STIKES MUHAMMADIIYAH CIIAMIS

2015

Makalah Disusun untuk Memenuhi Tugas

Matakuliah BAHASA INGGRIS
NAMA
Adi supriyatna
NIM
14DA277032
Jurusan
: d3 analis kesehatan
tingkat
: 1b/II

. PREFACE
Praise be to Allah authors say because of the grace and
His guidance I can attend lectures on campus to finish
this paper well and smoothly . The title of the paper
is " ON CHOLESTEROL " .Makalah is structured as a
language course assignment inggriis Hopefully this
paper can be useful and provide a bit of information
that can be used as appropriate . To the authors accept
with good all criticism and suggestions . End the
authors apologize if there are words - words that are
not pleasing . Thank you.
CIAMIS 24 APRIL 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION ..............................
A. BACKGROUND
B. SCOPE
C. OBJECTIVES
BAB.2
DISCUSSION / THEORETICAL REVIEW ............
A. UNDERSTANDING CHOLESTEROL
B. CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT SYSTEM
C. EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL FOR BODY
D. CAUSE HIS HIGH CHOLESTEROL
E. FAKKTOR CAUSE HIS HIGH CHOLESTEROL
F. FACTORS CAUSE DISEASE CHOLESTEROL
G. HANDLING HIPER CHOLESTEROL
CHAPTER . 3
CONCLUSION .............................................
A. CONCLUSION
B. ADVICE
C. REFERENCES
PART I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Cholesterol is a fat molecule in the cell is divided into LDL, HDL,

total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is actually one
component of fat. As we know, the fat is one of the nutrients that
are needed by our body in addition to other nutrients such as
carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Fat is one energy
source that gives the highest calories. Besides, as one source of
energy, is actually fat or cholesterol in particular is a substance
that is needed by our body, especially to form the walls of the
cells in the body (www.infopenyakit.com).

Health is very important, therefore we do not forget the health to

be maintained, from a variety of existing disease and various
treatment done, this paper is made in order to increase
knowledge in order mengehui to attempt an integrated and
comprehensive health in the form of individual health efforts and
public health efforts at self-medication. Health efforts was held in
the form of activity with the approach of promotive, preventive,
curative and rehabilitative services are implemented in an
integrated,
comprehensive,
and
continuous
(www.ningharmanto.com).

B. Scope

Cholesterol is a fat molecule in the cell is divided into LDL, HDL,

total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is actually one
component of fat. As we know, the fat is one of the nutrients that
are needed by our body in addition to other nutrients such as

carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Fat is one energy

source that gives the highest calories.
Judging from their chemical structure, cholesterol is a fatty
substance that is complex. Most of the cholesterol circulating in
the human body produced by the body (in the liver), reaching
80% of total cholesterol. The rest (20%) was obtained from food.
Cholesterol is divided into two, namely LDL cholesterol transports
cholesterol from the liver, where he produced to tissues that
need. While HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues and
bring it back to the liver for reprocessing or disposed of the body.
There are several causes of high cholesterol include age and
gender, diet, weight, less mobile, certain diseases, smoking and
family history of disease.
Cholesterol levels in the blood remain extremely important to be
monitored. Because then our body's health status can be
detected early before we get complaints signal of symptoms
hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol levels that need to be
considered is the balance between the levels of HDL and LDL
cholesterol. As for himself pnting Triglycerides also considered to
be monitored must diangka are kept low.
C. Purpose
a. General Purpose
To tell my friends to be able to understand and learn
Understanding Cholesterol , Type Cholesterol , Cholesterol Causes
and others - others .
b . special purpose
1. To find out how many people who have known cholesterol
2. To know how dangerous high cholesterol for the body

3. To determine the types of cholesterol

4. To determine the cause of cholesterol and handling
5. To know how to respond to and control of cholesterol in the
body .

BAB.2
A.. Understanding Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the liver. Cholesterol
can be found throughout the body and is vital to the functioning
of the body against everyday (Simple Guide cholesterol, 2007).
In addition, cholesterol is similar materials such as wax and
grease actually necessary for our health. Cholesterol is an
essential component of every cell and is required by the body to
perform many basic functions. Cholesterol helps the liver
produces bile, which is needed to digest fat, and is the precursor
from which the body makes the adrenal gland and sex hormones.
Cholesterol also form a protective cloak around the walls of the
cell and nerve myelin sheath, as well as working as a lubricant on
the walls of the arteries, helps blood flow.
Equal amounts of cholesterol is essential for the body. Too little
cholesterol is unhealthy, together with too much. Cholesterol
levels below 135 can be a sign of stress kalenjer adrenal, severe
liver damage (due to chemicals, drugs, or hepatitis), as well as
autoimmune disorders or "attack yourself" like allergies, lupus,
and rheumatoid arthritis. Decreased cholesterol levels have also
been linked to cancer and immune function disorders in general
are looked through fatigue.
If more than the amount that can be processed and used by the
body, cholesterol can be deposited in the walls of blood vessels,

which then becomes harmful to the body. The increase in

cholesterol levels, ie angkannya more than 200, a single risk
factor most important in coronary heart disease.
The relationship between cholesterol and heart disease is very
complicated, because the fact that the body produces two main
forms of cholesterol. Cholesterol is carried through the
bloodstream in two protein components: low density lipoproteins
(Low Density Lipoprotein / HDL) and high density lipoprotein (High
Density Lipoprotein / HDL). LDL cholesterol is considered "bad", or
damaging, because it carries cholesterol from the liver to body
cells and blood vessels in which cholesterol was then living in the
cells lining the walls of the arteries. While HDL is considered
"good", or protect, because membaawa cholesterol from the
arterial wall to the liver, where cholesterol is broken down to be
removed from the body.
B. Transportation Systems Cholesterol
Cholesterol can not move itself in the body because it does not
dissolve in water. Therefore, cholesterol is transported as part of a
structure called lipoproteins. Imagine lipoprotein like a train that
transports cholesterol throughout the body.
Cholesterol itself is not changed. Transport of cholesterol, the
'train' or lipoproteins, which determines what happens with
cholesterol that carried it. Mengagkut LDL cholesterol from the
liver, where he produced to tissues that need. LDL is the largest
transporter of cholesterol in the blood. Whereas HDL cholesterol
transport excess cholesterol from tissues and bring it back to the
liver for reprocessing or disposed of the body.
Triglycerides including the 'evil' which also need to be aware.
Such as LDL cholesterol, high triglyceride levels are also
associated with an increased risk of heart disease and other
vascular diseases. People with high triglyceride levels (above the
current limit of 1.7 mmol / L), often have high cholesterol levels,

high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol. It is like the triad
despite high levels of triglycerides carry their own risk, but that
risk is enhanced when accompanied by low HDL cholesterol
levels, a state that often occurs in people with diabetes or in
prediabetes. Increased levels of LDL cholesterol triglycerides also
create more damage and is toxic to the artery wall (increasingly
become evil) and reduce the beneficial effects of good HDL
cholesterol.
Triglyceride levels in the blood are often grouped together
cholesterol levels. Triglycerides are fats found in meat, dairy
products, and cooking oil, as well as the main energy source for
the body. Triglycerides are also found in body fat stores and
fractions derived from fat in the liver. Seperri cholesterol,
triglycerides are fats that circulate in the blood. LDL cholesterol,
HDL, and triglycerides are called 'blood lipids'.
C. Effect Cholesterol For Body
Research over the past decade menjunjukkan that cholesterol is
only hiding in the cells lining the arteries, does not always turn
into artery-clogging plaque. Now thought process that makes a
component of LDL oxidation of cholesterol to be so dangerous.
Oxidation occurs when the antioxidant system in the body can not
neutralize unstable molecules that changed negatively and called
free radicals. Free radicals occur naturally in the body or can be
initiated by exposure to pollutants lingkunganseperti cigarette
smoke, chemicals, drugs nd free prescription drugs, heavy metals,
and stress.
Without enough antioxidant protection, HDL cholesterol combine
with oxygen and form of oxy-cholesterol. These substances work
in the arterial wall are highly reactive free radicals, in which the
substance is irritating to the arterial wall, which started the
process of inflammation, and ultimately contribute to plaque
formation. If not addressed, this plaque will eventually completely

shut down the affected artery or broken and destroyed, causing

angina, and possibly, heart attack stroke.
Because of a mix between kolesterolbaik cholesterol (HDL) and
bad (LDL) cholesterol level checks are grouped into total
cholesterol (LDL and HDL amount circulating in the blood), and
triglycerides. The higher the amount of total cholesterol, LDL
cholesterol, and triglycerides, the higher the risk of heart disease.
Conversely, the higher levels of HDL cholesterol, the lower the
risk of heart problems.

' D. Causes of High Cholesterol

Blood cholesterol levels can be affected by what we eat. If the
cholesterol that is more than the body's natural mechanisms to
deal with it, cholesterol can stick to the walls of the blood vessels,
making it so much narrower. Because it is used by the liver to
produce cholesterol, saturated fat consumption of excessive
amounts can increase blood cholesterol levels significantly. Fatty
red meat and dairy products are the main source of cholesterol
and saturated fats from food. In addition, saturated fat that has
been used or have been fried, smoked, preserved, or stored, eggs
and flour also moldly cheese (often found in fast food), contains a
number of oxy-high cholesterol and improve blood cholesterol
levels.
Food and following circumstances most instrumental in causing
high cholesterol levels:
1. Lack of amino acids due to low-quality protein intake
2. Lack of antioxidants (vitamins C and E, selenium, and zinc) due
to low intake of fruit and vegetables
3. Biotin deficiency and carnitine (material associated with
vitamin B) due to the whole Cereal processing

4. Essential fatty acid deficiency due to low-quality fat care

5. Excessive alcohol intake
6. hydrogenated fat or fat intake excessive refined (lard, grease
for pastries or shortening, oil seeds fan, palm oil, margarine, etc.)
that are found in many processed foods
7. Excessive intake of starch (corn, white potatoes, etc.)
8. Excessive sugar intake yan found in many processed foods
9. Lack of fiber due to the lack of intake of fruits and vegetables
10. Allergy food
11. Lack of hormones (testosterone, DHEA, estrogen, growth
hormone, and others)
12. Liver dysfunction
13. Increase of tissue damage due to infection, radiation,
impaired hepatic function, or oxidative activity.

E. Causes of High Cholesterol

There are several possible reasons why high cholesterol levels
and can also be controlled, but some can not be controlled. Below
are some of the factors that cause blood cholesterol levels to be
high:
AGE AND SEX
Increased cholesterol levels within certain limits is a natural thing
that happens in the aging process. In other words, the older we
get, the more time we have to destroy the body. High cholesterol
levels increase with age in men and women. In men tingggi
cholesterol levels seen in age between the ages of 45 to 54 years.
In women, the highest cholesterol levels between the ages of 55

to 64 years. This trend shows that heart disease differ between

men and women, with coronary heart kejadianpenyakit in women
is usually more than 10 years than men.
DIETARY HABIT
People who are most at risk of having high cholesterol levels are
those that apply diets containing high levels of fat jenuhyang.
Saturated fats (found in meat, butter, cheese, and cream)
increase levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood. However, a healthy
diet can lower cholesterol levels sekirat 5-10%, even more.
Reduce your intake of saturated fats (replacing them with
monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats) and eat more
fruits, vegetables, salad, plant sterols and soy can also help.
Cooking methods such as baking healthier than frying can also be
performed.
WEIGHT
Excess body weight is not only interfere with the appearance but
more bad health effects. Being overweight can increase
triglycerides and lower HDL (good cholesterol).
LESS MOVE
The human body is designed to always move so it is advisable to
move much. Less moves can increase LDL (bad cholesterol) and
lowers HDL (good cholesterol).
CERTAIN DISEASES
It could be we've been trying to stay away from fatty foods but
still high cholesterol. The possibility that we Have certain diseases
such as diabetes or hypothyroidism that can cause us to be high
cholesterol.

SMOKING

Smoking can lower good cholesterol, so that circulate in the body

just bad cholesterol. This bad cholesterol if not controlled can lead
to fatal.Itulah several Cause High Cholesterol (detikhealth) that
could happen to everyone and keep in mind also said to have
normal cholesterol levels if the size is 160-200 mg while entering
a dangerous condition if it is above 240 mg causing a stroke.
FAMILY HISTORY OF DISEASE
Familial hypercholesterolemia (HF) is a term for high cholesterol
syndrome that is passed down from generation to generation. In
short, high cholesterol levels are determined by a defective gene
and nothing can be done to avoid it. Persons with HF has a very
high cholesterol levels (typically 8-12 mmol / L, more often and
rarely below that value. Persons with HF are more at risk of
atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. HF begins at birth and
persists for life.

F. Risk Factors Heart disease and stroke Due to Cholesterol

If the levels of cholesterol in the blood exceeds the normal value,
then the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke will be greater.
Excess cholesterol can cause mengendapnya cholesterol in the
walls of blood vessels that lead to narrowing and hardening of the
arteries, known as atherosclerosis (the formation of plaque in
blood vessels).
If the narrowing and hardening is quite heavy, causing the blood
supply to the heart muscle is not adequate, then the resulting
pain or chest pain known as angina. And if continued would lead
to the death of heart muscle tissue called a myocardial infarction.
If the widespread myocardial infarction, heart failure arises it will
be.
In addition to LDL cholesterol, other risk factors that increase the
occurrence of heart disease are smoking, low HDL values (<40

mg / dl), have high blood pressure or hypertension (140/90 or

under treatment). In addition, a higher risk of heart disease at the
age of 45 years (men) and 65 years (women), and are known to
have a family history of heart disease.
The symptoms of heart disease are:
a. Distress (overwritten burden, pain, pinched, squeezed, burning)
in the chest that can spread to the left arm, neck, and back
b. Choking or shortness lasted more than 20 minutes.
c. Cold sweats, weakness, palpitations and fainting can get
The symptoms will be relieved by rest and gain weight
with activity. If the blockage is affecting the blood vessels of the
brain then it will be a stroke. Symptoms of a stroke depend on the
degree of attack, ranging from mild to severe.
1. Symptoms of mild stroke: talk suddenly become inaccurate
2. Symptoms of severe stroke:
a. paralysis of the limbs of the body
b. face becomes asymmetrical
c. in case of cerebral hemorrhage can cause death
stroke symptoms require prompt action in order not to fall in a
more severe degree.
G. Treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Eat foods high in fiber, oil use MUFA (mono-unsaturated fatty
acids) and PUFA (poly-unsaturated fatty acids), fish oil
supplementation, vitamin antioxidants and maintain your ideal
weight.

When setting lifestyle can not afford to lower cholesterol levels in

the blood, then we have to take the drug. Drugs that can be used
are:
1. Group fibrates acid Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate and Ciprofibrate.
Fibrates reduce the production of LDL and increase HDL levels.
LDL stacked in the arteries thereby increasing the risk of heart
disease, while HDL protects arteries on piling it.
2. Group Cholestyramine resin (Chlolestyramine)
This antihiperlidemik drugs work by binding to bile acids in the
intestine and increase the disposal of LDL from the bloodstream.
3. Group HMGCoa reductase inhibitors Pravastatin, Simvastatin,
Rosavastatin, Fluvastatin, Atorvastatin.
Inhibit the formation of cholesterol by inhibiting the action of the
enzyme in the liver tissue that produces mevalonate, a small
molecule that is used to synthesize cholesterol and mevalonate
derivatives. Besides increasing the disposal of LDL from the
bloodstream.
4. Group niacin nicotinic acid
With large doses of nicotinic acid is indicated to increase HDL or
good cholesterol in the blood
5. Type Ezetimibe
Lower total and LDL cholesterol while also raising HDL by reducing
cholesterol absorption in the intestine.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION

Cholesterol is a fat molecule in the cell is divided into LDL, HDL,

total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is actually one
component of fat. The amount of cholesterol in our body must be
balanced with the need. That way your body will remain healthy.
But if the amount is excessive, one of which caused terlau often
eat foods containing cholesterol, the cholesterol levels in the
blood will increase.
The main causes of Cholesterol mostly because of the food. But
besides the food turns out there are other causes that need to be
known.
Cholesterol levels in the blood essential for the permanent
monitored. Because then our body's health status can be
detected early before we get complaints signal of symptoms
hypercholesterolemia
The following steps are known to control cholesterol levels in the
blood are: Knowing cholesterol, maintain a balance weight,
regular physical aktvitas, Make friends with good fats and
Consuming a multivitamin.

B. ADVICE
So I can write about the material that became the subject of this
paper, of course, there are still many shortcomings and
weaknesses, because they lack the knowledge and the lack of
reference or reference that has to do with the title of this
paper.Hopefully this paper is useful for me and especially for the
readers as knowledge of cholesterol for our bodies.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Lars Heslet.1991.kolesterol(judul asli: cholesterol). Penerbit

Kesaint Blanc.jakarta
www.infopenyakit.com
www.addaun.com
www.ningharmanto.com
www.trubus-online.co.id
www. Thesimpleguides.com
Braverman, E. and Braverman, D.2006. Penyakit Jantung &
Penyembuhannya secara Alami. Penerbit PT Bhuana Ilmu
Populer.Jakarta