Past Simple

Forma
Affirmative: S+V2 (forma a doua) sau V+ED (pentru verbele regulate)
Interrogative: Did + S+V1
Negative: S+Did+Not+V1
Use
1.

Pentru a exprima actiuni sau stari care au avut loc in trecut fara nici o legatura cu prezentul
( cu adverbele: yesterday, the day before yesterday, a week ago, last year, etc.) Se traduce in
romaneste prin perfectul compus.
Eg. I went to the library and borrowed an interesting book.
(Am fost la biblioteca si am imprumutat o carte interesanta)
2. pentru a exprima actiuni obisnuite, repetate in trecut (cu adverbele: everyday, often,
regularly, frequently, always, sometimes) Se traduce prin perfectul compus.
eg. He often visited his aunt.
(El isi vizita des matusa)
3. in propozitii subordonate la concordanta timpurilor:
eg. I would be grateful to you if you brought me the books

The Past Continuous

S+WAS/WERE+V+ING

Afirmativ:

Interogativ: Was I asking?

Negativ:

I was asking.

I wasnt asking.

You were asking

Were you asking?
You werent asking.

Use
1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres in trecut: (Se traduce prin perfectul simplu)
e.g. He was having breakfast at 8 oclock.
2. Pentru a exprima o actiune in progres in trecut in acelasi moment in care a avut loc o alta
actiune
mai importanta, exprimata prin trecutul simplu.
E.g. I was reading when he entered. (Eu citeam cind a intrat el)

The Present Perfect Simple

FORM
S+HAS/HAVE +V3/V-ed
1. AFFIRMATIVE: The student has already written the formula.
2. INTEROGATIVE: Has the student already written the formula?
3. NEGATIVE: No, the student hasnt written the formula yet.
USE
1. to express a completed action (perfect) still having an effect or result in the moment of
speaking (present):
e.g. He has washed his car.
2. - is used to represent activities completed in the immediate past, often associated either
with just or no time reference at all:
e.g. He has just finished his homework.
3. is used to express activities completed in a period up till the moment of speech, without
being exact about the time:
e.g. He has visited London twice.
4. is used to represent a completed action in an uncompleted time interval:
e.g. I have seen him this morning.
3. is used to express activities completed in a period up till the moment of speech, without
being exact about the time:
e.g. He has visited London twice.
4. is used to represent a completed action in an uncompleted time interval:
e.g. I have seen him this morning.
ADVERBS
(of interval, time span, period, uncompleted time interval)

- just, yet, already, never, ever;

- for, since;

- lately, recently;

- this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this night, this week, this month, this year, this,
spring, this century;

The Present Perfect Continuous

FORM
S + have/has + been +V1-ing

has been writing

1. AFFIRMATIVE: The student has been writing for an hour.

2. INTEROGATIVE: Has the student been writing for an hour?
3. NEGATIVE: No, the student hasnt been writing for an hour.
USE
1. - to express an activity still in progress (continuous) at the moment of speaking:
e.g. Ive been waiting for an hour and he hasnt turned up yet.
2. - to express an activity begun in the past which has only just finished and is relevant to the
current situation:
Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long?
3. - to describe a repeated activity, in which case a nuance of reproach, irritation, wonder can be
present:
Ive been knocking for the past ten minutes. Why dont you answer the door?
ADVERBS: (of interval of time)

- since...;

- for;
The Future Simple and Continuous
FORM
Form of Future Simple

WILL/SHALL + V1
1. AFFIRMATIVE: The student will write
the formula in ten minutes.
I (shall) will go
We (shall) will go
2. INTEROGATIVE: Will the student
write the formula in ten minutes?
3.NEGATIVE: No, the student wont write
the formula in ten minutes.

Form of Future Continuous

WILL/SHALL + BE + V1-ing
1.

AFFIRMATIVE: The student will be

writing a formula during the next two
minutes.

2. INTEROGATIVE: Will the student be

writing a formula during the next two minutes?
3. NEGATIVE: No, the student wont be
writing the formula during the next two minutes.

USE
The Future Simple:
is used to denote simple actions to be performed in the future
e.g. I shall be twenty next month.
When will you leave?
The Future Continuous:
is used to represent an action viewed in progress at some time in the future:
e.g. Wed better move the dining-table in the kitchen. Well be eating there during the winter
ADVERBS
- tomorrow;
- next week, next month, next year, next century;
- in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day;
- when.future action.

The Future Perfect Simple and Continuous

FORM
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

WILL/SHALL + HAVE V3]

1.AFFIRMATIVE: By 10 oclock the student will
have already written that formula.
2.INTEROGATIVE: Will the student have already
written that formula by 10 oclock?
3.NEGATIVE: No, the student wont have
written that formula yet by 10 oclock.

Form of Future Perfect Continuous

WILL/SHALL + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing ]
1. AFFIRMATIVE: By 10 oclock the student
will have been writing that formula for
ten minutes.
2.

INTEROGATIVE: Will the student have

been writing that formula for ten
minutes by 10 oclock?

3.NEGATIVE: No, the student wont have

been writing that formula for ten minutes for ten
minutes by 10 oclock

USE
The Future Perfect Simple:

It is used to represent a completed action at some point in the future:

e.g. By the end of next year your new maid will have broken all your cups.

The Future Perfect Continuous:

It is used to represent a partly completed action still viewed in progress at some point
in the future
e.g. She will have been working there for 40 years in April this year.
ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time)
- tomorrow; at this time tomorrow,next week, next month, next year, next century, in
2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day,when.future action,for; since; by;
already
The Past Perfect Simple and Continuous
FORM
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
1.AFFIRMATIVE: The student hadwritten
the formula before he took the test .
2.INTEROGATIVE: Had the student written
the formula before he took the test?
3.NEGATIVE: No, the student hadnt
written the formula before he took the
test.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1.AFFIRMATIVE: The student had been writing for
ten minutes, when the test was over.
2.INTEROGATIVE: Had the student been writing for
ten minutes, when the test was over?
3.NEGATIVE: No the student hadnt been writing
for ten minutes, when the test was over.

USE
The Past Perfect Simple:
1.to represent an action completed before another action or moment in the past:
e.g. He had read the novel before he saw the film.
2. to denote an action that began before another moment in the past and continued up to that time:
e.g. In 1990, we had known each other for ten years.
The Past Perfect Continuous
1. to represent a mostly completed action that is still viewed in progress at a definite point in the past:
e.g. When I saw them, the boys had been playing football for three hours.

ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interval)

- since; for; yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century;ten years ago, before, on
August 24th 1954;when/before.past action; at this time yesterday;