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also comes under power engineering. Power engineers may work on the design and
maintenance of the power grid i.e. called on grid systems and they might work on off grid
systems that are not connected to the system.
Stored energy is available immediately because there is no lag of time for delivering
the stored energy.
Reliable source for supply of energy.
The energy can be drawn at a fairly constant rate.
are equivalent to the constant source of current and it allows giving the parallel
resistance.
The Nortons theorem also explains about the constant current that is equal to the
current of the short circuit placed across the terminals. The parallel resistance of the
network can be viewed from the open circuit terminals when all the voltage and current
sources are removed and replaced by the internal resistance.
is, it can run at NIL loads without any danger. This motor will therefore find its application
in loads having high inertia load or requiring high intermittent torque such as elevators,
conveyor, rolling mill, planes, presses, shears and punches, coal cutter and winding
machines etc.
22. State the factors, for the choice of electrical system for an
aero turbine.
The choice of electrical system for an aero turbine is guided by three factors:
Type of electrical output: dc, variable- frequency ac, and constant- frequency ac.
Aero turbine rotational speed: constant speed with variable blade pitch, nearly constant
speed with simpler pitch- changing mechanism or variable speed with fixed pitch blades.
Utilization of electrical energy output: in conjunction with battery or other form of
storage, or interconnection with power grid.
24. Explain the terms real power, apparent power and reactive
power for ac circuits and also the units used.
Real Power: It is the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e. P = V I cos j and
basic unit of real power is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW.
Apparent power: It is the product of voltage and current. Apparent power = V I and
basic unit of apparent power is volt- ampere. Expressed as VA or KVA.
Reactive Power: It is the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the
voltage and current i.e. Reactive power = voltage X current X sinj or Reactive power = V
I sin j and has no other unit but expressed in VAR or KVAR.
b. Wire wound resistors length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core are
known as wire wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as Constantan
and Manganin because of their high resistivity, and low temperature coefficients. The
complete wire wound resistor is coated with an insulating material such as baked
enamel
What are the factors that can affect the Factor of safety
selection?
The factor of safety is used in designing a machine component. Prior to selecting the
correct factor of safety certain points must be taken into consideration such as:
> The properties of the material used for the machine and the changes in its intrinsic
properties over the time period of service.
> The accuracy and authenticity of test results to the actual machine parts.
> The applied load reliability.
> The limit of stresses (localized).
> The loss of property and life in case of failures.
> The limit of initial stresses at the time period of manufacture.
> The extent to which the assumptions can be simplified.
The factor of safety also depends on numerous other considerations such as the
material, the method of manufacturing , the various types of stress, the part shapes etc.
What are the rules that must be kept in mind while designing
castings?
Some of the points that must be kept in mind during the process of cast designing are as
follows:
> To avoid the concentration of stresses sharp corners and frequent use of fillets should
be avoided.
> Section thicknesses should be uniform as much as possible. For variations it must be
done gradually.
> Abrupt changes in the thickness should be avoided at all costs.
> Simplicity is the key, the casting should be designed as simple as possible.
> It is difficult to create true large spaces and henceforth large flat surfaces must be
avoided.
> Webs and ribs used for stiffening in castings should as minimal as possible.
> Curved shapes can be used in order to improve the stress handling of the cast.
What are the points that should be kept in mind during forging
design?
Some of the points that should be followed while forging design are:
> A radial flow of grains or fibers must be achieved in the forged components.
> The forged items such as drop and press forgings should have a parting line that
should divide the forging into two equal halves.
> The ribs in a forging should not be high or thin.
> In order to avoid increased die wear the pockets and recesses in forgings should be
minimum.
> In forgings the parting line of it should lie as far as possible in a single plane.
> For ease of forging and easy removal of forgings the surfaces of the metal should
contain sufficient drafts.
>Tube Drawing: This type of drawing is very similar to the bar drawing process and in
majority of cases it is accomplished by the use of a draw bench.
major principal stress occurs. It equals the max shear stress on the cross section of the
shaft.
> For certain materials where the tensile and compressive strengths are lower in
measure as compared to the shear strength, then the shaft designing should be carried
out for the lowest strengths.
> All these stresses are of significance as they play a role in governing the failure of the
shaft. All theses stresses get generated simultaneously and hence should be considered
for designing purposes
12. Why should a chain drive be used over a belt or rope driven
drive? State pro`s and con`s?
The advantages of using a chain drives are:
> In a chain drive no slip occurrence takes place.
> The chains take less space as compared to rope or belts as they are made of metal
and offer much strength.
> The chain drives can be used at both short and long ranges and they offer a high level
of transmission efficiency.
> Chain drives can transmit more load and power as compared to belts.
> A very high speed ratio can be maintained in one step of chain drives.
Some of the cons of using a chain drive are:
> The cost of producing chain drives is higher as compared to that of belts.
> The chain drives must be serviced and maintained at regular intervals and henceforth
their cost of ownership is high comparatively.
13. What are the different types of springs and explain them
briefly?
Springs can be broadly classified into the following types:
> Helical Springs: These springs as their name suggests are in coil form and are in the
shape of helix. The primary purpose of such springs are to handle compressive and
tensile loads. They can be further classified into two types: compression helical spring
and tension helical spring each having their own unique areas of application./
> Conical and volute springs: Both these spring types have specialized areas of usage
where springs with adaptable rate according to the load is required. In case of conical
springs they are wound so as to have a uniform pitch while on the other hand volute
springs are wound in a slight manner of a parabloid.
> Torsion Springs: The characteristics of such springs is that they tend to wind up by the
load. They can be either helical or spiral in shape. These types of springs are used in
circuit breaker mechanisms.
> Leaf springs: These types of springs are comprised of metal plates of different lengths
held together with the help of bolts and clamps. Commonly seen being used as
suspensions for vehicles.
> Disc Springs: As the name suggests such types of springs are comprised of conical
discs held together by a bolt or tube.
> Special Purpose Springs: These springs are all together made of different materials
such as air and water.
> Heat dissipaters to take away the heat from the point of contacting surfaces must be
there.
15. What are the different types of brakes and explain them
briefly?
Brakes can be classified on the basis of their medium used to brake, they are as follows:
> Hydraulic Brakes: These brakes as their name suggest use a fluid medium to push or
repel the brake pads for braking.
> Electric Brakes: These brakes use electrical energy to deplete or create a braking
force.
Both the above types of breaks are used primarily for applications where a large amount
of energy is to be transformed.
> Mechanical Brakes: They can be further classified on the basis of the direction of their
acting force: Radial Brakes: As their names suggests the force that acts on the brakes is
of radial direction. They can further be classified into internal and external blades. Axial
Brakes: In these types of brakes the braking force is acting in an axial direction as
compared to radial brakes.
17. What are the basis on which the best material for Sliding
Contact Bearings manufacturing?
Some of the important properties to lookout for in the material for sliding contact
bearings are as follows:
> Compressive Strength: In order to prevent the permanent deformation and intrusion of
the bearing the material selected should be possess a high compressive strength to bear
the max bearing pressure.
> Fatigue Strength: the material selected for the bearing should be able to withstand
loads without any surface fatigue cracks getting created. This is only possible if the
22. What are Bevel Gears and what are its types?
Bevel gears are the type of gears in which the two shafts happen to intersect. The gear
faces which are tooth bearing are conical in shape. They are generally mounted on
shafts which are 90 degrees apart but they can be made to work at other angles as well.
The bevel gears are classified into the following types on the basis of pitch surfaces and
shaft angles:
> Mitre Gears: These types of gears are similar to each other ie. they have the same
pitch angles and contain the same number of teeth. The shaft axes intersect at 90
degrees angle.
> Angular bevel gears: When two bevel gears connect at any angle apart from 90
degrees.
> Crown bevel gears: When the two shaft axes intersect at an angle greater than 90 and
one of the bevel gears have a pitch angle of 90 degrees they are known as crown bevel
gears.
> Internal bevel gears: In these type of gears the teeth on the gears is cut on the inside
area of the pitch cone.
What is mechanism?
A mechanism is an assembly of different parts which perform a complete motion and is
often part of a machine.
What is PS?
Personal Statement. It is something that gives an informative background about an
individual.
- Segmental: This plate has hole in the form of segment of the circle. This plate is used
for colloidal and sherry flow measurement.
- Eccentric: This plate has the eccentric holes. This plate is used in viscous and sherry
flow measurement.
pen does not directly indicate flow. Thus flow can be determined by taking the square
root of the pen. Assume the pen reads 50% of the chart. So, flow can be calculated
using the pen measure in the chart.
weight springs is in balance with the weight of the displaced part immersed in the liquid.
The sensing system in balance measures the two capacitance formed by the moving
central sensing rod provided by the two capacitor plates and the si plates.
Why thermo wells are used? What materials are used in thermo
wells?
In numerous applications, it is neither desirable nor practical to expose a temperature
sensor directly to a material. Wells are therefore used to protect against damage
corresion, arosion, aborsion and high pressure processes. A thermo well is also useful in
protecting a sensor from physical damage during handling and normal operations.
Materials used in thermo wells: Stainless steel, Inconel, Monel, Alloy Steel, Hastelloy
3. Butterfly valves
4. Three way valves
Review a list of frequently asked Electrical interview questions for electrical graduates.
Frequently asked interview questions with answers under the subjects like electrical
machines,Transmission and distribution,Power electronics and some general basic
questions.
1. What is a System?
When a number of elements or components are connected in a sequence to perform a
specific function, the group of elements that all constitute a System
2. What is Control System?
In a System the output and inputs are interrelated in such a manner that the output
quantity or variable is controlled by input quantity, then such a system is called Control
System.
The output quantity is called controlled variable or response and the input quantity is
called command signal or excitation.
3. What are different types of Control Systems?
Two major types of Control Systems are 1) Open loop Control System 2) Closed Loop
Control
Systems
Open loop Control Systems:The Open loop Control System is one in which the Output
Quantity has no effect on the Input Quantity. No feedback is present from the output
quantity
to
the
input
quantity
for
correction.
Closed Loop Control System:The Closed loop Control System is one in which the
feedback is provided from the Output quantity to the input quantity for the correction so
as to maintain the desired output of the system.
4. What is a feedback in Control System?
The Feedback in Control System in one in which the output is sampled and proportional
signal is fed back to the input for automatic correction of the error ( any change in
desired output) for futher processing to get back the desired output.
5. Why Negative Feedback is preffered in the Control System?
The role of Feedback in control system is to take the sampled output back to the input
and compare output signal with input signal for error ( deviation from the desired result).
Negative Feedback results in the better stability of the system and rejects any
disturbance signals and is less sensitive to the parameter variations. Hence in control
systems negative feedback is considered.
6. What is the effect of positive feedback on stability of the system?
Positive feedback is not used generally in the control system because it increases the
error signal and drives the system to instability. But positive feedbacks are used in minor
loop control systems to amplify certain internal signals and parameters
7. What is Latching current?
Gate signal is to be applied to the thyristor to trigger the thyristor ON in safe mode.
When the thyristor starts conducting the forward current above the minimum value,
called Latching current, the gate signal which is applied to trigger the device in no longer
require to keep the scr in ON position.
8. What is Holding current ?
When scr is conducting current in forward conduction state, scr will return to forward
blocking state when the anode current or forward current falls below a low level called
Holding
current
Note: Latching current and Holding current are not same. Latching current is associated
with the turn on process of the scr whereas holding current is associated with the turn off
process. In general holding current will be slightly lesser than the latching current.
9. Why thyristor is considered as Charge controlled device?
During the triggering process of the thyristor from forward blocking state to forward
conduction state through the gate signal, by applying the gate signal (voltage between
gate and cathode) increases the minority carrier density in the p-layer and thereby
facilitate the reverse break over of the junction J2 and thyristor starts conducting. Higher
the magnitude of the gate current pulse, lesser is the time required to inject the charge
and turning on the scr. By controlling the amount of charge we can control the turning on
time of the scr.
10. What are the different losses that occur in thyristor while operating?
Different
losses
that
occur
a)Forward
conduction
losses
during
conduction
of
the
b)Loss due to leakage current during forward and reverse
c)Power
loss
at
gate
or
Gate
triggering
d)Switching losses at turn-on and turn-off.
are
thyristor
blocking.
loss.
It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the
mechanical switch so that it reduces the voltage spike seen in a inductive load.
16. Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?
The
different
methods
a)DOL:direct
b)Star
c)Auto
d)Resistance
e)Series reactor starter
of
starting
online
delta
transformer
an
induction
motor:
starter
starter
starter
starter
Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incomming feeder of
33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations.
26. Define IDMT relay?
It is an inverse definite minimum time relay.In IDMT relay its operating is inversely
proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay operates.It
is inverse in the sense ,the tripping time will decrease as the magnitude of fault current
increase.
27. What are the transformer losses?
TRANSFORMER LOSSES - Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss and
magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R). Magnetic
losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. Copper loss is a constant
after the coil has been wound and therefore a measurable loss. Hysteresis loss is
constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss, however, is different for
each frequency passed through the transformer.
28. what is the full form of KVAR?
We know there are three types of power in Electricals as Active, apparent & reactive. So
KVAR is stand for ``Kilo Volt Amps with Reactive component.
29. Two bulbs of 100w and 40w respectively connected in series across a 230v
supply which bulb will glow bright and why?
Since two bulbs are in series they will get equal amount of electrical current but as the
supply voltage is constant across the bulb(P=V^2/R).So the resistance of 40W bulb is
greater and voltage across 40W is more (V=IR) so 40W bulb will glow brighter.
30. Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators?
Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means they carry heavy
currents which rises their temperature. so it is necessary to test this devices for
temperature rise.
31. What is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous
generator?
In simple, synchronous generator supply's both active and reactive power but
asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply's only active power and observe
reactive power for magnetizing.This type of generators are used in windmills.
32. What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?
AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator.It is important part in
Synchronous Generators, it controls theoutput voltage of the generator by controlling its
excitation current. Thus it can control the output Reactive Power of the Generator.
33. Difference between a four point starter and three point starter?
The shunt connection in four point stater is provided separately form the line where as in
three point stater it is connected with line which is the drawback in three point stater
34.
Why
the
capacitors
works
on
ac
only?
Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc
components). it allows the ac components to pass through.
(oil
(oil
(oil
(oil
natural,air
natural,air
forced,air
direct,water
natural)
forced)
forced)
forced)
:
Characterstics
Low
than
Mosfet,
BJT,
IGBT
cost
but inverter is startwith 12v,24,dc to 36v dc and 120amp to 180amp battery with long
time backup.
45. What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of power?
If their is high power factor, i.e if the power factor is close to one:
a)Losses
in
form
of
heat
will
be
reduced,
b)Cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, &
c)It also reduces over heating of tranformers.
46. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?
(1). The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the
starting of the motor.Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times Of current of Direct online
starting.(2). Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the starting
of motor in systems are reduced.
47. Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?
For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star
winding. and this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases. To minimize the
current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the primary. So delta / star
transformer is used for lighting loads.
48. Why computer humming sound occurred in HT transmission line?
This computer humming sound is coming due to ionization (breakdown of air into
charged particles) of air around transmission conductor. This effect is called as Corona
effect, and it is considered as power loss.
49. What is rated speed?
At the time of motor taking normal current (rated current)the speed of the motor is called
rated speed. It is a speed at which any system take small current and give maximum
efficiency.
50. If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?
If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then the lamp will
glow. When the voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp and when the difference
is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the type of lamp.
A:It'spossiblebymeansofElectronicchokes,otherwiseit'snotpossibletoionizetheparticlesintubelight
withnormalvoltage.
Q:Whatis"pu"inelectricalengineering?
A:Pustandsforperunitandthiswillbeusedinsinglelinediagramofpowerdistributionanditislikea
hugeelectricalcircuitwithnoofcomponents(generators,transformers,loads)withdifferentratings(in
MVAandKV).Tobringalltheratingsintocommonplatformweusepuconceptinwhich,ingeneral
largestMVAandKVratingsofthecomponentisconsideredasbasevalues,thenallothercomponent
ratingswillgetbackintothisbasis.Thosevaluesarecalledaspuvalues.(p.u=actualvalue/basevalue).
Q:OperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstations?
A:Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothatsteamisobtainedthissteamisallowedto
hittheturbine,theturbinewhichiscoupledwiththegeneratorgeneratestheelectricity.
Q:Whylinkisprovidedinneutralofanaccircuitandfuseinphaseofaccircuit?
A:LinkisprovidedataNeutralcommonpointinthecircuitfromwhichvariousconnectionaretakenfor
theindividualcontrolcircuitandsoitisgiveninalinkformtowithstandhighAmps.Butinthecaseof
FuseinthePhaseofACcircuititisdesignedsuchthatthefuseratingiscalculatedfortheparticularcircuit
(i.eload)only.Soifanymalfunctionhappenthefuseconnectedintheparticularcontrolcircuitalonewill
blowoff.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenelectronicregulatorandordinaryelectricalrheostatregulatorfor
fans?
A:Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryelectricalregulatoristhatinelectronicregulator
powerlossesarelessbecauseaswedecreasethespeedtheelectronicregulatorgivesthepowerneededfor
thatparticularspeedbutincaseofordinaryrheostattyperegulator,thepowerwastageissameforevery
speedandnopowerissaved.Inelectronicregulator,triacisemployedforspeedcontrolbyvaryingthe
firinganglespeedanditiscontrolledbutinrheostatic,controlresistanceisdecreasedbystepstoachieve
speedcontrol.
Q:Howtubelightcircuitisconnectedandhowitworks?
A:Achokeisconnectedinoneendofthetubelightandastarterisinserieswiththecircuit.Whensupply
isprovided,thestarterwillinterruptthesupplycycleofAC.Duetothesuddenchangeofsupplythechock
willgeneratearound1000volts.Thisvoltwillcapableoftobreaktheelectronsinsidethetubetomake
electronflow.oncethecurrentpassesthroughthetubethestartercircuitwillbeoutofpart.nowthereisno
changeofsupplycauseschokevoltagenormalizedandactasminimizethecurrent.
Q:whatsisMARXCIRCUIT?
A:Itisusedwithgeneratorsforcharginganumberofcapacitorinparallelanddischargingtheminseries.It
isusedwhenvoltagerequiredfortestingishigherthantheavailable.
Q:Whatisencoder,howitfunction?
A:Anencoderisadeviceusedtochangeasignal(suchasabitstream)ordataintoacode.Thecodemay
serveanyofanumberofpurposessuchascompressinginformationfortransmissionorstorage,encrypting
oraddingredundanciestotheinputcode,ortranslatingfromonecodetoanother.Thisisusuallydoneby
meansofaprogrammedalgorithm,especiallyifanypartisdigital,whilemostanalogencodingisdonewith
analogcircuitry.
Q:Whataretheadvantagesofspeedcontrolusingthyristor?
A:Advantages:1.FastSwitchingCharactersticsthanMosfet,BJT,IGBT2.Lowcost3.HigherAccurate.
Q:WhyHumanbodyfeelElectricshock??ninanElectrictrainduringrunning,Wedidntfeelany
Shock?why?
A:Unfortunatelyourbodyisaprettygoodconductorofelectricity,ThegoldenruleisCurrenttakesthe
lowestresistantpathifyouhaveinsulationtoourfeetasthecircuitisnotcomplete(wearingrubber
footwearwhichdoingsomerepairsisadvisableasourfootwearisahighresistancepathnotmuchcurrent
flowsthroughourbody).Theelectrictrainiswellinsulatedfromitselectricalsystem.
Q:whatistheprincipleofmotor?
A:Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagneticfielditproduceturningortwisting
movemntiscalledastorque.
Q:Why,whenbirdssitontransmissionlinesorcurrentwiresdoesn'tgetshock?
A:Itstruethatifbirdstouchthesingleoneline(phaseorneutral)theydon'tgetelectricalshock...ifbirds
touch2linesthanthecircuitisclosedandtheygetelectricalshock..soifahumantouchsingleone
line(phase)thenhedoesn'tgetshockifheisintheair(nottouchingstandingonthegroundifheis
standingonthegroundthentouchingtheline(phase)hewillgetashockbecausethegroundonwhatwe
standingislikeline(groundbedlikeneutral)andinthemostofelectriclinestheneutralisgrounded..so
thatmeansthathumanwhotouchthelineclosesthecircuitbetweenphaseandneutral.
Q:whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
A:Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmaturereaction.Thearmaturefluxmaysupportmain
fluxoropposesmainflux.
Q:whathappenifwegive220voltsdcsupplytodbulbrtubelight?
A:Bulbs[devices]forACaredesignedtooperatesuchthatitoffershighimpedancetoACsupply.
Normallytheyhavelowresistance.WhenDCsupplyisapplied,duetolowresistance,thecurrentthrough
lampwouldbesohighthatitmaydamagethebulbelement.
Q:WhichmotorhashighStartingTorqueandStaringcurrentDCmotor,Inductionmotoror
Synchronousmotor?
A:DCSeriesmotorhashighstartingtorque.WecannotstarttheInductionmotorandSynchronousmotors
onload,butcannotstarttheDCseriesmotorwithoutload.
Q:whatisACSRcableandwhereweuseit?
A:ACSRmeansAluminiumconductorsteelreinforced,thisconductorisusedintransmission&
distribution.
Q:Whatisvaccumcurrcuitbreaker.definewithcauseandwherebeuseitDevice?
A:Abreakerisnormallyusedtobreakaciruit.whilebreakingthecircuit,thecontactterminalswillbe
separated.Atthetimeofseperationanairgapisformedinbetweentheterminals.Duetoexistingcurrent
flowtheairinthegapisionisedandresultsinthearc.variousmediumsareusedtoquenchthisarcin
respectiveCB's.butinVCBthemediumisvaccumgas.sincetheairintheCBishavingvaccumpressure
thearcformationisinterrupted.VCB'scanbeusedupto11kv.
Q:Whatwillhappenwhenpowerfactorisleadingindistributionofpower?
A:Iftheirishighpowerfactor,i.eifthepowerfactorisclosetoone:
1.lossesinformofheatwillbereduced,
2.cablebecomeslessbulkyandeasytocarry,andvery
cheaptoafford,&
3.italsoreducesoverheatingoftranformers.
Q:whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronics
engineering?
A:uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.meansaccordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.ups
isalsotwotypes:onlineandoffline.onlineupshavinghighvoltandampforlongtimebackupwithwith
highdcvoltage.butupsstartwith12vdcwith7amp.butinverterisstartwith12v,24,dcto36vdcand
120ampto180ampbatterywithlongtimebackup.
Q:Whatis2phasemotor?
A:Atwophasemotorisamotorwiththethestartingwindingandtherunningwindinghaveaphasesplit.
e.g;acservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrolwindinghaveaphasesplitof90degree.
Q:AdvantagesofvvvfdrivesovernonvvvfdrivesforEOTcranes?
A:1.smoothstartandstop.
2.nojerkingofload.
3.exactposiitoning
4.betterprotectionformotor.
5.high/lowspeedselection.
6.reliabilityofbreakshoe.
7.programmablebreakcontrol.
8.easycircutry
9.reductionincontrols
10.increasesmotorlife
Q:WhatisthesignificanceofvectorgroupinginPowerTransformers?
A:Everypowertransformerhasavectorgrouplistedbyitsmanufacturer.Fundamentallyittellsyouthe
informationabouthowthewindingsareconnected(deltaorwye)andthephacedifferencebetweentthe
currentandvoltage.EG.DYN11meansDeltaprimary,WyeSecondryandthecurrentisat11oclock
refferedtothevoltage.
Q:WhichtypeofA.Cmotorisusedinthefan(ceilingfan,exhaustfan,padestalfan,bracketfanetc)
whicharefindinthehouses?
A:ItsSinglePhaseinductionmotorwhichmostlysquirrelcagerotorandarecapacitorstartcapacitorrun.
Q:GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshuntmotor?
A:1.Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossthefieldwindingtocontrol
thefieldcurrent.sobychangingthecurrentthefluxproducedbythefieldwindingcanbechanged,and
sincespeedisinverselyproportionaltofluxspeedcanbecontrolled2.armaturecontrolmethod:inthis
methodarheostatisconnectedacrossarmaturewindingbyvaryingtheresistancethevalueofresistive
drop(IaRa)canbevaried,andsincespeedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathespeedcanbecontrolled.
Q:whatistheprincipleofmotor?
A:Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagneticfielditproduceturningortwisting
movementiscalledastorque.
Q:whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
A:Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmaturereaction.Thearmaturefluxmaysupportmain
fluxoropposesmainflux.
Q:GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshuntmotor?
A:1.Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossthefieldwindingtocontrol
thefieldcurrent.sobychangingthecurrentthefluxproducedbythefieldwindingcanbechanged,and
sincespeedisinverselyproportionaltofluxspeedcanbecontrolled2.armaturecontrolmethod:inthis
methodarheostatisconnectedacrossarmaturewdg.byvaryingtheresistancethevalueofresistive
drop(IaRa)canbevaried,andsincespeedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathespeedcanbecontrolled.
Q:whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousgenerator&asynchronousgenerator?
A:Insimple,synchronousgeneratorsupply'sbothactiveandreactivepowerbutasynchronous
generator(inductiongenerator)supply'sonlyactivepowerandobservereactivepowerformagnetizing.This
typeofgeneratorsareusedinwindmills.
Q:WhatisthePolarizationindexvalue?(pivalue)andsimpledefinitionofpolarizationindex?
A:Itsratiobetweeninsulationresistance(IR)i.emeggarvalue
for10mintoinsulationresistancefor1min.Itrangesfrom57fornewmotors&normallyformotortobe
ingoodconditionitshouldbeGreaterthan2.5.
Q:Whysyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionofelectricity?
A:synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferentpowerfactor(orsay
differentimaginarypowervaryingthefieldemf.Hencesyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionof
electricity.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousgenerator&asynchronousgenerator?
A:Insimple,synchronousgeneratorsupply'sbothactiveandreactivepowerbutasynchronous
generator(inductiongenerator)supply'sonlyactivepowerandobservereactivepowerformagnetizing.This
typeofgeneratorsareusedinwindmills.
Q:1tonisequaltohowmanywatts?
A:1ton=12000BTU/hrandtoconvertBTU/hrtohorsepower,
12,000*0.0003929=4.715hptherefore1ton=4.715*.746=3.5KW.
Q:whysyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionofelectricity?
A:synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferentpowerfactor(orsay
differentimaginarypowvaryingthefieldemf.Hencesyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionof
electricity.
Q:Enlisttypesofdcgenerator?
A:D.C.Generatorsareclassifiedintotwotypes1)separatlyexictedd.c.generator2)selfexicted
d.c.generator,whichisfurtherclassifiedinto;1)series2)shuntand
3)compound(whichisfurtherclassifiedintocumulativeanddifferential).
Q:WhatisAutomaticVoltageregulator(AVR)?
A:AVRisanabbreviationforAutomaticVoltageRegulator.ItisimportantpartinSynchronousGenerators,
itcontrolstheoutputvoltageofthegeneratorbycontrollingitsexcitationcurrent.Thusitcancontrolthe
outputReactivePoweroftheGenerator.
Q:Whatisanexciterandhowdoesitwork?
A:Therearetwotypesofexciters,staticexciterandrotoryexciter.purposeofexcitoristosupplythe
excitationdcvoltagetothefixedpolesofgenerator.Rotoryexcitorisanadditionalsmallgenerator
mountedontheshaftofmaingenerator.ifitisdcgenerator,itwillsupplydctotherotorypolesthrough
slipringandbrushes(conventionalalternator).ifitisanacexcitor,outputofacexcitorisrectifiedby
rotatingdiodesandsupplydctomainfixedpoles.acexcitoristheacgeneratorwhosefieldwindingare
stationaryandarmaturerotates.initialvoltageisbuiltupbyresidualmagnetism.Itgivesthestartingtorque
tothegenerator.
Q:Differencebetweenafourpointstarterandthreepointstarter?
A:Theshuntconnectioninfourpointstaterisprovidedseparatelyformthelinewhereasinthreepoint
stateritisconnectedwithlinewhichisthedrawbackinthreepointstater
Q:WhyusetheVCBatHighTransmissionSystem?Whycan'tuseACB?
A:ActuallythethingisvacuumhashigharcquechingpropertycomparetoairbecauseinVCB,thedie
electricstrengthsequalto8timesofair.ThatyalwaysvaccumusedasinHTbreakerandairusedasinLT
.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweensurgearrestorandlightningarrestor?
A:LAisinstalledoutsideandtheeffectoflightningisgrounded,whereassurgearrestorinstalledinside
panelscomprisingofresistorswhichconsumestheenergyandnullifytheeffectofsurge.
Q:Whathappensificonnectacapacitortoageneratorload?
A:Connectingacapacitoracrossageneratoralwaysimprovespowerfactor,butitwillhelpdependsupon
theenginecapacityofthealternator,otherwisethealternatorwillbeoverloadedduetotheextrawatts
consumedduetotheimprovementonpf.Secondly,don'tconnectacapacitoracrossanalternatorwhileitis
pickinguporwithoutanyotherload.
Q:Whythecapacitorsworksonaconly?
A:Generallycapacitorgivesinfiniteresistancetodccomponents(i.e.,blockthedccomponents).itallows
theaccomponentstopassthrough.
Q:Explaintheworkingprincipalofthecircuitbreaker?
A:CircuitBreakerisonewhichmakesorbreaksthecircuit.Ithastwocontactsnamelyfixedcontact&
movingcontact.undernormalconditionthemovingcontactcomesincontactwithfixedcontactthereby
formingtheclosedcontactfortheflowofcurrent.Duringabnormal&faultyconditions(whencurrent
exceedstheratedvalue)anarcisproducedbetweenthefixed&movingcontacts&therebyitformsthe
opencircuitArcisextinguishedbytheArcQuenchingmedialikeair,oil,vaccumetc.
Q:Howmanytypesofcollingsystemittransformers?
A:1.ONAN(oilnatural,airnatural)
2.ONAF(oilnatural,airforced)
3.OFAF(oilforced,airforced)
4.ODWF(oildirect,waterforced)
5.OFAN(oilforced,airforced)
Q:Whatisthefunctionofantipumpingincircuitbreaker?
A:whenbreakeriscloseatonetimebyclosepushbutton,theantipumpingcontactorpreventreclosethe
breakerbyclosepushbuttonafterifitalreadyclose.
Q:whatissteppermotor.whatisitsuses?
A:Steppermotoristheelectricalmachinewhichactuponinputpulseappliedtoit.itisonetypeof
synchronousmotorwhichrunsinstepsineitherdirectioninsteadofrunningincompletecycle.so,in
automationpartsitisused.
Q:Howtocalculatecapacitorbankvaluetomaintainunitypowerfactorwithsomesuitableexample?
A:KVAR=KW(TAN(COS(1)#e)TAN(COS(1)#d))
#e=EXISTINGP.F.
#d=DESIREDP.F.
Q:Tellmeindetailaboutc.t.andp.t.?(Company:reliance)
A:ThetermC.Tmeanscurrenttransformer,andthetermP.Tmeanspotentialtransformer.Incircuitwhere
measurementsofhighvoltageandhighcurrentisinvolvedtheyareusedthere.Particularlywhena
measuringdevicelikevoltmeterorammeterisnotabletomeasuresuchhighvalueofquantitybecauseof
largevalueoftorqueduetosuchhighvalueitcandamagethemeasuringdevice.so,CTandPTare
introducedinthecircuits.Theyworkonthesameprincipleoftransformer,whichisbasedonlinkageof
electromagneticfluxproducedbyprimarywithsecondary.Theyworkontheratiototheyaredesigned.E.gif
CTisofratio5000\5Aandithastomeasuresecondarycurrentof
8000A.thenANS=8000*5\5000=8Aandthisresultwillbegiventoammeter.andaftermeasuring8Awe
cancalculatetheprimarycurrent.sameis
theoperationofPTbutmeasuringvoltage.
Q:ThereareaTransformerandaninductionmachine.Thosetwohavethesamesupply.Forwhichdevice
theloadcurrentwillbemaximum?Andwhy?
A:Themotorhasmaxloadcurrentcomparetothatoftransformerbecausethemotorconsumesrealpower..
andthetransformerisonlyproducingtheworkingfluxanditsnotconsuming..hencetheloadcurrentinthe
transformerisbecauseofcorelosssoitisminimum.
Q:whatispowerfactor?whetheritshouldbehighorlow?why?
A:Powerfactorshouldbehighinordertogetsmoothoperationofthesystem.Lowpowerfactormeans
losseswillbemore.itistheratiooftruepowertoapperentpower.ithastobeideally1.ifitistoolowthen
cableoverheating&equipmentoverloadingwilloccur.ifitisgreaterthan1thenloadwillactascapacitor
andstartsfeedingthesourceandwillcausetripping.(ifpfispoorex:0.17tomeetactualpowerloadhasto
drawmorecurrent(Vconstant),resultinmorelossesifpfisgoodex:0.95tomeetactualpowerloadhasto
drawlesscurrent(Vconstant),resultinlesslosses).
Q:WhatisthedifferencebetweenIsolatorandCircuitBreaker?
A:Isolatorisaoffloaddevicewhichisusedforisolatingthedownstreamcircuitsfromupstreamcircuits
forthereasonofanymaintenanceondownstreamcircuits.itismanuallyoperatedanddoesnotcontainany
solenoidunlikecircuitbreaker.itshouldnotbeoperatedwhileitishavingload.firsttheloadonitmustbe
madezeroandthenitcansafelyoperated.itsspecificationonlyratedcurrentisgiven.Butcircuitbreakeris
onloadautomaticdeviceusedforbreakingthecircuitincaseofabnormalconditionslikeshortcircuit,
overloadetc.,itishavingthreespecification1isratedcurrentand2isshortcircuitbreakingcapacityand3
isinstantaneoustrippingcurrent.
Q:whatisboucholzrelayandthesignificanceofitintothetransformer?
A:Boucholzrelayisadevicewhichisusedfortheprotectionoftransformerfromitsinternalfaults,itisa
gasbasedrelay.wheneveranyinternalfaultoccursinatransformer,theboucholzrelayatoncegivesa
hornforsometime,ifthetransformerisisolatedfromthecircuitthenitstopitssounditselfotherwiseit
tripsthecircuitbyitsowntrippingmechanism.
Q:WhatisSF6CircuitBreaker?
A:SF6isSulpherhexaFlouridegas..ifthisgasisusedasarcquenchingmediuminaCircuitbreakermeans
SF6CB.
Q:whatisferranticeffect?
A:Outputvoltageisgreaterthantheinputvoltageorreceivingendvoltageisgreaterthanthesendingend
voltage.
Q:whatismeantbyinsulationvoltageincables?explainit?
A:Itisthepropertyofacablebyvirtueofitcanwithstandtheappliedvoltagewithoutrupturingitisknown
asinsulationlevelofthecable.
unbalanced voltages will not arise. We can protect the equipment also. With size
of the equipment( transformer or alternator)and selection of relying system
earthing will be further classified into directly earthed,Impedance earthing,
resistive (NGRs) earthing.
Q:What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
A:MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short
circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit
breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for
instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may be
inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
Q:Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution lines?
A:Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incomming
feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations.
Q:Define IDMT relay?
A:It is an inverse definite minimum time relay.In IDMT relay its operating is
inversely proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this
relay operates.It is inverse in the sense ,the tripping time will decrease as the
magnitude of fault current increase.
Q:What are the transformer losses?
A:TRANSFORMER LOSSES - Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss
and magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R).
Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. Copper
loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a measurable loss.
Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss,
however, is different for each frequency passed through the transformer.
Query:WhatisthecountofhvdctransmissionlinesinIndia?
Resolution:Atpresenttherearethreehvdctransmissionlinesinindia
1)chandrapurtopadghe(mumbai)(1500MWat500kVDC)
2)rehandtodelhi(1500MWat500kVDC)
3)talchaltokolar(2500MW)
Query:Whatismeantbyregenerativebraking?
Resolution:Whenthesupplyiscuttoffforarunningmotor,itstillcontinuerunningduetoinertia.Inorder
tostopitquicklyweplaceaload(resitor)acrossthearmaturewindingandthemotorshouldhave
maintainedcontinuousfieldsupply.sothatbacke.m.fvoltageismadetoapplyacrosstheresistoranddue
toloadthemotorstopsquickly.Thistypeofbreakingiscalledas"RegenerativeBreaking".
Query:WhyisthestartingcurrenthighinaDCmotor?
Resolution:InDCmotors,VoltageequationisV=EbIaRa(V=Terminalvoltage,Eb=Backemfin
Motor,Ia=Armaturecurrent,Ra=Aramtureresistance).Atstarting,Ebiszero.Therefore,V=IaRa,Ia=
V/Ra,whereRaisverylesslike0.01ohm.i.e,Iawillbecomeenormouslyincreased.
Query:Whataretheadvantagesofstardeltastarterwithinductionmotor?
Resolution:(1).Themainadvantageofusingthestardeltastarterisreductionofcurrentduringthestarting
ofthemotor.Startingcurrentisreducedto34timesOfcurrentofDirectonlinestarting.(2).Hencethe
startingcurrentisreduced,thevoltagedropsduringthestartingofmotorinsystemsarereduced.
Query:WhyDeltaStarTransformersareusedforLightingLoads?
Resolution:Forlightingloads,neutralconductorismustandhencethesecondarymustbestarwinding.
andthislightingloadisalwaysunbalancedinallthreephases.Tominimizethecurrentunbalanceinthe
primaryweusedeltawindingintheprimary.Sodelta/startransformerisusedforlightingloads.
Query:Whyinathreepinplugtheearthpinisthickerandlongerthantheotherpins?
Resolution:ItdependsuponR=rhol/awherearea(a)isinverselyproportionaltoresistance(R),soif(a)
increases,Rdecreases&ifRislesstheleakagecurrentwilltakelowresistancepathsotheearthpinshould
bethicker.ItislongerbecausetheTheFirsttomaketheconnectionandLasttodisconnnectshouldbe
earthPin.ThisassuresSafetyforthepersonwhousestheelectricalinstrument.
Query:Whyseriesmotorcannotbestartedonnoload?
Resolution:Seriesmotorcannotbestartedwithoutloadbecauseofhighstartingtorque.Seriesmotorare
usedinTrains,Craneetc.
Query:WhyELCBcan'tworkifNinputofELCBdonotconnecttoground?
Resolution:ELCBisusedtodetectearthleakagefault.Oncethephaseandneutralareconnectedinan
ELCB,thecurrentwillflowthroughphaseandthatmuchcurrentwillhavetoreturnneutralsoresultant
currentiszero.Oncethereisagroundfaultintheloadside,currentfromphasewilldirectlypassthrough
earthanditwillnotreturnthroughneutralthroughELCB.Thatmeansoncesidecurrentisgoingandnot
returningandhencebecauseofthisdifferenceincurrentELCBwiltripanditwillsafeguardtheother
circuitsfromfaultyloads.Iftheneutralisnotgrounded,faultcurrentwilldefinitelyhighandthatfullfault
currentwillcomebackthroughELCB,andtherewillbenodifferenceincurrent.
Q:HowelectricalpowerisgeneratedbyanA.CGenerator?
A:Forthegenerationofelectpowerweneedaprimemoverwhichsuppliesmechanicalpowerinputtothe
alternator,canbesteamturbines,orhydroturbines.Whenpolesoftherotormovesunderthearmature
conductorswhichareplacedonthestator,fieldfluxcutthearmatureconductor,thereforevoltageis
generatedandisofsinusoidalinnature...duetopolaritychangeofrotorpoles(i,e)NSNS.
Q:Whyanacsolenoidvalveattracttheplungereventhoughweinterchangestheterminal?Willthe
poleschanges?
A:YesbecausethepoleschangesforeveryhalfcycleofacvoltagesothepolarityofACvoltageis
continuouslychangingforeveryhalfcycle.so,interchangingofterminalsinacsystemdoesnotshowany
difference.That'swhytheacsolenoidattracttheplungereventhoughit'sterminalsareinterchanged.
Q:Whatisderating?,whyitisnecessary,itissameforallmeansfordrives,motors,andcables.
A:Thecurrentcurryingofcableswillchangedependinguponthesitetemperature(locationofsite),typeof
run(itwillrunthroughduct,trench,buriedetc.),numberoftray,depthoftrench,distancebetweencables.
Consideringthisconditionactualcurrentcurryingcapacityofcablereducethancurrentcurryingcapacity
(whichgiventocableCatalogue)thisiscalledderating.
Q:Whytemperatureriseisconductedinbusbarsandisolators?
A:Busbarsandisolatorsareratedforcontinuouspowerflow,thatmeanstheycarryheavycurrentswhich
risestheirtemperature.soitisnecessarytotestthisdevicesfortemperaturerise.
Q:Whenvoltageincreasesthencurrentalsoincreasesthenwhatistheneedofovervoltagerelayand
overcurrentrelay?Canwemeasureovervoltageandovercurrentbymeasuringcurrentonly?
A:No.Wecan'tsensetheovervoltagebyjustmeasuringthecurrentonlybecausethecurrentincreasesnot
onlyforovervoltagesbutalsoforundervoltage(Asmostoftheloadsarenonlinearinnature).So,theover
voltageprotection&overcurrentprotectionarecompletelydifferent.Overvoltagerelaymeantforsensing
overvoltages&protectthesystemfrominsulationbreakdownandfiring.Overcurrentrelaymeantfor
sensinganyinternalshortcircuit,overloadcondition,earthfaulttherebyreducingthesystemfailure&risk
offire.So,forabetterprotectionofthesystem.Itshouldhavebothovervoltage&overcurrentrelay.
Q:Ifonelampconnectsbetweentwophasesitwillglowornot?
A:Ifthevoltagebetweenthetwophaseisequaltothelampvoltagethenthelampwillglow.Whenthe
voltagedifferenceisbigitwilldamagethelampandwhenthedifferenceissmallerthelampwillglow
dependingonthetypeoflamp.
Q:Howdoyouselectacablesize(Cu&Al)foraparticularload?
A:Atfirstcalculatetheelectricalcurrentoftheload,afterthatderatetheelectricalcurrentconsidering
deratingfactor(dependingonsiteconditionandlayingofcable)afterchoosethecablesizefromcable
catalogconsideringderatingelectricalcurrent.Afterthatmeasurethelengthofcablerequiredfromsupply
pointofloadtoloadpoin.Calculatethevoltagedropwhichwillmax3%(resistanceandreactanceofcable
foundfromcablecatalogofselectingcable)ifvoltagedrop>3%
thenchoosenexthighersizeofcable.
Q:WhatareHRCfusesandwhereitisused?
A:HRCstandfor"highrupturingcapacity"fuseanditisusedindistributionsystemforelectrical
transformers.
Q:Whichpowerplanthashighloadfactor?
A:Allbaseloadpowerplantshaveahighloadfactor.Ifweusehighefficiencypowerplantstosupplythe
baseload,wecanreducethecostofgeneration.Hydelpowerplantshaveahigherefficiencythanthermal&
nuclearpowerplants.
Q:Mentionthemethodsforstartinganinductionmotor?
A:Thedifferentmethodsofstartinganinductionmotor
DOL:directonlinestarter
Stardeltastarter
Autotransformerstarter
Resistancestarter
Seriesreactorstarter
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenearthresistanceandearthelectroderesistance?
A:Onlyoneoftheterminalsisevidentintheearthresistance.Inordertofindthesecondterminalwe
shouldrecoursetoitsdefinition:EarthResistanceistheresistanceexistingbetweentheelectrically
accessiblepartofaburiedelectrodeandanotherpointoftheearth,whichisfaraway.
Theresistanceoftheelectrodehasthefollowingcomponents:
(A)theresistanceofthemetalandthatoftheconnectiontoit.
(B)thecontactresistanceofthesurroundingearthtotheelectrode.
Q:Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
A:Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeoraftertheestopswitchsothepowercanbeshutoff
atonecentrallocation.Thisrelayispoweredbythesameelectricalsourceasthecontrolpowerandis
operatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelayitselfmayhaveupto24contactpointswithintheunititself.This
allowsthecontrolpowerformultiplemachinestobelockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.
Q:Whatisthepowerfactorofanalternatoratnoload?
A:AtnoloadSynchronousImpedanceofthealternatorisresponsibleforcreatingangledifference.Soit
shouldbezerolagginglikeinductor.
Query:Howtodeterminecapacitortolerancecodes?
Resolution:Inelectroniccircuits,thecapacitortolerancecanbedeterminedbyacodethatappearsonthe
casing.Thecodeisaletterthatoftenfollowsathreedigitnumber(suchas130Z).Thefirsttwoarethe1st
and2ndsignificantdigitsandthethirdisamultipliercode.Mostofthetimethelastdigittellsyouhow
manyzerostowriteafterthefirsttwodigitsandthesearereadasPicoFarads.
Query:Whymostofanalogo/pdeviceshavingo/prange4to20mAandnot0to20mA?
Resolution:420mAisastandardrangeusedtoindicatemeasuredvaluesforanyprocess.Thereasonthat
4maischoseninsteadof0mAisforfailsafeoperation.Forexampleapressureinstrumentgivesoutput
4mAtoindicate0psi,upto20mAtoindicate100psi,orfullscale.Duetoanyproblemininstrument(i.e)
brokenwire,itsoutputreducesto0mA.Soifrangeis020mAthenwecandifferentiatewhetheritisdue
tobrokenwireordueto0psi.
Query:Twobulbsof100wand40wrespectivelyconnectedinseriesacrossa230vsupplywhichbulb
willglowbrightandwhy?
Resolution:Sincetwobulbsareinseriestheywillgetequalamountofelectricalcurrentbutasthesupply
voltageisconstantacrossthebulb(P=V^2/R).Sotheresistanceof40Wbulbisgreaterandvoltageacross
40Wismore(V=IR)so40Wbulbwillglowbrighter.
Query:Whatismeantbykneepointvoltage?
Resolution:KneepointvoltageiscalculatedforelectricalCurrenttransformersandisveryimportantfactor
tochooseaCT.ItisthevoltageatwhichaCTgetssaturated.(CTcurrenttransformer).
Query:Whatisreversepowerrelay?
Resolution:ReversePowerflowrelayareusedingeneratingstations'sprotection.Ageneratingstationsis
supposedtofedpowertothegridandincasegeneratingunitsareoff,thereisnogenerationintheplant
thenplantmaytakepowerfromgrid.Tostoptheflowofpowerfromgridtogeneratorweusereverse
powerrelay.
Query:WhatwillhappenifDCsupplyisgivenontheprimaryofatransformer?
Resolution:Mainlytransformerhashighinductanceandlowresistance.IncaseofDCsupplythereisno
inductance,onlyresistancewillactinthe
>electricalcircuit.Sohighelectricalcurrentwillflowthroughprimarysideofthetransformer.Soforthis
reasoncoilandinsulationwillburnout.
Query:Whatisthedifferencebetweenisolatorsand>electricalcircuitbreakers?Whatisbusbar?
Resolution:Isolatorsaremainlyforswitchingpurposeundernormalconditionsbuttheycannotoperatein
faultconditions.ActuallytheyusedforisolatingtheCBsformaintenance.WhereasCBgetsactivated
underfaultconditionsaccordingtothefaultdetected.Busbarisnothingbutajunctionwherethepoweris
gettingdistributedforindependentloads.
Query:WhataretheadvantageoffreewheelingdiodeinaFullWaverectifier?
Resolution:Itreducestheharmonicsanditalsoreducessparkingandarchingacrossthemechanicalswitch
sothatitreducesthevoltagespikeseeninainductiveload
Query:Whatisthefunctionofinterposingcurrenttransformer?
Resolution:Themainfunctionofaninterposingcurrenttransformeristobalancethecurrentssuppliedto
therelaywheretherewouldotherwisebeanimbalanceduetotheratiosofthemaincurrenttransformers.
Interposingcurrenttransformerareequippedwithawiderangeoftapsthatcanbeselectedbytheuserto
achievethebalancerequired.
Query:WhatareMotorGeneratorSetsandexplainthedifferentwaysthemotorgeneratorsetcanbe
used?
Resolution:MotorGeneratorSetsareacombinationofanelectricalgeneratorandanenginemounted
togethertoformasinglepieceofequipment.Motorgeneratorsetisalsoreferredtoasagenset,ormore
commonly,ageneratorThemotorgeneratorsetcanusedinthefollowingdifferentways:
1.Alternatingcurrent(AC)todirectcurrent(DC)
2.DCtoAC
3.DCatonevoltagetoDCatanothervoltage
4.ACatonefrequencytoACatanotherharmonicallyrelatedfrequency
Query:Whatispowerqualitymeter?
Resolution:PowerQualitymetersarecommoninmanyindustrialenvironment.Smallunitsarenow
availableforhomeuseaswell.Theygiveoperatorstheabilitytomonitorthebothperturbationsonthe
powersupply,aswellaspowerusedwithinabuilding,orbyasinglemachineorappliance.Insome
situations,equipmentfunctionandoperationismonitoredandcontrolledfromaremotelocationwhere
communicationisviamodem,orhighspeedcommunicationlines.Sowecanunderstandtheimportanceof
powermeasurementthroughpowerqualitymeters.
Query:Whatisthedifferentbetweendigitalphaseconverterandordinaryphaseconverter?
Resolution:Digitalphaseconverterarearecentdevelopmentinphaseconvertertechnologythatutilizes
proprietarysoftwareinapowerfulmicroprocessortocontrolsolidstatepowerswitchingcomponents.This
microprocessor,calledadigitalsignalprocessor(DSP),monitorsthephaseconversionprocess,continually
adjustingtheinputandoutputmodulesoftheconvertertomaintainperfectlybalancedthreephasepower
underallloadconditions.
Query:Explaintheoperationofvariablefrequencytransformer?
Resolution:Avariablefrequencytransformerisusedtotransmitelectricitybetweentwoasynchronous
alternatingcurrentdomains.Avariablefrequencytransformerisadoublyfedelectricmachineresembling
averticalshafthydroelectricgeneratorwithathreephasewoundrotor,connectedbyslipringstoone
externalacpowercircuit.Adirectcurrenttorquemotorismountedonthesameshaft.Changingthe
directionoftorqueappliedtotheshaftchangesthedirectionofpowerflow;withnoappliedtorque,the
shaftrotatesduetothedifferenceinfrequencybetweenthenetworksconnectedtotherotorandstator.The
variablefrequencytransformerbehavesasacontinuouslyadjustablephaseshiftingtransformer.Itallows
controlofthepowerflowbetweentwonetworks.
Query:Whatisthemainuseofrotaryphaseconverter?
Resolution:Rotaryphaseconverterwillbeconvertingsinglephasepowerintotruebalanced3phase
power,soitisoftencalledassinglephasetothreephaseconverter.Oftentheadvantagesof3phasemotors,
andother3phaseequipment,makeitworthwhiletoconvertsinglephaseto3phasesothatsmallandlarge
consumersneednotwanttopayfortheextracostofa3phaseservicebutmaystillwishtouse3phase
equipment.
Query:Useofswitchmodepowerconverterinrealtimebasis?
Resolution:Switchmodepowerconvertercanbeusedinthefollowing5differentways
1)stepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltageusingacircuit
knownasBuckConverterorStepDownSMPS,
2)stepupanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltageusingacircuitknownas
BoostConverterorStepUpSMPS,
3)stepuporstepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltage,
4)inverttheinputdcvoltageusingusuallyacircuitsuchastheCukconverter,and
5)producemultipledcoutputsusingacircuitsuchastheflybackconverter.
Query:Whichtypeofoilisusedasatransformeroil?
Resolution:Transformeroil,orinsulatingoil,isusuallyahighlyrefinedmineraloilthatisstableathigh
temperaturesandhasexcellentelectricalinsulatingproperties.Itisusedinoilfilledtransformers,some
typesofhighvoltagecapacitors,fluorescentlampballasts,andsometypesofhighvoltageswitchesand
circuitbreakers.Itsfunctionsaretoinsulate,suppresscoronaandarcing,andtoserveasacoolant.
Wellintothe1970s,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)swereoftenusedasadielectricfluidsincetheyare
notflammable.Theyaretoxic,andunderincompletecombustion,canformhighlytoxicproductssuchas
furan.Startingintheearly1970s,concernsaboutthetoxicityofPCBshaveledtotheirbanninginmany
countries.
Today,nontoxic,stablesiliconbasedorfluoridatedhydrocarbonsareused,wheretheaddedexpenseofa
fireresistantliquidoffsetsadditionalbuildingcostforatransformervault.Combustionresistantvegetable
oilbaseddielectriccoolantsandsyntheticpentaerythritoltetrafattyacid(C7,C8)estersarealsobecoming
increasinglycommonasalternativestonaphthenicmineraloil.Estersarenontoxictoaquaticlife,readily
biodegradable,andhavealowervolatilityandhigherflashpointsthanmineraloil.
Query:Ifwegive2334A,540VonPrimarysideof1.125MVAstepuptransformer,thenwhatwill
betheSecondaryCurrent,IfSecondaryVoltage=11KV?
Resolution:AsweknowtheVoltage¤trelationfortransformerV1/V2=I2/I1
WeKnow,VI=540V;V2=11KVor11000V;I1=2334Amps.
ByputtingthesevalueonRelation
540/11000=I2/2334
So,I2=114.5Amps
Query:whatarethepointstobeconsiderforMCB(miniaturecircuitbreakerselection?
Resolution:I(L)*1.25=I(MAX)maximumcurrent.Mcbspecificationaredoneonmaximumcurrentflowin
circuit.
Query:whatisthefullformofKVAR?
Resolution:WeknowtherearethreetypesofpowerinElectricalasActive,apparent&reactive.SoKVAR
isstandfor``KiloVoltAmpswithReactivecomponent.
Query:Whatisexcitation?
Resolution:ExcitationisapplyinganexternalvoltagetoDCshuntcoil
inDCmotors.
Query:Inthreepinplug6Amp.220vACrating.whyearthpindiameterishigherthanothertwo
pin?whatitspurpose?
Resolution:BecauseCurrentflowintheconductorisinverselyproportionaltotheconductordiameter.So
ifanyshortcircuitsoccurinthesystemfirsthighcurrentsbypassedintheEarthlingterminal.(R=Pl/aarea
oftheconductorincreasesresistance
valuedecreases)
Query:Differencebetweenmeggertestequipmentandcontactresistancemetertestinstruments?
Resolution:Meggertestequipmentusedtomeasurecableelectricresistance,conductorcontinuity,phase
identificationwhereascontactresistancemetertestinstrumentsusedtomeasurelowresistancelike
relays,contactors.
Query:Whenweconnectthelargecapacitorbankinseries?
Resolution:weconnectlargecapacitorbankinseriestoimprovethevoltagepowersupplyattheloadend
inbalancedtransmissionlinewhenthereisconsiderablevoltagedropalongthebalancedtransmissionline
duetohighimpedanceoftheline.Soinordertobringthevoltageattheloadterminalswithinitslimits(i.e
(+or%6)oftheratedhighterminalvoltage)thelargecapacitorbankisusedinseries.
Query:Whatiselectricaldiversityfactorinelectricalinstallations?
Resolution:Electricaldiversityfactoristheratioofthesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthe
varioussubdivisionsofasystem,orpartofasystem,tothemaximumdemandofthewholesystem,orpart
ofthesystem,underconsideration.Electricaldiversityfactorisusuallymorethanone.
Query:Whyfieldrheostatiskeptinminimumpositionwhilearmaturerheostatatmaximum
position?
Resolution:Inmotorsatthetimeofstartingthearmatureresistanceisintroducedtoreducethehigh
startingcurrentandthefieldresistanceiskeptminimumtohavehighstarting
torque.
Query:WhycomputerhummingsoundoccurredinHTtransmissionline?
Resolution:Thiscomputerhummingsoundiscomingduetoionization(breakdownofairintocharged
particles)ofairaroundtransmissionconductor.ThiseffectiscalledasCoronaeffect,anditisconsidered
aspowerloss.
Query:Whatisratedspeed?
Resolution:Atthetimeofmotortakingnormalcurrent(ratedcurrent)thespeedofthemotoriscalledrated
speed.Itisaspeedatwhichanysystemtakesmallcurrentandgivemaximumefficiency.
Query:Whatisdifferentbetweenresistancegroundingsystemandresistanceearthingsystem?
Resolution:Resistancegroundingsystemmeansconnectingtheneutralpointoftheloadtothegroundto
carrytheresidualcurrentincaseofunbalancedconditionsthroughtheneutraltothegroundwhereas
resistanceearthingsystemisdoneinanelectricequipmentinordertoprotectheequipmentinoccurrence
offaultinthesystem.
Query:Whyshouldbethefrequency50Hz60Hzonlywhynototherslike45,9556oranything,why
shouldwemaintainthefrequencyconstantifsowhyitisonly50Hz60Hz?
Resolution:Wecanhavethefrequencyatanyfrequencyyoulike,butthanyoumustalsomakeyourown
motors,highvoltagetransformersoranyotherequipmentyouwanttouse.Wemaintainthefrequencyat
50hzor60hzbecausetheworldmaintainsastandardat50/60hzandtheequipmentsarearemadeto
operateatthesefrequency.
Q:Howtodeterminealternatingcurrentfrequency?
A:Zerocrossingsofthesinewavetotriggeramonostable(pulsegenerator)isawaytodetermine
alternatingcurrentfrequency.Afixedwidthpulseisgeneratedforeachcycle.Thusthereare"n"pulsesper
second,eachwithwithaconstantenergy.Themorepulsestherearepersecond,themoretheenergy.The
pulsesareintegrated(filteredoraveraged)togetasteadyDCvoltagewhichisproportionaltofrequency.
Thisvoltagecanthenbedisplayedonananalogueordigitalvoltmeter,indicatingfrequency.Thismethod
ismoresuitablethanadirectcounter,asitcangetgoodaccuracyinasecondorso.
Q:WhyelectricityinIndiaisinthemultiplesof11like11kv,22kv,33kv?
A:TransformerInducedvoltageequationcontains4.44factor.
E=4.44*f*T*phi
EInducedemfperphase
Tnumberofturns
ffrequency
phimaximumfluxperpole
FromtheequationweseethatEisproportionalto4.4anditisinturnmultipleof11.Soalways
transmissionvoltageismultipleof11
Q:WhyweuseacsysteminIndiawhynotdc?
A:Firstly,theoutputofpowerstationscomesfromarotaryturbine,whichbyit'snatureisACandtherefore
requiresnopowerelectronicstoconverttoDC.SecondlyitismucheasiertochangethevoltageofAC
electricityfortransmissionanddistribution.thirdlythecostofplantassociatedwithACtransmission
(circuitbreakers,transformersetc)ismuchlowerthantheequivilantofDCtransmissionACtransmission
providesanumberoftechnicaladvantages.Whenafaultonthenetworkoccurs,alargefaultcurrent
occurs.InanACsystemthisbecomesmucheasiertointerupt,asthesinewavecurrentwillnaturallytend
tozeroatsomepointmakingthecurrenteasiertointerrupt.
Q:Whichtypeofmotorisusedintrains,whatistheratingofsupplyusedexplainWorking
principal?
A:Dcseriesisinthetrainstogethighstartingtorquewhilestartingofthetrainsandoperatingvoltageis
1500vdc.
Q:Batterybanksareinconnectedinseriesorparallelandwhy?
A:BatterybanksarealwaysconnectedinseriesinordertogetamultipliedvoltagewheretheAHorcurrent
capacityremainingsame.Ex:24nos.2V,200Ahbatteriesconnectedinserieswillgive48V,200Ahoutput
(AH=Amperehours)
Q:Whatisinrushcurrent?
A:Inrushcurrentisthecurrentdrawnbyapieceofelectricallyoperatedequipmentwhenpowerisfirst
applied.ItcanoccurwithACorDCpoweredequipment,andcanhappenevenwithlowsupplyvoltages.
Q:InaTapchangingtransformerwhereisthetapconnected,isitconnectedintheprimarysideor
secondaryside?
A:Tapingsareconnectedtohighvoltagewindingside,becauseoflowcurrent.Ifweconnecttapingstolow
voltageside,sparkswillproducewhiletapchangingoperationduetohighcurrent.
Q:Whytransformerratingsareinkva?
A:SincethepowerfactoroftransformerisdependentonloadweonlydefineVAratinganddoesnot
includepowerfactor.Incaseofmotors,powerfactordependonconstructionandhenceratingofmotorsis
inKWattsandincludepowerfactor.
Q:Whatisdifferencebetweenfuseandbreaker?
A:Fusesareburnedatthetimeofovercurrentflowsinthecircuitbutbreakersarejustopen(notburn)at
thetimeofovercurrentflow.Fusesareusedinonlyonetimebutbreakersareusedbymultiplenumberof
times.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweendeltadelta,deltastartransformer?
A:DeltadeltatransformerisusedatgeneratingstationorareceivingstationforChangeofVoltage(i,e)
generallyitisusedwheretheVoltageishigh&Currentislow.Deltastarisadistributionkindof
transformerwherefromsecondarystarneutralistakenasareturnpathandthisconfigurationisusedfor
Stepdownvoltagephenomena.
Q:Capacitorisloadfreecomponentbutwhyamperemetershowscurrentwhencapacitorbankbreaker
close?
A:AsweknowthatElectricalishavingtwotypeofload,ActiveandReactive.Capacitorisareactiveload
whichisnotconsideringasaload,&itsfactorisIsin@.MeterisdesignbasedonCurrentRMSvalue
becauseofitmeterisshowingthecurrentRMSvalue.
Q:What'selectrictraction?
A:Tractionimplieswiththeelectricpowerfortractionsystemi.e.forrailways,trams,trolleysetc.electric
tractionimpliesuseoftheelectricityforallthese.Nowaday,magnetictractionisalsoutilisedforbullet
trains.Essentiallydcmotorsareutilizedforelectrictractionsystems.
Q:WhatispuinEE?
A:Pustandsforperunitinpowersystem.(pu=actualvalue/basevalue)
Q:Definesteppermotor.Whatistheuseofsteppermotor?
A:Themotorwhichworkoractontheappliedinputpulseinit,iscalledassteppermotor.Thisstepper
motorisunderthecategoryofsynchronousmotor,whichoftendoesnotfullydependofcompletecycle.It
likestoworksineitherdirectionrelatedtosteps.forthispurposeitmainlyusedinautomationparts.
Q:Whatisadifferentialamplifier?Also,explainCMRR.
A:DifferentialAmplifier:Theamplifier,whichisusedtoamplifythevoltagedifferencebetweentwoinput
linesneitherofwhichisgrounded,iscalleddifferentialamplifier.Thisreducestheamountofnoisewhich
isinjectedintotheamplifier,becauseanynoiseappearingsimultaneouslyonboththeinputterminalsasthe
amplifyingcircuitryrejectsitbeingacommonmodesignal.
CMRR:Itcanbedefinedastheratioofdifferentialvoltagegaintocommonmadevoltagegain.Ifa
differentialamplifierisperfect,CMRRwillbeinfinitebecauseinthatcasecommonmodevoltagegain
wouldbezero.
Q:Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
A:Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeoraftertheestopswitchsothepowercanbeshutoff
atonecentrallocation.Thisrelayispoweredbythesameelectricalsourceasthecontrolpowerwhichis
operatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelayitselfmayhaveupto24contactpointswithintheunititself.This
allowsthecontrolpowerformultiplemachinestobelockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.
Q:Howcanyoustartupthe40wtubelitewith230vAC/DCwithoutusinganychoke/Coil?
A:It'spossiblewithElectronicchoke.otherwiseit'snotpossibletoionizetheparticlesintube.light,with
normalvoltage.
Q:WhattypesdomainofLaplacetransforms?WhatbehaviorcanLaplacetransformpredicthowthesystem
work?
A:TypesdomainofLaplacetransformsissdomain,Laplacetransformsprovideamethodtofindposition,
accelerationorvoltagethesystemwillhave.
Q:Inthemagneticfluxes,whatistheroleofarmaturereaction?
A:Thearmaturefluxhasanimportantrolefortherunningcondition.Thisarmaturefluxcanopposethe
mainfluxoritmaysupportthemainfluxforbetterrunningcondition.Thiseffectofsupportingand
opposingofmainfluxtoarmaturefluxiscalledarmaturereaction.
Q:Explainthinfilmresistorsandwirewoundresistors
A:a:ThinfilmresistorsItisconstructedasathinfilmofresistivematerialisdepositedonaninsulating
substrate.Desiredresultsareobtainedbyeithertrimmingthelayerthicknessorbycuttinghelicalgrooves
ofsuitablepitchalongitslength.Duringthisprocess,thevalueoftheresistanceismonitoredcloselyand
cuttingofgroovesisstoppedassoonasthedesiredvalueofresistanceisobtained.
b.Wirewoundresistorslengthofwirewoundaroundaninsulatingcylindricalcoreareknownaswire
woundresistors.ThesewiresaremadeofmaterialssuchasConstantanandManganinbecauseoftheirhigh
resistivity,andlowtemperaturecoefficients.Thecompletewirewoundresistoriscoatedwithaninsulating
materialsuchasbakedenamel
Q:whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronics
engineering?
A:uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.meansaccordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.ups
isalsotwotypes:onlineandoffline.onlineupshavinghighvoltandampforlongtimebackupwithwith
highdcvoltage.butupsstartwith12vdcwith7amp.butinverterisstartwith12v,24,dcto36vdcand
120ampto180ampbatterywithlongtimebackup.
Q:WhataretheoperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstation?
A:Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothatsteamisobtainedthissteamisallowedto
hittheturbine,theturbinewhichiscoupledwiththegeneratorgeneratestheelectricity
Q:Whatisthediff.btwn.Electronicregulatorandordinaryrheostatregulatorforfans?
A:Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryregulatoristhefactthatinelectronicreg.power
lossestendtobelessbecauseasweminimizethespeedtheelectronicreg.givethepowernecessaryfor
thatparticularspeedbutincaseofordinaryrheostattypereg.thepowerwastageissameforeveryspeed
andnopowerissaved.Inelectronicregulatortriacisemployedforspeedcontrol.byvaryingthefiring
anglespeediscontrolledbutinrheostaticcontrolresistanceisdecreasedbystepstoachievespeedcontrol.
Q:Whatis2phasemotor?
A:Atwophasemotorisoftenamotorwiththethestartingwindingandtherunningwindinghaveaphase
split.e.g;acservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrolwindinghaveaphasesplitof90
degree.
Q:Whatdoesqualityfactordependoninresonance?
A:Qualityfactorqdependsonfrequencyandbandwidth.
Q:Whatarethetypesofpowerinelectricalpower?
A:Therearenormallythreetypesofpowerarecountedinelectricalpower.Theyare,
Apparentpower
Activepower
Reactivepower
Q:WhataretheadvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystem?
A:AdvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystemare:
Nocomplexpitchchangingmechanismisneeded.
Aeroturbinealwayskeepsgoingatmaximumefficiencypoint.
Extraenergyinthehighwindspeedregionofthespeeddurationcurvecanbeextracted
Significantreductioninaerodynamicstresses,whichareassociatedwithconstantspeedoperation.
Q:Whatisslipinaninductionmotor?
A:Slipcanbedefinedasthedistinctionbetweenthefluxspeed(Ns)andtherotorspeed(N).Speedofthe
rotorofaninductionmotorisalwayslessthanitssynchronousspeed.Itisusuallyexpressedasa
percentageofsynchronousspeed(Ns)andrepresentedbythesymbolS.
Reactive components
Q:Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can't use ACB?
A:Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc queching property compare to air
because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always
vaccum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT .
Q:What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
A:MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short
circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit
breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for
instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may be
inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
Q: Do you know the advantages of speed controlusing thyristor?
A: Advantages: 1. Fast Switching Characterstics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT 2. Low
cost 3. Higher Accurate.
Q: Name the different types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic
appliances, vending machines, refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes, power factor
improvement and cranes.
A: Following motors are used: Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.
Phonographic appliances Hysteresis motor.
Vending machines Shaded pole motor.
Refrigerators Capacitor split phase motors.
Rolling mills Cumulative motors.
Lathes DC shunt motors.
Power factor improvement Synchronous motors.
Q: In the motors starting purpose why the armature rheostats at maximum
position while the field rheostat is kept in minimum position?
A: In the time of starting a motor the field rheostat is kept in minimum state for
the high starting torque.
In the time of starting a motor the armature rheostats is used to control or reduce
the high starting current. This high starting current can damage the motors
starting systems.