HomeExploreSearchYou

slideshare
Upload
Login
Signup
Search

Home
Leadership
Technology
Education
Marketing
Design
MoreTopics
Search

YourSlideShareisdownloading.

UpcomingSlideShare
Loadingin...5


Pornographic
Defamatory
Illegal/Unlawful
Spam
OtherViolations

ThanksforflaggingthisSlideShare!
Oops!Anerrorhasoccurred.
39of42

Savingthisforlater?
GettheSlideShareapptosaveonyourphoneortablet.
Readanywhere,anytimeevenoffline.

Textthedownloadlinktoyourphone
Yourphonenumber
Yourcountrycode
SendLink
Standardtextmessagingratesapply

Sagandtensionclaculation
22,498
views

BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani(7SlideShares)
Follow
72801
PublishedonFeb06,2013

4Comments
11Likes
Statistics
Notes

FullName
Commentgoeshere.
12hoursagoDeleteReplySpamBlock
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere

Shareyourthoughts...
Post

EricDavidson,OwneratEricgdavidsonAssociates
CouldanyonetellmewhattheconsequenceswouldbeofoperatinganELMconductor,ratedat385A,with
900Aflow?
6monthsagoReply
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere

NeetuPal,ElectricalEngineeratPLRPowerPvt.Lt.Hyderabad
hiiwouldliketoknwhwtocalculatesagcalculationfor220KVtransmissionlineifanybodyknwsplease
sharewithme@neetu.pal22@gamil.com
7monthsagoReply
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere

diamonddean
Wheredoestheinformationinlineoneoftable14.3comefrom?
Itdoesn'tmatchtheinformationinpreviousdiscussion
11monthsagoReply
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere

rajee044
Bestonesir
1yearagoReply
AreyousureyouwanttoYesNo
Yourmessagegoeshere

.atStudent
2weeksago

barghid
1monthago

RubikMeserghani,ElectricalEngineeratMoshanirEngineeringConsultant
2monthsago

CharlesFortson,ConstructionManageratDexterFortsonAssociates,Inc.
2monthsago

SinghGramaton
3monthsago
ShowMore
NoDownloads
Views
TotalViews
22,498
OnSlideshare
0
FromEmbeds
0
NumberofEmbeds
0
Actions
Shares
36
Downloads
1,347
Comments
4
Likes
11
Embeds0
Noembeds
Reportcontent
Flagasinappropriate
CopyrightComplaint
Nonotesforslide

Transcript
1.14SagandTensionofConductor14.1CatenaryCables...............................................................142Level
Spans.ConductorLength.ConductorSlack.InclinedSpans.IceandWindConductorLoads.Conductor
TensionLimits14.2ApproximateSagTensionCalculations.........................149SagChangewithThermal
Elongation.SagChangeDuetoCombinedThermalandElasticEffects.SagChangeDuetoIceLoading14.3

NumericalSagTensionCalculations...........................1414StressStrainCurves.SagTensionTables14.4
RulingSpanConcept....................................................1422TensionDifferencesforAdjacentDeadEnd
Spans.TensionEqualizationbySuspensionInsulators.RulingSpanCalculation.StringingSagTables14.5
LineDesignSagTensionParameters...........................1425CatenaryConstants.WindSpan.WeightSpan.
UpliftatSuspensionStructures.TowerSpottingD.A.DouglassPowerDeliveryConsultants,Inc.14.6
ConductorInstallation..................................................1428ConductorStringingMethods.TensionRidley
ThrashStringingEquipmentandSetup.SaggingProcedureSouthwireCompany14.7DeningTerms
..............................................................1439Theenergizedconductorsoftransmissionanddistributionlines
mustbeplacedtototallyeliminatethepossibilityofinjurytopeople.Overheadconductors,however,elongate
withtime,temperature,andtension,therebychangingtheiroriginalpositionsafterinstallation.Despitethe
effectsofweatherandloadingonaline,theconductorsmustremainatsafedistancesfrombuildings,objects,
andpeopleorvehiclespassingbeneaththelineatalltimes.Toensurethissafety,theshapeoftheterrain
alongtherightofway,theheightandlateralpositionoftheconductorsupportpoints,andthepositionof
theconductorbetweensupportpointsunderallwind,ice,andtemperatureconditionsmustbeknown.Bare
overheadtransmissionordistributionconductorsaretypicallyquiteexibleanduniforminweightalongtheir
length.Becauseofthesecharacteristics,theytaketheformofacatenary(Ehrenberg,1935Winkelmann,
1959)betweensupportpoints.Theshapeofthecatenarychangeswithconductortemperature,iceandwind
loading,andtime.Toensureadequateverticalandhorizontalclearanceunderallweatherandelectrical
loadings,andtoensurethatthebreakingstrengthoftheconductorisnotexceeded,thebehaviorofthe
conductorcatenaryunderallconditionsmustbeknownbeforethelineisdesigned.Thefuturebehaviorofthe
conductorisdeterminedthroughcalculationscommonlyreferredtoassagtensioncalculations.Sagtension
calculationspredictthebehaviorofconductorsbasedonrecommendedtensionlimitsundervaryingloading
conditions.Thesetensionlimitsspecifycertainpercentagesoftheconductors2006byTaylor&Francis
Group,LLC.
2.ratedbreakingstrengththatarenottobeexceededuponinstallationorduringthelifeoftheline.
Theseconditions,alongwiththeelasticandpermanentelongationpropertiesoftheconductor,providethebasis
fordeterminatingtheamountofresultingsagduringinstallationandlongtermoperationoftheline.
Accuratelydeterminedinitialsaglimitsareessentialinthelinedesignprocess.Finalsagsandtensionsdepend
oninitialinstalledsagsandtensionsandonproperhandlingduringinstallation.Thenalsagshapeof
conductorsisusedtoselectsupportpointheightsandspanlengthssothattheminimumclearanceswillbe
maintainedoverthelifeoftheline.Iftheconductorisdamagedortheinitialsagsareincorrect,theline
clearancesmaybeviolatedortheconductormaybreakduringheavyiceorwindloadings.14.1Catenary
CablesAbarestrandedoverheadconductorisnormallyheldclearofobjects,people,andotherconductors
byperiodicattachmenttoinsulators.Theelevationdifferencesbetweenthesupportingstructuresaffectthe
shapeoftheconductorcatenary.Thecatenarysshapehasadistincteffectonthesagandtensionofthe
conductor,andtherefore,mustbedeterminedusingwelldenedmathematicalequations.14.1.1Level
SpansTheshapeofacatenaryisafunctionoftheconductorweightperunitlength,w,the
horizontalcomponentoftension,H,spanlength,S,andthemaximumsagoftheconductor,D.Conductor
sagandspanlengthareillustratedinFig.14.1foralevelspan.Theexactcatenaryequationuseshyperbolic
functions.RelativetothelowpointofthecatenarycurveshowninFig.14.1,theheightoftheconductor,y(x),
abovethislowpointisgivenbythefollowingequation:Hww(x2)y(x)coshx1(14:1)wH2HY
axisTSLD2y(x)xHa=H/wXaxisFIGURE14.1Thecatenarycurveforlevelspans.2006byTaylor
FrancisGroup,LLC.
3.Notethatxispositiveineitherdirectionfromthelowpointofthecatenary.Theexpressiontotherightisan
approximateparabolicequationbaseduponaMacLaurinexpansionofthehyperboliccosine.Foralevelspan,
thelowpointisinthecenter,andthesag,D,isfoundbysubstitutingxS=2intheprecedingequations.The
exactandapproximateparabolicequationsforsagbecomethefollowing:HwSw(S2)Dcosh1(14:2)
w2H8HTheratio,H=w,whichappearsinalloftheprecedingequations,iscommonlyreferredtoas
thecatenaryconstant.Anincreaseinthecatenaryconstant,havingtheunitsoflength,causesthe
catenarycurvetobecomeshallowerandthesagtodecrease.Althoughitvarieswithconductortemperature,
iceandwindloading,andtime,thecatenaryconstanttypicallyhasavalueintherangeofseveralthousandfeet
formosttransmissionlinecatenaries.Theapproximateorparabolicexpressionissufcientlyaccurateaslong
asthesagislessthan5%ofthespanlength.Asanexample,considera1000ftspanofDrakeconductor(w
1.096lb=ft)installedatatensionof4500lb.Thecatenaryconstantequals4106ft.Thecalculatedsagis30.48
ftand30.44ftusingthehyperbolicandapproximateequations,respectively.Bothestimatesindicateasagto

spanratioof3.4%andasagdifferenceofonly0.5in.Thehorizontalcomponentoftension,H,isequaltothe
conductortensionatthepointinthecatenarywheretheconductorslopeishorizontal.Foralevelspan,thisis
themidpointofthespanlength.Attheendsofthelevelspan,theconductortension,T,isequaltothe
horizontalcomponentplustheconductorweightperunitlength,w,multipliedbythesag,D,asshowninthe
following:THwD(14:3)Giventheconditionsintheprecedingexamplecalculationfora1000ftlevel
spanofDrakeACSR,thetensionattheattachmentpointsexceedsthehorizontalcomponentoftensionby33
lb.Itiscommontoperformsagtensioncalculationsusingthehorizontaltensioncomponent,buttheaverage
ofthehorizontalandsupportpointtensionisusuallylistedintheoutput.14.1.2ConductorLengthApplication
ofcalculustothecatenaryequationallowsthecalculationoftheconductorlength,L(x),measuredalongthe
conductorfromthelowpointofthecatenaryineitherdirection.Theresultingequationbecomes:wxHx2w
2L(x)SINHx1(14:4)wH6H2Foralevelspan,theconductorlengthcorrespondingtoxS=2is
halfofthetotalconductorlengthandthetotallength,L,is:2HSwS2w2LSINHS1(14:5)w2H
24H2Theparabolicequationforconductorlengthcanalsobeexpressedasafunctionofsag,D,
bysubstitutionofthesagparabolicequation,giving:8D2LS(14:6)3S2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,
LLC.
4.14.1.3ConductorSlackThedifferencebetweentheconductorlength,L,andthespanlength,S,iscalled
slack.Theparabolicequationsforslackmaybefoundbycombiningtheprecedingparabolicequationsfor
conductorlength,L,andsag,D:2w8LSS3D2(14:7)24H23SWhileslackhasunitsoflength,itis
oftenexpressedasthepercentageofslackrelativetothespanlength.Notethatslackisrelatedtothecubeof
spanlengthforagivenH=wratioandtothesquareofsagforagivenspan.Foraseriesofspanshavingthe
sameH=wratio,thetotalslackislargelydeterminedbythelongestspans.Itisforthisreasonthattheruling
spanisnearlyequaltothelongestspanratherthantheaveragespaninaseriesofsuspensionspans.Equation
(14.7)canbeinvertedtoobtainamoreinterestingrelationshipshowingthedependenceofsag,D,uponslack,
LS:r3S(LS)D(14:8)8Ascanbeseenfromthe
precedingequation,smallchangesinslacktypicallyyieldlargechangesinconductorsag.14.1.4Inclined
SpansInclinedspansmaybeanalyzedusingessentiallythesameequationsthatwereusedforlevelspans.
Thecatenaryequationfortheconductorheightabovethelowpointinthespanisthesame.However,thespan
isconsideredtoconsistoftwoseparatesections,onetotherightofthelowpointandtheothertotheleftas
showninFig.14.2(Winkelmann,1959).Theshapeofthecatenaryrelativetothelowpointisunaffectedby
thedifferenceinsuspensionpointelevation(spaninclination).Ineachdirectionfromthelowpoint,the
conductorelevation,y(x),relativetothelowpointisgivenby:Hwwx2y(x)coshx1(14:9)wH
2HTLSS1hDLTRDDRXLXRFIGURE14.2Inclinedcatenaryspan.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,
LLC.
5.Notethatxisconsideredpositiveineitherdirectionfromthelowpoint.Thehorizontaldistance,xL,from
theleftsupportpointtothelowpointinthecatenaryis:ShxL1(14:10)24DThehorizontaldistance,xR,
fromtherightsupportpointtothelowpointofthecatenaryis:ShxR1(14:11)24DwhereS
horizontaldistancebetweensupportpoints.hverticaldistancebetweensupportpoints.Slstraightline
distancebetweensupportpoints.Dsagmeasuredverticallyfromalinethroughthepointsofconductor
supporttoalinetangenttotheconductor.Themidpointsag,D,isapproximatelyequaltothesagina
horizontalspanequalinlengthtotheinclinedspan,Sl.Knowingthehorizonaldistancefromthelowpointto
thesupportpointineachdirection,theprecedingequationsfory(x),L,D,andTcanbeappliedtoeachsideof
theinclinedspan.Thetotalconductorlength,L,intheinclinedspanisequaltothesumofthelengthsinthe
xRandxLsubspansections:33w2LSxRxL(14:12)6H2Ineachsubspan,thesagisrelativeto
thecorrespondingsupportpointelevation:22wxRwxLDRDL(14:13)2H2Horintermsofsag,D,and
theverticaldistancebetweensupportpoints:h2h2DRD1DLD1(14:14)4D4Dandthe
maximumtensionis:TRHwDRTLHwDL(14:15)orintermsofupperandlowersupportpoints:
TuTlwh(14:16)whereDRsaginrightsubspansectionDLsaginleftsubspansectionTR
tensioninrightsubspansectionTLtensioninleftsubspansectionTutensioninconductoratupper
supportTltensioninconductoratlowersupport2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
6.Thehorizontalconductortensionisequalatbothsupports.Theverticalcomponentofconductortensionis
greaterattheuppersupportandtheresultanttension,Tu,isalsogreater.14.1.5IceandWindConductor
LoadsWhenaconductoriscoveredwithiceand=orisexposedtowind,theeffectiveconductorweightper
unitlengthincreases.Duringoccasionsofheavyiceand=orwindload,theconductorcatenarytensionincreases
dramaticallyalongwiththeloadsonangleanddeadendstructures.Boththeconductoranditssupportscanfail

unlessthesehightensionconditionsareconsideredinthelinedesign.TheNationalElectricSafetyCode
(NESC)suggestscertaincombinationsoficeandwindcorrespondingtoheavy,medium,andlightloading
regionsoftheUnitedStates.Figure14.3isamapoftheU.S.indicatingthoseareas(NESC,1993).The
combinationsoficeandwindcorrespondingtoloadingregionarelistedinTable14.1.TheNESCalso
suggeststhatincreasedconductorloadsduetohighwindloadswithouticebeconsidered.Figure14.4shows
thesuggestedwindpressureasafunctionofgeographicalareafortheUnitedStates(ASCEStd788).Certain
utilitiesinveryheavyiceareasuseglazeicethicknessesofasmuchastwoinchestocalculateicedconductor
weight.Similarly,utilitiesinregionswherehurricanewindsoccurmayusewindloadsashighas34lb=ft2.As
theNESCindicates,thedegreeoficeandwindloadsvarieswiththeregion.Someareasmayhaveheavyicing,
whereassomeareasmayhaveextremelyhighwinds.Theloadsmustbeaccountedforinthelinedesign
processsotheydonothaveadetrimentaleffectontheline.Someoftheeffectsofboththeindividualand
combinedcomponentsoficeandwindloadsarediscussedinthefollowing.14.1.5.1IceLoadingThe
formationoficeonoverheadconductorsmaytakeseveralphysicalforms(glazeice,rimeice,orwetsnow).
Theimpactoflowerdensityiceformationisusuallyconsideredinthedesignoflinesectionsathighaltitudes.
Theformationoficeonoverheadconductorshasthefollowinginuenceonlinedesign:.Iceloadsdetermine
themaximumverticalconductorloadsthatstructuresandfoundationsmustwithstand..Incombinationwith
simultaneouswindloads,iceloadsalsodeterminethemaximumtransverseloadsonstructures.MEDIUM
HEAVYLIGHTMEDIUMLIGHTHEAVYLIGHTFIGURE14.3IceandwindloadareasoftheU.S.2006
byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
7.TABLE14.1DenitionsofIceandWindLoadforNESCLoadingAreasLoadingDistrictsHeavyMedium
LightExtremeWindLoadingRadialthicknessofice(in.)0.500.2500(mm)12.56.500Horizontalwind
pressure(lb=ft2)449SeeFig.14.4(Pa)190190430Temperature(8F)0153060(8C)2010115
Constanttobeaddedtotheresultantforallconductors(lb=ft)0.300.200.050.0(N=m)4.402.500.700.0.
Inregionsofheavyiceloads,themaximumsagsandthepermanentincreaseinsagwithtime(difference
betweeninitialandnalsags)maybeduetoiceloadings.Iceloadsforuseindesigninglinesarenormally
derivedonthebasisofpastexperience,coderequirements,stateregulations,andanalysisofhistoricalweather
data.Meanrecurrenceintervalsforheavyiceloadingsareafunctionoflocalconditionsalongvarious
routings.Theimpactofvaryingassumptionsconcerningiceloadingcanbeinvestigatedwithlinedesign
software.PA807070SeattleCI808070FI80C90OCa70mBismarckFargocoDuluthTaEASalem
Billings70N90Minneapolis70RapidCitySaltLakeCity90BuffaloLansing90DavenportDetroit
CheyenneDesMoinesChicago80PittsburghLincolnColumbus70SanFrancisco80DenverFresnoy
KansasCitNRichmondSt.LouisALasVegasNorfolkELosAngelesDodgeCity100C110SanDiegoO
KnoxvilleRaleighICAlbuquerqueAmarilloOklahomaCityTPhoenixColumbiaNLittleRockLAAtlanta
Birmingham1107070TFortWorthAShreveportJacksonJackson1009080ALASKA808005010070
7090NewOrleans110Tampa1100100200300400500MILESSCALE1:20,000,000Miami11080GU
LFOFMEXICO70110NOTES:10090BASICWINDSPEED70MPHSPECIALWINDREGION80
100901.VALUESAREFASTESTMILESPEEDSAT33FT(10M)ABOVEGROUNDFOR
EXPOSURECATEGORYCANDAREASSOCIATEDWITHANANNUALPROBABILITYOF0.02.
1101102.LINEARINTERPOLATIONBETWEENWINDSPEEDCONTOURSISACCEPTABLE.3.
CAUTIONINTHEUSEOFWINDSPEEDCONTOURSINMOUNTAINOUSREGIONSOF110
ALASKAISADVISED.FIGURE14.4WindpressuredesignvaluesintheUnitedStates.Maximumrecorded
windspeedinmiles/hour.(FromOverend,P.R.andSmith,S.,ImpulseTimeMethodofSagMeasurement,
AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.Withpermission.)2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
8.TABLE14.2RatioofIcedtoBareConductorWeightWbareWiceACSRConductorDc,in.Wbare,lb=ft
Wice,lb=ftWbare#1=0AWG6=1Raven0.3980.14510.5594.8477kcmil26=7Hawk0.858
0.65530.8452.31590kcmil54=19Falcon1.5452.0421.2721.6Thecalculationoficeloadson
conductorsisnormallydonewithanassumedglazeicedensityof57lb=ft3.Theweightoficeperunitlength
iscalculatedwiththefollowingequation:wice1:244tDct(14:17)wheretthicknessofice,in.Dc
conductoroutsidediameter,in.wiceresultantweightofice,lb=ftTheratiooficedweighttobareweight
dependsstronglyuponconductordiameter.AsshowninTable14.2forthreedifferentconductorscoveredwith
0.5inradialglazeice,thisratiorangesfrom4.8for#1=0AWGto1.6for1590kcmilconductors.Asaresult,
smalldiameterconductorsmayneedtohaveahigherelasticmodulusandhighertensilestrengththanlarge
conductorsinheavyiceandwindloadingareastolimitsag.14.1.5.2WindLoadingWindloadingsonoverhead
conductorsinuencelinedesigninanumberofways:.Themaximumspanbetweenstructuresmaybe
determinedbytheneedforhorizontalclearancetoedgeofrightofwayduringmoderatewinds..The

maximumtransverseloadsfortangentandsmallanglesuspensionstructuresareoftendeterminedby
infrequenthighwindspeedloadings..Permanentincreasesinconductorsagmaybedeterminedbywind
loadinginareasoflighticeload.Windpressureloadonconductors,Pw,iscommonlyspeciedinlb=ft2.
TherelationshipbetweenPwandwindvelocityisgivenbythefollowingequation:Pw0:0025(Vw)2
(14:18)whereVwthewindspeedinmilesperhour.Thewindloadperunitlengthofconductorisequalto
thewindpressureload,Pw,multipliedbytheconductordiameter(includingradialiceofthicknesst,ifany),is
givenbythefollowingequation:Dc2tWwPw(14:19)1214.1.5.3CombinedIceandWindLoadingIf
theconductorweightistoincludebothiceandwindloading,theresultantmagnitudeoftheloadsmustbe
determinedvectorially.Theweightofaconductorunderbothiceandwindloadingisgivenbythefollowing
equation:qwwi
wbwi2Ww2(14:20)2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
9.wherewbbareconductorweightperunitlength,lb=ftwiweightoficeperunitlength,lb=ftww
windloadperunitlength,lb=ftww+iresultantoficeandwindloads,lb=ftTheNESCprescribesasafety
factor,K,inpoundsperfoot,dependentuponloadingdistrict,tobeaddedtotheresultanticeandwindloading
whenperformingsagandtensioncalculations.Therefore,thetotalresultantconductorweight,w,is:w
wwiK(14:21)14.1.6ConductorTensionLimitsTheNESCrecommendslimitsonthetensionofbare
overheadconductorsasapercentageoftheconductorsratedbreakingstrength.Thetensionlimitsare:60%
undermaximumiceandwindload,33.3%initialunloaded(wheninstalled)at608F,and25%nalunloaded
(aftermaximumloadinghasoccurred)at608F.Itiscommon,however,forlowerunloadedtensionlimitstobe
used.Exceptinareasexperiencingsevereiceloading,itisnotunusualtondtensionlimitsof60%maximum,
25%unloadedinitial,and15%unloadednal.Thissetofspecicationscouldeasilyresultinanactual
maximumtensionontheorderofonly35to40%,aninitialtensionof20%andanalunloadedtensionlevel
of15%.Inthiscase,the15%tensionlimitissaidtogovern.Transmissionlineconductorsarenormallynot
coveredwithice,andwindsontheconductorareusuallymuchlowerthanthoseusedinmaximumload
calculations.Undersucheverydayconditions,tensionlimitsarespeciedtolimitaeolianvibrationtosafe
levels.Evenwitheverydaylowertensionlevelsof15to20%,itisassumedthatvibrationcontroldeviceswill
beusedinthosesectionsofthelinethataresubjecttoseverevibration.Aeolianvibrationlevels,andthus
appropriateunloadedtensionlimits,varywiththetypeofconductor,theterrain,spanlength,andtheuseof
dampers.Specialconductors,suchasACSS,SDC,andVR,exhibithighselfdampingpropertiesandmaybe
installedtothefullcodelimits,ifdesired.14.2ApproximateSagTensionCalculationsSagtensioncalculations,
usingexactingequations,areusuallyperformedwiththeaidofacomputerhowever,withcertain
simplications,thesecalculationscanbemadewithahandheldcalculator.Thelatterapproachallowsgreater
insightintothecalculationofsagsandtensionsthanispossiblewithcomplexcomputerprograms.Equations
suitableforsuchcalculations,aspresentedintheprecedingsection,canbeappliedtothefollowingexample:It
isdesiredtocalculatethesagandslackfora600ftlevelspanof795kcmil26=7ACSRDrakeconductor.
Thebareconductorweightperunitlength,wb,is1.094lb=ft.Theconductorisinstalledwithahorizontal
tensioncomponent,H,of6300lb,equalto20%ofitsratedbreakingstrengthof31,500lb.ByuseofEq.
(14.2),thesagforthislevelspanis:1:094(6002)D7:81ft(2:38m)(8)6300Thelengthoftheconductor
betweenthesupportpointsisdeterminedusingEq.(14.6):8(7:81)2L600600:27ft(182:96m)
3(600)2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
10.Notethattheconductorlengthdependssolelyonspanandsag.Itisnotdirectlydependentonconductor
tension,weight,ortemperature.Theconductorslackistheconductorlengthminusthespanlengthinthis
example,itis0.27ft(0.0826m).14.2.1SagChangewithThermalElongationACSRandAACconductors
elongatewithincreasingconductortemperature.TherateoflinearthermalexpansionforthecompositeACSR
conductorislessthanthatoftheAACconductorbecausethesteelstrandsintheACSRelongateat
approximatelyhalftherateofaluminum.Theeffectivelinearthermalexpansioncoefcientofanon
homogenousconductor,suchasDrakeACSR,maybefoundfromthefollowingequations(FinkandBeatty):
AALASTEASEALEST(14:22)ATOTALATOTALEALAALESTASTaASaALaST(14:23)
EASATOTALEASATOTALwhereEALElasticmodulusofaluminum,psiESTElasticmodulusof
steel,psiEASElasticmodulusofaluminumsteelcomposite,psiAALAreaofaluminumstrands,square
unitsASTAreaofsteelstrands,squareunitsATOTALTotalcrosssectionalarea,squareunitsaAL
Aluminumcoefcientoflinearthermalexpansion,per8FaSTSteelcoefcientofthermalelongation,per
8FaASCompositealuminumsteelcoefcientofthermalelongation,per8FTheelasticmoduliforsolid
aluminumwireis10millionpsiandforsteelwireis30millionpsi.Theelasticmoduliforstrandedwireis

reduced.Themodulusforstrandedaluminumisassumedtobe8.6millionpsiforallstrandings.Themoduli
forthesteelcoreofACSRconductorsvarieswithstrandingasfollows:.27.5106forsinglestrandcore.
27.0106for7strandcore.26.5106for19strandcoreUsingelasticmoduliof8.6and27.0millionpsi
foraluminumandsteel,respectively,theelasticmodulusforDrakeACSRis:0:62470:1017EAS(8:6
106)(27:0106)11:2106psi0:72640:7264andthecoefcientoflinearthermalexpansionis:6
8:61060:6247627:01060:1017aAS12:8106:41011:21060:726411:21060:7264
10:6106=FIftheconductortemperaturechangesfromareferencetemperature,TREF,toanother
temperature,T,theconductorlength,L,changesinproportiontotheproductoftheconductorseffective
thermalelongationcoefcient,aAS,andthechangeintemperature,TTREF,asshownbelow:LTLTREF
(1aAS(TTREF))(14:24)2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
11.Forexample,ifthetemperatureoftheDrakeconductorintheprecedingexampleincreasesfrom
608F(158C)to1678F(758C),thenthelengthat608Fincreasesby0.68ft(0.21m)from600.27ft(182.96m)
to600.95ft(183.17m):L(167F)600:27(1(10:6106)(16760))600:95ftIgnoringforthe
momentanychangeinlengthduetochangeintension,thesagat1678F(758C)maybecalculatedforthe
conductorlengthof600.95ft(183.17m)usingEq.(14.8):
r3(600)(0:95)D14:62ft8Usinga
rearrangementofEq.(14.2),thisincreasedsagisfoundtocorrespondtoadecreasedtensionof:w(S2)
1:094(6002)H3367lb8D8(14:62)Iftheconductorwereinextensible,thatis,ifithadaninnite
modulusofelasticity,thenthesevaluesofsagandtensionforaconductortemperatureof1678Fwouldbe
correct.Foranyrealconductor,however,theelasticmodulusoftheconductorisniteandchangesintension
dochangetheconductorlength.Useoftheprecedingcalculation,therefore,willoverstatetheincreasein
sag.14.2.2SagChangeDuetoCombinedThermalandElasticEffectsWithmoduliofelasticityaroundthe8.6
millionpsilevel,typicalbarealuminumandACSRconductorselongateabout0.01%forevery1000psi
changeintension.Intheprecedingexample,theincreaseintemperaturecausedanincreaseinlengthandsag
andadecreaseintension,buttheeffectoftensionchangeonlengthwasignored.Asdiscussedlater,
concentriclaystrandedconductors,particularlynonhomogenousconductorssuchasACSR,arenot
inextensible.Rather,theyexhibitquitecomplexelasticandplasticbehavior.Initialloadingofconductors
resultsinelongationbehaviorsubstantiallydifferentfromthatcausedbyloadingmanyyearslater.Also,high
tensionlevelscausedbyheavyiceandwindloadscauseapermanentincreaseinconductorlength,affecting
subsequentelongationundervariousconditions.Accountingforsuchcomplexstressstrainbehaviorusually
requiresasophisticated,computeraidedapproach.Forillustrationpurposes,however,theeffectofpermanent
elongationoftheconductoronsagandtensioncalculationswillbeignoredandasimpliedelasticconductor
assumed.Thisidealizedconductorisassumedtoelongatelinearlywithloadandtoundergonopermanent
increaseinlengthregardlessofloadingortemperature.Forsuchaconductor,therelationshipbetweentension
andlengthisasfollows:HHREFLHLHREF1(14:25)ECAwhereLHLengthofconductorunder
horizontaltensionHLHREFLengthofconductorunderhorizontalreferencetensionHREFECElastic
modulusofelasticityoftheconductor,psiACrosssectionalarea,in.2Incalculatingsagandtensionfor
extensibleconductors,itisusefultoaddasteptotheprecedingcalculationofsagandtensionforelevated
temperature.Thisaddedstepallowsaseparationofthermalelongationandelasticelongationeffects,and
involvesthecalculationofazerotensionlength,ZTL,attheconductortemperatureofinterest,Tcdr.2006
byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
12.ThisZTL(Tcdr)istheconductorlengthattainediftheconductoristakendownfromitssupportsandlaid
onthegroundwithnotension.Byreducingtheinitialtensionintheconductortozero,theelasticelongationis
alsoreducedtozero,shorteningtheconductor.Itispossible,then,forthezerotensionlengthtobelessthan
thespanlength.ConsidertheprecedingexampleforDrakeACSRina600ftlevelspan.Theinitial
conductortemperatureis608F,theconductorlengthis600.27ft,andEASiscalculatedtobe11.2million
psi.UsingEq.(14.25),thereductionoftheinitialtensionfrom6300lbtozeroyieldsaZTL(608F)of:0
6300ZTL(60F)600:271599:81ft(11:2106)0:7264Keepingthetensionatzeroandincreasingthe
conductortemperatureto1678Fyieldsapurelythermalelongation.Thezerotensionlengthat1678Fcanbe
calculatedusingEq.(14.24):ZTL(167F)599:81110:610616760600:49ftAccordingtoEqs.
(14.2)and(14.8),thislengthcorrespondstoasagof10.5ftandahorizontaltensionof4689lb.However,this
lengthwascalculatedforzerotensionandwillelongateelasticallyundertension.Theactualconductorsag
tensiondeterminationrequiresaprocessofiterationasfollows:1.Asdescribedabove,theconductorszero
tensionlength,calculatedat1678F(758C),is600.49ft,sagis10.5ft,andthehorizontaltensionis4689lb.2.

Becausetheconductoriselastic,applicationofEq.(14.25)showsthetensionof4689lbwillincreasethe
conductorlengthfrom600.49ftto:46890Ll(167F)600:491600:84ft0:7264(11:21063.The
sag,D1(1678F),correspondingtothislengthiscalculatedusingEq.(14.8):
r3(600)(0:84)Dl(167F)13:72ft84.UsingEq.
(14.2),thissagyieldsanewhorizontaltension,H1(1678F),of:1:094(6002)H13588lb8(13:7)Anew
trialtensionistakenastheaverageofHandH1,andtheprocessisrepeated.TheresultsaredescribedinTable
14.3.TABLE14.3InterativeSolutionforIncreasedConductorTemperatureIteration#Length,Ln,ftSag,
Dn,ftTension,Hn,lbNewTrialTension,lbZTL600.55011.14435443535931600.83613.73593
40142364740142600.80913.5364738312367438313600.79713.4367437532370237534
600.79213.33702372722006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
13.50004500Tension,Ibs40003700Ibs3500Catenary3000Elastic250020000.50.7511.251.5Slack/
Elongation,ftFIGURE14.5Sagtensionsolutionfor600ftspanofDrakeat1678F.Notethatthebalanceof
thermalandelasticelongationoftheconductoryieldsanequilibriumtensionofapproximately3700lbsanda
sagof13.3ft.Thecalculationsoftheprevioussection,whichignoredelasticeffects,resultsinlowertension,
3440lb,andagreatersag,14.7ft.Slackisequaltotheexcessofconductorlengthoverspanlength.The
precedingtablecanbereplacedbyaplotofthecatenaryandelasticcurvesonagraphofslackvstension.The
solutionoccursattheintersectionofthetwocurves.Figure14.5showsthetensionversusslackcurves
intersectingatatensionof3700lb,whichagreeswiththeprecedingcalculations.14.2.3SagChangeDuetoIce
LoadingAsanalexampleofsagtensioncalculation,calculatethesagandtensionforthe600ftDrake
spanwiththeadditionof0.5inchesofradialiceandadropinconductortemperatureto08F.EmployingEq.
(14.17),theweightoftheconductorincreasesby:wice1:244t(Dt)wice1:244(0:5)(1:1080:5)
1:000lb=ftAsinthepreviousexample,thecalculationusestheconductorszerotensionlengthat608F,
whichisthesameasthatfoundintheprevioussection,599.81ft.Theiceloadingisspeciedfora
conductortemperatureof08F,sotheZTL(08F),usingEq.(14.24),is:ZTL(0F)599:81[1(10:6106)
(060)]599:43ftAsinthecaseofsagtensionatelevatedtemperatures,theconductortensionisa
functionofslackandelasticelongation.Theconductortensionandtheconductorlengtharefoundatthepoint
ofintersectionofthecatenaryandelasticcurves(Fig.14.6).Theintersectionofthecurvesoccursata
horizontaltensioncomponentof12,275lb,notveryfarfromthecrudeinitialestimateof12,050lbthatignored
elasticeffects.Thesagcorrespondingtothistensionandtheicedconductorweightperunitlengthis9.2ft.In
spiteofdoublingtheconductorweightperunitlengthbyadding0.5in.ofice,thesagoftheconductorismuch
lessthanthesagat1678F.Thisconditionisgenerallytruefortransmissionconductorswhereminimum
groundclearanceisdeterminedbythehightemperatureratherthantheheavyloadingcondition.Small
distributionconductors,suchasthe1=0AWGACSRinTable14.1,experienceamuchlargericetoconductor
weightratio(4.8),andtheconductorsagundermaximumwindandiceloadmayexceedthesagatmoderately
highertemperatures.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
14.130001250012,275Ibs12000Tension,IbsCatenary11500Elastic1100010500100009500900000.1
0.20.30.40.5Slack/Elongation,ftFIGURE14.6Sagtensionsolutionfor600ftspanofDrakeat08Fand
0.5in.ice.Theprecedingapproximatetensioncalculationscouldhavebeenmoreaccuratewiththeuseof
actualstressstraincurvesandgraphicsagtensionsolutions,asdescribedindetailinGraphicMethodfor
SagTensionCalculationsforACSRandOtherConductors(AluminumCompanyofAmerica,1961).
Thismethod,althoughaccurate,isveryslowandhasbeenreplacedcompletelybycomputationalmethods.14.3
NumericalSagTensionCalculationsSagtensioncalculationsarenormallydonenumericallyandallowthe
usertoentermanydifferentloadingandconductortemperatureconditions.Bothinitialandnalconditionsare
calculatedandmultipletensionconstraintscanbespecied.ThecomplexstressstrainbehaviorofACSRtype
conductorscanbemodelednumerically,includingbothtemperature,andelasticandplasticeffects.14.3.1
StressStrainCurvesStressstraincurvesforbareoverheadconductorincludeaminimumofaninitialcurve
andanalcurveoverarangeofelongationsfrom0to0.45%.Forconductorsconsistingoftwomaterials,an
initialandnalcurveforeachisincluded.Creepcurvesforvariouslengthsoftimearetypicallyincludedas
well.Overheadconductorsarenotpurelyelastic.Theystretchwithtension,butwhenthetensionisreducedto
zero,theydonotreturntotheirinitiallength.Thatis,conductorsareplasticthechangeinconductorlength
cannotbeexpressedwithasimplelinearequation,asfortheprecedinghandcalculations.Thepermanent
lengthincreasethatoccursinoverheadconductorsyieldsthedifferenceininitialandnalsagtensiondata
foundinmostcomputerprograms.Figure14.7showsatypicalstressstraincurvefora26=7ACSRconductor
(AluminumAssociation,1974)thecurveisvalidforconductorsizesrangingfrom266.8to795kcmil.A795

kcmil26=7ACSRDrakeconductorhasabreakingstrengthof31,500lb(14,000kg)andanareaof0.7264
in.2(46.9mm2)sothatitfailsatanaveragestressof43,000psi(30kg=mm2).Thestressstraincurve
illustratesthatwhenthepercentofelongationatastressisequalto50%oftheconductorsbreaking
strength(21,500psi),theelongationislessthan0.3%or1.8ft(0.55m)ina600ft(180m)span.Notethatthe
componentcurvesforthesteelcoreandthealuminumstrandedouterlayersareseparated.Thisseparation
allowsforchangesintherelativecurvelocationsasthetemperatureoftheconductorchanges.Forthe
precedingexample,withtheDrakeconductoratatensionof6300lb(2860kg),thelengthoftheconductorin
the600ft(180m)spanwasfoundtobe0.27ftlongerthanthespan.Thistensioncorrespondstoastressof
8600psi(6.05kg=mm2).FromthestressstraincurveinFig.14.7,thiscorrespondstoaninitialelongationof
0.105%(0.63ft).Asintheprecedinghandcalculation,iftheconductorisreducedtozerotension,its
unstressedlengthwouldbelessthanthespanlength.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
15.35,00030,00025,000tesiStress,psipoom20,000lCnaFiesitpomCo15,000alitipminumIneep
InitialAluCrreethrConeaepum6M1YeinCrumarAl10,000Yel10naFiteelialSInit5,000teelalS
Fin0.1.2.3.4.5UnitStrain,%EquationsforCurves(X=unitstrainin%Y=stressinpsi):351023
Initialcomposite:X=4.0710+(1.2810)Y(1.1810)Y+(5.641015)YY=512+(8.617
104)X(1.18104)X2(5.76104)X33InitialSteel:Y=(37.1510)X44243InitialAluminum:
Y=512=(4.90210)X(1.1810)X(5.7610)X3FinalComposite:Y=(107.55X17.65)10
3FinalSteel:Y=(38.60X0.65)103FinalAluminum:Y=(68.95X17.00)1036MonthCreep:Y=
(68.7510)X31YearCreep:Y=(60.6010)X310YearCreep:Y=(53.4510)XTestTemperature
708Fto758FFIGURE14.7Stressstraincurvesfor26=7ACSR.Figure14.8isastressstraincurve
(AluminumAssociation,1974)foranallaluminum37strandconductorranginginsizefrom250kcmilto
1033.5kcmil.Becausetheconductorismadeentirelyofaluminum,thereisonlyoneinitialandnal
curve.14.3.1.1PermanentElongationOnceaconductorhasbeeninstalledataninitialtension,itcanelongate
further.Suchelongationresultsfromtwophenomena:permanentelongationduetohightensionlevels
resultingfromiceandwindloads,andcreepelongationundereverydaytensionlevels.Thesetypesof
conductorelongationarediscussedinthefollowingsections.14.3.1.2PermanentElongationDuetoHeavy
LoadingBothFigs.14.7and14.8indicatethatwhentheconductorisinitiallyinstalled,itelongatesfollowing
theinitialcurvethatisnotastraightline.Iftheconductortensionincreasestoarelativelyhighlevelunderice
andwindloading,theconductorwillelongate.Whenthewindandiceloadsabate,theconductor2006by
TaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
16.35,00030,00025,000Stress,psi20,00015,000umminalAluumInitiminlu10,000lAnaFireepepar
CCrereep1Yeear15,000thC10Yon6M0.1.2.3.4.5UnitStrain,%EquationsforCurves(X=unit
strainin%Y=stressinpsi):InitialAluminum:X=5.31103+(1.74105)Y(6.171010)Y2+
(5.051014)Y3Y=136+(7.46104)X(8.51104)X2+(2.33104)X3FinalAluminum:Y=
(85.20X16.14)1036MonthCreep:Y=(42.30103)X1YearCreep:Y=(38.20103)X10Year
Creep:Y=(30.60103)XTestTemperature708Fto758FFIGURE14.8Stressstraincurvesfor37strand
AAC.elongationwillreducealongacurveparalleltothenalcurve,buttheconductorwillneverreturnto
itsoriginallength.Forexample,refertoFig.14.8andassumethatanewlystrung795kcmil37strandAAC
Arbutusconductorhasaneverydaytensionof2780lb.Theconductorareais0.6245in.2,sotheeveryday
stressis4450psiandtheelongationis0.062%.Followinganextremelyheavyiceandwindloadevent,
assumethattheconductorstressreaches18,000psi.Whentheconductortensiondecreasesbackto
everydaylevels,theconductorelongationwillbepermanentlyincreasedbymorethan0.2%.Alsothesag
undereverydayconditionswillbecorrespondinglyhigher,andthetensionwillbeless.Inmostnumericalsag
tensionmethods,nalsagtensionsarecalculatedforsuchpermanentelongationduetoheavy
loadingconditions.14.3.1.3PermanentElongationatEverydayTensions(CreepElongation)Conductors
permanentlyelongateundertensionevenifthetensionlevelneverexceedseverydaylevels.Thispermanent
elongationcausedbyeverydaytensionlevelsiscalledcreep(AluminumCompanyofAmerica,1961).Creep
canbedeterminedbylongtermlaboratorycreeptests,theresultsofwhichareusedtogeneratecreepcurves.
Onstressstraingraphs,creepcurvesareusuallyshownfor6mo,1yr,and10yrperiods.Figure14.8shows
thesetypicalcreepcurvesfora37strand250.0through1033.5kcmilAAC.InFig.14.8assumethatthe
conductortensionremainsconstantattheinitialstressof4450psi.Attheintersectionofthisstressleveland
theinitialelongationcurve,6month,1year,and10yearcreep2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
17.curves,theconductorelongationfromtheinitialelongationof0.062%increasesto0.11%,0.12%,
and0.15%,respectively.Becauseofcreepelongation,theresultingnalsagsaregreaterandthe
conductortensionislessthantheinitialvalues.Creepelongationinaluminumconductorsisquitepredictable

asafunctionoftimeandobeysasimpleexponentialrelationship.Thus,thepermanentelongationduetocreep
ateverydaytensioncanbefoundforanyperiodoftimeafterinitialinstallation.Creepelongationofcopper
andsteelconductorsismuchlessandisnormallyignored.Permanentincreaseinconductorlengthdueto
heavyloadoccurrencescannotbepredictedatthetimethatalineisbuilt.Thereasonforthisunpredictability
isthattheoccurrenceofheavyiceandwindisrandom.Aheavyicestormmayoccurthedayafterthelineis
builtormayneveroccuroverthelifeoftheline.14.3.2SagTensionTablesToillustratetheresultoftypical
sagtensioncalculations,refertoTables14.4through14.9showinginitialandnalsagtensiondatafor795
kcmil26=7ACSRDrake,795kcmil37strandAACArbutus,and795kcmilType16Drake=SDC
conductorsinNESClightandheavyloadingareasforspansofTABLE14.4SagandTensionDatafor795
kcmil26=7ACSRDrakeConductorSpan600ftNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictCreepisnotafactor
FinalInitialResultantWeight,Temp,8FIce,in.Wind,lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftTension,lbSag,ftTension,
lb00.504.000.302.50911.141015311.14101535415Al5415Al4738St4738St320.500.000.002.094
44.54818511.0985123819Al4343Al4366St4169St200.000.000.001.0946.6873726.2778553871
Al4465Al3501St3390St00.000.000.001.0947.5665176.8971473111Al3942Al3406St3205St30
0.000.000.001.0948.9854907.9561972133Al3201Al3357St2996St600.000.000.001.09410.44
4725a9.1254021321Al2526Al3404St2875St900.000.000.001.09411.87415710.364759634Al
1922Al3522St2837St1200.000.000.001.09413.24372711.61424835Al1379Al3692St2869St167
0.000.000.001.09414.29345613.5336490Al626Al3456St3022St2120.000.000.001.09415.243241
15.2432410Al0Al3241St3239StaDesigncondition.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
18.TABLE14.5TensionDifferencesinAdjacentDeadEndSpansConductor:Drake795kcmil26=7ACSR
Span700ftArea0.7264in.2CreepisafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,
ResultantTemp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftWeight,lb=ftSag,ftTension,lbSag,ftTension,lb00.504.00
0.302.50913.611131813.5511361320.500.000.002.09413.93922413.339643200.000.000.001.094
8.2281617.60882400.000.000.001.0949.1973018.268115300.000.000.001.09410.7562429.39
7142600.000.000.001.09412.36542910.656300a900.000.000.001.09413.96480911.995596120
0.000.000.001.09415.52433013.3750201670.000.000.001.09416.97396015.5343262120.000.00
0.001.09418.04372817.523837aDesigncondition.Conductor:Drake795kcmil26=7ACSRSpan1000
ftArea0.7264in.2CreepisnotafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,ResultantTemp,
8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftWeight,lb=ftSag,ftTension,lbSag,ftTension,lb00.504.000.302.50925.98
1211625.9812116320.500.000.002.09426.30999025.5310290200.000.000.001.09418.727318
17.25794000.000.000.001.09420.09682118.347469300.000.000.001.09422.13619720.04684060
0.000.000.001.09424.11568921.766300a900.000.000.001.09426.04527123.4958391200.000.00
0.001.09427.89492325.2054441670.000.000.001.09430.14455927.8249352120.000.000.001.094
31.47436930.244544aDesigncondition.1000and300ft.Typicaltensionconstraintsof15%nalunloaded
at608F,25%initialunloadedat608F,and60%initialatmaximumloadingareused.Withmostsagtension
calculationmethods,nalsagsarecalculatedforbothheavyice=windloadandforcreepelongation.Thenal
sagtensionvaluesreportedtotheuserarethosewiththegreatestincreaseinsag.14.3.2.1Initialvs.FinalSags
andTensionsRatherthancalculatethelinesagasafunctionoftime,mostsagtensioncalculationsare
determinedbasedoninitialandnalloadingconditions.Initialsagsandtensionsaresimplythesagsand
tensionsatthetimethelineisbuilt.Finalsagsandtensionsarecalculatedif(1)thespeciediceandwind
loadinghasoccurred,and(2)theconductorhasexperienced10yearsofcreepelongationata
conductortemperatureof608Fattheuserspeciedinitialtension.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
19.TABLE14.6SagandTensionDatafor795kcmil26=7ACSRDrake600ftRulingSpanConductor:
Drake795kcmil26=7ACSRSpan600ftArea0.7264in.2CreepisnotafactorNESCHeavyLoading
DistrictFinalInitialResultantWeight,2Temp,8FIce,in.Wind,lb=ftK,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftTension,lbSag,ft
Tension,lb00.504.000.302.50911.141015311.1410153320.500.000.002.09411.54818511.09
8512200.000.000.001.0946.6873726.27785500.000.000.001.0947.5665176.897147300.000.00
0.001.0948.9854907.956197600.000.000.001.09410.444725a9.125402900.000.000.001.09411.87
415710.3647591200.000.000.001.09413.24372711.6142481670.000.000.001.09414.29345613.53
36492120.000.000.001.09415.24324115.243241aDesigncondition.TABLE14.7StringingSagTable
for795kcmil26=7ACSRDrake600ftRulingSpan600ftRulingSpanControllingDesign
Condition:15%RBSat608F,NoIceorWind,FinalNESCHeavyLoadDistrictHorizontal649361935910
564553975166495247534569Tension,lb2030405060708090100Temp,8FSpansSag,ftin.Sag,ft
in.Sag,ftin.Sag,ftin.Sag,ftin.Sag,ftin.Sag,ftin.Sag,ftin.Sag,ftin.400343638311414345
4749410363931141434548410504203931141434648410515343031141

434648411515456440414346484115254575104504346484115254575
106146045484115254575106164470484115154575106164674804105
15457510616468611490515457510616468611725005356596164676
1172765105659606467611727679520586063676107276798153051162
66610717579818554062656971757981858955064687074788084889
1560676117377711848890955706107276710838790949958071757982
868119498101590747881858109397100105600777118489919691110
410961071838790959101031091126208186811949910210711111
663088992971011061101151111640889196911105101011411912
365081194991031091121181221286609297101107111116120126
1316709591110510111151111125121113568099103108112119123
1291341310690100106110116121127132138143700104101011411
111251301361411482006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
20.TABLE14.8TimeSagTableforStopwatchMethodReturnofWaveSag,3rdTime,5thTime,Sag,3rd
Time,5thTime,Sag,3rdTime,5thTime,Sag,3rdTime,5thTime,in.secsecin.secsecin.secsecin.secsec
51.93.2556.410.71058.814.715510.717.962.13.5566.510.81068.914.815610.818.072.33.857
6.510.91078.914.915710.818.082.44.1586.611.11099.015.015810.918.192.64.3596.611.1109
9.015.015910.918.1102.74.6606.711.11109.115.116010.918.2112.94.8616.711.21119.115.2
16111.018.2123.05.0626.811.31129.115.216211.018.2133.15.2636.911.41139.215.316311.0
18.4143.25.4646.911.51149.215.416411.118.4153.35.6657.011.61159.315.416511.118.5163.5
5.8667.011.71169.315.516611.118.5173.65.9677.111.81179.315.616711.218.6183.76.1687.1
11.91189.415.616811.218.7193.86.3697.212.01199.415.716911.218.7203.96.4707.212.0120
9.515.817011.318.8214.06.6717.312.11219.515.817111.318.8224.06.7727.312.21229.515.9
17211.318.9234.16.9737.412.31239.616.017311.418.9244.27.0747.412.41249.616.017411.4
19.0254.37.2757.512.51259.716.117511.419.0264.47.3767.512.51269.716.217611.419.1274.5
7.5777.612.61279.716.217711.519.1284.67.6787.612.71289.816.317811.519.2294.67.7797.7
12.81299.816.317911.519.3304.77.9807.712.91309.816.418011.619.3314.88.0817.813.0131
9.916.518111.619.4324.98.1827.813.01329.916.518211.619.4335.08.3837.913.113310.016.6
18311.719.5345.08.4847.913.213410.016.718411.719.5355.18.5858.013.313510.016.718511.7
19.6365.28.6868.013.313610.116.818611.819.6375.38.8878.113.413710.116.818711.819.738
5.38.9888.113.513810.116.918811.819.7395.49.0898.113.613910.217.018911.919.8405.59.1
908.213.714010.217.019011.919.8415.59.2918.213.714110.317.119111.919.9425.69.3928.3
13.814210.317.119212.019.9435.79.4938.313.914310.317.219312.020.0445.79.5948.414.0144
10.417.319412.020.0455.89.7958.414.014510.417.319512.120.1465.99.8968.514.114610.417.4
19612.120.1475.99.9978.514.214710.517.419712.120.2486.010.0988.514.214810.517.5198
12.120.0496.010.1998.614.314910.517.619912.220.3506.110.21008.614.415010.617.620012.2
20.3516.210.31018.714.515110.617.720112.220.4526.210.41028.714.515210.617.720212.3
20.5536.310.51038.814.615310.717.820312.320.5546.310.61048.814.715410.717.920412.320.6
Note:Tocalculatethetimeofreturnofotherwaves,multiplythetimeinsecondsforonewavereturnbythe
numberofwavereturnsor,moresimply,selectthecombinationofvaluesfromthetablethatrepresentsthe
numberofwavereturnsdesired.Forexample,thetimeofreturnofthe8thwaveisthesumofthe3rdand5th,
whileforthe10thwaveitistwicethetimeofthe5th.Theapproximateformulagivingtherelationship
betweensagandtimeisgivenas:2TD12:075(inches)NwhereDsag,in.Ttime,secNnumberof
returnwavescounted2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
21.TABLE14.9TypicalSagandTensionData795kcmil26=7ACSRDrake,300and1000ft
SpansConductor:Drake795kcmil26=7ACSRSpan300ftArea0.7264in.2CreepisafactorNESC
HeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialTemp,Wind,Weight,Sag,Tension,Sag,Tension,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,
lb=ftlb=ftftlbftlb300.009.000.051.4242.3767692.097664300.000.000.001.0941.9363641.66
7404600.000.000.001.0942.614725a2.046033900.000.000.001.0943.4635562.5747921200.00
0.000.001.0941.0030773.2537851670.000.000.001.0944.6026784.4927462120.000.000.001.094
5.2023715.202371aDesigncondition.Conductor:Drake795kcmil26=7ACSRSpan1000ftArea
0.7264in.2CreepisafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialTemp,Wind,Weight,Sag,Tension,
Sag,Tension,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftftlbftlb300.009.000.051.42428.42629027.256558300.00
0.000.001.09427.26503625.705339600.000.000.001.09429.074725a27.365018900.000.000.00
1.09430.82446028.9847401200.000.000.001.09432.50423230.5644981670.000.000.001.09434.49

399032.5641752120.000.000.001.09435.75385135.143917aDesigncondition.Note:Calculations
basedon:(1)NESCLightLoadingDistrict.(2)TensionLimits:a.InitialLoaded60%RBS@308Fb.
InitialUnloaded25%RBS@608Fc.FinalUnloaded15%RBS@608F.14.3.2.2SpecialAspectsof
ACSRSagTensionCalculationsSagtensioncalculationswithACSRconductorsaremorecomplexthansuch
calculationswithAAC,AAAC,orACARconductors.Thecomplexityresultsfromthedifferentbehaviorof
steelandaluminumstrandsinresponsetotensionandtemperature.Steelwiresdonotexhibitcreepelongation
orplasticelongationinresponsetohightensions.Aluminumwiresdocreepandrespondplasticallytohigh
stresslevels.Also,theyelongatetwiceasmuchassteelwiresdoinresponsetochangesintemperature.Table
14.10presentsvariousinitialandnalsagtensionvaluesfora600ftspanofaDrakeACSRconductorunder
heavyloadingconditions.Notethatthetensioninthealuminumandsteelcomponentsisshownseparately.In
particular,someotherusefulobservationsare:1.At608F,withouticeorwind,thetensionlevelinthe
aluminumstrandsdecreaseswithtimeasthestrandspermanentlyelongateduetocreeporheavyloading.2.
Bothinitiallyandnally,thetensionlevelinthealuminumstrandsdecreaseswithincreasingtemperature
reachingzerotensionat2128Fand1678Fforinitialandnalconditions,respectively.3.Atthehighest
temperature(2128F),whereallthetensionisinthesteelcore,theinitialandnalsagtensionsarenearlythe
same,illustratingthatthesteelcoredoesnotpermanentlyelongateinresponsetotimeorhightension.2006
byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
22.TABLE14.10TypicalSagandTensionData795kcmil26=7ACSRDrake,300and1000ft
SpansConductor:Drake795kcmil26=7ACSR=SDSpan300ftArea0.7264in.2CreepisafactorNESC
HeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ft
Sag,ftlbSag,ftlb00.504.000.302.5092.9196952.889802320.500.000.002.0943.1375282.88
8188200.000.000.001.0941.2697331.26975600.000.000.001.0941.4883271.408818300.000.00
0.001.0941.9363641.667404600.000.000.001.0942.614725a2.046033900.000.000.001.0943.46
35562.5747921200.000.000.001.0944.0030773.2537851670.000.000.001.0944.6026784.49
27462120.000.000.001.0945.2023715.202371aDesigncondition.Conductor:Drake795kcmil26=7
ACSRSpan1000ftArea0.7264in.2CreepisnotafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitial
Wind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb00.504.000.30
2.50930.071047930.0710479320.500.000.002.09430.56860729.948785200.000.000.001.094
24.09569422.77602300.000.000.001.09425.38540623.905738300.000.000.001.09427.265036
25.595362600.000.000.001.09429.074725a27.255038900.000.000.001.09430.82446028.87
47581200.000.000.001.09432.50423230.4545131670.000.000.001.09434.36400532.854187212
0.000.000.001.09435.62386535.053928aDesigncondition.Note:Calculationsbasedon:(1)NESC
HeavyLoadingDistrict.(2)TensionLimits:a.InitialLoaded60%RBS@08Fb.InitialUnloaded25%
RBS@608Fc.FinalUnloaded15%RBS@608F.14.4RulingSpanConceptTransmissionlinesare
normallydesignedinlinesectionswitheachendofthelinesectionterminatedbyastrainstructurethatallows
nolongitudinal(alongtheline)movementoftheconductor(Winkelman,1959).Structureswithineachline
sectionaretypicallysuspensionstructuresthatsupporttheconductorvertically,butallowfreemovementof
theconductorattachmentpointeitherlongitudinallyortransversely.14.4.1TensionDifferencesforAdjacent
DeadEndSpansTable14.11containsinitialandnalsagtensiondatafora700ftanda1000ftdeadend
spanwhenaDrakeACSRconductorisinitiallyinstalledtothesame6300lbtensionlimitsat608F.Notethat
the2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
23.TABLE14.11TypicalSagandTensionData795kcmilType16ACSR=SD,300and1000ft
SpansConductor:Drake795kcmilType16ACSR=SDSpan300ftArea0.7261in.2Creepisafactor
NESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ft
lb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb300.009.000.051.4091.5999801.3112373300.000.000.001.0931.269776
1.0311976600.000.000.001.0931.6076881.1610589a900.000.000.001.0932.1258061.349159120
0.000.000.001.0932.6945721.5977131670.000.000.001.0933.1139572.2255452120.000.000.00
1.0933.5834353.173877aDesigncondition.Conductor:Drake795kcmilType16ACSR=SDSpan1000
ftArea0.7261in.2CreepisafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,
Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb300.009.000.051.40917.211025015.10
11676300.000.000.001.09315.22898812.6910779600.000.000.001.09317.217950a13.98978090
0.000.000.001.09319.26710815.4488611200.000.000.001.09321.31642817.0380371670.000.00
0.001.09324.27564719.6969542120.000.000.001.09325.62535222.326136aDesigncondition.Note:
Calculationsbasedon:(1)NESCLightLoadingDistrict.(2)TensionLimits:a.InitialLoaded60%RBS@
308Fb.InitialUnloaded25%RBS@608Fc.FinalUnloaded15%RBS@608F.differencebetweenthe

initialandnallimitsat608Fisapproximately460lb.Eventheinitialtension(equalat608F)differsby
almost900lbat208Fand600lbat1678F.14.4.2TensionEqualizationbySuspensionInsulatorsAtatypical
suspensionstructure,theconductorissupportedverticallybyasuspensioninsulatorassembly,butallowedto
movefreelyinthedirectionoftheconductoraxis.Thisconductormovementispossibleduetoinsulatorswing
alongtheconductoraxis.Changesinconductortensionbetweenspans,causedbychangesintemperature,
load,andtime,arenormallyequalizedbyinsulatorswing,eliminatinghorizontaltensiondifferencesacross
suspensionstructures.14.4.3RulingSpanCalculationSagtensioncanbefoundforaseriesofsuspension
spansinalinesectionbyuseoftherulingspanconcept(Ehrenberg,1935Winkelman,1959).Therulingspan
(RS)forthelinesectionisdenedbythefollowingequation:
sS13S23
Sn3RS(14:26)S1S2Sn2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
24.whereRSRulingspanforthelinesectioncontainingnsuspensionspansS1Spanlengthofrst
suspensionspanS2SpanlengthofsecondsuspensionspanSnSpanlengthofnthsuspensionspan
Alternatively,agenerallysatisfactorymethodforestimatingtherulingspanistotakethesumoftheaverage
suspensionspanlengthplustwothirdsofthedifferencebetweenthemaximumspanandtheaveragespan.
However,somejudgmentmustbeexercisedinusingthismethodbecausealargedifferencebetweenthe
averageandmaximumspanmaycauseasubstantialerrorintherulingspanvalue.Asdiscussed,suspension
spansaresupportedbysuspensioninsulatorsthatarefreetomoveinthedirectionoftheconductoraxis.This
freedomofmovementallowsthetensionineachsuspensionspantobeassumedtobethesameandequalto
thatcalculatedfortherulingspan.Thisassumptionisvalidforthesuspensionspansandrulingspanunderthe
sameconditionsoftemperatureandload,forbothinitialandnalsags.Forlevelspans,sagineachsuspension
spanisgivenbytheparabolicsagequation:w(Si2)Di(14:27)8HRSwhereDisagintheithspanSi
spanlengthoftheithspanHRStensionfromrulingspansagtensioncalculationsThesaginlevel
suspensionspansmayalsobecalculatedusingtheratio:whereDRSsaginrulingspanSuspensionspans
varyinlength,thoughtypicallynotoveralargerange.Conductortemperatureduringsaggingvariesovera
rangeconsiderablysmallerthanthatusedforlinedesignpurposes.Ifthesaginanysuspensionspanexceeds
approximately5%ofthespanlength,acorrectionfactorshouldbeaddedtothesagsobtainedfromtheabove
equationorthesagshouldbecalculatedusingcatenaryEq.(14.29).Thiscorrectionfactormaybecalculatedas
follows:wCorrectionD2(14:28)6HwhereDsagobtainedfromparabolicequationwweightof
conductor,lb=ftHhorizontaltension,lbThecatenaryequationforcalculatingthesaginasuspensionor
stringingspanis:HSwSagcosh1(14:29)w2HwhereSspanlength,ftHhorizontaltension,lbw
resultantweight,lb=ft14.4.4StringingSagTablesConductorsaretypicallyinstalledinlinesectionlengths
consistingofmultiplespans.Theconductorispulledfromtheconductorreelatapointnearonestrain
structureprogressingthroughtravelersattachedtoeachsuspensionstructuretoapointnearthenextstrain
structure.Afterstringing,the2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
25.TABLE14.12TypicalSagandTensionData795kcmilType16ACSR=SD,300and1000ft
SpanConductor:Drake795kcmilType16ACSR=SDSpan300ftArea0.7261in.2Creepisafactor
NESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ft
lb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb00.504.000.302.4862.19127742.0313757320.500.000.002.0742.2510377
1.9012256200.000.000.001.093.9113477.871415600.000.000.001.0931.0311962.921330530
0.000.000.001.0931.2697761.0311976600.000.000.001.0931.6076881.1610589a900.000.000.00
1.0932.1258061.3491591200.000.000.001.0932.6945721.5977131670.000.000.001.0933.113957
2.2255452120.000.000.001.0933.5834353.173877aDesignConditionConductor:Drake795kcmilType
16ACSR=SDSpan1000ftArea0.7261in.2CreepisafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitial
Wind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb00.504.000.30
2.48620.651508920.3615299320.500.000.002.07420.611260719.3213445200.000.000.001.093
12.201120510.891255200.000.000.001.09313.351024411.5611832300.000.000.001.09315.22
898812.6910779600.000.000.001.09317.217950a13.989780900.000.000.001.09319.26710815.44
88611200.000.000.001.09321.31642817.0380371670.000.000.001.09324.27564719.696954212
0.000.000.001.09325.62535222.326136aDesigncondition.Note:Calculationsbasedon:(1)NESC
HeavyLoadingDistrict.(2)TensionLimits:a.InitialLoaded60%RBS@08Fb.InitialUnloaded25%
RBS@608FFinalUnloaded15%RBS@608F.conductortensionisincreaseduntilthesaginoneormore
suspensionspansreachestheappropriatestringingsagsbasedontherulingspanforthelinesection.The
calculationofstringingsagsisbasedontheprecedingsagequation.Table14.13showsatypicalstringingsag

tablefora600ftrulingspanofDrakeACSRwithsuspensionspansrangingfrom400to700ftand
conductortemperaturesof201008F.Allvaluesinthisstringingtablearecalculatedfromrulingspaninitial
tensions,showninTable14.12usingtheparabolicsagequation.14.5LineDesignSagTensionParametersIn
layingoutatransmissionline,therststepistosurveytherouteanddrawupaplanproleoftheselected
rightofway.Theplanproledrawingsserveanimportantfunctioninlinkingtogether2006byTaylor
FrancisGroup,LLC.
26.TABLE14.13TypicalSagandTensionData795kcmil37StrandAACArbutus,300and1000ft
SpansConductor:Arbutus795kcmil37StrandsAACSpan300ftArea0.6245in.2CreepisafactorNESC
HeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ft
Sag,ftlbSag,ftlb300.009.000.051.1223.5635462.824479300.000.000.000.7462.9128892.064075
600.000.000.000.7464.032085a2.802999900.000.000.000.7465.1316383.7922151200.000.000.00
0.7466.1313724.8617321670.000.000.000.7467.5111226.3813192120.000.000.000.7468.65975
7.651101aDesigncondition.Conductor:Arbutus795kcmil37StrandsAACSpan1000ftArea0.6245
in.2CreepisafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8F
Ice,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb300.009.000.051.12244.50318542.853305300.000.00
0.000.74643.66215841.712258600.000.000.000.74645.242085a43.322175900.000.000.000.746
46.76201844.8921011200.000.000.000.74648.24195846.4220331670.000.000.000.74650.491873
48.7219392120.000.000.000.74652.55180150.841860aDesigncondition.Note:Calculationsbasedon:
(1)NESCLightLoadingDistrict.(2)TensionLimits:a.InitialLoaded60%RBS@308Fb.Initial
Unloaded25%RBS@608Fc.FinalUnloaded15%RBS@608F.thevariousstagesinvolvedinthe
designandconstructionoftheline.Thesedrawings,preparedbasedontheroutesurvey,showthelocationand
elevationofallnaturalandmanmadeobstaclestobetraversedby,oradjacentto,theproposedline.These
planprolesaredrawntoscaleandprovidethebasisfortowerspottingandlinedesignwork.Oncetheplan
proleiscompleted,oneormoreestimatedrulingspansforthelinemaybeselected.Basedontheseestimated
rulingspansandthemaximumdesigntensions,sagtensiondatamaybecalculatedprovidinginitialandnal
sagvalues.Fromthisdata,sagtemplatesmaybeconstructedtothesamescaleastheplanproleforeach
rulingspan,andusedtographicallyspotstructures.14.5.1CatenaryConstantsThesaginarulingspanisequal
totheweightperunitlength,w,timesthespanlength,S,squared,dividedby8timesthehorizontalcomponent
oftheconductortension,H.Theratioofconductorhorizontaltension,H,toweightperunitlength,w,isthe
catenaryconstant,H=w.Forarulingspansagtensioncalculationusingeightloadingconditions,atotalof16
catenaryconstantvaluescouldbedened,oneforinitialandnaltensionundereachloadingcondition.
Catenaryconstantscanbedenedforeachloadingconditionofinterestandareusedinanyattempttolocate
structures.Sometypicalusesofcatenaryconstantsforlocatingstructuresaretoavoid2006byTaylor
FrancisGroup,LLC.
27.Min.SagMax.SagUpliftatTowerMin.SagMax.SagFIGURE14.9Conductoruplift.overloading,assure
groundclearanceissufcientatallpointsalongtherightofway,andminimizeblowoutorupliftundercold
weatherconditions.Todothis,catenaryconstantsaretypicallyfoundfor:(1)themaximumlinetemperature
(2)heavyiceandwindloading(3)windblowoutand(4)minimumconductortemperature.Underanyof
theseloadingconditions,thecatenaryconstantallowssagcalculationatanypointwithinthespan.14.5.2Wind
SpanThemaximumwindspanofanystructureisequaltothedistancemeasuredfromcentertocenterof
thetwoadjacentspanssupportedbyastructure.Thewindspanisusedtodeterminethemaximumhorizontal
forceastructuremustbedesignedtowithstandunderhighwindconditions.Windspanisnotdependenton
conductorsagortension,onlyonhorizontalspanlength.14.5.3WeightSpanTheweightspanofastructureis
ameasureofthemaximumverticalforceastructuremustbedesignedtowithstand.Theweightspanisequal
tothehorizontaldistancebetweenthelowpointsandthevertexoftwoadjacentspans.Themaximumweight
spanforastructureisdependentontheloadingconditionbeingaminimumforheavyiceandwindload.When
theelevationsofadjacentstructuresarethesame,thewindandweightspansareequal.14.5.4Upliftat
SuspensionStructuresUpliftoccurswhentheweightspanofastructureisnegative.Onsteeplyinclinedspans,
thelowpointofsagmayfallbeyondthelowersupport.Thisindicatesthattheconductorintheuphillspanis
exertinganegativeorupwardforceonthelowertower.Theamountofthisupwardforceisequaltotheweight
oftheconductorfromthelowertowertothelowpointinthesag.Iftheupwardpulloftheuphillspanis
greaterthanthedownwardloadofthenextadjacentspan,actualupliftwillbecausedandtheconductorwill
swingfreeofthetower.Thisusuallyoccursunderminimumtemperatureconditionsandmustbedealtwith
byaddingweightstotheinsulatorsuspensionstringorusingastrainstructure(Fig.14.9).14.5.5Tower
SpottingGivensufcientlydetailedplanproledrawings,structureheights,wind=weightspans,catenarycon

stants,andminimumgroundclearances,structurelocationscanbechosensuchthatgroundclearanceis2006
byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
28.maintainedandstructureloadsareacceptable.Thisprocesscanbedonebyhandusingasag
template,planproledrawing,andstructureheights,ornumericallybyoneofseveralcommercial
programs.14.6ConductorInstallationInstallationofabareoverheadconductorcanpresentcomplexproblems.
Carefulplanningandathoroughunderstandingofstringingproceduresareneededtopreventdamagetothe
conductorduringthestringingoperations.Theselectionofstringingsheaves,tensioningmethod,and
measurementtechniquesarecriticalfactorsinobtainingthedesiredconductorssaggingresults.Conductor
stringingandsaggingequipmentandtechniquesarediscussedindetailintheIEEEGuidetotheInstallation
ofOverheadTransmissionLineConductors,IEEEStd.5241992.Somebasicfactorsconcerning
installationarecoveredinthissection.Becausetheterminologyusedforequipmentandinstallation
proceduresforoverheadconductorsvariesthroughouttheutilityindustry,alimitedglossaryoftermsand
equipmentdenitionsexcerptedfromIEEEStd.5241992isprovidedinthechapterappendix.Acomplete
glossaryispresentedintheIEEEGuidetotheInstallationofOverheadTransmissionLineConductors.14.6.1
ConductorStringingMethodsTherearetwobasicmethodsofstringingconductors,categorizedaseitherslack
ortensionstringing.Thereareasmanyvariationsofthesemethodsasthereareorganizationsinstalling
conductors.Theselectedmethod,however,dependsprimarilyontheterrainandconductorsurfacedamage
requirements.14.6.1.1SlackorLayoutStringingMethodSlackstringingofconductorisnormallylimitedto
lowervoltagelinesandsmallerconductors.Theconductorreel(s)isplacedonreelstandsorjackstandsat
thebeginningofthestringinglocation.Theconductorisunreeledfromtheshippingreelanddraggedalongthe
groundbymeansofavehicleorpullingdevice.Whentheconductorisdraggedpastasupportingstructure,
pullingisstoppedandtheconductorplacedinstringingsheavesattachedtothestructure.Theconductoris
thenreattachedtothepullingequipmentandthepullcontinuedtothenextstructure.Thisstringingmethodis
typicallyusedduringconstructionofnewlinesinareaswheretherightofwayisreadilyaccessibletovehicles
usedtopulltheconductor.However,slackstringingmaybeusedforrepairormaintenanceoftransmission
lineswhereruggedterrainlimitsuseofpullingandtensioningequipment.Itisseldomusedinurbanareasor
wherethereisanydangerofcontactwithhighvoltageconductors.14.6.1.2TensionStringingAtension
stringingmethodisnormallyemployedwheninstallingtransmissionconductors.Usingthismethod,the
conductorisunreeledundertensionandisnotallowedtocontacttheground.Inatypicaltensionstringing
operation,travelersareattachedtoeachstructure.Apilotlineispulledthroughthetravelersandisused,in
turn,topullinheavierpullingline.Thispullinglineisthenusedtopulltheconductorfromthereelsand
throughthetravelers.Tensioniscontrolledontheconductorbythetensionpulleratthepullingendandthe
bullwheeltensionretarderattheconductorpayoutendoftheinstallation.Tensionstringingispreferredforall
transmissioninstallations.Thisinstallationmethodkeepstheconductorofftheground,minimizingthe
possibilityofsurfacedamageandlimitingproblemsatroadwaycrossings.Italsolimitsdamagetotherightof
waybyminimizingheavyvehiculartrafc.14.6.2TensionStringingEquipmentandSetupStringingequipment
typicallyincludesbullwheelordrumpullersforbacktensioningtheconductorduringstringingandsagging
travelers(stringingblocks)attachedtoeveryphaseconductorandshieldwireattachmentpointonevery
structureabullwheelorcrawlertractorforpullingtheconductorthroughtravelersandvariousotherspecial
itemsofequipment.Figure14.10illustratesatypicalstringingandsaggingsetupforastringingsectionandthe
rangeofstringingequipmentrequired.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
29.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.SLYVIOUDPREAGGETORSDUCNOTE:CONDUCTORS
TOANCHORS(1)CONDELETEDFORCLARITY17168172347D16Y8C17GUHENRED6W
QUI1REBA620ITEONSN22416NYGUHENDSIIDWHEEDENR87SPAEMIDICESITR
WUIREEQTGEQUIRR1816SPLGRIDNROPEWHEIREDSYN.12REQU8211922S9UND
GROOF810VELERSIDESOSSING97TRABOTHDCRION3RGIZSECT2216EENE24161210
1325SAG1411711ES6162MILIMUMNXMAETWEEER1yBAVELDS6GuHENEDTR
ROUNN15WQUIRGEWHUIREDREREQTELSIPULFIGURE14.10Tensionstringingequipment
setup.
30.FIGURE14.11Basketgrippullingdevice.Provisionforconductorsplicingduringstringingmustbemade
attensionsiteormidspansitestoavoidpullingsplicesthroughthetravelers.Duringthestringingoperation,it
isnecessarytousepropertoolstogripthestrandsoftheconductorevenlytoavoiddamagingtheouterlayerof
wires.Twobasictypesorcategoriesofgripsarenormallyusedintransmissionconstruction.Therstisatype
ofgripreferredtoasapocketbook,suitcase,bolted,etc.,thathingestocompletelysurroundtheconductorand
incorporatesabailforattachingtothepullingline.ThesecondtypeissimilartoaChinesengergripandis

oftenreferredtoasabasketorKellemgrip.Suchagrip,showninFig.14.11,isoftenusedbecauseofits
exibilityandsmallsize,makingiteasilypulledthroughsheavesduringthestringingoperation.Whatever
typeofgrippingdeviceisused,aswivelshouldbeinstalledbetweenthepullinggripandpullinglineor
runningboardtoallowfreerotationofboththeconductorandthepullingline.Atravelerconsistsofasheave
orpulleywheelenclosedinaframetoallowittobesuspendedfromstructuresorinsulatorstrings.Theframe
musthavesometypeoflatchingmechanismtoallowinsertionandremovaloftheconductorduringthe
stringingoperation.Travelersaredesignedforamaximumsafeworkingload.Alwaysensurethatthissafe
workingloadwillnotbeexceededduringthestringingoperation.Sheavesareoftenlinedwithneopreneor
urethanematerialstopreventscratchingofconductorsinhighvoltageapplicationshowever,unlinedsheaves
arealsoavailableforspecialapplications.(inches)(cm)10040MinimumSheaveDiameter(Ds)atBaseof
Groove35(inches)MinimumRadius(Rg)atBaseofGroove(cm)Rg,4Layer7530Rg,1or2Layer1.43.5
Rg,3Layer1.23251.02.5Min.Rg50200.8215SheaveDiameter0.61.5GrooveRadius25100.411.0
1.52.02.5(inches)2.53.7556.25(cm)ConductorDiameter(Dc)FIGURE14.12Recommendedminimum
sheavedimensions.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
31.Travelersusedintensionstringingmustbefreerollingandcapableofwithstandinghighrunningorstatic
loadswithoutdamage.Propermaintenanceisessential.Veryhighlongitudinaltensionloadscandevelopon
transmissionstructuresifatravelershouldfreezeduringtensionstringing,possiblycausingconductor
and=orstructuredamage.Signicantlevelsofrotationresistancewillalsoyieldtensiondifferencesbetween
spans,resultinginincorrectsag.Properselectionoftravelersisimportanttoassurethattravelersoperate
correctlyduringtensionstringingandsagging.Thesheavediameterandthegrooveradiusmustbematchedto
theconductor.Figure14.12illustratestheminimumsheavediameterfortypicalstringingandsagging
operations.Largerdiametersheavesmayberequiredwhereparticularlysevereinstallationconditions
exist.14.6.3SaggingProcedureItisimportantthattheconductorsbeproperlysaggedatthecorrectstringing
tensionforthedesignrulingspan.Aseriesofseveralspans,alinesection,isusuallysaggedinoneoperation.
Toobtainthecorrectsagsandtoinsurethesuspensioninsulatorshangvertically,thehorizontaltensioninall
spansmustbeequal.Figures14.13through14.18depicttypicalparabolicmethodsandcomputationsrequired
PlumpClippingClippingPlumpMarkOffsetOffsetMarkConductorinTravelersConductorinSuspension
ClampsH1H0SagCorrectionDeadend(Typ.)SnubStructureH2SeeDetailAForVectorDiagram(Zero
ClippingOffset)H0OfConductorTensionAtTravelerSuspensionY1SeeDetailBForVectorDiagramOf
ConductorTensionAtH3SuspensionClampH0Y2Suspension(Y2Y1)H4H0SuspensionH0VECTOR
DIAGRAMH5SuspensionDetailADetailBGuysH3H4H0H0SuspensionVVSnubStructureV1V1T
V1V1(ZeroClippingOffset)TT1VVHorizontalTensionsH0AreEqualNOTE:H3=H4+W(Y2
Y1)SaggingTensionsTT1AreUnequalW=ConductorWtStringingTensionsTAreEqualPerUnit
LengthFIGURE14.13Clippingoffsetillustration.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
32.4000C203500BSAG25S30002500A3035200040FormulasforEquivalentSpanLengthEquiv.
DeadendSpan=2CA45Equiv.SuspensionSpan=AC5015002(AddtoHoriz.SpacingtoObtain
EquivalentSpanLength)3604VerticalSpacingofSupports(B)7051000HorizontalSpacingofSupports
(A)80900EquivalentSpanCorrection2.590800101001570020560025307.540101505005012.5
601580204001002520015037.52002025030025062.530075300Forspansbetweenasuspension
anddeadendSuspensiontower,usesuspensionspancorrection.350DeadendSpanExample:Assumespan
withA=1000ft,Span200B=100ftifdeadendspan,correction=10ft(seeabove).Ifsuspensionspan,
correction=4002.5ft(seeabove).Equivalentspan=1000ft+correction.Readchartsagforequivalentspan
length.500Sagisbasedonparabolicfunctions.Sagisbasedonparabolicfunctions.Ifsagexceeds5%of
span,donotIfsagexceeds5%ofspan,donotusethischart.usethischart.100FIGURE14.14Nomograph
fordetermininglevelspanequivalentsofnonlevelspans.forsaggingconductors.Factorsthatmustbe
consideredwhensaggingconductorsarecreepelongationduringstringingandprestressingoftheconductor.
Creepelongationduringstringing:Uponcompletionofconductorstringing,atimeofuptoseveraldaysmay
elapsebeforetheconductoristensionedtodesignsag.Sincetheconductortensionduringthestringingprocess
isnormallywellbelowtheinitialsaggingtension,andbecausetheconductorremainsinthestringingsheaves
foronlyafewdaysorless,anyelongationduetocreepisneglected.The2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,
LLC.
33.ProcedureExamples10001900Determinefromnomographthecontrolfactorof800transitsetupusedin
saggingtheconductorExample1:Whensaggingbycalculatedtarget700(seeexamplesontheright).setting.
(SeeFig.217)600FormostaccurateresultsinsaggingtheconductorT=40.09B=60.0500thisvalueof

controlfactorshouldnotbebelowthe2S=49.1curveshownbelow.400t=59.12Inallcasesacontrol
factorof1.00isideal(ForT=t).3300A=1400.04(Tt)=19.1291.00ControlFactorS=49.12005
Controlfactor=0.99(Fromnomograph).90ControlFactorShouldNotLie6.80inShadedAreaExample2:
Whensaggingbyhorizontallineofsight.78(SeeFig.218).7000.10.20.30.40.50.60.7910010
B=60.0990B/AS=49.19T+B80T70B.M6001020A=1400.09403050(Tt)=Bforhorizontalline
ofsight60502070=60.0ControlFactor4080S=49.190(Tt)30Controlfactor=0.91(From
nomograph)30ConductorSag(S)954020995060Example3:Whensaggingbycalculatedangleofsight.
(SeeFig.218)7080B=60.0T=59.129B9010S1100S=49.199ST=40.08(Angleofsight)7T
A=1400.06(Tt)=Atanf(+B)_5200f=Angleofsight.+f=Whenangleisabovehorizontal.4f=
Whenangleisbelowhorizontal.AB=Verticaldistancebetweenpointsofsupport3003+B=Whensupport
aheadishigher.B=Whensupportaheadislower.400S1S1(Tt)22ControlFactor===1Inexample,
f=+184021ortanf=+0.02920SS(4S)2500A=1400.0600T=Distancetransitissetbelowconductor
support.B=+60.0700t=Correspondingdistancetargetissetbelowoppositesupport.S=49.1S=
Conductorsagdeterminedfromstringingcharts.800Then(Tt)=1400.0(+0.02920)(+60.0)=19.12S1=
Correspondingsagofpointoftangencyofconductorandlineofsight.90011000Controlfactor=0.99
(Fromnomograph)S=ChangeofsagsS1=ChangeofsagS1Sagisbasedonparabolicfunctions.Ifsag
exceeds5%ofspan,donotusethischart.FIGURE14.15Nomographfordeterminingcontrolfactorfor
conductorsagging.conductorshouldbesaggedtotheinitialstringingsagslistedinthesagtables.However,if
theconductortensionisexcessivelyhighduringstringing,ortheconductorisallowedtoremainintheblocks
foranextendedperiodoftime,thenthecreepelongationmaybecomesignicantandthesaggingtables
shouldbecorrectedpriortosagging.Creepisassumedexponentialwithtime.Thus,conductorelongation
duringtherstdayundertensionisequaltoelongationoverthenextweek.Usingcreepestimationformulas,
thecreepstraincanbeestimatedandadjustmentsmadetothestringingsagtablesintermsofanequivalent
temperature.Also,shouldthisbecomeaconcern,SouthwiresWireandCableTechnologyGroupwillbe
happytoworkwithyoutosolvetheproblem.Prestressingconductor:Prestressingissometimesusedto
stabilizetheelongationofaconductorforsomedenedperiodoftime.Theprestressingtensionisnormally
muchhigherthantheunloadeddesigntensionforaconductor.Thedegreeofstabilizationisdependentupon
thetimemaintainedatthe2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
34.BtSTf(Angleofsight)AT+Bt_METHOD1:Tanf=AB+2TS(2+M)METHOD2:Tanf=A
f=Angleofsight+fWhenangleisabovehorizontalfWhenangleisbelowhorizontalt=Verticaldistance
belowsupporttolineofsight.(SeeFig.217).T=Verticaldistancebelowsupportfortransit.S=SagA=
HorizontaldistancebetweenpointsofsupportobtainedfromstructurelistorplanprofileB=Vertical
distancebetweenpointsofsupportobtainedfromplanprofile,towersitedatasheetsorfieldmeasurement.+
Bwhensupportaheadishigher.Bwhensupportaheadislower.M=DeterminedfromcureonFig.217.
EXAMPLES:Given:A=1400.0S=49.1@608FB=+60.0S=51.2@908FT=40.0T=59.12@608FT
=63.76@908FMETHOD1METHOD2T+Bt_B+2TS(2+M)Tanf=Tanf=AA40.060.0
59.1260.0+(40.0)(2)(49.1)(2+0.019)Tanf608F==0.02920Tanf608F==0.029191400.01400.0
f608F=+184021f608F=+18401940.060.063.7660.0+(40.0)(2)(51.2)(2+0.027)Tanf908F==
0.02589Tanf908F==0.025871400.01400.0f908F=+182859f908F=+1828555Changeinangleffor
58F=(184021182859)5(30)=08154Changeinangleffor58F=(184019182855)(30)=08
154Sagisbasedonparabolicfunctions.Ifsagexceeds5%ofspan,donotusethischart.FIGURE14.16
Conductorsaggingbycalculatedangleofsight.prestresstension.Afterprestressing,thetensiononthe
conductorisreducedtostringingordesigntensionlimits.Atthisreducedtension,thecreeporplastic
elongationoftheconductorhasbeenslowed,reducingthepermanentelongationduetostrainandcreepfora
denedperiodoftime.Bytensioningaconductortolevelsapproaching50%ofitsbreakingstrengthfortimes
ontheorderofaday,creepelongationwillbetemporarilyhalted(Cahill,1973).Thissimpliesconcerns
aboutcreepduringsubsequentinstallationbutpresentsbothequipmentandsafetyproblems.14.6.3.1Sagging
byStopwatchMethodAmechanicalpulseimpartedtoatensionedconductormovesataspeedproportionalto
thesquarerootoftensiondividedbyweightperunitlength.Byinitiatingapulseonatensionedconductor
andmeasuringthetimerequiredforthepulsetomovetothenearesttermination,thetension,andthus2006
byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
35.EXAMPLESGiven:TBA=1400.0SB=60.0T=40.0S=49.1@608FtS=51.2@908FMETHOD
1t=(2ST)2AT=6.325METHOD1:t=(2ST)2S608F=7.007METHOD2:t=2ST+SM2
S608F=14.014t608F=59.12t=Verticaldistancebelowsupportfortarget.T=Verticaldistancebelow
supportfortransit.S=Sag.S908F=7.155A=Horizontaldistancebetweenstructuresobtainedfrom

structurelistorplanprofile.2S908F=14310B=Verticaldistancebetweenpointsofsupportobtainedfrom
planprofile,towersitedatasheetsorfieldmeasurement.t908F=63.76M=Determinedfromcurvebelow.
Changeintfor58F=(63.7659.12)(30)=0.775CURVEFORDETERMININGVALUEOFM0.14For
findingvalueoftargetsettingtseeMethodsMETHOD212,orangleofsightf(SeeFig.216).t=2ST+
SMRatioR=(T/S).0.12M=2+2(T/S)4T/ST/S608F=0.815M608F=0.019Forcheckingvalueofsag
S(seeFig.219).2S608F=98.20.10RatioR=(T/t).t608F=59.13M=2+2(T/t)4T/tT/S908F=0.781
M908F=0.0270.082S908F=102.4FactorMt908F=63.7850.06Changeintfor58F=(63.7659.13)
(30)=0.780.040.02Sagisbasedonparabolicfunctions.Ifsagexceeds5%ofspan,donotusethischart.
0.000.00.60.81.01.21.41.6RatioRFIGURE14.17Conductorsaggingbycalculatedtargetmethod.thesag
oftheconductor,canbedetermined.Thisstopwatchmethod(OverendandSmith)hascomeintowideuse
evenforlongspansandlargeconductors.Theconductorisstruckasharpblownearonesupportandthe
stopwatchisstartedsimultaneously.Amechanicalwavemovesfromthepointwheretheconductorwasstruck
tothenextsupportpointatwhichitwillbepartiallyreected.Iftheinitiatingblowissharp,thewavewill
travelupanddownthespanmanytimesbeforedyingout.TimesagtablessuchastheoneshowninTable
14.14areavailablefrommanysources.Speciallydesignedsaggingstopwatchesarealsoavailable.The
reectedwavecanbedetectedbylightlytouchingtheconductorbuttheprocedureismorelikelytobe
accurateifthewaveisbothinitiatedanddetectedwithalightropeovertheconductor.Normally,thetimefor
thereturnofthe3rdor5thwaveismonitored.Traditionally,atransitsaggingmethodhasbeenconsideredto
bemoreaccurateforsaggingthanthestopwatchmethod.However,manytransmissionlineconstructorsuse
thestopwatchmethodexclusively,evenwithlargeconductors.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
36.BT+BST(LevelSight)B.M1.0AT=S(1B/4S)2=SKT=Verticaldistanceoftransitbelowlower
supportfortakinglevelsight.A=Horizontaldistancebetweenpointsofsupportobtainedfromstructurelist
ofplanprofile.0.9B=Verticaldistancebetweenpointsofsupportobtainedfromplanprofile,towersite
datasheetsorfieldmeasurement.S=Sag.K=(1B/4s)2Determinedfromcurvebelow.EXAMPLEA=
1400.00.8B=60.0S=49.1@608FS=51.2@908FB/S=60.0/49.1=1.22@608FB/S=60.0/51.2=
1.17@908FK=0.482@608FK=0.501@908F0.7T=(49.1)(0.482)=23.66@608FT=(51.2)
(0.501)=25.65@908F5()ChangeinTfor58F=(25.6523.66)30=0.330.6KFactor0.50.40.3For
mostaccurateresults,usethatpartofcurvedrawninsolidline.0.20.10.00.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
Ratio(B/S)Sagisbasedonparabolicfunctions.Ifsagexceeds5%ofspan,donotusethischart.FIGURE
14.18Conductorsaggingbyhorizontallineofsight.14.6.3.2SaggingbyTransitMethodsIEEEGuideStd.
5241993liststhreemethodsofsaggingconductorwithatransit:CalculatedAngleofSight,Calculated
TargetMethod,andHorizontalLineofSight.Themethodbestsuitedtoaparticularlinesaggingsituation
mayvarywithterrainandlinedesign.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
37.TABLE14.14TypicalSagandTensionData795kcmil37StrandAACArbutus,300and1000ft
SpansConductor:Arbutus795kcmil37StrandsAACSpan300ftArea0.6245in.2CreepisafactorFinal
InitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8FIce,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb00.504.00
0.302.1253.9760333.756383320.500.000.001.6964.3543863.785053200.000.000.000.7461.58
53191.39605500.000.000.000.7462.0042081.595268300.000.000.000.7462.9128892.06407560
0.000.000.000.7464.032085a2.802999900.000.000.000.7465.1316383.7922151200.000.000.00
0.7466.1313724.8617321670.000.000.000.7467.5111226.3813192120.000.000.000.7468.65975
7.651101aDesigncondition.Conductor:Arbutus795kcmil37StrandsAACSpan1000ftArea0.6245
in.2CreepisafactorNESCHeavyLoadingDistrictFinalInitialWind,Weight,Tension,Tension,Temp,8F
Ice,in.lb=ft2K,lb=ftlb=ftSag,ftlbSag,ftlb00.504.000.302.12545.1159.5344.506033320.500.00
0.001.69645.80467944.684794200.000.000.000.74640.93230038.89241800.000.000.000.746
42.04224040.032350300.000.000.000.74643.66215841.712258600.000.000.000.74645.242085a
43.322175900.000.000.000.74646.76201844.8921011200.000.000.000.74648.24195846.42
20331670.000.000.000.74650.49187348.7219392120.000.000.000.74652.55180150.841860a
Designcondition.Note:Calculationsbasedon:(1)NESCLightLoadingDistrict.(2)TensionLimits:a.Initial
Loaded60%RBS@08Fb.InitialUnloaded25%RBS@608Fc.FinalUnloaded15%RBS@
608F.14.6.3.3SaggingAccuracySaggingaconductorduringconstructionofanewlineorinthe
reconductoringofaoldlineinvolvesmanyvariablesthatcanleadtoasmalldegreeoferror.IEEEStd.524
1993suggeststhatallsagsbewithin6in.ofthestringingsagvalues.However,asidefrommeasurementerrors
duringsagging,errorsinterrainmeasurementandvariationsinconductorproperties,loadingconditions,and
hardwareinstallationhaveledsomeutilitiestoallowupto3ftofmargininadditiontotherequiredminimum
groundclearance.14.6.3.4ClippingOffsetsIftheconductoristobesaggedinaseriesofsuspensionspans

wherethespanlengthsarereasonablycloseandwheretheterrainisreasonablylevel,thentheconductoris
saggedusingconventionalstringingsagtablesandtheconductorissimplyclippedintosuspensionclampsthat
replacethetravelers.Ifthe2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
38.tBSTfAT+t2METHOD1:S=()2BttMMETHOD2:S=+228S=Sagt=Verticaldistance
belowsupporttolineofsight.=T+BAtanfwhenanglefisabovehorizontal._=T+B+Atanfwhen
anglefisbelowhorizontal._T=Verticaldistancebelowsupportfortransit.B=Verticaldistancebetween
pointsofsupportobtaniedfromplanprofile,towersitedatasheetsorfieldmeasurement.+Bwhensupport
aheadishigher.Bwhensupportaheadislower.A=Horizontaldistancebetweenpointsofsupport
obtainedfromstructurelistorplanprofilef=AngleofsightM=DeterminedfromcureonFig.2.17.
EXAMPLESGiven:A=1400.0T=40.0B=60.0f=+184021@608F(FieldMeasured)METHOD1
METHOD2Note:WhenusingMethod2,value,Tshouldliebetween3/4S4/3ST+t2S=()BttM2S=+
228t=40.0+60.01400.0tan184021t=59.12=59.12t/2=29.56t=7.689T/2=20.0M=0.061T
=6.325(59.12)(0.061)S608F=49.1S608F=20.0+29.568S608F=49.1Sagisbasedonparabolic
functions.ifsagexceeds5%ofspan,donotusethischart.FIGURE14.19Conductorsaggingforcheckingsag
S.conductoristobesaggedinaseriesofsuspensionspanswherespanlengthsvarywidelyormorecommonly,
wheretheterrainissteep,thenclippingoffsetsmayneedtobeemployedinordertoyieldverticalsuspension
stringsafterinstallation.ClippingoffsetsareillustratedinFig.14.19,showingaseriesofsteeplyinclined
spansterminatedinasnubstructureatthebottomandadeadendstructureatthetop.Thevector
diagramillustratesabalanceoftotalconductortensioninthetravelersbutanimbalanceinthehorizontal
componentoftension.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
39.14.7DeningTermsBlockAdevicedesignedwithoneormoresinglesheaves,awoodormetalshell,
andanattachmenthookorshackle.Whenropeisreevedthroughtwoofthesedevices,theassemblyis
commonlyreferredtoasablockandtackle.Asetof4sreferstoablockandtacklearrangementutilizingtwo
4inchdoublesheaveblockstoobtainfourloadbearinglines.Similarly,asetof5sorasetof6sreferstothe
samenumberofloadbearinglinesobtainedusingtwo5inchortwo6inchdoublesheaveblocks,
respectively.Synonyms:setof4s,setof5s,setof6s.BullwheelAwheelincorporatedasanintegralpartofa
bullwheelpullerortensionertogeneratepullingorbrakingtensiononconductorsorpullinglines,orboth,
throughfriction.Apullerortensionernormallyhasoneormorepairsarrangedintandemincorporatedinits
design.Thephysicalsizeofthewheelswillvaryfordifferentdesigns,but17in.(43cm)facewidthsand
diametersof5ft(150cm)arecommon.Thewheelsarepowerdrivenorretardedandlinedwithsingleor
multiplegrooveneopreneorurethanelinings.Frictionisaccomplishedbyreevingthepullinglineor
conductoraroundthegrooveofeachpair.ClippinginThetransferringofsaggedconductorsfromthe
travelertotheirpermanentsuspensionpositionsandtheinstallingofthepermanentsuspensionclamps.
Synonyms:clamping,clipping.ClippingoffsetAcalculateddistance,measuredalongtheconductorfromthe
plummarktoapointontheconductoratwhichthecenterofthesuspensionclampistobeplaced.When
stringinginroughterrain,clippingoffsetmayberequiredtobalancethehorizontalforcesoneachsuspension
structure.Grip,conductorAdevicedesignedtopermitthepullingofconductorwithoutsplicingonttings,
eyes,etc.Itpermitsthepullingofacontinuousconductorwherethreadingisnotpossible.Thedesignsof
thesegripsvaryconsiderably.GripssuchastheKlein(Chicago)andCrescentutilizeanopensidedrigidbody
withopposingjawsandswinglatch.Inadditiontopullingconductors,thistypeiscommonlyusedtotension
guysand,insomecases,pullwirerope.Thedesignofthecomealong(pocketbook,suitcase,fourbolt,etc.)
incorporatesabailattachedtothebodyofaclampwhichfoldstocompletelysurroundandenvelopethe
conductor.Boltsarethenusedtoclosetheclampandobtainagrip.Synonyms:buffalo,Chicagogrip,come
along,Crescent,fourbolt,grip,Klein,pocketbook,sevenbolt,sixbolt,slipgrip,suitcase.Line,pilotA
lightweightline,normallysyntheticberrope,usedtopullheavierpullinglineswhichinturnareusedtopull
theconductor.Pilotlinesmaybeinstalledwiththeaidofngerlinesorbyhelicopterwhentheinsulatorsand
travelersarehung.Synonyms:leadline,leader,Pline,strawline.Line,pullingAhighstrengthline,
normallysyntheticberropeorwirerope,usedtopulltheconductor.However,onreconstructionjobswhere
aconductorisbeingreplaced,theoldconductoroftenservesasthepullinglineforthenewconductor.Insuch
cases,theoldconductormustbecloselyexaminedforanydamagepriortothepullingoperations.Synonyms:
bullline,hardline,lightline,sockline.Puller,bullwheelAdevicedesignedtopullpullinglinesand
conductorsduringstringingoperations.Itnormallyincorporatesoneormorepairsofurethaneorneoprene
lined,powerdriven,singleormultiplegroovebullwheelswhereeachpairisarrangedintandem.Pullingis
accomplishedbyfrictiongeneratedagainstthepullinglinewhichisreevedaroundthegroovesofapairofthe
bullwheels.Thepullerisusuallyequippedwithitsownenginewhichdrivesthebullwheelsmechanically,

hydraulically,orthroughacombinationofboth.Someofthesedevicesfunctionaseitherapullerortensioner.
Synonym:puller.Puller,drumAdevicedesignedtopullaconductorduringstringingoperations.Itis
normallyequippedwithitsownenginewhichdrivesthedrummechanically,hydraulically,orthrougha
combinationofboth.Itmaybeequippedwithsyntheticberropeorwireropetobeusedasthe2006by
TaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
40.pullingline.Thepullinglineispayedoutfromtheunit,pulledthroughthetravelersinthesagsectionand
attachedtotheconductor.Theconductoristhenpulledinbywindingthepullinglinebackontothedrum.
Thisunitissometimesusedwithsyntheticberropeactingasapilotlinetopullheavierpullinglinesacross
canyons,rivers,etc.Synonyms:hoist,singledrumhoist,singledrumwinch,tugger.Puller,reelAdevice
designedtopullaconductorduringstringingoperations.Itisnormallyequippedwithitsownenginewhich
drivesthesupportingshaftforthereelmechanically,hydraulically,orthroughacombinationofboth.The
shaft,inturn,drivesthereel.Theapplicationofthisunitisessentiallythesameasthatforthedrumpuller
previouslydescribed.Someofthesedevicesfunctionaseitherapullerortensioner.ReelstandAdevice
designedtosupportoneormorereelsandhavingthepossibilityofbeingskid,trailer,ortruckmounted.These
devicesmayaccommodateropeorconductorreelsofvaryingsizesandareusuallyequippedwithreelbrakes
topreventthereelsfromturningwhenpullingisstopped.Theyareusedforeitherslackortensionstringing.
Thedesignationofreeltrailerorreeltruckimpliesthatthetrailerortruckhasbeenequippedwithareelstand
(jacks)andmayserveasareeltransportorpayoutunit,orboth,forstringingoperations.Dependinguponthe
sizesofthereelstobecarried,thetransportingvehiclesmayrangefromsingleaxletrailerstosemitrucks
withtrailershavingmultipleaxles.Synonyms:reeltrailer,reeltransporter,reeltruck.RunningboardA
pullingdevicedesignedtopermitstringingmorethanoneconductorsimultaneouslywithasinglepulling
line.Fordistributionstringing,itisusuallymadeoflightweighttubingwiththeforwardendcurvedgently
upwardtoprovidesmoothtransitionoverpolecrossarmrollers.Fortransmissionstringing,thedeviceis
eithermadeofsectionshingedtransverselytothedirectionofpullorofahardnoserigiddesign,bothhaving
aexiblependulumtailsuspendedfromtherear.Thiscongurationstopstheconductorsfromtwisting
togetherandpermitssmoothtransitionoverthesheavesofbundletravelers.Synonyms:alligator,bird,birdie,
monkeytail,sled.SagsectionThesectionoflinebetweensnubstructures.Morethanonesagsectionmaybe
requiredinordertoproperlysagtheactuallengthofconductorwhichhasbeenstrung.Synonyms:pull,
setting,stringingsection.Site,pullThelocationonthelinewherethepuller,reelwinder,andanchors
(snubs)arelocated.Thissitemayalsoserveasthepullortensionsiteforthenextsagsection.Synonyms:reel
setup,tuggersetup.Site,tensionThelocationonthelinewherethetensioner,reelstandsandanchors(snubs)
arelocated.Thissitemayalsoserveasthepullortensionsiteforthenextsagsection.Synonyms:conductor
payoutstation,payoutsite,reelsetup.SnubstructureAstructurelocatedatoneendofasagsectionand
consideredasazeropointforsaggingandclippingoffsetcalculations.Thesectionoflinebetweentwosuch
structuresisthesagsection,butmorethanonesagsectionmayberequiredinordertosagproperlytheactual
lengthofconductorwhichhasbeenstrung.Synonyms:0structure,zerostructure.Tensioner,bullwheelA
devicedesignedtoholdtensionagainstapullinglineorconductorduringthestringingphase.Normally,it
consistsofoneormorepairsofurethaneorneoprenelined,powerbraked,singleormultiplegroove
bullwheelswhereeachpairisarrangedintandem.Tensionisaccomplishedbyfrictiongeneratedagainstthe
conductorwhichisreevedaroundthegroovesofapairofthebullwheels.Sometensionersareequippedwith
theirownengineswhichretardthebullwheelsmechanically,hydraulically,orthroughacombinationofboth.
Someofthesedevicesfunctionaseitherapullerortensioner.Othertensionersareonlyequippedwith
frictiontyperetardation.Synonyms:retarder,tensioner.Tensioner,reelAdevicedesignedtogenerate
tensionagainstapullinglineorconductorduringthestringingphase.Someareequippedwiththeirown
engineswhichretardthesupportingshaftfor2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
41.thereelmechanically,hydraulically,orthroughacombinationofboth.Theshaft,inturn,retardsthereel.
Someofthesedevicesfunctionaseitherapullerortensioner.Othertensionersareonlyequippedwithfriction
typeretardation.Synonyms:retarder,tensioner.TravelerAsheavecompletewithsuspensionarmorframe
usedseparatelyoringroupsandsuspendedfromstructurestopermitthestringingofconductors.These
devicesaresometimesbundledwithacenterdrumorsheave,andanothertraveler,andusedtostringmore
thanoneconductorsimultaneously.Forprotectionofconductorsthatshouldnotbenickedorscratched,the
sheavesareoftenlinedwithnonconductiveorsemiconductiveneopreneorwithnonconductiveurethane.Any
oneofthesematerialsactsasapaddingorcushionfortheconductorasitpassesoverthesheave.Traveler
groundsmustbeusedwithlinedtravelersinordertoestablishanelectricalground.Synonyms:block,dolly,
sheave,stringingblock,stringingsheave,stringingtraveler.WinderreelAdevicedesignedtoserveasa

recoveryunitforapullingline.Itisnormallyequippedwithitsownenginewhichdrivesasupportingshaft
forareelmechanically,hydraulically,orthroughacombinationofboth.Theshaft,inturn,drivesthereel.Itis
normallyusedtorewindapullinglineasitleavesthebullwheelpullerduringstringingoperations.Thisunitis
notintendedtoserveasapuller,butsometimesservesthisfunctionwhereonlylowtensionsareinvolved.
Synonyms:takeupreel.ReferencesCahill,T.,DevelopmentofLowCreepACSRConductor,WireJournal,
July1973.Ehrenburg,D.O.,TransmissionLineCatenaryCalculations,AIEEPaper,CommitteeonPower
TransmissionDistribution,July1935.Fink,D.G.andBeaty,H.W.,StandardHandbookforElectrical
Engineers,13thed.,McGrawHill.IEEEGuidetotheInstallationofOverheadTransmissionLineConductors,
IEEEStandard5241993,IEEE,NewYork,1993.GraphicMethodforSagTensionCalculationsforACSR
andOtherConductors,AluminumCompanyofAmerica,1961.MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsand
OtherStructures,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersStandard,ASCE788.NationalElectricalSafety
Code,1993edition.Overend,P.R.andSmith,S.,ImpulseTimeMethodofSagMeasurement.StressStrain
CreepCurvesforAluminumOverheadElectricalConductors,AluminumAssociation,1974.Winkelman,P.F.,
SagTensionComputationsandFieldMeasurementsofBonnevillePowerAdministration,AIEEPaper59
900,June1959.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
42.2006byTaylorFrancisGroup,LLC.
Recommended
MorefromUser

TransmissionLineTowersanddetails
MaheshSontyal
18,893views

Sagtensioncalcsohltutorial
AziraMuda
4,460views

transmissionline
singh1515
110,942views

INSULATORSANDITSTYPES
RavitejaDamerla
46,748views

Sagandtensionofconductor
iqbal_haqi
9,438views

designoftower
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
12,960views

Powertransmission(ppt)
zeeshan715
20,555views

Typesofinsulator
krunaldandhare
16,283views

Powertransmission&distribution
PrabhakaranRavichandran
5,592views

ConstructionEHVTransmissionLine
SURESHGOPAL
2,291views

Conceptofenergytransmission&distribution
ZunAibAli
4,656views

TransmissionLineBasics
JohnWilliams
7,592views

AnalysisandDesignofTransmissionTower
IJMER
4,565views

Electricaltransmissionline
DhananjayJha
1,623views

Transmissionanddistributionlinedesignfinal
BhanuPoudyal
5,321views

Typesoftower
JitendraRajora
33,862views

Substationoverview
BhagwanPrasad
21,202views

Electricpowertransmissionsystemengineering2ndeditionbyturangonen
UmmiRobbaniaMushthofa
12,952views

Lecture09transmissionlines
bhaavan22
8,718views

Methodstatementfortransmissionline(lanco)
PraveenKumar
7,738views

SagAndTesion
AbhaTripathi
1,979views

ExtraHighvoltage(BOOK)
khemraj298
3,961views

Powertransmissionsystem
M.M.PalithaMahindaMunasinghe,DistrictAgriculturalTrainingCentreHomagamaSriLanka
11,546views

Tlbook
TchhRao
6,270views

Transmissionsystem
Melwayne
5,212views

Ehvactransmissionline
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
10,710views

towerspotting
decorindo2002
2,688views

Insulators
RavitejaDamerla
6,807views

Survey&tsforehvlines
MaheshSontyal
3,473views

SubstationTrainingpresentation
KamalMittal
17,283views

Electricitytransmission,generationanddistribution
KuNalMeHta
1,923views

TransmissionandDistribution.
PRABHAHARAN429
2,488views

Electricalsubstations:132KV
GirishGupta
8,250views

Pptofehvactransmission
SumitKumar
33,165views

TypicallayoutofaSubStation
towfiqeee
15,057views

Electricalpowersystems(bydd)
NikhilJain
9,036views

Automatictransmissionsystemppt
ManmeetSingh
68,908views

Electricalpowersystemsddas
PremPrakash
11,005views

33/11kVsubstation(u.p.p.c.l.)
PrateekAgarwal
55,562views

Aminiprojectonthetransmissiontower
naqeeb04
557views

Winding
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
194views

Makeelectronics
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
3,365views

powerelectronics
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
2,026views

designoftower
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
12,960views

Ehvactransmissionline
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
10,710views

Electricaldictornary
BKBirlaInstituteOfEngineering&Technologypilani
2,007views
ENGLISH
English
Franais
Espaol
Portugus(Brasil)
Deutsch
English
Espanol
Portugues
Franais
Deutsche

About
Careers
Dev&API
Press
Blog
Terms
Privacy
Copyright
Support

LinkedInCorporation2015

SharethisdocumentEmbedthisdocumentLikethisdocumentYouhavelikedthisdocumentSavethisdocument