductance 1 Km of a single phase transmission

circuit compressing two parallel conductor spaced 1m apart and
with diameters 0.5 cm and 0.8 cm .
Solution:
a
d = 1m
0.5
0.8
0.25 10 2 m b
0.4 10 2 m
2
2
r = 1 m.
Inductance of Transmission lines,
L
0
4
d2
2
l
n
r
ab
4 10 7
4

10 7

0.25 0.4
1 2l n
= 10-7 [1+23.026]
= 24.026 x 10-7 H/ m.
= 24.026 x 10-4 H/ Km.
L = 2.4 m H / Km.
44)
Two coils of self inductances of 0.5 H and 0.8 H with negligible

resistance are connected in series. It their mutual inductancy is
0.2H. Determine the effective inductance of the combination.
L1 = 0.5 H
L2 = 0.8 H
M = 0.2 H.
L = L1 + L2 2 M
L(aiding)
= 0.5 + 0.8 2 0.2
= 1.7 H.
L (opposing) = 0.5 + 0.8 - 2 x 0.2
= 0.9 H.
34
S.NO
35
8 MARKS
35
1
2
3
4
Obtain poisons & Laplaces from Gausss Law

[November 2002]
Derive capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
having tow dielectric media.
Derive an expression for capacitance of an isolated
sphere.
Derive an expression for capacitance of concentric
spheres. [November 2003] [April 2005] (or)
A spherical capacitor consists of inner conducting
sphere of radius Ri and an outer conductor with
spherical inner wall of Ra radius. Space is filled with
dielectric Determine capacitance, [Use, a as Ri and
S as Ra]
Derive an expression for capacitance of coaxial cables
[Cylinders] (or)
A cylindrical capacitor consists of an inner conductor
of radios a and b. The space between the
conductors is filled with a dielectric of permittivity
7
8
36
and the length of the capacitor is L. Determine
the capacitance of this capacitor [November 2003]

Derive an general expression for capacitance of
parallel conductors i.e Two wire Transmission line.
( or) A very long two wire transmission line each
wire of radius a separated by a distance d
conducting ground. Assuming both d and h is
longer than a, find capacitance / unit length.
[November 2004]
Define energy and energy density in a capacitor.
Derive the boundary conditions of the normal and
tangential components of electric, field at the
interface of two media with different delectrics.
[November 2004]
A parallel plate capacitor with a separation d = 1 cm
has 29 Kv applied . Assume air has a dielectric
strength of 30 Kv / cm. Show why the air breaks
down when a thin piece of glass r 6.5 with a
dielectric. Strength of 290 Kv / cm and thickness d2 =
0.2 cm is inserted as shown in fig (b)
[November 2002]
36
10
11
Two concentric perfectly conducting spheres of radii

a and b contains charges +Q and Q respectively.
The region between the spheres is filled with a
dielectric of permittivity . Find the total energy
contained in the system.
10 MARKS QUESTIONS
Permittivity of the dielectric of a parallel plate
capacitor increases uniformly from
plate to
12
37
at one
at the other. If A is the surface area of
the plate and d is thickness of dielectric, derive an

expression for capacitance.
A parallel plate capacitor has two dielectrics with
relative permittivities r1 and r2 . If c1 is the
capacitance when two dielectrics take same thickness
and C2 Is the capacitance when one dielectric takes 3
C1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
times of other one find C

2
Determine the resistance of the insulation in a length
l of coaxial cable.
Derive an expression for serial and parallel
combination of capacitors [April 2004]
Find capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
containing two dielectrics r1 2 and r2 3 each
comprising one half the volume:
Derive an expression for inductance of a solenoid
[April 2004]
Derive self inductance of a Toroid:
Determine the expression for Inductance / unit length
for a air coaxial transmission line or coaxial cable.
Derive the inductance / unit length for a Two wire
Transmission line.
Derive an expression for energy stored in the
magnetic field of a coil possessing an inductance of L
Henry when the current in the coil is I amps. [April
2004]
Derive an expression for energy density in a
Magnetic field [April 2005]
Assuming static conditions derive the boundary
37
23
24
25
26
38
relations for Magnetic fields [April 2003]

Calculate the inductance of solenoid of 200 turns
wound on a cylindrical tube 6 cms diameter. Te
length of tube is 60 cm and Medium is air. [November
2002]
Calculate the inductance of solenoid of 200 turns
wound on a cylindrical tube 6 cms diameter. Te
length of tube is 60 cm and Medium is air. [November
2002]
Define a Magnetic circuit with a sketch and hence
obtain the expression for its reluctance.[November
2004]
A Magnetic circuit employs an air core toroid with
500 turns, across cross sectional area 6 cm2 mean
radius of 15 cm and coil current 4A. Determine
reluctance of eh circuit, flux density and Magnetic
field intensity. [November 2004]
Describe Hysteresis loop?
UNIT-IV
CIRCULAR WAVE GUIDE
1. Show graphically attenuation Vs frequency characteristics in a
38
39
circular frequency wave guide for TE11, TM11 and TE01 modes.
(April / May - 2004)
TM11
A
T
t
e
nu
a
t
o
r
TE01
TE11
f
2. What are wave impedances in a circular wave guide excited in TE

and TM modes in terms of frequency and medium constants?
(April /May - 2004)
Z TM
f
1 c
f
Z TE
f
1 c
f
3. Mention the applications of circular wave-guide and write

39
40
expression for cut off frequency.

Circular wave-guides are used as attenuators and phase shifters
Cut off frequency
hnm
ha nm
fc
Where hnm
2
a
4. Calculate cut- off frequency of copper tube with 3 cm diameter

inside with air filled, in TM11 mode?
fc
h11
hnm
3
; a 10 2 m
2
2
ha 11
a
3.85 2
3 10 2
ha 11 3.85
= 2.566 x 102
fc
2.566 10 2
3 108
2
= 12.2 GHZ
5. Why is TM01 mode preferred to TE0, mode in a circular wave

guide? Mention the dominant modes in rectangular and circular
wave guides?
TM01 mode is preferred to TE0, mode, since it requires a smaller diameter for
the same cut off wavelength.
For Rectangular wave guide
The dominant mode TE01
For circular wave guide the dominant mode TE11
6. Define Q of a wave-guide? Give the relation between quality factor

and attenuation factor of a wave guide.
Quality factor Q is given by
energystor ed / unitlength
Q= energylost / unitlengthper sec ond relation between quality

factor and attenuation factor of a wave guide
Q
2Vg
40
41
7. Given a circular wave guide used for a signal at a frequency of 11

GHZ propagated in the TE 01, mode and internal diameter is 4.5 cm.
Calculate i ) C ii) g
i)
ii).
c
3 10 8
0.027 m
f 11 10 9
2a
2 2.25
C
7.68 cm or 0.0768m
ha 11
1.84
1
1
C
0.02727
0.027
1
0.076
0.029m
8. Explain what is the suitable mode used in circular waveguide

making a wave meter
for
TM01 is the most preferred type, since for a given cur off frequency, the
diameter required for the circular wave guide will be smaller, because the root of the
Based function for TM01 is 2.4 where as it is 3.84 for the TE01 mode.
Therefore a circular waveguide operating in the TM01 mode is generally
Preferred in applications where rotating couplings have to be used.
9. Using neat diagram show excitation method of TM01 and TE11

modes in a circular wave guide
Coaxial line
Short circuited end
Antenna probe
41
42
10. Give the reason why circular wave guides are avoided, or list the
reasons why it is avoided.
The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on dominant mode and
next mode is smaller than is a rectangular wave guide, with b/a = 0.5.
The circular symmetry of the wave guide may reflect on the possibility of the
wave not maintaining its polarization throughout the length of the guide.
For the same operating frequency, circular wave guide is bigger in size then a
rectangular wave guide.
11. A circular wave guide has fc = 9 GHZ in dominant mode

a. Find inside diameter of guide if it is air filled
f c 9 10 9 Hz
For TE11, ha 11 1.814

ha 11 C
fc
a.)
2 a
ha 11 C
2f c
1.841 3 10 8
0.0878m
2 9 10 9
12. An air filled circular waveguide of 2 cm inside radius is operated

in TE01 mode. Compute its cut off frequency
For TE01 mode
ha 01 3.842
Cut of frequency
fc
ha 01 C
2 a
3.842 3 10 8
2 2 10 2
= 0.92 x 1010
= 9.2 GHZ
13. Given a circular waveguide used for a signal at a frequency of 11

GHZ propagated in TE11 mode and internal diameter 4.5 cm.
Calculate Cut off wavelength
42
43
Given:
diameter 4.5 cm
frequency of 11 GHZ
3 108
c/ f
11 10 9
= 0.027 m
For TE11 ha 11 1.84

Cut off wave length
2 a
ha 11
2 2.25 a
1.84
= 7.68 cm
c 0.0768m
14. A circular wave guide has internal diameter of 5 cm.Calculate fc

for TE12 and TE02.
For TE12
2 a
2 2.5
ha 12
5.331
ha 12 5.331
= 2.95 cm
fc
3 10 8
2.95 10 2
= 10.18 GHZ
For TE02
c
2 2.5
7.106
ha 12 5.331
= 2.21 cm
fc
3 10 8
2.21 10 2
fc = 13.57 GHZ
15. Write down the roots of TE and TM waves for an circular wave
guide.
For TE
For TM
43
44
ha 01 2.405
ha 01 3.83
'
ha '11 1.84
ha 11 3.85
ha '02 7.02
ha 02 5.52
ha '12 5.33
ha 12 7.02
16.What are disadvantages in using a circular wave-guide for

transmission of signal.
i) For a given signal frequency f which is greater than the cut off frequency fc for
TE10 mode, in a rectangular wave guide and with a circular wave guide in the
TE 11 mode and with identical cut off wavelength the area of cross section of a
circular
ii) Wave guide will be higher the circular waveguide will occupy a large space.
In circular wave guide in TE11 mode the polarization of the field at input may
be varied due to presence of wave bends and other irregularities, before
reaching receiving end. This result in reflection of signal.
Above problem can be overcome by using either TE01, or TM01 modes.
17. Write down the general field components or electric &

magnetic field components of circular wave guide
h2 H
j E z
H z
h 2 H j
h 2 E
h 2 E
E z H z
E z
j H z
H z
E z
j

18. Draw the circular cylindrical co-ordinate system
44
45
19. Write the field components of TE waves in circular wave guide.

H o
jC n Jn( h)
Cos n
h
p
H o
jnCn
Jn( h) Sin n
h2
E po
j
C n nJ n ( h) Sin n
h 2
Eo
J n ( h)
j
Cn
Cos n
h
20. What is the attenuation factor for TE10 & TM circular wave guide
For TM
Rs
a
1
f
1 c
f
Rs
m
2 m
For the dominant TE10 mode, the attenuation factor is given by

Rs
f
c
f
1
f
1 c
f
n2
ha 2nm n 2
21. What is the attenuation factor for TE on mode & Q of circular

Wave guide
For TE on mode
45
Rs
fc
fc
f
Where Rs
m
2 m
fc
f
Q=
46
2c 1
22. Given a circular waveguide used for a signal at a frequency of 11

GHZ propagated in TE01 mode and internal diameter 4.5 cm.
Calculate Guide wave length
Guide wavelength
0.02727
0.02727
1
0.0768
g = 0.029 m.
23.In a material for which = 5.0 S/m and r and E = 250 sin
10^10 t(V/m). Find the conduction and displacement current
densities.
The conduction current density is given by,
Jc = E
= 5(250 sin 10^10 t)
= 1250 sin 10^10 t A/m^2
The displacement current density is given by,
JD = D/t = /t (E)
= /t [o r E ]
= /t [8.854 x 10^-12 x 1 x 250 sin 10^10 t]
= (8.854 x 10^-12 x 250) (10^10) (cos 10^10 t)
= 22.135 cos 10^10 t A/m^2
For the two densities, the condition for magnitudes to be equal is,
Jc/JD = / = 5/(8.854 x 10^-12 x 1)
= 5.6471 x 10^11
But
= 2f
46
47
f = /2
= 5.6471 x 10^11 / 2
= 89.87 GHz
24.What is motional e.m.f. ?

secondly magnetic field is stationary, constant not varying with time while the
closed circuit is revolved to get the relative motion between them. This action is
similar to generator action, hence the induced e.m.f. is called motional or
generator e.m.f.
25.Write down the differential form of Maxwells equation.

xE = -B/t
xH = j + D/t
D = v
B = 0
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8 MARKS QUESTIONS
Write short notes on solution of wave equation for circular
wave guide (or) Derive expression for wave equation of
circular wave guide?(or)derive the general field
components of TMmn waves in circular wave guides(Nov/Dec2004).
Write briefly a note on transverse magnetic waves in circular
wave guide (or) Derive general field components of TMmn
waves in Circular wave guide (November/December-2004).
Write shorts notes on transverse electric (TE) waves (or)
Derive expression for transverse electric waves in terms of
circular waveguide.
Derive an expression for attenuation constant of TE01, mode
of an air filled circular wave guide. Show the variation of
with frequency and diameter for TE11 and TE01 mode (April /
May-2005).Derive expression for power transmission &
attenuation constant.
Write short notes on Q of wave guides.
Write short notes on wave impedance for circular wave guide.
Show schematically methods of Excitation of dominant &
higher order modes in circular wave guides.
(April/may-2004)
An air filled circular waveguide having an inner radius 1cm is
excited in dominant mode at 10 GHZ. Find the guide
wavelength, wave impedance and the frequency bandwidth for
operation in dominant mode only.
(April/May -2004)
An air filled circular waveguide having an inner radius of 1cm
is excited in dominant mode at 10 GHZ. Find
47
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
48
i).
Cut of frequency
ii).
Guide wave length
iii).
Wave impedance
iv).
Attenuation constant for wall surface
resistance of 20 mill ohm.
(April/May -2005)
Determine the cut-off frequencies of the first two propagating
modes of a circular waveguide with a = 0.5 cm and 1 2.25
if guide is 50 cms in length operating at f = 13 GHz,
determinetheattenuation.
10 MARK QUESTIONS
A TE11 mode is propagating through a circular waveguide.
The radius of the guide is 5 cm and the guide contains on air
dielectric
a).Determine the cut-off frequency
b).Determine the wavelength in the guide for an frequency of
3 GHZ
c). Determine the wave impedance in the guide.
Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and
the characteristic wave impedance of a circular wave guide
whose internal diameter is 4 cm for a 9GHZ signal propagated
in it in the TE11 mode.
A 6 GHZ signal is to be propagated in the dominant mode in a
rectangular wave guide. If its group velocity is to be 90% of
velocity of light, what must be the breadth of the waveguide?
What impedance will it offer to this signal, if it is correctly
matched?
Write down Maxwells equation in differential as well as in
integral forms. Explain their significance.
Derive Maxwells curl equation from Amperes law and
faradays law. Express the equation in phasor form for time
harmonic fields
State and explain Faradays and Lenzs laws of induction.
Demonstrate the law using a simple network.
Derive general field relations for time-varying electric and
magnetic fields using Maxwells equation
In free space E(z, t) = 100 cos (t z ) ax V/m. Calculate H
and plot E and H waveform at time t = 0.
48
49
UNIT-V
TWO MARKS
1. Define wave.
Its a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time and is
reproduced at other place at other place at later time.
Or
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is
reproduced at other places at later times the time delay being proportional to
space separation from the first location, then the group of phenomena
constitutes a wave.
2. What is a homogeneous medium (University-Apr/May-2005).

Or
Write short notes on homogeneous medium.
A homogeneous medium is one for which the quantities , and are
Constant throughout the medium
Where
- permittivity
-Permeability
- Conductivity
3. When a medium is said to be isotropic. (Apr/May-2005)

The medium is isotropic if is a scalar constant, so that D and E have
Everywhere the same direction.
4. Define skin depth or depth of polarization (Apr/May-2005)

Skin depth () is defined as the depth in which the wave has been
attenuated to 1/e or approximately 37% of its original value
= (1/ ) = (2 / ( )) ;
for a good conductor
5. Find skin depth value for cu ( = 5.8x107mho/m) at 10MHZ

(University- Apr /May-2005)
For good conductor
= (2/ ( ))
49
50
Given
= 5.8x107mho/m
r = 1
= 2x100x106
=
2x100x106x5.8x107
=
5.488x10-17
= 7.4081x10-9
6. Define polarization.
It refers to the time varying nature of the electric field vector at some
fixed point in space.
7. Define propagation constant.

The propagation constant () is a complex number, and it is given by
= + j
Where is attenuation constant
is phase constant
=
( + j )
8. Define intrinsic impedance or characteristic impedance.

It is the ratio of electric field to magnetic field or it is the ratio of square
root of permeability to permittivity of the medium
= E/H
= ( / ) ohms
9. Calculate the characteristic impedance of free space.

= E/H
= ( 0 /0)
= (4 x 107 x36 x109)
= 20 = 377ohms
10.Find the velocity of a plane wave in a lossless medium having a

relative permittivity of 5 and relative permeability of unity.
50
51
= 1/ ()
= 1 / (0 r 0 r)
. = 1.34 x 108 m/sec
11. At what frequencies may the earth considered to be a perfect ,

dielectric if = 6 x 10-3 s/m, r = 1 and r = 10
= 1
This is the boundary line between dielectric and conductor
= 108 x 106 /f
=1 ,
108 x 106 =1
f
f = 108 x 106 Hz
12 hat is expression for the propagation constant of plane waves in
good Conductor in terms of medium parameters? What is the ratio

of magnetic and electric energy density inside such conductor?
(Nov-2004)
For good conductor / >>1
= (j (+j))
= (j)
Magnetic & electric field intensity
= E/H
= (j ) /
13 how that in conductors the wave is attenuated greatly as it

progresses through the conductor.(Nov-Dec-2004)
= = ( )/2
The velocity of the wave in a conductor
51
52
= 2/ ( )
intrinsic impedance of the conductor
= (j )/
it is found that in good conductors & are large since is large,i.e. the wave is
attenuated greatly as it progresses through the conductor.
14 Give the characteristics of uniform plane traveling waves with

mathematical representation.(University-Nov-Dec-2004)
a. At every point is space electric field (E) and magnetic field (H) are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel.
b. The fields vary harmonically with time and at the same frequency
everywhere in space.
2Ex / x2 = (2Ex / t2)
2Ey / x2 = (2Ey / t2)
2Ez / x2 = (2Ez / t2)
15. Write Helmholtzs equation

2
E 2 E = 0
Where = (j ( +j))
16. State Snells law

When a wave is traveling from one medium to another medium, the angle of
incidence is related to the angle of reflection as follows
(Sini / Sint) = (n1 /n2) = ( 2 /1)
i= angle of incidence
i =angle of reflection
2 =dielectric constant of medium 2
17. What is Brewster angle?

Brewster angle is an incident angle at which there is no reflected wave for parallely
polarized wave.
= tan -1 ( 2 / 1)
52
53
18. A wave propagates from a dielectric medium to the interface with

free space if the angle of incidence is the critical angle 20 0.Find the
relative permittivity
( Sini / Sint) = ( 2 /1 )
( Sini / Sint) = ( 0 /0 r )
r = (1 / 0.342)
r = 8.55
19. Define linear polarization.

If x and y component of a electric field E x & Ey are present and are in phase, the
resultant electric field has a direction at an angle of tan-1 (Ey/Ex)
And if this angle is constant with time, the wave is said to be linearly polarized.
EY
E
tan = (EY /EX)
E = (EX2 + EY2)
EX
20. Define circular and elliptical polarization.
If x and y component of a electric field E x & Ey have equal amplitude and
900 phase difference, the locus of the resultant electric field E is a circle & the wave is
said to be circularly polarized .
If x and y component of a electric field Ex & Ey have different amplitude and
if the phase shift is other than 900 or 900, the locus of the resultant electric field E is a
ellipse & the wave is said to be elliptically polarized .
21. The velocity of uniform plane wave in a lossless dielectric is 1 x
108m/sec.Find dielectric constant.

For lossless dielectric r = 1
= 1/ ( 0r 0r)
r = 3
r = 9
53
54
22. A wave propagates from a dielectric medium to the interface with
free space if angle of incidence is the critical angle 20 0 . Find the

relative permittivity.
(Sin1/Sin2) = (2/1)
(sin20/sin90) = 0/( 0 r)
r = 8.55
23. A lossy dielectric is characterized by r = 2.5 =4 = 10-3 at 10 MHz.

Find ,
/ = (10- 3 x36 x109 )/ (2 x 10 x106x 2.5)
= 0.72
= /2 (/) =10-3/2((4/2.5)x120
= 238.43x10-3
ii) = (1+(1/2)( /2 )2 )
i)
= 0.6623x1.0648
=0.7052
24) Write down the wave equation for E &H in a conducting

medium.
2
E ( 2E / t2) (E / t) = 0
2
H ( 2H / t2) (H / t) = 0
25) Derive poissons equation the electrostatic field.

From the Gausss law in the point form, poissons equation can be derived.
Consider the Gausss law in the point form as,
D =
Where
D = Flux density and v = Volume charge density
It is known that for a homogeneous, isotropic and linear medium, flux density and
electric field intensity are directly proportional. Thus,
D = E
E = v
From the gradient relationship,
E = -V
Substituting both equation
(-V) = v
-[V] = v
V = -v/
54
55
^2V = -v/
This equation is called poissons equation.
S.NO
1.
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
8 MARKS QUESTIONS
Derive the electromagnetic wave equation in a
conducting medium.
Give an account on wave equation for free space
(or) write the expression for wave equation
interms of electric & magnetic fields (or) write a
note on wave equation for free space or derive the
expression for wave
equation for free space
condition
Give the
characteristics of uniform plane
traveling waves with mathematical representation
(nov-2004 ) (or)
Derive the expression for uniform plane
Derive the expression for attenuation constant&
phase constant (or)
Write the solution for wave in a conducting
medium
Write short notes on how wave propagates in
dielectrics
Write a note on wave solution for conductors
(or)
Wave propagation in a good conductor
Write short notes on polarization (or)
Describe the types of polarization
Write short notes on reflection by a perfect
conductor.(or)
Write both cases for the the above i)normal
ii)oblique case
Write short notes on reflection by a perfect
dielectric with both cases
Establish the laws of reflection & refraction for a
linearly polarized plane wave of parallel
polarization incidents on a plane interface b /w 2
10
55
56
lossless dielectric regions 1 & 2 at angle i with

respect to normal. Obtain the expression for
reflection coefficient, Brewster angle as well as
the angle of incidence for which total internal
reflection occurs (nov / dec -2004).
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10 MARK QUESTIONS
A uniform plane wave propagating in a good
conducting medium (r =1, r =20, = 3 mho /m )
has E = Y2 e- z sin ( 108t z )v / m.Find ,,&
H.
(APR / MAY -2005)
A plane traveling electromagnetic wave has
H=0.008 A/m in free space. Compute the energy
density &also the velocity of this wave in glass,
whose relative permittivity is 3.
A sinusoidal plane wave is transmitted through a
medium whose electric field strength is 10 kv/m
an relative permittivity of medium is 4.Determine
mean rms power flow/unit area.
Find the magnetic field intensity at a distance x
above an infinite straight wire carrying a steady
current I.
Find the magnetic flux density at a distance d.
Find H at the centre of an equilateral triangular
loop of side 4m carrying current of 5A
Calculate B and H due to a long solenoid
Derive expression for inductance of a toroid
Derive the expression for coefficient of coupling
interms of mutual and self inductances
An air co-axial transmission line has a solid inner
conductor of radius a and a very thin outer
conductor of inner radius b. Determine the
inductance per unit length of the line
56
57
GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAMAKKAL

DEPT.OF.ECE
ASSIGNMENT NO-1
SUBJECT: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
YEAR/BRANCH: II/ECE
1. Explain the three coordinate system.

2. Determine the electric field intensity of an finite&infinite long, straight, line \
charge of uniform density fL in air.
3. A Circular disc of radius a is uniformly charged with a charge density of
coulombs / M2. Find the electric field intensity at a point h from the disc along
its central axis.
DEPT.OF.ECE
ASSIGNMENT NO-2
II/ECE
YEAR/BRANCH:
1. Derive the equation for force between two parallel conductors.

2. Explain Magnetic Force on a moving charge .
3. Derive Torque on a Rectangular loop carrying current I
DEPT.OF.ECE
ASSIGNMENT NO-3
YEAR/BRANCH: II/ECE
1. Obtain poisons & Laplaces from Gausss Law

2. Derive capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having tow dielectric media.
3. Derive an expression for capacitance of an isolated sphere.
57
58

DEPT.OF.ECE
MOTIVATION NO-1
YEAR/BRANCH: II/ECE
1. Give an account on wave equation for free space (or) write the expression
for wave equation interms of electric & magnetic fields
2. Give the characteristics of uniform plane traveling waves with
mathematical representation
DEPT.OF.ECE
MOTIVATION NO-2
II/ECE
YEAR/BRANCH:
1. A plane traveling electromagnetic wave has H=0.008 A/m in free space.

Compute the energy density &also the velocity of this wave in glass,
whose relative permittivity is 3
2. A uniform plane wave propagating in a good conducting medium (r =1,
r =20, = 3 mho /m ) has E = Y2 e- z sin ( 108t z )v / m.Find ,,& H.
58

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GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

EC 1253 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG,PACHAL

PREPARED BY : Mr.M.SIVAPRAKASAN , LECT/ECE

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

1. What is a Scalar quantity?

2. What is a Vector quantity?

3. Define Unit Vector?

4. Give the properties of Vectors.

5. Define Scalar or Dot Product.

6. Define Cross or Vector product.

7. Write the BAC- CAB rule

8. Define Coordinate system and give its types.

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

b) Cylindrical coordinate system: r, , z

9. Give the conversion of cylindrical to Cartesian and Cartesian to

10. Give the conversion of Cartesian to spherical.

11. Give the conversion of spherical to Cartesian

12. Sketch a differential volume element in cylindrical coordinate resulting

13. Define Gradient.

14. Define divergence

15. Define curl

PREPARED BY : Mr.M.SIVAPRAKASAN , LECT/ECE

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

16. Define divergence theorem. [NOV 2003] [APRIL 2005]

17. Define stokes theorem

18. Define the term electrostatics

19. What is static electric field?

20. State coulombs law

21. What are the types of charge distributors?

22. Define point charge

23. Define line charge

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

24. Define surface charge

25. Define volume charge

26. Define line charge density

L= Q = total charge in coulomb

total length in meters

27. Define surface charge density

28. Define volume charge density

29. Define electric field intensity

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

Where E- Electric field intensity due to line charge

32. Give the electric field intensity due to surface charge

Where E- Electric field intensity due to surface charge

S- surface charge density

33. Write the electric field intensity due to volume charge

Where E- Electric field intensity due to volume charge

V = volume charge density

the electric field intensity due to

l - line charge density

Where l - linear charge density

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

36. Give the electric field intensity for charged disc.

Where E electric field intensity

37.Give the principle of superposition. [ NOV 2002 ]

39. Define Electric scalar potential .

40.Give the relation between electric field and potential.

41. Give the potential difference due to infinite line charge.

42. Give the potential due to electrical dipole.

where V - potential due to electrical dipole

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGG / ECE / EC 1253 / EMF

0 - permittivity of free space.