1|Page

Computer fundamentals
(Introduction to computer)
1) Whats meaning of fundamentals?
The fundamental was any one invention developments at the explained in steps by step.
One material developed a new generation on the world. And the fundamentals explained before
the questions whare, which, what, how, why. All so explained step on fundamentals.
2) What is computer?
Definition:
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions (software)
stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input) from the user, manipulate data
(process), and display information (output) from the processing.
Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a
system. Electronic information processing device. (Includes storage & retrieval).

3) Father of computer?
Father: -Charles Babbage (1822) He was designed a Difference Engine in the year
1822 and came out with his new idea of Analytical Engine in the year 1842 that was intended
to be fully automatic.( he is the best mathematician for Cambridge university in Britain)
Mother: - Augusta ado Lovelace Ada lovelace(10 December 1815, London - 27
November 1852, Marylebone, London) is the mother of computer. (She is also known as the first
"Programmer") She is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage's early
mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine.

4) Usages for computers?

Software Concern
Govt & Private Offices
Banks
Department Stores
Electricity Bills
Ticket booking
Computerized Games
Movies

5) What is mean by computer?

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

2|Page
The computer word developed on compute prance word its meaning of to give the any
calculations
C = common
O = operating/operator
operating (machine), operated (director)
M = machine
P = particularly
U = used for T = trade/technicals E = education R =result/research

6) Character of computer?
*Speed
*Accuracy
*Diligence
*Versatility
*Storage capacity
*(-) No IQ. (No brain of human knowledge)
*(-) No feelings

7) Type of computer?
i) DIGITAL computer - Mathematics (+, -, /, *, ECT).
ii) ANALOG computer -Current voltage, waves signal calculation.
iii) HYBRID computer Digital/ hybrid=computer combine all the qualities.

8) Type of digital computer/classifications of computer?

i) PERSONAL computer
ii) MICRO computer
iii) MINI computer
iv) MAINFRAME computer
vi) SUPER computer

-Single user & micro processing

-Microprocessor/storage & input/output elements
-Limited input/output capabilities
-Large computer system powerful devices
-Very large &very hi-processing speed &sci_appli

9) Generation of computer?
The world first computer is harwart mark-1 (1944), next piriten developed
Computer is kollasshasi-1
i) First generation of computer (1942-1955): - (j.w.mauchy)
Three type of computer used in first generation
a) THE ENIAC (1943-46) => The electronics numerical integrators and calculator
(Result of military need).
b) THE EDVAC (1946-52) => The electronics discrete variable automatic computer
(Design and stored programmed).
c) THE EDSAC (1947-49) => The electronics delay stored automatic calculator
(Automatic calculators).
THE ENIAC / EDVAC / EDSAC=used in VACCUM TUBE.
ii) Second generation computer (1955-1964): - (William Shockley)
*Vacuum tube to successor smaller transistor developed the year.
*Transistors => the second generation brain of computer.
tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

3|Page
Used in TRANSISTOR
iii) Third generation of computer (1964-1975): To developed in the micro electronics technologies.
Chips and IC (integrated circuits) technologic.
Used in micro electronics develop the mini computer. To use the gobal language.

iv) Fourth generation of computer (1975-onwards) : - (john.g.kemeny & Thomas Kurtz)

*20 components is (SSI)-Small Scale Integration
*100 components is single chip (MSI)-Middle Scale Integration
*More then components to single chip (LSI)-LARGE SCALE Integration
Used in single chip MICROPROCESSOR thats CPU (currently use of pc computer).

v) Fifth generation of computer: - (Steve john& Stephen wozhiate)

IQ AND FEELING developed and real knowledge of the world

10) Basic of computer operations?

i) Input.
ii) Output.
iii) Central processing unit
i) Input unit/devices: *Keyboard
normal /multimedia keyboards ( the first key board key in 84 next 101 next 108)
*Mouse
pearl (ball) mouse/optical (light) mouse.
*Joystick (to use the game centers)
*Scanners (to use the photo studios)
*Digital camera (to use the photo studios & ours)
*Touchpad (to use the laptop pc)
*micr (magnetic in character recognition)
*omr (optical mark recognition)
*ocr (optical character recognition)
*bar coding (to use the markets)
*speech input unit
ii) Output unit/devices: *Monitor
CRT (cathode ray tube)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
TLM (Thinner and Lighter monitors)
*Printer (dot printer, ink-jet printer, laser printer, trough printer)
*Speaker (2.1/5.1)
iii) Central processing unit (CPU); *HIGH-LEVEL language -Human language
*LOW-LEVEL language -Machine language (binary) ASCII codes

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

4|Page
*HIGH-LEVEL language

-Human language

That the cpu processor market is dominated by to companies

i) Intel corporation (Pentium its called from Celeron)
ii) Adm (adm athlon & adm duron)
Called the speed for cpu mega hertz (MHz) & giga hertz (GHz)
:collection of information is data
:step by step logical solutions is programmed

a) Data
b) Programs
Programs
Data

INPUT
UNIT

STORAGE
UNIT

OUTPUT
UNIT

CONTROL
UNIT

Central processing
unit (CPU)

ARITHEMETC
LOGIC
UNIT

Basically computer operating methods

11) Storage devices?
*Primary storage
-accessing time stored
*Secondary storage -data stored on permanent. And any time view

STORAGE UNIT
Primary storage

RAM

PROM

secondary storage

ROM

EPROM

tamilrsu@gmail.com

EEPROM

floppy disk (FDD)

Hard disk (HDD)
Compact disk (CDD)
ECT,
FLASH

ph:9003339992

5|Page
MEANIG OF PRIMARY MOMORY: RAM

=>Random Access Memory (read & write)

The main memory of the computer. It consists of electronic components
that store data including numbers, letters of the alphabet, graphics and sound. Any information
stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
ROM
=>Read Only Memory
(ROM is memory that is etched on a chip that has start-up directions for your
computer. It is permanent memory.)
PROM
=>Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM
=>Erasable Programmable read Only Memory
EEPROM
=> Electronics Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
12) OPERATING SYSYTEM (os): Hardware and Software using of operating system
*Single user operating system
-DOS
*Multi user operating system
-WINDOWS

Windows 1.0 (Windows 1 - Based on Visi-On) April 30, 1985

Windows 2.0 (Windows 2) December 9, 1987

Windows 3.0 (Windows 3 - Is the first version of Windows to make substantial

commercial impact) May 22, 1990

Windows 3.1x (Windows 3.1) March 18, 1992

Windows 3.2 (Chinese-only release) November 19, 1992

Windows for Workgroups 3.11 January 21, 1993

Windows 95 (Windows 4) August 24, 1995

Windows 98 (Windows 4.1) June 25, 1998

Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me - Windows 4.9) September 14,

2000

Windows NT 3.1 March 31, 1994

Windows NT 3.5 September 21, 1994

Windows NT 3.51 May 30, 1995

Windows NT 4.0 July 31, 1996

Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0), February 17, 2000

Windows XP October 25, 2001

Windows Server 2003 April 24, 2003

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs July 08, 2006

Windows Vista January 31, 2007

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

6|Page

Windows Home Server February 28, 2008

Windows Server 2008 February 28, 2008

Windows 7 October 22, 2009

i) Type of operating system: Single user

*Dos- (disk operating system)
*Windows98
*Windows xp
*Vista

multi-user operating system

other application
*Unix
*Linux

ii) OS other application work: *Processor management

*Storage management
* Memory management
*Device management
*Application management
*User interface

12) Hardware and Software?

*Hardware: The physical components of the computer
Hart of computer is an hardware
Example: -hard disk, mother board, keyboard, ect,
*Software: The set of programs and user called software
Brain of computer is an software
Software types in computer

System software
*programming language
(Logo, algol, basic, c, c++, etc)
*operating system
(Dos, windows, Linux, Unix etc)

application software
ms-office
data base
audio & video etc

13) Difference between Hardware and Software

Hardware
Software
It is the physical unit of the computer

tamilrsu@gmail.com

It is a collection of programs to bring the

ph:9003339992

7|Page
hardware system into operation
It is the brain of the computer

It is the heat of the computer

It has permanent structure and cannot be
altered
It is normally affected by agents like dust,
heat, humidity etc.,
It works with binary code, the presence or
absence of pulses as 1s or 0s
It can be touched and felt
Keyboard,Mouse,CD-ROM,CPU,Monitor
are Some Examples

It has no permanent structure. So, it can be

altered and reused
It is normally affected by agents like virus
It is represented by the higher level languages
such as C,C++,VB etc.,
It cannot be touched and felt
Operating System,Ms-Office,Anti-Virus,
Visual basic are Some Examples

12) EXTRA computer details: a) Numbering System:

Number system

Base value

Symbolic character set

Binary

0,1

Octal

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Decimal

10

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Hexadecimal

16

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

b) Type of system memory size:8 Bit

=
1 Byte
1024 Bit
=
1 Kilo Byte
1024 KB
=
1 Mega Byte
1024 MB
=
1 Giga Byte
1024 GB
=
1 Tera Byte
1024TB
=
1 Peta bytes

c) Meaning of ASCII:ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Example:Decimal

Character

Decimal

Character

32

space

80

33

81

34

"

82

35

83

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

8|Page
36

84

37

85

38

&

86

39

'

87

40

88

41

89

42

90

43

91

44

92

45

93

46

94

47

95

48

96

49

97

50

98

51

99

52

100

53

101

54

102

55

103

56

104

57

105

58

106

59

107

60

<

108

61

109

62

>

110

63

111

64

112

65

113

66

114

67

115

68

116

69

117

70

118

71

119

72

120

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

9|Page
73

121

74

122

75

123

76

124

77

125

78

126

79

127

DEL

Other symbols
Decimal

Character

Decimal

Character

128

192

129

193

130

194

131

195

132

196

133

197

134

198

135

199

136

200

137

201

138

202

139

203

140

204

141

205

142

206

143

207

144

208

145

209

146

210

147

211

148

212

149

213

150

214

151

215

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

10 | P a g e
152

216

153

217

154

218

155

219

156

220

157

221

158

222

159

223

160

224

161

225

162

226

163

227

164

228

165

229

166

230

167

231

168

232

169

233

170

234

171

235

172

236

173

237

174

238

175

239

176

240

177

241

178

242

179

243

180

244

181

245

182

246

183

247

184

248

185

249

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

11 | P a g e
186

250

187

251

188

252

189

253

190

254

191

255

ASCII non-printing control characters chart

Decimal

Character

Decimal

Character

Null

16

data link escape

start of heading

17

device control 1

start of text

18

device control 2

end of text

19

device control 3

end of transmission

20

device control 4

inquiry

21

negative acknowledge

acknowledge

22

synchronous idle

Bell

23

end of transmission block

backspace

24

Cancel

horizontal tab

25

end of medium

10

line feed/new line

26

Substitute

11

vertical tab

27

Escape

12

form feed/new page

28

file separator

13

carriage return

29

group separator

14

shift out

30

record separator

15

shift in

31

unit separator

d) Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

5 =
360 KB / 1.2 MB

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

12 | P a g e
3

1.44 MB / 2.88 MB

e) Compact Disk Drive (CDD)

Read only Memory (ROM)
Read and Write
Memory 700 MB

Writable CD
R/W
52X Speed

f) Digital Versatile Disk

(DVD)
Writable / Rewritable DVD
Single Layer 4.7 GB
Double Layer 9.4 GB
g) MP3
Music Player 3
*Mono Left
*Mono Right
MP3 CD Played in 12 Hours of Music.
h) MP4
Music Player 4
Mono Left
i) BIOS

Stereos

Video

=Basic Input Output System

*Processor,
j) CMOS

Mono Right

*Stereos

*Floppy,

*Hard Disk,

*Memory

=Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

CMOS

Battery

k) First editors:*WordStar

*WordPerfect

l) CUI: - Character User Interface (or) Command User Interface.

m) GUI: - Graphical User Interface
n) 3gp?
i) First generation picture => Cinema Theater
ii) Second generation picture => home television
iii) Third generation picture => mobile video theater

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992

13 | P a g e

Computer Virus
Virus (Vital Information Resources Under Siedge )
Spreading Virus Files:
Computer virus affect mostly attack.com, .exe, .sys, .bin, .pif etc Virus can affect any
files on your computer.
1.Through the storage devices like Floppy Disk, Compact Disk, DVD, Pen Drive etc.,
2. Through the Internet.
3. Through the download files.
Symptoms of Virus:
1. Files and Folders created automatically.
2. The properties of folder is abnormal. [Size increasing]
3. System automatically restarted.
4. Application programs automatically shut down.
5. Booting Problem.
6. Unknown error massages appearing.
Protect our PC from Virus:
1. Install anti-virus software and update properly.
2. Avoid virus corrupted storage devices. Scan the storage devices before use.
Examples of Antivirus Software
1. Norton
2. AVG
3. Kaspersky
4. Avast(alvil)
5. E scans
6. Kingsfer
7.Panda

tamilrsu@gmail.com

ph:9003339992