Content

1
Longlife
Sustainable,energyefficientandresourcesaving,residential
buildingsinconsiderationofunifiedproceduresandnewand
adaptedtechnologies
ProjectintheBalticSeaRegionProgramme20072013
Analysisandcomparison
Reportontheanalysisofstateoftechnology,administrative
andlegalprocedures,financialsituation,demographicneeds,
similaritiesanddifferencesintheparticipatingcountries
Denmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia.
Formulationofbenchmarks
Documenthistory
TUPublikationen
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Printedonacidfreepaper
2009byUniversittsverlagderTUBerlin
AlleRechtevorbehalten./Allrightsreserved.
TechnischeUniversittBerlin,Universittsverlagc/oUB,Fasanenstr.88,10623Berlin,2009
PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany.
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Documenthistory
Documenthistory
Dateofissue
2010
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Noofcopies
LeadpartnerSecretariat
17
JTS,Rostock
Archive
ProjectpartnerfromDE,DK,LT,PL
100
Ass.organizationsfromRussia
30
TUBerlin,Universittsverlagc/oUB
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Title
Analysisandcomparison
Longlife
ReportNo.1
Author
TUBerlin,FacultyVI,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignand
structureasleadpartner
Illustrationsby
Layoutby
Editor
KlausRckert
Leadpartner
Keywords: Energy efficiency, sustainability, resource saving, life cycle costs,
minimizeoperatingcosts,prototypedesign
Classification
open
internal
proprietary
Update
Version
01
02
Datesent
Name
position
Content
Content
1.
Acknowledgement
2.
Contribution
3.
Abstract
3.1
AbstractinDanishResum
3.2
AbstrachtinGermanKurzfassung
3.3
AbstractinLithuanianSantrauka
10
3.4
AbstractinPolishStreszczenie
11
3.5
AbstractinRussian
12
4.
Introduction
5.
13
Summaryandbenchmarks
14
6.
Methods
16
7.
Workshops,meetings,events
18
8.
Results
19
8.1
Engineeringandbuildingtechnologystandards
21
8.2
Methodofplanning,permitandtenderingprocedures
79
8.3
Economicalandfinancialbasis,industryandquality
105
9.
Authors,correspondingauthors
129
10.
References
132
11.
Glossary
145
12.
Abbrevation
159
13.
Annexes
163
13.1
DetailsDenmark
163
13.2
DetailsGermany
201
13.3
DetailsLithuania
329
13.4
DetailsPoland
403
13.5
DetailsRussia
471
Acknowledgement
1.
Acknowledgement
We want to acknowledge and appreciate the enthusiasm and contributions from the project
partnersandassociatedorganizationsfromDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia,their
colleaguesandfriendswhohavesharedtheirknowlegdeandexperiencesinthisreport.Especially
wewanttothanktheTechnicalUniversityofGdansk,DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingand
MaterialEngineeringforitsworkasworkpackageleaderandtheleadersofteams1,2and3.
WewouldalsoliketoacknowledgethesupportoftheBalticSeaRegionProgramme20072013for
partlyfundingtheLonglifeproject.
We would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs as
associated organization for financing, communicating and supporting the project Longlife in many
differentways.
We want to thank our advisory board, the Embassies of Denmark, Lithuania, Poland and Russia,
FederalOfficeforBuildingandRegionalPlanningandtheBalticSeaForum.
Contribution
2. Contribution
BerlinInstituteofTechnology,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignandstructure,Germany
CenterofCompetenceforMajorHousingEstates,Germany
ProPotsdamGmbH,Germany
GdanskUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingandMaterial
Engineering,Poland
VilniusGediminasTechnicalUniversity,DepartmentonEngineeringArchitecture,Lithuania
HousingandUrbanDevelopmentAgency,Lithuania
BuildingPlanningSystematicsCentre,Lithuania
MunicipalityofRoskilde,Denmark
HousingassociationofZealand,Denmark
SaintPetersburgStateUniversityofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,Russia
Jointstockcompany"HypothecaryAgencyofLeningradOblast",Russia
NorthWestInterRegionalCenter,Russia
Abstract
3.
Abstract
Environmentalconsiderationsarebecomingoneofthekeyfeaturesinthedesignwhenitcomesto
constructingmodern,sustainableresidentialbuildings.Inanefforttostreamlineproceduresand
practices,theprojectLonglifehasconductedacomparativereviewoftheseamongthecountries
Denmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussia(associatedorganizations).
Thecountriesinvolvedhavesharedknowledgeandexperienceswitheachotherabouthowtheir
respectivebuildingprocessesoperate.Thesearecollatedandanalysed.Therearedifferencesand
commonnesssinthestateoftechnology,administrativeandlegalprocedures,financialsituation,
demographicneeds,howahousingprojectfunctions.
WiththisexerciseLonglifehasstartedtoensurethatdifferencesacrosstheBalticSeaRegionwillbe
minimisedasregardsenvironmentallyfriendlyresidentialconstructions.
Thisinitialcomparativestagecoversplanning,buildingpermitandtenderingprocedures,practices
fordevelopingandoperatinghousingandconstructiontechnologies.Thereportreflectsthe
currentlymostapplicablefeaturesoftheparticipatingcountriesprocesses.
Longlifeprojectpartnersworkinthreecompetenceteamstousethespecialknowhowand
experiencesandtocooperateinthepublicprivatepartnershipcomposition.
Thereportanalysesinthecompetenceteam1Engineeringandbuildingtechnology,design
standardstheengineeringandtechnologystandardsinthecountriesDenmark,Germany,
Lithuania,PolandandRussia.
Thereportshowsfortheteam2Administrationprocedures,licensingrules,tenderingrules,laws
thecomparisonandinvestigationsofadministrationprocedures,buildingpermitrules,tendering
rulesandlawsintheparticipatingcountries.
Thereportprovidesforteam3Economicalandfinancialbasisageneralandaspecificoverview
abouteconomicalandfinancialissues,sustainabilityandqualityaspectsintheinvolvedcountries.
Thisreportisbasisforthenextworkpackage:developmentofstandards,criteriaandspecifications
forasustainable,resourcesavingresidentialbuilding.
Abstract
3.1
AbstractinDanishResum
Miljmssigehensynvilistigendegradudgreetafhovedtrkkeneiudformningenvedopfrelse
af moderne, bredygtige beboelsesejendomme. I forsget p at ensrette procedurer og metoder
har Longlife projektet gennemfrt en sammenlignende gennemgang af disse i landene, Danmark,
Tyskland,Litauen,PolenogRusland(tilknyttedeorganisationer).
De involverede lande har indbyrdes delt viden og erfaringer om hvordan deres respektive
bygningsprocesser fungerer. Disse er sammenlignet og analyseret. Der er forskelle og
lighedspunkter i den byggetekniske status, administrative og juridiske procedurer, konomisk
situation,demografiskebehovogmdenetboligprojektfungerer.MeddennevelseerLonglife
projektetstartetpvejenmodatsikreenminimeringafdeforskellighederdereksistererptvrs
afstersregionenmedhensyntilmiljvenligboligopfrelse.
Dette indledende sammenligningstrin dkker planlgning, byggetilladelses og
licitationsprocedurer, samt metoder til udvikling og drift af anvendte bolig, og
konstruktionsteknologier.Rapportenafspejlerlandenes,fortiden,bedstbeskrivendekarakteristika.
PartnereiLonglifeprojektetarbejderitrekompetenceteamsmedhenblikpanvendelseafspecifik
knowhowogerfaringer,ogforatsamarbejdeietoffentligtprivatpartnerskab.
Rapportenanalysererikompetenceteam1Bygningsudformningogbygningsteknologistandarder
bygningsudformningsogteknologistandarderneilandeneDanmark,Tyskland,Litauen,Polenog
Rusland.
Forteam2viserrapportenadministrativeprocedurer,regleromkringbevillinger,regleromkring
licitationstilbud, lovgivning sammenligningen og undersgelser af administrative procedurer,
reglerforbyggetilladelser,loveomlicitationstilbudidedeltagendelande.
Forteam3tilvejebringerrapportenkonomiskogfinansielbaggrundengenerelogetspecifikt
overblik over konomiske og finansielle problemstillinger, bredygtighed og kvalitetsmssige
aspekterideinvolveredelande.
Dennerapportdannerbasisfordennstearbejdspakke(workpackage4):Udviklingafstandarder,
kriterierogspecifikationerforetbredygtig,ressourcebesparendeboligbyggeri.
Abstract
3.2
AbstrachtinGermanKurzfassung
kologische Belange sind im Begriff zu einem Hauptaspekt im Entwerfen von modernen,

nachhaltigenWohnungsbauzuwerden.IndemBestrebendieSteuerungsablufeunddiePraxiszu
rationalisieren, hat das Projekt Longlife eine vergleichende Bewertung unter den Lndern
Dnemark,Deutschland,Litauen,PolenundRusslanddurchgefhrt.
Die beteiligten Lnder haben ihr Wissen und ihre Erfahrungen ber die jeweiligen Bauprozesse
ausgetauscht, zusammengetragen und analysiert Es gibt Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten
bezglich der Stand der Technik, der administrativen und rechtlichen Verfahren, der finanziellen
Situation,derdemographischenBelangeunddesVerstndnisseswieeinBauprojektfunktioniert.
Mit dieser Aufgabe mchte Longlife sicherstellen, da Unterschiede in der Ostseeregion auf ein
Minimum gebracht werden, um eine Empfehlung fr einen umweltfreundlichen Wohnungsbau
abzugeben.
DievergleichendeProjektphasebefatsichmitBelangendesPlanungs,Baugenehmigungsund
Ausschreibungsverfahren,derEntwicklungundKonstruktionsweisen.DerBerichtreflektiertdie
derzeitamstrkstenanwendbarenFunktionenvonProzessenderteilnehmendenLnder.
DieLonglifeProjektPartnerarbeitenindreiKompetenzteamszusammenumdasbesondereKnow
howundErfahrungenzunutzenundkooperativmitdenPublicPrivatePartnerships
zusammenzuwirken.
DerBerichtenthltfrdasTeams1zeigtGebudetechnik,DesignStandards,Ingenieurund
TechnologieStandardsindenLndernDnemark,Deutschland,Litauen,PolenundRussland.
DerBerichtzeigtfrdasTeam2AdministrativeVerfahren,RegelnfrdieLizenzvergabe,die
Ausschreibungsregeln,GesetzedenVergleichunddieUntersuchungenderVerwaltungsverfahren,
Baugenehmigung,VorschriftenundGesetzeindenteilnehmendenLndern.
DerBerichtenthltfrdasTeam3WirtschaftlicheundfinanzielleGrundlageneinenallgemeinen
undeinenspezifischenberblickberwirtschaftlicheundfinanzielleFragen,Nachhaltigkeitund
QualittsaspekteindenbeteiligtenLndern.
Abstract
3.3
AbstractinLithuanianSantrauka
Aplinkosaugosaspektaitampavienisvarbiausiypatybi,kaiturimaomenymoderni,subalansuot
gyvenam pastat statyba. Siekiant pagerinti procedras ir veiklas, projektas Longlife pareng
palyginamjapvalgalidalyvi(Danija,Vokietija,Lietuva,Lenkija,Rusijaasocijuotasdalyvis).
Uimtos projekte alys pasidalino iniomis ir patirtimi kaip veikia j statyb procesas. Tai yra
apibendrinta ir ianalizuota. Yra panaum ir skirtum dl technologij bkls, administracini ir
teisini procedr, finansins situacijos, demografiniuose poreikiuose bei bsto projektas
funkcionavime.TaibuvoprojektoLonglifepradiosudavinys,siekiantutikrintiaplinkaidraugik
gyvenampastatstatybosskirtumminimizavim.
is pradinis palyginimo etapas apm planavimo, leidim gavimo, konkurs procedr, busto
vystymoirnaudojimo,statybtechnologijveiklas.Ataskaitaatspindiiuometulabiausiaitaikomas
ifunkcijypatybesaliprocesuose.
Longlifeprojektopartneriai,veikiantvieosprivaiosbendrovsdarinyje,dirbatrijkompetencij
grupsesiekiantpanaudotispecifinknowhowirpatirt.
Ataskaitoje analizuojama 1sios kompetencij grups ininerija ir statybos technologijos,
projektavimo, ininerijos ir technologij normos partneri alyse: Danijos, Vokietijos, Lietuvos,
Lenkijos,Rusijos.
2sios kompetencij grups ataskaitoje matyti administracins procedros, licencijavimo
taisykls, konkurs taisykls, teis palyginimas ir tyrinjimas alyse dalyvse administracini
procedr,statybosleidimoidavimotaisykli,konkurstaisykliirteiss.
Ataskaitoje pagal 3i kompetencij grup ekonomin ir finansin baz pagrindin ir specifin
ekonominiirfinansinirezultat,darnosirkokybsaspektsupratimasalysedalyvse.
skaita yra sekanio darbo paketo normini reikalavim vystymo, kriterij ir apraym,
subalansuoto,taupanioenergetiniusresursusgyvenamonamopagrindas
10
Abstract
3.4
AbstractinPolishStreszczenie
Wzgldy rodowiskowe staj si kluczowe podczas projektowania nowoczesnych budynkw

mieszkalnych zgodnych z ide zrwnowaonego rozwoju. W celu uproszczenia i zracjonalizowania
procedur,projektLonglifeprzeprowadziichanalizporwnawczwkrajachDanii,Niemiec,Litwy,
PolskiiRosji(organizacjestowarzyszone).
Zaangaowane kraje podzieliy si wzajemnie wiedz i dowiadczeniem na temat przebiegu
procesw budowlanych w poszczeglnych regionach. Analizy wskazay rnice i podobiestwa w
staniezaawansowaniatechnologii,procedurachprawnychiadministracyjnych,sytuacjifinansowej,
potrzebdemograficznychorazsytuacjiwbudownictwiesocjalnym.Powyszedziaaniawykonanew
ramachprojektuLonglifespierwszymkrokiemnadrodzeminimalizacjirnicwRegionieBatyckim
odnoniebudynkwmieszkalnychprzyjaznychrodowisku.
Ten wstpny etap porwnawczy obejmuje planowanie, procedury wydawania pozwolenia na
budow, procedury przetargowe, zwyczaje i praktyki obowizujce w budownictwie
mieszkaniowym oraz technologie budowlane. Raport wskazuje najkorzystniejsze cechy procesw
budowlanychwdanychkrajach.
Partnerzy projektu Longlife pracuj w trzech zespoach kompetencyjnych, aby wykorzysta
dowiadczenie i specjalistyczn wiedz partnerw oraz umoliwi wspprac w publiczno
prywatnymskadziepartnerskim
Raport z analiz przeprowadzonych przez zesp kompetencyjny nr 1 Technologie budowlano
inynierskie, normy projektowe normy inynierskie i technologiczne w krajach Danii, Niemiec,
Litwy,PolskiiRosji.
Raportzespounr2Proceduryadministracyjne,zasadylicencjonowania,proceduryprzetargowe,
prawoporwnanieianalizaproceduradministracyjnych,zasadwydawaniapozwolenabudow,
zasadprocedurprzetargowychiprawawposzczeglnychkrajach.
Raport zespou nr 3 Podstawy ekonomiczne i finansowe przegld oglny i szczegowy kwestii
ekonomicznych i finansowych, zrwnowaonego rozwoju i aspektw jakociowych w
zaangaowanychkrajach.
Niniejszy raport jest podstaw dla nastpnego etapu projektu, opracowania norm, kryteriw i
specyfikacjidlazrwnowaonegoioszczdnegobudownictwamieszkalnego.
11
Abstract
3.5
AbstractinRussian
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12
Introduction
4. Introduction
LonglifeSustainable,energyefficientandresourcesavingresidentialbuildingsinconsiderationof
unifiedproceduresandnewandadaptedtechnologiesisaBalticSeaproject,partfinancedbythe
EuropeanUnion.
TheconstructionboomofthelastdecadesfuelledthegrowthofmarketsintheBalticSeaRegion.
Highendtechnologiesarestillnotwidelyusedinhousingconstruction.Ownersandinvestorsdont
introducenewenergyefficienttechnologiesasthesearemoreexpensive.Buildingtechnologiesand
procedures,likeplanning,permitandtendering,financing,sustainabilitystandardsaredifferentin
thecountries.
Longlifeaimstooptimizemethodsandconstruction,adaptsandimplementsnewtechnologiesfor
buildingsandharmonizesbuildingproceduresbetweenthecountries.Thesewillleadtoareduction
ofenergyconsumptionduringabuildingslifecycle.
InafirststepLonglifeanalizedandcomparedthestateofartforenergyefficiency,sustainability,
resourcesavingbuildingsandlowlifecyclecostsincludingminimumrequirementsforsustainable
buildingsintheparticipatingcountries.
Italreadyshowsthebuildingprocessinallfivepartnercountriesduringtheentirelifecycleofthe
buildingpresentedinthedetailedinformationattheendofthebookaccordingtonationalunits
andsimilaritiesanddifferencesinaneasycomparisonchartaccordingtothethreetransnational
competenceteams.
Theproducedresultsareseperatedintwoparts:Thefirstisacomparisonchartwhichcompares
shortinformationofeverycountryaboutdesignandtechnology,administrationandfinancing
instruments.Thesecondpartgivesdetailedinformationofeverycountryaboutthesametopicsand
canworkasbasicinformationforforeigninvestors,plannersandcompaniestoconstrcutinforeign
countries.Thisreportistheresultofbothparts.
InthesecondstepLonglifewilldevelopcommonstandards,criteriaandspecificationsfora
sustainable,resourcesavingresidentialbuilding.Theaimsareunifiedproceduresforenergy
efficiency,sustainability,resourcesavingdwellingsandlowlifecyclecostsinordertosimplifythe
workfortransnatioanlplanners,investorsandadministration.Thesewillleadtoareductionof
energyconsumptionandoperatingcostsduringabuildingslifecycle.
Thethirdstepisthedesignofaprototyperesidentialbuilding.Completeplanning,administrative
andtenderdocumentsforaprototyperesidentialbuildingwillbeavailablebasedoncommon
standards.Financingandmaintenancemodelsforthisprototypearedevelopedforplanners,
housingandconstructioncompanies.Theprototyperesidentialbuildingwillbecertificatedasa
sustainablebuilding.Itcanbebuiltbyinterestedcompanies.
TheestablishmentoftheBalticSeaHousingDevelopmentAssociationBASHDAwillcontinuethe
cooperationafterconclusionoftheLonglifeproject.Interestedcompaniesorplannersarewelcome
togetmoreinformationonourwebpageatwww.longlifeworld.eu.
TheworkingmethodofLonglifebasesuponthetriplehelix:Threetransnationalcompetenceteams
universities,administrationsandhousingcompaniesofwhicheachiscomposedoffivemembers
fromDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussiaworkjointlyintheprogressoftheproject
thusenablingthetransnationalworkoffifteendifferentprojectpartners.BerlinUniversityof
Technology,FacultyVI,InstituteofArchitecture,DepartmentDesignandStructureisthelead
partner.LonglifehasstartedinJanuary2009andwillfinishinJanuary2012.
13
5.
Summary:
Architectural,structuralandurbandesignaresimilar,mainlybecauseofthecorrespondingclimate
oftheBalticSeaRegion.Thus,theusageofmaterials,roofstructure,loadbearingstructure,
handcraftandmaterialusagedoesntdifferverymuchandismostlyreasonedintradition,
economy,timeandtechnicalpropertiesmeanwhileecologysdeclarationsaremostlystillvoluntary.
Internationallytherearenocommonstandardsforlowenergyhouse,passivehouseorzero
energybuilding.Nationalenergycertificationsystemsarealreadypartofthenormingsystemin
threeoftheparticipatingcountriesmeanwhileasustainablecertificationsystemonlyexistsinone
participatingcountryinGermany.Architecturalsustainablityforusbeginswiththesiteselection
andendswiththedemolitionofthehouse,greenurbandevelopmentthereforeisntasubjectof
ourprojectLonglife.
ThedemographicanalysisshowedthatthepopulationdecreasedinthelastyearsinDenmark,
LithuaniaandinGermanyaswell.Thisdiagnosedtrendwillproceedwithinthefollowingyears.
However,moreresidentialbuildingsaremainlyrequiredasaconsequenceofincreasingsqmliving
spaceperpersonandasaresultofchangingofhouseholdstructure(thetendencyshowsclearlythe
developmenttohouseholdswithreducinghouseholdmembers).Anotherreasonfornew
constructionisfoundedontheresultsoftheprojectBEENthatshowsthatnewbuildingsare
financiallymoreefficientthanthemodernizationofexisitngbuildingsifweseethecostbenefit
factor.
Itisaninterestingfactthattheprivateownershipratediffersnotablyinallparticipatingcountries
andthattheadministrationofbuildingsafterallmultifamilybuildingsstillisntusualinsomeof
theparticipatingcountriesafactthathastobechangedbyLonglife.
Theinvolvedcountriesalsodiffersignificantlyinthelevelofthehouseholdincomeandthe
percentileamountoftherentalcosts.
Theenergyconsumptionsdiffersfrom(seedifferentnumbersincomparisonchart7.3.3.1)withthe
implementedEUdirective2002/91/EGineachinvolvedcountryexceptRussia.Calculationmethods
andrequirementsforthermalinsulationandenergydemandstilldifferverymuch.Theinvolved
countriesaswelldifferinthemainlyusedenergysource,technicalheating,coolingandventilation
andenergyprices.
Sustainablenormsforfunctionalreusingabilitydontexist,eventhoughonepreEuroNorm(preEN)
isinprogress.Sustainabilityisincludedinnationalandinternatioanlcertificationsystemsand
voluntaryarchitecturalconcepts.Thermalmodernization,solarheatingsystemsorlowenergy
housesaredifferentpossibilitiestosupportsustainabilityandenergyneeds.Inlaw,threeoffive
involvedcountrieshaveincludedenergyneedsaspartoftheplanninglaws,buildingregulationsor
technicalrequirements.OnlyinGermanythesepossibilitiesareadvancedbyfinancialsupport,in
theothercountriesthereisnosuchfinancialconveyance.
Ahierarchicplanninglawisexistinginallparticipatingcountriesasaversionofa2or3stage
planningsystem.Buildingpermitprocedureandtenderingaresimilaraswell.Whilethetendering
processhastofollowstrictnationalandEUlaws,thebuildingpermitapplicationwithdistinct
14
attachmentshastobeappliedbytheownertotheauthoritytoissueit.Theregionaldifferences
canbefoundinprice,timelimitsandinvolvedpersons.Allinvolvedcountrieshaveabuildingcode
orconstructioncodetofollowandprincipallythereisanobligatorycheckingfromtheauthorities.
InPolandandGermanytheentitledarchitectorengineer(foreignerorresident)mustbememberof
the national engineer's or architect's chambers. In the other involved countries there are no
restrictionforconstructionmanagement.
The financial structure and instruments, supporting models/programmes differ in all the involved
countries.
Theleveloffinancialsupportisdifferentlyhigh.Socialhousinghasbeensupportedinallcountries
aswellasmodernization.Energysavingmeasuresandsustainableconstructionareonlysupported
in Germany (e.g. KfWprogram Energy Efficient Construction). Kinds of financial supports are:
loans with less interests, grants or subsidies. Besides classical equity and debt capital there are
otherforms(e.g.privatepublicpartnership).
Benchmarks:
Longlife will develop standards, criteria and specifications for a sustainable, resource saving
residential building in Baltic Sea Region. Therefore, comparable calculations of regionally realized
EUEnergyDirective(2002/91/EG)withacomparableclimaticfundament,equallydefinedtermsand
unitsandcomparedecologicalmaterialstandardsareneeded.Thefutureguidelineshouldshowthe
differentnationalmannersofplanning,permit,tenderingandconstructionmethodsintheinvolved
countries in a clearly arranged manner in order to simplify the work for international planners. A
unifiedEuropeandefinitionofoperatingcostsandlifecyclecostsandotherrelatedtermsshouldbe
madeandpublicatedintheguidelineandinaEuropeanbenchmarkdatabase.
AsustainableEuropeancertificationsystemforresidentialbuildingswillbedevelopedandapplied
toaprototypebuildingwithcomparablerequirementsandregionaldifferences.Inthisresidential
building the rise of renewable energy consumption and the lowering of energy consumption in
generalareadaptedtodevelopsustainablearchitectureandcities.Furthermore,itshoulddefine
standardized methods for sustainability in the whole life cycle of a residential building that
completethenationalnormsforexampleinthesupervisionoftheconstructionorintendering
toallowastandardizedcomparison.
EU Benchmarks like the development of dynamic financial programmes for all countries on
nationalorEUbasiswiththehelpofloansandgrantsareimportantaimsaswell.Forthatwehave
todefinethetermenergyanddevelopdifferentlevelsofenergysavingintheresidentialbuildingas
baseforthefinancialsupport.Existingsupportprogrammesforexampleforsocialhousingshould
be part of these programmes. The national building permits will be made bilangual and can be
replacedbyacommonEuropeanbuildingpermitforminalllanguageswithnationaldifferencesin
priceandtime.
For the design and the construction of the prototype that will be developed to prove the
guideline, the certification system and the EU benchmarks we have to define parameters like
construction costs, target groups, amount of inhabitants per appartment and m per person. A
decision has to be made which kind of ownership should be considered always in relation with
general similarities like the proportion of floor space and living space and distinct regional
differences like rental cost in % of net household, temperature differences and approximate
buildingcostsperm.
15
Methods
6.
Methods
Longlife has formed three transnational competence teams and five national units or regional
teams.
The cooperation between the three transnational competence teams science, politics and
economyteam1,team 2and team 3itis enabletoworkinanintegrativestyleandastriple
helix.
Through the publicprivate partnership (PPP) composition the cooperation science, politics and
economy team 1, team 2 and team 3 it is also possible to move the project aims faster and
closed.
AllparticipatingcountriesDenmark,Germany,Lithuania,PolandandRussiahavemembersinthe
threetransnationalcompetenceteams:
scienceteam1:technology,energy,planning
politicsteam2:administrationprocedures
economyteam3:industry,costs,financing,quality
Team 1 consists of universities, team 2 consists of administration as well as housing and urban
DevelopmentAgenciesandteam3consistsofinvestorsandbuildingsocieties.Inthefigurebelow
thetriplehelixisimagedtoshowthethreecompetenceteamsandfivenationalunits.
Allinvolvedcountriesworkinthethreecompetenceteams.Allprojectpartnersworkatthesame
timeinthesameworkpackage,theyaredevidedinthethreecompatenceteams.Theysharethe
knowlegde in the national units. All three competence teams have a team leader for the whole
duration of the project. The workpackage leader is responsible to coordinate the work in the
competence team between the partners from the involved countries. As well, each workpackage
hasaworkpackageleader.
The lead partner, the workpackage leaders and the team leaders follow the Lonflife project
structure
16
Methods
In the work package Analysis and comparison the aim was to develop a comparable base of
international information of the five participating countries and to show the building process in
Denmark, Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Russia during the entire life cycle of the building, the
similarities and differences in an easy comparison chart according to the three transnational
competenceteams.
For this a questionnaire was jointly developed in the three transnational competence teams
Engineering and building technology standards, administration tools, method of planning, permit
andtenderingproceduresandeconomicalandfinancialbasis,industryandquality.
ThisquestionnairewasfilledoutbyallprojectpartnersandlaterbroughttogetherbytheLead
Partner,BerlinInstituteofTechnology,InstituteofArchitecture,DepartmentDesignandStructure,
Germanyandtheworkpackageleader,GdanskUniversityofTechnology,Departmentof
FundamentalsofBuildingandMaterialEngineering,Poland.
Two parts of the output are developed in order to compare the answers. The first part is a chart
filledoutwithshortanswerstobeabletocompareeasilythecontributedinformations.Thesecond
partisanannexwithdetailedinformationsofthethreecompetenceteamssortedbyparticipating
countriestogetanoverviewofthenationalprocessesandstandards.
Inalaststepweformulatedincolumnssummariesandbenchmarks,whichwillbeusedasthebasis
forcomparisonofsustainablilityforthenextworkpackageDevelopmentofstandards,criteriaand
specifications for a sustainable, resource saving residential building to deepen specific
informationthatwellneedtodesignaprototyperesidentialbuilding.
Weprovidedwithavirtualprojectroomanaccesstotheprojectsworkresults,todiscussthesteps
andnewsandtohavethepossibilityforupanddownloaddocumentsforallprojectpartners.
17
Workshops,meetings,events
7. Workshops,meetings,events
KickOffConferenceandpartnermeeting,2526March2009,Berlin,Germany
Workshop,1415May2009,Gdask,Poland
Workshop,2325September2009,Roskilde,Denmark
Monthlyappointmentsofprojectpartnersonanationallevel
Participatingat8thInternationalConferenceonSustainableEnergyTechnologies
"SET2009",Aachen,Germany,31August3September2009
18
Results
8. Results
19
Results
20
Results
8.1
Architectural/urbandesign
Structuraldesign
Energystandards
Buildingsmaterials
Buildingsphysics
Technicalfacilities(heatingandcoolingsystems,ventilationsystems)
DefinitionofqualitystandardsEnergyperformancebuildingpass
Qualityofbuildingprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspects
Qualityofsite
21
22
1.1.1
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
38%aremultidwelling
houses.
themultifamilyhousesis
higher(around55%)
althoughthepartofsingle
familyhousesishighas
well.
Russia
Incitiesmainlyblocksof Inthecitytheusual
flatsanddetachedhouses typologyoftheresidential
inthecountry.Asignificant buildingismultistory
amountofexistingbuilds multipledwellingbuilding.
incitiesiscomprisedof
Inthecountrysideand
concretepanelbuildings suburbiaprivatesingle
builtinthe70sandthe
familyhouses.Thereare
80s.
alsoblockhouses,
Newblocksareusually
townhouses,dormitory
builtintheimproved
andothertypologies,but
traditionalmethodof
theyamountinsignificant
constructingorasa
numberincomparisonto
combinationofaconcrete thebulkofresidential
skeletonwithabrickfilling. buildings.
Fromtheearly90swecan
observeagreatincreasein
thenumberofdetached
housesbuiltinsuburban
terrains.
Poland
1.1ArchitecturalandUrbanDesign
8.1Engineeringandbuildingtechnologystandards
About32%ofthepersons
Whatkindofresidential Therearetotally2,735,000 InGermany,thereare
buildingsisusualinthe housesinDenmark.40% usualymoresinglefamily liveindetachedhouses
participatingcountries aredetachedhouses,14% housesintheruralregions and61%inflats.
areterraced,linkedor
(around60%).Intheurban
(multipledwelling,
semidetachedhouses,and areaofBerlinthepartof
detachedhouses,etc.)?
Question
Results
InGermany(60%)isthe
highestshareofdetached
houses,whileinLithuania
only32%liveindetached
houses.
Summary
Benchmarks
23
1.1.2
Denmark
Germany
32,7%individualhouses,
4,7%partofthehouse,
61,2%separate
apartment(flat)inthe
multistoreyhouses.
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Constructionofnew
dwellingsisrepresentedby
newbrickmonolithicpanel
houseswith1216floors.
Theshareofothertypesof
dwellingsisrelatively
small.
Almost50%ofallflatsare
indetachedorsemi
detachedhouses.The
buildingsociety.Only2% otherhalfisinsideof
residentialblocksortown
areownedbypublic
housesof4to6floors.
authorities.Detached
housesare97%private
ownedmeanwhilemulti
dwellinghouseshaveonly
32%privateowners.
Whatcanbegenerally 63%ofallhousesare
privateownedand19%
saidaboutthe
areownedbynonprofit
residentialbuildings?
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
24
a)
yearofconstruction
Question
Results
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Halfofallmultistoreyand Theamountofnewly
BuildingsmostpartsofSt.
32,7%before191920,8% Multistoreybuildings,
detachedhousingunitsare constructedresidential
1919194519%1946 especiallythosebuiltinthe Petersburg(withthe
196015,3%19611970 70sandthe80s,arethe exceptionofthecentral
constructedbeforeyear buildingsroseafterthe
1955and2/3beforethe SecondWorldWardueto 17,1%1971198014,5% typicalviewofPolishcities. historicalareasofthecity)
thedestruction.Afterthis 198119907,1%1991
firstbuildingenergy
Majorityofnewbuildings arerepresentedmainlyby
(thosebuiltafter
itstaysmoreorlessatthe 2001Numberofnewly
requirementwas
massiveseriesofhouse
somewhereabout1990) buildingplantbuilt60x(5
introducedintheDanish samelevel. constructedresidential
Inthelastfifteenyearsthe unitsinthelasttenyearsis havethreeorfourstoreys. storied)and7080iesof
buildingregulation.
From90suptothepresent thelastcentury.
amountofnewresidential around3600peryear.
Numberofnewly
Constructionofnew
detachedhouseshave
constructeddwellingsis unitsroseafterthefallof
dwellingsactivelybeganin
thewallbutthendeclined
about10.000ayear.
thesecondhalfofthe90
toaverylowamountof
ies.
newconstructions.
Denmark
Summary
Benchmarks
25
1.1.3
b)
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Whatisthecommon
architecturaldesignof
(pictures,drawings,
floorplan,view)
Danishhomesare
Largeprefabricatedblocks Thecontentof
architecturallyvery
Architecturalpartof
fromthe60sand70s,
townhouseswith4to6 buildingprojectis
different.Singlefamily
floorsanddetached
housesaretypically
describedbybuilding
detachedhousesbuiltwith housesaredeterminantfor requirement
cityscapeandlandscape. STR1.05.06:2005
brickorconcrete.
Accommodationistypical
StructureDesign.
in
blocksofthreestoreys
withatotalof24to36
apartments.Inrecent
years
timberstructuresisused
moreextensively.
Beforethe90sshapesand
thelookofbuildingswas
relativethesameorvery
similar(panelbuildings).
Fromthe90sthissituation
hasbeensignificantly
changing.Designershave
startedtousemoreglass
intheirprojects(i.e.very
popularglassbalustrades),
morecomplicatedbuilding
bodies.
privateownersmeanwhile tenantsthanprivate
public;200897,2% publicowners.
multidwellinghouseshave ownersandalmostno
private,2,8%public.
only32%ofprivate
subtenants.Owners:41%
owners.
Principaltenant:57%
Subtenant:2%
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Architectureofthehouses
inRussiaisverydifferent.
Lowstorehousesare
typicallysinglefamily
detachedhousesor
multifamilyhousesbuilt
withbrick,woodor
concrete.Intherecent
timestherehavebeen
developedsocialbuildings,
builtmostlywithwood
structures.
Therearethemajorityof Distinctregionalfinancing
Therearetwotypesof
propertystatusof
privateownersinPoland, programmesforprivate
dwellingsinthemultistory LithuaniaandDenmark(at owners,publicowners
andtenants.
multipledwellingbuilding about9297%).
privatizedpropertyofthe
State
Singlefamilyhousesare
privatepropertyofthe
owners.
privateorpublicowner Detachedhouseshave97% InGermanytherearemore 199142%private,58% 92%privateowners,8%
Question
Results
Germany
26
60.0averagesqmper
person
34persons
57rooms
notbelessthan16m2.
41,9m2,averageflatsize61 24,9averageperperson
2,2
numberofpersonsper Theaveragenumberof
personsindwellingsis2.1.
household
b)
sqmperperson:1)min
effectiveareaper
person(requirement);
2)averagelivingarea
perperson
4,4
42%ofallhousingunits
includingflatshavekitchen
and23roomand53%
havekitchenand45
rooms.
ofrooms.
numberofrooms
c)
Lithuania
Poland
23,8m2
2,93
3,70
Requirementsaredefined Flatratefor1personnot Averagevalues:

Whatarethecommon Thereisnogeneral
requirementsforliving requirementforthesizeof intheBauOBln.Thereare lessthan34m2Bath
livingspace.
noexactrequirements
togetherwithatoiletarea
spaces(mainroom,
aboutmin.livingareaper notlessthan5m2Any
livingroom,etc.in
person,butformin.height apartment,oneroommust
personpersq.m)?
Denmark
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Theaveragenumberof
personsperhouseholdis
between2,12,9inall
countries.
Theaveragenumberof
roomsisbetween5and
3,7roomsperdwelling.
min.18m2livingareaper Areaperpersonbetween
person,Livingspaceper 18and60sqm/person.
personinmultistorey
buildingsfromsocial
standard1012m.
25persons
13rooms
Nationalcode((SNiP)Themin.livingareais
Standardizationofliving
Buildingstandardsand
definedinPolandand
requirementswithregional
rules).
Russia(inPolandperflat differences.
for1person34sqmin
Russiaminlivingareaper
person18sqm).
a)
1.1.4
Question
Results
2,5m
2,40m2,50m
Russia
Heightmorethan2,40m;
oneroombiggerthan16
sqm,corridorswiderthan
1,20m.
Summary
27
twoorbathroomwith
storagerooms.
toilet,alivingroomanda
numberofbedrooms.
wheelchairsandbicycle,
wardrobeandcloset.
bathroom,kitchen,living
rooms,storageroom.
secondbathroomin3and storageroom(bycicles,
moreroomapartment
wardrobe,closet),
obligatoryfornew
entrancehall(onlyin
residentialbuildings,
Russia).
loggiaglazedbalcony,
terrace(singlefamily
houses),
Thebuiltinclosetsand
smallpantrieshavetobe
builtinaccordingtothe
norms.Inthebig
apartmentsandhouses
therearealsoadditional
rooms:officeroom,sauna,
terraceandpool.
Bathroomwithshoweror Bathroom,kitchen,living Averageapartmentarea: Entrancehall,kitchenand Bathroom(toilet,shower

informationaboutusual Atypicalhousingunit
bathroom,sleepingrooms, orbathtub),kitchen,
consistsofakitchenoneor bathtubandtoilet,kitchen, rooms,storageroomfor 69,8m2.Consistsof:
livingspaces
2,02,5m;14sq
m
Poland
e)
2,40m2,50m
Typicalroomheightinnew
dwellingsis2.35m.
Lithuania
heightofdifferent
rooms?
Germany
Denmark
d)
Question
Results
Benchmarks
28
1.1.5
Arethereanybuilding
envelopedesign
limitations?(e.g.
material,windowsetc.)
Question
Results
Germany
Allnewbuildingshaveto Thelimitationsformin.
complytheDanishbuilding floorspaceareaare
regulationandthe
regulatedinBauOrdBln.
requirementsinthelocal
planning.
Denmark
Poland
Yesthereismaximal
Outerpartitionstobe
windowssurfacearea
designedaccordingto
limitation.
STR2.05.01:2005
Thermaltechniqueofthe
buildingenvelope
STR2.01.09:2005Energy
PerformanceofBuildings;
CertificationofEnergy
PerformanceofBuildings.
Lithuania
Russia
Summary
Theydeterminesizeand InGermanyaminimum
orientationofthewindows windowareaisrequired,
whileinPolandthe
ofresidentialbuildings,
thermalconductivityand windowareaislimitedtoa
fireresistanceofthewall maximum.
materials,numberof
elevators,typeofstairs.
Theruleshavealotof
specificrequirementsand
restrictions.
Benchmarks
29
a)
windowsurfacearea
Question
Results
Germany
Lithuania
Russia
/(m2K),counted
accordingtotheirmodular
dimensions,cannotbe
greaterthanthevalue
A0maxcountedaccordingto
thefollowingexample:
A0max=0,15Az+0,03Aw
where:
Azisthesumofareasof
horizontalcropofallabove
groundstoreys(inexternal
contourofbuilding)in5m
widestripalongexternal
walls,
Awisthesumofareasof
theresthorizontalcropof
allstoreysaftersubtraction
ofAz
areaA0,expressedinm2,
ofwindows,glassand
transparentbarriers,with
thethermaltransmittance
Unotsmallerthan1,5W
Inresidentialbuildingand Genearallybetween12
and30%offloorarea.
collectiveresidencethe
Poland
Generallybetween20and Minimum1/8ofthefloor Indoornaturallight

25%offloorarea.
spaceoftheroom.
settingsassociatedwith
theminimumofwindow
glasssurfaceandroom
floorarearatio:tambour
door,staircase,thehouse
ofthegeneraluse
corridors1:12;living
rooms1:6;kitchen1:8;
roomsinaninclinedroof
1:10.
Denmark
Summary
Reconsiderationofvalid
windowsurfaceareain
combinationwithsolar
gains.
Benchmarks
elevator
a)
30
Arethereanyspecific
standards?
1.1.6
Question
Results
Germany
Elevatorwhenmorethan2 Houseswithmorethan4
floors.
floorsorbarrierfree
houseshavetohavean
elevatorinafireproof
shaft.
Denmark
Poland
Summary
InGermany,Polandand
Russiaanelevatoris
obligatoryforhouseswith
5ormorefloors.In
Denmarkit'srequiredfor
houseswithmorethan2
floors.
Russia
rules,specialfeaturesof
Nationalcodesineach
regionofthefederation.
Thenewlybuilthouse,
Elevatoranobligationto Elevatorsarerequiredin
installanelevatorinthe5 casethebuildingishigher
higherthan4floors
(homesfortheelderly3, storey(ormore)buildings. than4floors.Inthestairs
therehavetobewindows
athome,forfamilieswith
andexittothestreet.
disabledpersons2),shall
beinstalledinelevators.
Lithuania
Benchmarks
bell/intercom
c)
31
cellar
b)
Question
Results
Almostinallresidential
buildings.
Almostinallresidential
buildings.
Itisstandardinallnew
buildings.
Lithuania
Russia
Intercominstalledin
almosteverybuilding.
Almostallresidential
buildingshaveintercom.
Cellarsareverycommon Cellarareusuallyusedasa
bothinblocksofflatsand garageorforhousehold
detachedhouses.
needs.
Poland
Cellarsarecommonforthe No.
residentilalbuildingsin
Germany.Cellarsaren't
storeysiftheirceiling
heightislessthan1,40m
abovetheaverageground
level.
Germany
No.
Denmark
Summary
Benchmarks
garage/parkingspace
e)
32
requiredrooms
d)
Question
Results
Lithuania
Requirementsareinthe
STR2.02.01:2004"living
Houses".
Garage/parkingspacein
thenewbuildsonecar
parkingspace/garageisa
standard.
Requiredroomsnothing
distinctive:kitchen,
bathroom,toilet,living
room,bedroom,childs
rooms.
Poland
Bathroomwithshoweror Bathroom,kitchen,living
bathtubandtoilet,kitchen, rooms,storageroomfor
storagerooms.
wheelchairsandbycicle,
wardrobeandcloset.
Germany
Parkingspacereq.setby Dependsofthefederal
localplanningauthorities. landbuildinglaw.
Kitchen,bathroomwith
toiletsandlivingroom.
Denmark
Russia
Dependsonthe
constructionage.Todayall
newlyconstructed
buildingshavegarage.
2livingfloors.Thefirstone
forgeneralrooms:
entrancehall,mainliving
room,kitchen,bathroom,
terraceandsometimes
onesleepingroom.Inthe
secondfloorthereare
sleepingroomsand
bathrooms.
Summary
Prototypewitha
standardizedselectionof
requiredroomswith
regionaldifference.
Benchmarks
flatrooforslantedroof Norequirements.
g)
33
conciergeservice
Unusual.
Denmark
f)
Question
Results
Woodenpitchedroofis
usedforsinglefamily
houses.Largemultifamily
housesoftenhave
concreteflatroof.
Unusual.
Germany
Poland
Russia
STR2.05.02:2008Building Slantedroofspredominate Singlefamilyhouseshave

constructions.Roofs
overflatroofsinthelow mostlypitchedroof,upper
Roofsmustbedesigned, risebuildingsandflatroofs floorasmansard.If
arecharacteristicforhigh hydrologicalconditions
builtandusedsoasto
risebuildings.
permit.Residential
meettheessential
buildingsofthe20th
requirementsofthe6
centuryhavealmost
Regulations:Essential
alwaysflatroof,older
requirementsofthe
buildingspitchedroof.
building.
Conciergeservicedontbe Conciergeserviceisrather Intheentrancethereis

used.
rare.
commonlyroomfor
conciergeonlyinwealthy
houses.
Lithuania
Summary
Benchmarks
34
h)
bicyclecomfort
(e.g.cellarroomor
parkingspacefor
bicycles)
Question
Results
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Therearenotanybicycle Forbuildingsofbuilding Storageroomisneeded, Therearenotanybicycle Therearenotanybicycle Therearenotanybicycle

comfortstandards.
class35accordingto2 alsopossibleisanoutside comfortstandards.
comfortstandarts.Onlyin comfortstandards,there
therehastobeacommon locatedbikedepot.
Moscowcityexistspecial arerequirementsfora
storageroomforbicycles
parkingsforbicyclesinbig storageroominGermany
andbuggies.
tradecenters.
andPoland.
Denmark
Benchmarks
35
1.1.7
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
layersandconnectionsto roof;
otherbuildingpartsin
Slope>7deg.pitched
detail.Flatroofshave
roof.
slopeof010grade.
Roofedgeconnection
heighthastobe(roofwith
aslopeof<5)about10cm
or(roofwithaslopeof
>5)about5cmoverthe
surfacecoveringorgravel.
GreenRoofGuidelines.
placedontheroofto
borderofbuildingparcel
cannotbesmallerthan
4m.
Russia
SNIPII2676:"Roofs".
Slopesofroofs:generally
between1:1and1:5(ratio
oflengthfromapexto
eavesandheight);
rolledstriproofing:slope
of02,5;
asbestoscementroofing:
1033;
concretepanelwith
imbrex:510.
Anumberofguidelinesdo FlatRoofGuidelinesgives STR2.05.02:2008Building Distancemeasured

Whatarethe
hintsfortheprofessional constructions.Roofs
horizontallyfromthe
definitionsorguidelines exist.
planningandrealizationof
Slopeupto7deg.flat
closestedgeofwindow
forroofdesign?
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
36
1.1.8
Denmark
Arethereanyfunctional Rulesforthemaximum
guidelinesaboutspace percentageoflandarea
efficiency,floorspace thatmaybebuilt.
index(FSI),site
occupancyindex(SOI)?
Question
Results
Lithuania
Russia
Althoughtheremaybe
someobligationsdescribed
inLocalDevelopmentPlan.
TermsFSIandSOIarenot SNIP31012003:
definedinPolish
"Multicomapartment
ConstructionLaworany residentalbuildings".
otherlegislativewhichisin
forceinPoland.
Poland
BerlinBuildingLaw,
Comfortabilityorspace
BrandenburgBuildingLaw, efficiencyareexpressedas
BuildingLawof
minimalrequirementsfor
Mecklenburg
livingspacesand
Vorpommern.
accessibilityfordisabled
people.Itisdescribedin
STR2.02.01:2004"Living
Houses,STR2.03.01:2001
BuildingsandTerritories:
Requirementsforthe
NeedsofPersonswith
Disabilities
Germany
Summary
Newstandanrdsfor
possibilityofthespaceto
containotherfunctions
thanlivingordifferent
kindsoflivingforallkindof
people.
Benchmarks
Howdotheexisting
guidelinesorrules
includeart,urban
qualityanddesign
quality?
Norequirements.
Whatkindof
requirementsare
definedforbarrierfree
construction?Nameof
thecode?
1.1.10
37
Germany
Lithuania
DIN18025part1:
Accessibledwellings,
Dwellingsforwheelchair
users,designprinciples
EDIN18040part1:
Constructionofaccessible
buildingsDesign
principles:Publicly
accessiblebuildings.
LawonConstruction;
STR1.07.01:2002
ConstructionPermit
STR1.09.06:2007
ConstructionSuspension.
Liquidationof
Consequencesof.
Unauthorised
Construction".
Russia
Norequirements.
Therearemany
requirements.Allofthem
aredefinedin"Technical
Conditions,whichbuildings
andtheirlocationshould
meet,DecreeOfThe
MinisterOfInfrastructure
of12April2002r.with
laterchanges.
Theydontincludeitatall. Existingstandardsdefine
theheightandmajorityof
thebuilding;theydont
includeartanddesign.
Aestheticqualityofthe
buildinginthecity
determinesthe
governmentalofficial
responsibleforthe
architectureinthisareaor
city.
Poland
Nogeneralrequirement, Negativedesignlimitation LawofConstruction;

butcanbemadealocal
(LandBuildingLaw)and
Regulations.
requirement(declarations) positivedesignlimitations
whenlandissold.
(landuseplan).
Denmark
1.1.9
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Barrierfreeconstructionis Barrierfreeconstruction
onlyincludedinthe
shouldbeincludedinthe
Germanconstructionlaws. constructionlawofall
countries.
Summary
Russia
38
restrictionsgenerally
concernedwithsolvingthe
masterplan,theratioof
typesofapartments,the
balanceoftheareaatthe
discretionoftheinvestors.
Localdevelopmentplan OnlyintheUrban
(miejscowyplan
developmentcodeof
zagospodarowania
RussianFederation.
przestrzennego)isakind
oflocallawwhichcontrols
urbanandarchitectural
design.
Poland
Summary
Thesocialguidelinesare prEN15643:Sustainability Duringtheworkof

Justapartoftheconcept Regulationconcernsthe Sustainabilitynormsdon't
Aretheresocial
generalconceptofurban existinanycountry,only
describedinthelocalplan ofconstructionwork
preparationofplotplan ofinvestor,clientand
guidelinesforthe
developmentofthecity. onepreENisinprogress.
Part3Socialframework. thesolutionsandconcept architect.
architecturalplanning, forthearea.
Thatistakenintoaccount
ofinvestorandarchitect
orisitjustpartofthe
intheprovisionofbuilding
arecoordinatedwith
conceptofinvestor,
plots.Therearesome
community.
clientandarchitect?
Therearedetailedplans,
underwhichlocal
authoritiesissuea
summaryofdesign
conditionswithall
requirements,including
thearchitecture.
Lithuania
1.1.12
Germany
Thelanduseplancan
Whichplanscontrolthe Thelocalplansets
guidelinesfordevelopinga containfederal,regional
localurbanand
newbuildingareaanditis andcommunitylawsin
architecturaldesign,
whatarethecommon definesbytheauthorities textandplan.
orthemunicipality.
criteriasandwherecan
theybefound?
Denmark
1.1.11
Question
Results
Benchmarks
39
1.1.13
Whatcriteriasshould
beinvolvedtodescribe
thequalityoftheurban
areaandthesite?
Question
Results
Germany
Affordabledwellings,air
quality,acousticquality,
distancetopublictraffic,
shoppingoffers,local
recreationarea,parks,
playgrounds,sports
abilities,
Denmark
Distancetopublic
transportation,schools,
shops,noiseratio,green
spaces,bicyclepaths,
parking.
Poland
Criteriadeterminingthe
TerritorialPlanningLaw
qualityoftheurbanarea
providesforthe
andthesitemaybebased
preparationofdetailed
plans,themanagementof ontherulesofspatial
thisbindingsiteandmode order,conceptbeingin
ofuse:1)Territoryuseand useinPoland,whichis
(or)thenature;2)
definedasharmonic
composition,proportions,
Allowableheightof
attractivenessofspatial
buildings;3)Allowable
organization.Howeveritis
buildingdensityofthe
parcelofland;4)Allowable veryuncertainandwide
buildingintensityplot;5) definition.
Constructionzone,
constructionofrange;6)
Themunicipalorlocal
engineeringnetworks,the
territory(land)supplyof
engineeringtechniques
andcommunication
corridors;7)Ofthesystem
oforganization;8)
Easement.9)Urbanand
architectural;10)The
naturalandcultural
heritageprotection;11)
Theterritory(land)
greenery(percentage).
Lithuania
Russia
Availabilityofdwelling
accordingtothecosts,
distancetothemetro,
convenienttransportlinks,
availabilityofrecreation
areas,parks,squares.
Sitefactorshouldinclude
sustainabilityof
constructionandsocial
frameworkasapartof
conceptofinvestor,client
andarchitect.
Summary
Partofthecertification
processofthenew
buildingshouldbethelocal
environmentasasite
factor.
Benchmarks
temperature
developmentp.a.
annualrainfall
annualsnowdepth
numberofheatingdays Numberofheatingdegree
c)
d)
e)
f)
40
numberofhours/days
ofsunannually
b)
daysis3112.
Thedesigncriteriafor
snowmustcomplywith
Eurocodestandard:EN
199113.
712
7,7
1495
240
0,651,10kN/m2
750
10
1560
65
50stormsperyear
Datanotavailable.approx.
12
storms,floods
a)
moderate
Germany
225
94cmor154kg/m
650
1700
nostorms
Lithuania
Poland
1,3kN/m2
634
summer:18,winter:8
50100days
floods
Russia
Regulationsdonotspecify Noappointednumber.
theexactlydurationof
Calculatewithformula,
heatingseason,but
whicharedescribeinSNIP
averagenumberofheating 230199*"BUILDING
daysis240250.
CLIMATOLOGY"
0,71,6kN/m2
600
8,3
75
Averagenumberofstorms
peryearisapproximately
1420.
Thegreatestinfluenceon
theclimateofPoland,
determiningitstransitional
nature,arethepolarsea
andpolarcontinentalair
masses.
1.2StructuralDesign
warmtemperateclimate
Whataretheclimatic
conditions?
Denmark
1.2.1
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
Combinationand
amplificationofnational
informationtoanew
fundamentfor
standardizationofenergy
savinglaws.
41
1.2.2
g)
Whattypesofroof
structureareusedin
residentialhouses?
kWh/m2
annualsunradiationin
Question
Results
1000
Germany
Ventilatedroofwithtimber Woodenpitchedroofis
frame,massiveroof
usedforsinglefamily
tiltedandflatroof.
houses.Largemultifamily
housesoftenuseconcrete
flatroof.
1014
Denmark
Pitchedroofsofsteeland
wood,flatroofsusually
madeofreinforced
concreteconstructions.
1010
Lithuania
1022
Poland
Russia
between2,5kWh/m2and
5kWh/m2
Summary
Slantedroofspredominate Pitchedroofwooden
Similarroofstructurefor
overflatroofsinthelow rafterwithawoodencrate, residentialbuildings,
risebuildingsandflatroofs metalrafterwithwood
pitchedroofsfordetached,
arecharacteristicforhigh andmetalcrate.
flatroofsforlargemulti
risebuildings.
Flatroofsmonolithic
familyhouses.
reinforcedconcreteand
prefabricatedcoverings.
1.2StructuralDesign
Benchmarks
42
1.2.3
Whattypesofload
bearingstructureare
usedinresidential
houses?
Question
Results
Denmark
Timberframe,
concretebeam,
loadbearingwalls.
Lithuania
Thewallsaremainly
Loadbearingwall
constructedofbrickor
constructions:masonry
buildingstone,sometimes (bricks,blocks,panels);
reinforcedconcreteisused storeypartitions,
aswell.
foundations:reinforced
concrete
Loadbearingframework
constructions:reinforced
concrete.
Germany
Poland
Russia
Summary
Inmodernmulti
Theloadbearingstructures
Newblocksareusually
residentialbuildingsthere inresidentialbuildingsare
builtintheimproved
isusedmonolithic
equal.Wallsaremadeof
traditionalmethodof
constructing(loadbearing reinforcedconcrete
masonry,frame
structurearemasonry
skeletonoftheinterior
construction,slabsand
walls)orasacombination walls,pillarsandceilings. foundationofreinforced
ofaconcreteskeleton(slab Exteriorwallsnotload
concrete.
columnsystems)witha
bearing,areoftenfromthe
brickfilling.
gas(porous)blockwith
exteriorfinishofbrick.
Insinglefamilyhousesthe
wallsarefromthegas
blocksorbricks,floors
prefabricatedreinforced
concreteorreinforced
concrete,coatingwooden
rafter.
1.2StructuralDesign
Benchmarks
Denmark
Howhighlydeveloped Quitehigh.
aretheindustrial
prefabricated
materials?
1.2.5
43
Isthereanynational
codetocalculateload
structures?
Eurocodes.
1.2.4
Question
Results
Lithuania
Poland
Prefabricatedmaterialsare Quitehigh.
importantforthermal
modernizationofbuildings.
Prefabricatesused
nowadaysare
predominantlythevery
popularfiligranfloorslabs
andcanalceilings.
DIN10551:200206
STR2.05.04:2003Actions Examples:
Actiononstructures:All andLoads
PN82/B02001Building
possibleloadsandmaterial STR2.05.05:2005Design loadsPermanentloads
informationaredefined ofConcreteandReinforced PN86/B02015Building
loadsEnvironmental
there.
ConcreteStructures
STR2.05.06:2005Design loadstemperatureloads
ofAluminiumStructures PN82/B02003Building
STR2.05.07:2005Design loadsChangeable
technologicalloadsBasic
ofTimberStructures
STR2.05.08:2005Design technologicalloads
PN88/B02014Building
ofSteelStructures
loadsSoilloads
STR2.05.
PN80/B02010Loadsin
staticcalculationsSnow
loads
PN77/B02011Loadsin
staticcalculationsWind
loads.
Germany
1.2StructuralDesign
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Wouldastandardized
Europeannormbeuseful
forsustainability?
Constructionofmulti
Reinforcedconcretepanels Definetheimportanceof
storeybuildingsof
andthermalsystemsfor industrializationin
financialmattersinall
reinforcedconcretepanels modernizationarethe
mostindustrialized
countries.
arealsoused,buttheir
products.
shareisinsignificant.
Acodetocalculateload
Constructionsare
structuresdoesexistin
calculatedaccordingto
everycountry.
SNiPBuildingstandards
andrules:12012004SNIP
SNIP52012003Concrete
andreinforcedconcrete
structures,SNIP2.01.0785
*Pressuresandimpacts
SNIP2.02.0183*
Foundationsofbuildings
andstructures,SNIPPile
foundations2.02.0385,
SNIPII2281Stoneand
armaturestonedesign,
SNIPII2381*Steel
structures,etc.
Whatarethetypical
criteriatomakea
decisioninfavourofa
certainconstruction
method?
1.2.7
44
Howistheproportion
betweenhandcraft
buildingmethodand
industrialisedbuilding?
1.2.6
Question
Results
Themainreasonsofchoice Minimumconstruction
ofcertainconstruction
costs.
methodaretechnical
feasibility,economical
reasonsandtimeduration
andsometimesecological
criteriaplayalsoaroleby
makingthedecision.
Lithuania
Multifamilyhouses
currentlybeingbuiltfrom
monolithicreinforced
concretestructures,inthe
decorationusingless
manualwork.
Economyandquality.
Germany
Nowadaysprefabricated
housesmostlyaresingle
familyhouses.Multi
familyhousingalmost
alwaysarehandcraft
buildings.
Theindustrialpartis
growingitishardto
assessthepresent
percentage.
Denmark
Poland
Russia
Summary
Generallytherearetwo
maincriteria:
1)financial
2)buildtime
Benchmarks
Financingtoolfor
Criteriafortheselectionof Maincriteriaare
economicalandtechnical ecologicalconstruction.
construction:
quality,ecologicalarenot
Reliability,durability,
efficiency,fireresistance. common.
Industrializedbuildingwas Theproportionofmanual Handcraftbuildingisstill

veryimportantinall
popularinthe70sandthe andindustriallaboris
80s.
approximatelyhalftohalf. countries,butthe
Nowadaysavastmajority Shutteringusedtobeset industrializationof
ofnewbuildingsarebuilt manually,accessorieshave constructionworkisa
bythehandcraftbuilding tobeknit,concretehave paralleldevelopmentin
tobebroughtbycars,gas constructionbusiness.
method,butthereare
widelyusedprefabricated concreteblocksareusedto
materialslikefiligranfloor beplacedbyhand,etc.
Constructioncompanies
slabs.
tendtoperformmostwork
ontheirown,ifitdoesnot
affectthequalityofwork.
Glazingandfinishing
facadesorderto
specializedfirms.
1.2StructuralDesign
45
1.3.1
Isthereanynational
codeforEnergy
efficiencyofbuildings?
Question
Results
Germany
DINV410710Energy
efficiencyofheatingand
ventilationsystemsin
buildings.DINV41086
Thermalprotectionand
energyeconomyin
buildings.DINV18599
Energyefficiencyof
buildingsCalculationof
thenet,finaland
primaryenergydemand
forheating,cooling,
ventilation,domestichot
waterandlighting.
Denmark
Thereisarequirementfor
maximumenergyneedin
newresidentialbuilding
for: spaceheating,
domesticthotwater,
cooling,pumpandfans
Theenergymustnot
exceedQ<(70+2200)/A,
kWh/ma.
Besidestwolowenergy
classesaredefined:
Class2:(50+1600)/A
kWh/ma,Class1:
(35+1100)/AkWh/ma.
Poland
"TechnicalConditions,
STR2.01.01(6):1999
Essentialrequirementsof whichbuildingsandtheir
thebuilding.Energysaving locationshouldmeet,
DecreeOfTheMinisterOf
andheatretention
STR2.01.09:2005Energy Infrastructureof12April
PerformanceofBuildings;. 2002r.withlaterchanges.
PerformanceofBuildings
STR2.05.01:2005Thermal
techniqueofthebuilding
envelope".
Lithuania
1.3Energystandards
Russia
Summary
TheEUDirective
"Buildingstandardsand
2002/91/EGis
rules","Thermal
implementedineach
performanceofthe
countryexceptRussiaby
building".Indesigning
codesandstandards.
thereisalsoinuse
"Residentialandpublic
buildings.Microclimate
parametersforindoor
enclosures".Inpractise
twodifferentwaysare
usuallyused:specificheat
consupmtion
requiredthermal
resistance.
Benchmarks
Furthercomparisonand
examinationofthe
differentimplementations
oftheEUDirectivetouse
thesamecalculation.
Comparisonofnational
computercalculating
programmes.
46
1.3.2
Denmark
Whatisaveragespecific Theenergyforspace
heating,domestichot
heatconsumptionof
residentialbuildingsin water,cooling,pumpand
fansinnewbuildingsmust
kWh/ma?Grouped
notexceed
accordingtosystematic
(70+2200)/A,kWh/m2r
in1.3.1(ifapplicable)
whereA=treatedfloor
area.
Question
Results
Lithuania
RegulationSTR
Energyconsumptionis
differentiatedaccordingto 2.09.04:2008Thermal
OutputofBuildingHeating
typologyandyearof
construction.Modernized System.HeatDemandin
buildingshaveanaverage HeatingTotalenergy
heatconsumptionofabout consumptionindwellings
permonth,2008:35
3590kWh/ma.
KfWEfficiencyHouse70< kWh/m222%;~25
60kWh/ma
kWh/m256%;~15
KfWEfficiencyHouse55< kWh/m17%;~8
40kWh/ma
kWh/m25%(itsatisfies
therequirementsof
Passivehouse<15
existingstandardsfornew
kWh/ma.
buildings).
Germany
Poland
Russia
Summary
Valueofnewconstruction: Specificheatconsumption Theaverageheat

consumptiondiffersfrom
95110KWh/m2.a
forresidentialbuildings
dependsonthenumberof 35110kWh/ma.
Dataaboutheat
storeysandheatingspace
consumptionofresidential inabuildinganditvaries
between70125
buildingsgrouped
accordingtosystematicin kJ/(m2*K*day).
1.3.1isnotavailable.
1.3Energystandards
Benchmarks
Fixationofdifferentenergy
consumptionlevelsfor
comparableEUfinancing
models.
47
1.3.3
Denmark
Theenergyrequirementin
Isthereanynational
newbuildingmustfollow
codeforthermal
insulationofbuildings? 1.3.2.Inadditionthe
followingheatloos
coefficientmustnot
exceed:
externalwall:0.40W/m2K
floor:0.30W/m2K
roof:0.25W/m2K
windows:2.00W/m2K.
Question
Results
Germany
DIN4108(Part14;7)
Thermalinsulationand
energyeconomyin
buildings.
Poland
SectionIXEnergysaving
andheatinsulation.
STR2.05.01:2005Thermal "TechnicalConditions,
techniqueofthebuilding whichbuildingsandtheir
locationshouldmeet,
envelope
STR2.01.09:2005Energy DecreeOfTheMinisterOf
PerformanceofBuildings;. Infrastructure
of12April2002r.with
PerformanceofBuildings. laterchanges.
Lithuania
1.3Energystandards
Russia
"Buildingstandardsand
rules","Thermal
performanceofthe
buildings".
Summary
Benchmarks
Ineachcountryacodefor Comparisonofthecodes,
thermalinsulationis
newcommonstandards.
implemented,butwith
differentrequirements.
48
1.3.4
Whatmethodis
implementedto
calculateenergy
demand?
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
Theenergydemandsmust Annualprimaryenergy
beverifiedbythe
demandforresidential
calculationtool:Be06
buildingscanbe
DevelopedbytheDanish calculatedin
BuildingResearchInstitute. connectionwithDINV
Themethodcomplieswith 41086andDINV4701
Thermalperformanceof 10.Annualheating
buildingsCalculationsof demandhastobe
energyuseforheatingand calculatedaccordingto
themonthlybalance
cooling(ISO13790).
methodoraccordingto
theseasonalbalance
methodandDINV
18599.
Poland
Russia
AccordingtoSTR
Nocertificatedmethod.
Themethodofprime
energydemandcalculation
2.09.04:2008Thermal
OutputofBuildingHeating isdescribedin"Energy
System.HeatDemandin profilecalculation
Heating:Methodbasedon methodologyofbuildings
prEN15217:2005andprEN andflats",DecreeofThe
15203:2005requirements. MinisterOfInfrastructure
of6November2008.Itis
basedonseasonal
efficienciesofspecific
technicalsystemsas
heatingsystem,ventilation
system,coolingsystemand
hotwaterpreparation
system.
Lithuania
1.3Energystandards
Summary
Benchmarks
Eachcountryusedifferent Implementaunified
calculationmethodforthe calculationmethodforthe
energydemand.
energydemandof
residentialbuildings.
loadbearingstructure
foundation
externalwall
internalwall
floor
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
49
a)
Whatkindofbuilding
materialsareused
for?
roofstructure
1.4.1
Question
Results
Poland
Reinforcedconcrete.
Normallyplasterand
Differenttypesofmasonry Ceramicbrick,lime
Brick,masonryblocks,
colourandbuildingstone walls(bricks,blocks,
cementbricks,cellular
reinforcedconcrete,wood.
orbrickwall.
panels).
concrete,lecaconcrete
reinforcedconcrete,wood.
Lightseperationwallsof
gypsumplasterboards.
Timberframe,light
concrete,bricks.
Wooden,steelandbrick
construction.
Concrete,woodenprefab Wood,floortiles,linoleum, Wood,floortiles,tarcet,

elements.
carpet.
carpet,stoneplates.
Constructionbuiltwith
wood,steelandbrick.
Ceramicfloors,floorpanel, Wood,floortiles,carpet,
woodenfloors,stone
stoneplates.
plates.
Differenttypesofmasonry Ceramicbrick,lime
walls(bricks,blocks,
cementbricks,cellular
panels).
concrete,lecaconcrete
reinforcedconcrete,
cardboardplasterwalls
Reinforcedconcrete.
Reinforcedconcrete.
Wallsofbrickandbuilding
stoneandreinforced
concrete.
Reinforcedconcrete.
Reinforcedconcrete.
Russia
Wood,steel,concrete,
masonry.
Percentagestatisticsare
notavailable.
Timberframe,concrete
Wallsofbrickandbuilding Reinforcedconcrete.
beam,externalbrickwall. stone,reinforcedconcrete.
Lithuania
Slantedroofs:ceramictile, RoofTiles:ceramictile,
platetile,cementtile
platetile,cementtile;Flat
Flatroofs:roofingpaper. roofs:membrane.
Germany
Timberframeconstruction Woodandtiles,reinforced Multistoryhouses

withtiles,etanitorroofing concreteandbitumen.
reiforcedconcrete.
felt,concreteslapwith
roofingfelt,wooding
prefab.elements.
Denmark
1.4BuildingMaterials
Differentkindofbuilding
stonesorbricksarethe
mostcommonmaterialfor
externalwalls.
Themostpopularload
bearingstructureismade
ofconcrete.
Reinforcedconcreteis
usedforallfoundations.
Summary
Benchmarks
facade
windows
thermalinsulation
h)
i)
j)
50
ceiling
g)
Question
Results
Poland
Styrofoam,styrodur,
mineralwool,leca
Mineralorglasswool.
Mineralwoolinsulation, Mineralorglasswool.
expandedpolystyrenehard
foam(EPS),polyurethane
(PUR),polystyrene
extrudedfoam,insulating
lightweightbuildingboard.
Wooden,PVC
Varioustypesofplaster,
brick,stone,wood,
ceramicplates
Reinforcedconcrete
(monolithicand
prefabricated),wood.
2layerlowenergy,3layer Aluminiumwithinsulation Plasticorwooden

lowenergy.
material,wood,plastic.
windows.
Plastering,metal,glas,
ceramic.
Metal,glas,reinforced
concrete,.
Lithuania
Tiles,wood,eternit.
Germany
Wood,prefabricatedslabs Reinforcedconcrete,
ofreinforcedconcrete,
suspendedceiling.
partiallyprefabricated
slabsofreinforced
concrete,prestressed
concreteslabs.
Wood.
Denmark
Russia
Mineralandglasswool,
polystyreneextruded
foamandstyrofoam.
Brick,varioustypesof
stone,ceramicplates,
woodenandsaiding
panels.
Woodenandplastic
windows.
Reinforcedconcreteand
suspendedcelling.
Mineralwoolinsulationis
themostcommon.
Summary
Benchmarks
51
strengthenedevery5th
yearcurrently.
ThreeHeatsaving
Firsttighteningof
regulations(WSchVO)from requirementsforouter
1977to1995andfour
partitionswasmadein
Energysavingsregulations year1993.Laterin1996,
(EnEV)from2001to2009. 1999,2005and2008,also
appearednewregulations
forintegratedenergy
saving.Buildingenvelope
(walls,roof)design
solutionsandUvaluefor
it:In1993~0,35
W/(m2K);1999~0,25
W/(m2K);20080,16
0,2W/(m2K).
Newproductsare
Whatkindof
progress/development developedconstantly:
issignificantlyshownin windows,building
buildingmaterialsand elements,HVAC
equipment.Theenergy
energystandardswithin
standardsare
thelastyears?
1.4.3
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Thereasonsformaterial
usagearetradition,
economyandtechnical
properties.
Implementationofunion Newcompositematerials Almostallcountrieshavea

developmentinbuilding
arebeingactively
directive2002/91,the
effectsofwhichwewillsee introduced,framehouse materialsandenergy
inthefuture.Upuntilthis constructionsarebeing
standards,onlythat
point:continuous
Germanyhasmore
developed,foreign
technological
experienceasitstartedin
technologiesinthe
development.
1977andPolandfor
constructionoflowrise
buildingsarebeingtested. examplestartedin2002.
"Energysavinghousing
constructioninMoscowfor
the20102014.Andwith
theperspectiveupto
2020"lawhasbeen
adoptedandpassesafinal
reading.
Usuallyaccordingtolaws 1)assuranceof
Technical,economical,
ofmarketeconomy.
appropriatetechnical
ecological,regulations.
propertiesatminimalprice
2)socialhabit(cellular
concrete,ceramicbrick)
3)tradition(eg.Traditional
highlanderloghouse,
shingles,thatchedroofs).
1.4.2
Germany
Technical,economical,
ecological,habits,
tradition,regulations,
aesthetical.
Denmark
Whatarethereasonsof Economy,architecture,
traditionandregulation.
thematerialusage?
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Strenghtenecology
reasonsfinanciallyorinthe
certification.
52
1.4.4
Isthereanyecological
declarationofbuilding
materials?
Question
Results
Denmark
Yes,ecoflowerandswan.
Lithuania
Poland
InGermanythereare
HN36:2002Bannedand Yes,buttheiruseisnot
variousecological
restrictedsubstancesHN obligatory.
declarationsofbuilding
35:2002Maximum
InPolandecological
materialswithdifferent
permissibleconcentration declarationsofbuilding
criteria.Somebuilding
ofchemicalspollutingairin materialsareconsistent
materialsarealsodeclared residentialareasMinister withISO14020series
accordingtothe
fortheEnvironment2006 norms,buttheyarea
internationalstandardISO 1229OrderNo.DI637
noveltyinourcountry.
14040butitisnot
Aboutconfirmationof
obligatory.Thereare
rulesforcleaningupof
followingecological
buildingwasteFor
declaratonlabels:
ecologicalbuilding
natureplus,GEVEMICODE materialsspecialcodeswe
EC1,FCSSiegel,Euro
donothave.
Blume,DerBlaueEngel.
Germany
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Allbuildingmaterialsbeing Ecologicaldeclarationsdo Newobligatoryecological

usedinRussiahave
existbuttheyaren't
standardsformaterialsby
ecologicaldeclarations.
obligatory,onlyvoluntary. involvingforexamplethe
primaryenergydemand.
53
1.4.5
Whatcriteriaare
involvedinthis
declaration?Health
risks,Potentialsto
accumulateorto
abolishtheozonelayer,
Potentialsfor
greenhouseeffect,
Potentialsfor
acidificationand
overfertilization,Risks
forthelocalandglobal
environment.
Question
Results
Germany
Greenhousepotential,
ozonedepletionpotential,
photochemicalozone
creationpotential,acid
potential,eutrification
potential,emissions,
healthrisks,risksforlocal
andglobalenvironment,
lifecycle,sustainability
Denmark
Healthrisk,greenhouse
effect.
Healthrisks,potentialsto
accumulateortoabolish
theozonelayer,Potentials
foracidificationandover
fertilization,Risksforthe
localandglobal
environment
Lithuania
Poland
Independencefromthe
typeofthedeclaration.
Forspecificinformation
lookatISO14020,ISO
14021,ISO14024,ISO
14025.
Russia
Healthrisks,firerisks.
Summary
Benchmarks
Obligatoryecological
criteriaformaterials.
54
1.4.6
Arethereany
declarationsorcodes
forwastematerials?
Abilityforrecycling,
Abilityfor
deconstruction,Ability
forremoval
Question
Results
Denmark
Yes,itispartofthe
declaration1.4.4.
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
EuropeanWasteCatalogue Management,VZ,1998, TheActdated27April

Therearenotsuchkind
showsallpossiblewaste no.611726;Government 2001onrefuseOfficialno. declarationsorcodesin
materials.
oftheRepublicofLithuania 62position628withlater Russia.
ISO14025showsallwaste 20020412ResolutionNo. changes.
materialsduring
519"Onthestateof
productionand
TheActdefinestherulesof
strategicwaste
constructionprocess.
conductconcerningrefuse
managementplan"VZ,
2002,no.40*499;
inawayensuringthe
Ministerforthe
safetyofthelivesand
Environment20061229 healthofpeopleand
OrderNo.DI637About environmentalprotection
confirmationofrulesfor inaccordancewiththerule
ofbalanceddevelopment,
cleaningupofbuilding
wasteVZ,2007,no.10 andinparticularwiththe
ruleofpreventingthe
403:Constructionwaste
managementregulations creationofwasteor
setofconstructionwaste limitationoftheamountof
wasteanditsnegative
generationand
managementofplanning, influenceonthe
environment,aswellas
accounting,and
recyclingorneutralizing
managementofthe
constructionsite,building waste.
themobilecrushing
equipmentonsite,
constructionofuntreated
wasteconsumption,
constructionwaste
recoveryanddisposal.
Germany
Summary
Benchmarks
Wastematerialdeclaration Materiallifecycle.
aren'tthatpopularinthe
participatingcountries.
55
1.5.1
UValueW/(Km2)?
Whichmaterial
standardsor
characteristicsare
generallyusedto
describematerialand
buildingconditions(e.g.
Question
Results
Germany
value[W/(mK)]thermal
conductivity,Uvalue
[W/(Km)]thermal
transfer
coefficient,valuewater
vaporproof,valuebulk
density[kgm3].
Denmark
Thermalconductivity
value[W/(mK)],Uvalue
[W/(Km)].
Poland
Russia
STR2.01.09:2005Energy Foracomplete
Thermalconductivity
PerformanceofBuildings;. construction:
[W/(m2*K)],vapor
HeattransmittanceU
penetration
PerformanceofBuildings [W/K*m2]
[mg/(m*h*Pa)].
Thereareusedparameters Temperaturecoefficient
fromEN15217:2005and fRsi[],(theriskoffungus
emergenceontheinterior
EN15203:2005inthis
surfaceofbarriersandthe
code.STR2.01.03:2003
DeclaredandProject
riskofcondensationof
ValuesofUnitsofThermal watervapourontheinside
TechnicalConstruction
ofthebarrier)
MaterialsandProducts.
TheymeettheLSTENISO Foranonbuiltinmaterial:
10456provisions.
Specificheatc[J/kg*K],
Regulation3,4and5
Humidityw[%]
annexesofthethermal
Materialdensity
valuescorrespondwithLST [kg/m3]
EN12524.
Thermalconductivity
[W/m*K]
Vapourpermeability
coefficient[g/m*h*Pa].
Lithuania
1.5Buildingphysics
8.1Engineeringandtechnologystandards
Summary
Benchmarks
Theuvalueisusedin
Usingthesametermsand
almostallcountries
units.
meanwhileother
characteristicsmaydiffer
instandardization.
56
1.5.2
Denmark
Germany
Poland
HN42:2004Microclimate Anormexists,butitisnot
indwellingandpublic
compulsory:
buildings
PN85/N08013
HN69:2003Thermal
Ergonomics.Moderate
comfortandsufficient
thermalenvironment.
thermalenvironmentin
DefinitionofthePMV,PPD
workrooms.Requirements indexandthe
forparametersofnormal requirements
concerningthermal
valuesandmeasuring
comfort.
Lithuania
1.5Buildingphysics
Whatrequirementsare DanishBuildingRegulation DIN41082Thermal

kapitel6Indeklima
protectionandenergy
definedforthermal
includes:
economyinbuildingsPart
comfort(internal
thermalconditions)in thermalindoorairquality 2:Minimumrequirements
indoorairquality
to
winterandsummer?
(ventilation,emissionfrom thermalinsulation,DINEN
Nameofthecode?
materials,others)
15251Indoor
acousticindoorquality
environmental
lighting(daylightand
inputparametersfor
electriclighting)
design
andassessmentofenergy
performanceofbuildings
addressingindoorair
quality,
thermalenvironment,
lighting
andacoustics
Question
Results
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Commonrequirementsfor Somerequirementslike
thermalcomfort(mainlyin thermalcomfort,acoustic
parametersforindoor
winter)areindoorquality, comfort,buildingenvelope
enclosures".Inwinter
acousticqualities,lighting, design,moisture
thermalenvironmentand preventionandfire
indoorairtemperature
havetoequal18or20C. microclimate.
preventionarealreadypart
Insummerindoorair
ofthenormsofall
temperatureisstandarized
countriesmeanwhile
onlyforpublicbuidligns.
otherslikesoilsealingand
visualcomfortstillarenot
partofnationalnorms.
Thereforeallrequirements
shouldbeincludedinthe
Europeancertificationor
normsystem.
57
1.5.3
Denmark
definedforacoustic
comfort?Nameofthe
code?
Whatrequirementsare see1.5.2
Question
Results
Germany
DIN4109Soundinsulation
in
buildings
Part1:Requirements
Soundinsulationin
buildings;construction
examplesandcalculation
methods.
STR2.01.01(5):1999
Essentialrequirementsof
thebuilding.Protection
againstnoise
STR2.01.07:2003
ProtectionoftheInternal
andExternalEnvironment
ofBuildingsfromNoise
STR2.01.08:2003Control
ofnoisesentto
surroundingsbyopenair
equipment".
Lithuania
Poland
Onlymaximumvaluesof
noisearegiven.
Res.facilitiesina
res.building:
40dBduringtheday
30dBatnight
Kitchenandsanitaryareas:
45dBduringtheday
40dBatnight
whichbuildingsandtheir
locationshouldmeet,
Infrastructureof
12April2002r.withlater
changes.
PN87/B02151.02
Constructionacoustics.
Protectionfromnoisein
buildingfacilities.
PNB021513:1999
Constructionacoustics.
Protectionfromnoisein
buildingfacilities.Acoustic
insulationofbuilding
barriersandacoustic
insulationofconstruction
elements.
1.5Buildingphysics
Russia
Summary
Theacousticrequirements
Projectionofsound
aresoundinsulationform
insulationofseparating
constructionsindomestic internalandexternal
environmentaccordingto
andpublicbuilding,
roomsandfunctions,
rules:"SoundProtection". mostlywiththeaidof
Thesecodesdefine:indoor maximumnoisevalues.
andoutdoorsound
(pressure)level(dB,dBA),
soundinsulationof
windows,balconydoors,
indoorconstruction.
Benchmarks
58
1.5.5
1.5.4
Denmark
Whatrequirementsare
definedforinterior
hygiene(e.g.mould)?
Nameofthecode?
definedforvisual
comfort?(naturaland
artificiallight,faade,
...)Nameofthecode?
Inresidentialbuildingsa
satisfactoryindoorclimate
mustbeachievedby
ventilation,witha
minimumrequirementfor
airchangerateindifferent
typeofroom.
Whatrequirementsare see1.5.2
Question
Results
Lithuania
Poland
DIN41083Thermal
STR2.02.01:2004"Living
Houses
protectionandenergy
economyinbuildingsPart STR2.01.01(3):1999
3:Protectionagainst
moisturesubjecttoclimate thebuilding.Hygiene,
conditions;Requirements health,protectionof
anddirectionsfordesign environment
andconstruction
which
buildingsandtheirlocation
shouldmeet,DecreeOf
The
MinisterOfInfrastructure
of
12April2002r.withlater
changes:
SectionVIIIHealthand
hygiene.
DIN50344Daylightin
STR2.02.01:2004"Living Norequirements.
interiorsPart4:Simplified Houses.STR2.02.01:2004
determinationofminimum p.192residential
windowsizesfordwellings, buildingsshouldbelocated
DIN50346Daylightin
so,thatcomplywiththe
interiorsPart6:Simplified buildingfacilitiesand
determinationofsuitable children'splaygroundfor
dimensionsforrooflights visualcomfort
requirementsdonot
impedethenaturalindoor
lighting,meetthe
requirementsofnatural
indoorlighting(seealso
thereplyto1.1.5a)
Germany
1.5Buildingphysics
Russia
Summary
Protectionagainst
moistureispartofthe
normsofallcountries.
parametersforindoor
enclosures":
indoorairtemperature
airhumidity
concentrationair
contamination
Norequirements.
Benchmarks
59
1.5.6
Denmark
Germany
STR2.09.02:2005
Heating,ventilationand
airconditioning,STR
2.09.04:2008Thermal
OutputofBuildingHeating
System.HeatDemandin
Heating,STR
2.05.02:2008.Structures
ofBuildings.Roofs
STR2.01.01(3):1999
thebuilding.Hygiene,
health,protectionof
environment.
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Airtightness,moisture
whichbuildingsandtheir proofing,soundinsulation
ofwindowsandbalcony
locationshouldmeet,
DecreeOfTheMinisterOf doors,heattransmission.
Infrastructureof12April
2002withlaterchanges:
Annexno.2
Airtightness
Energyefficiency
Moistureresistance
Thereisalsoablower
doortestingmethod
beingperformedaccording
toISO9972.
1.5Buildingphysics
Whatrequirementsare Theairleakagemustnot Structuralstability(DIN

definedforthebuilding exceed1.5l/sm2at50Pa 1053,DIN1054,DIN1045),
Thermalinsulation(DIN
envelope?Nameofthe pressuretest.
4108
code?
6),
Moistureproofing(DIN
41083),
Airtightness(DIN41087),
Naturallighting(DIN
5034),
Soundinsulation(DIN
4109),
Fireprevention(DIN4102).
Question
Results
Summary
Forthebuildingenvelope
therearedefineddifferent
conditionslikeair
tightness,energy
efficiency,moisture
resistence,lighting,
thermalandacoustic
insulation,fireprevention.
Blowerdoortestisknown
inallcountries.
Benchmarks
60
1.5.7
Denmark
thecode?
Whatrequirementsare TheDanishBuilding
Regulationkapitel5
definedforfire
Brandforhold.
prevention?Nameof
Question
Results
Lithuania
DIN41021Firebehaviour STR2.01.01(2):1999
ofbuildingmaterialsand Essentialrequirementsof
buildingcomponentsPart thebuilding.Firesafety
STR2.01.04:2004Fire
1:Buildingmaterials;
safety.Main
concepts,requirements
requirements
andtests
DIN41024Firebehaviour STR2.01.06:2003
ofbuildingmaterialsand Lightningsafetyof
structures.Activesafety
buildingcomponents;
synopsisandapplicationof againstlightning.
classifiedbuilding
materials,componentsand
specialcomponents.
Germany
Poland
whichbuildingsandtheir
locationshouldmeet,
Infrastructureof12April
2002r.withlaterchanges:
Annexno.2
SectionVIFire
Prevention
Fireresistanceclassof
partsofaresidential
building.
1.5Buildingphysics
Russia
Summary
Therearerequirementsfor
Allrequirementsarein
firepreventioninall
SNIP2.01.0285*
"Fireproofnorms",SNIP21 countrieswiththeaidof
0197*"Firesafetyof
fireresistanceclassesof
buildingsandworks".
buildingparts.
Benchmarks
61
1.5.8
Denmark
Whatrequirementsare Ventilationforbuildings
definedforsoilsealing Designcriteriafor
theindoorenvironment.
andlayingclaimsto
surface?Nameofthe Belowground,there
shouldbeparticular
code?
attentiontothefloor
sealingagainstthesoilto
minimiserisksofradon
penetration.
Question
Results
Germany
Thezoningmapofthe
distinctivesitegives
informationabout
footprint
areaofeachsite
respectively
abouttheareanottoseal.
Normallyitiscalledthe
site
occupancyindexSOI
(GrundflchenzahlGRZ)
whichshowsthe
proportion
ofGrossExternalAreato
landarea.
Poland
STR2.01.01(1):2005
Thereareno
Essentialrequirementsof requirementsdefined.
thebuilding.Mechanical
enduranceandstability
STR1.04.02:2004
EngineeringGeological
(Geotechnical)
Investigations
Lithuania
1.5Buildingphysics
Russia
RulesandratesEniP
():CollectionE8Issue
1,2,3;EniP()
CollectionE11.
Summary
Soilsealingisnotvery
commonalthoughitisa
sustainablefactorinthe
fightagainstflooding.
Benchmarks
Soilsealingshouldbe
involvedinthecertificate
inordertodevelopagreen
environmentwiththeaid
ofthebuilding.
62
1.5.9
Whatcriterionsare
involvedtodetermine
EnergyEfficiencyof
building?
Question
Results
Denmark
Energydemandforspace 1.3.1
heating,Uvalue;
Theconstructionmustbe
protectedagainstmoister
condensation(vapour
barrier)tosecuregood
indoorairquality.
Germany
Poland
Russia
Finalenergydemand,U EP(coefficientexplainedin Allcriterionsand

value,Rvalue,
requirementswrittenin
thequestion1.5.6)
SNIP23022003"Thermal
riskofmoisture
Uvalue.
performanceofthe
condensation,heatloss
buildings"
throughouterwalls,outer
storeypartitions,roofs,
heatlossthrough
partitionscontactingsoil,
heatlossthrough
windows,entrancedoors,
throughthermalbridges
andthroughventilation
system,heatlossbecause
ofovernormalouterair
infiltrationinside,heat
inflowfromoutside,inner
emissionofheat,annual
consumptionofelectricity
energy,annual
consumptionofenergyfor
hotwaterproduction.
Lithuania
1.5Buildingphysics
Summary
Requirementsforenergy
efficiencyareforexample
final,netandprimary
energydemandfor
heating,cooling,
ventilation,domestichot
waterandlighting,butas
welltheuandRvalue.
Benchmarks
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
63
Condensingboiler,low
Closedsolidfuelstove;gas Condensingboiler,low
Gasandoilboilers,electric
temperatureboiler,wood firedheatgenerators.
temperatureboiler,wood heatpump.
pelletboiler,electricheat
pelletboiler,electricheat
pump,solarheating
pump,solarheating
system.
system.
Gasanoilboilers.
1.6.2. Whatkindofheating
2
generatorsareused?
Predominatelycentral
heating(districtheating
plant).Alsodwellersof
villagedetachedhouses
uselocalheatingsystems.
71,6%centralheating;
13,2%districtheating;
7,5%localheatingsystem
(coveringoneflooror
zone),7,7%others(year
2006).
Inresidentialhousesthe Centralheating,heating
kindofusedheating
furnance,others.
energysources:district
heating78,5%;different
heating21,3%;no
heating0,2%
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Coal,wood(firewood),
InDenmarkandLithuania Useofsustainableenergy.
electricityandnaturalgas districtheatingisthemain
energysource.InGermany
naturalgasandoilmake
almost80%ofallenergy
sources,whilePolanduse
mostlycoalandnatural
gas.
Centralheating,
radiators,
floorheating,
air.
Coal,naturalgas,biogas,
biofuels,biomass,solar
energy,geothermal
energy,electricity.
Poland
1.6Technicalfacilitiesansservices
Whatkindofheating 62%ofallresidentialunits 48,6%naturalgas;30,2% Theheatingenergy

oil;13,2%districtheating; sourcesusedin1997and
energysourcesareused areheatsuppliedby
districtheating,14%with
2008are:naturalgas
4%electricity;3%
inresidentialhouses?
centralheatingwithoil,15 renewableenergy;1%coal 68,5%77%;fueloil
%bycentralheatingwith (year2006).
27,3%4,1%;wood,bio
naturalgas,and5%are
fuels,geothermal
heatedbyelectricity.
resources1,2%
17,7%;otherfuels3%
1,2%.
Question
Results
1.6.2. Whatkindofheating
1
systemisusedin
residentialhouses?
Centralheating,district
heatingetc.?
1.6.1
Whattypeof
ventilationsystemis
usedinresidential
houses?
1.6.4
64
Whatkindofcooling
systemisusedin
residentialhouses?
Question
Results
1.6.3
Conventionalcooling
system,passivecooling
system.
Windowventilation,
mechanicalexhaustair
plantwithoutandwith
heatrecovery.
Naturalventilation
Mechanicalexhaustair
ventilation.
Mechanicalventilation
withheatrecovery.
Germany
Thereisnocoolingin
Denmark
Poland
Russia
Airconditioning,
coolingsystem.
Summary
Mechanical,natural,with Gravityventilation
Mechanical,automaticand Mechanicalventilation
systemswithheatrecovery
heatrecovery.
mechanicalventilation
combinedextractand
arealreadyusedin
withsingleventilatorsor inputventilation.
Denmark,Germanyand
inandoutleadingair
Poland,inLithuaniaitis
elementsandafunctionof
usedwithoutheat
heatrecovery
recovery.
airconditioning.
STR2.09.02:2005.Usually Airconditioning,
notusedatresidential
coolingsystem.
houses.
Lithuania
Benchmarks
65
1.6.5
Denmark
Germany
STR2.09.02:2005
Heating,ventilationand
air
conditioning.Regulation
STR1.12.05:2002"Theuse
andmaintenanceof
mandatoryrequirements
andimplementation
arrangementsfor
residentialhoses"
Lithuania
Russia
Thefrequencyof
Allrequirementsarein
inspectionsofboilers,
SNIP2.08.0189*"Living
houses"andreference
heatingandair
conditioningsystemshas guideforit's.
beendefinedin:TheActof
19thSeptember2007on
amendingtheact
Constructionlaw(J.O.No.
191,item1373).
Therequirementsof
maintenanceandcleaning
ofsystemsarealsodefined
in:TheOrdinanceofthe
MinistryofInfrastructure
of12thMarch2009on
amendingtheordinance
technicalconditionsfor
buildingsandtheir
location.
Poland
DIN19466
Whatrequirementsare Norequirementsfor
maintenanceandcleaning
Ventilationandair
definedfor
inresidentialbuildnings.
conditioningPart6:
maintenanceand
Ventilationforresidential
cleaningofthese
buildingsGeneral
systems?(heating,
requirements,
cooling,ventilation
requirementsfor
systems)
measuring,performance
andlabeling,
delivery/acceptance
(certification)and
maintenance
DINEN131416
Ventilationforbuildings
Performancetestingof
components/productsfor
residentialventilation
Part6:Exhaustventilation
systempackagesusedina
singledwelling.
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
OnlyinDenmarkthereis Regularmaintainanceto
noregulationof
guaranteelowoperation
maintenanceandcleaning costs.
forresidentialbuildingin
theothercountriesare
existingnormsfor
regulation.Thereis
regulationofmaintenance
andcleaningforresidential
buildinginalmostall
countries(accept
Denmark)
66
Showthedevelopment Targetinhousehold:100 From1995to2004the

waterconsumptionper
ofwateranddomestic l/dayperperson.
personanddayreduced
sewageconsumption
from132lto126l(5%).
perpersonandsquare
meterinthelastyears
inresidentialbuildings.
DrinkingWaterRegulation
DINEN8061
Specificationsfor
installationsinside
buildingsconveyingwater
forhumanconsumption
Part1:General;German
versionEN8061:2001+
A1:2001
Domesticsewage
Regulation
DIN4045.
Germany
1.6.7
Denmark
Lithuanianbuildingcode
(RSN2690)dependingon
thecategoryofcitiesand
townsintheresidential
houseswithwatersupply,
wasteremoverand
bathroom,withalocalhot
waterspecies1capita
waterconsumptionrateof
thedayforthe160to230
litters
STR2.02.04:2004Water
charge,preparationof
water.Mainprovisions
STR2.02.04:2004Sewer
cleaners.Mainprovisions
STR2.07.01:2003.Water
SupplyandWasteWater
Treatment.Building
Services.Outdoor
EngineeringNetworks.
Lithuania
Russia
From1990to2006the
waterconsumptionper
personanddayreduced
from184lto112l(39%)
Thereisnodataavailable.
Therequirementsfor
GOSTR5123298
watersupplyanddomestic "Drinkingwater.
sewageareexpressedin: Generalrequirementsfor
TheActof7thJune2001 organizationandquality
oncollectivewatersupply controlmethods";
Sanitaryhygienicrulesand
anddomesticsewage.
norms
SanPiN2.1.4.107401
"Drinkingwater.Hygienic
requirementstoqualityof
waterofthecentralised
systemsofdrinkingwater
supply.Qualitycontrol".
Poland
1.6.6
Question
Results
Whatrequirementsare Specificationsfor
installationsinside
definedforwater
buildings
supplyanddomestic
conveyingwaterfor
sewage?
humanconsumption
DS/EN8061.
Summary
Benchmarks
67
1.6.9
1.6.8
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
proportionofrenewable
energyinthedistrict
heatingproductionwere
31.6%(includingbiomass
10.3%andwaste20.0%).
Isrenewableenergylike Renewableenergyinthe
solar,wind,biomassor formofbiomassareused
geothermalresources inevengreaterextendin
usedinsteadoffossil districtheating
Productionofrenewable
fuelstoheat,coolor
energy,etc.representsin
ventilatebuildings?
200414.2%ofgross
(percentagesoftotal energyconsumptionin
energydemand)
Denmark.In1990,the
inwindows
Portionofrenewable
energyofprimaryenergy
demandincreasedfrom
1,6%in1990to6,9%in
2006.
Yes,andthecomparative
weightincreases:1997
1,2%,19982,0%,2001
4%,20037,2%,2005
12%,200817,7%(inthe
numberofsolarandwind
energyis~3.3%).
Thepercentage
contributionofrenewable
energytototalenergy
demandisestimatedtobe
6,9%.
Theuseofrenewable
energyisn'tspreadin
Russia.Therearecheap
technologiesforusesolar,
windandbiomassenergy,
buttheyhavenotfound
theirconsumeramong
thepopulation.
Thereisnodataavailable Thereisnodataavailable
Whatrequirementsare Thereisnodataavailable DINVENV1627Windows, STR2.01.01(4):1999
todefinetherequirements
doors,shuttersBurglar
todefinetherequirements todefinetherequirements
definedforsecurity?
forsecurity.
forsecurity.
resistanceRequirements
thebuilding.Usagesafety
forsecurity.
Bulgersecurityindoors,
andclassification
Question
Results
Summary
Risingthepercentageof
renewableenergyand
loweringtheconsumption
ofenergyindwellings.
Benchmarks
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
68
1.6.11 Howpopularisthe
usageofrenewable
heatsourcesin
residentialhouses?
Solarheatingfordomestic About350000heatpumps Nodataforresidential

hotwater.Solarenergyfor areinstalled.About1/3in buildings.
electricity.Heatpump
2007and2008.Thetotal
mainlybyutiliseenergy
producedPVpower
fromsoil.
increasedfrom76GWh
(2001)to2220GWh
(2006).Thenumberof
installedsolarheating
systemincreasedfrom
1999to2004about260%
tototal700000.
Russia
Renewableheatsources
arenotusedinenergy
supplysystemsof
biomass96,1%,biofuels Nodataforresidential
2,3%,biogas1,4%,
building.
geothermalenergy0,2%,
solarenergy0,018%,waste
combustion0,007%
Energysupplyingsystems
ofresidentialbuildingsuse
suchrenewableheat
sourcesas:
biogas,
biofuels,
biomass,
wastecombustion,
solarenergy,
geothermalenergy.
Poland
Biomassindistrictheating. Thereareuseddistinctive Renewableheatsources

1.6.10 Arerenewableheat
renewableheating
arenotusedinenergy
sourcesusedinenergy
sources.
supplysystemsof
supplysystemsof
Summary
Benchmarks
Financialhelpfor
Theuseofrenewable
energysourcesinGermany renewableheatsourcesby
increasedinthelastyears. EU.
InPolandbiomassiswith
96%themostimportant
renewableenergysource.
InPolandandGermany
renewableheatsources
areusedindifferenttypes
whileinLithuaniaand
Russiaitisunusualyet.
Question
Results
Denmark
69
1.6.12 Showthedevelopment Energyconsumptionfor

ofenergydemandper spaceheatinghasfallen
13%from1980to2004.
personandsquare
meterinthelastyears Thedeclineoccurredeven
thoughtheheatedareain
inresidentialbuildings.
thesameperiodgrew
23.8%.
Lithuania
Poland
Inthelast15yearsthe
Inthelast10yearsenergy Nodata.Increaseinthe
demandforspaceheating numberofheatusersfrom energyconsumptionfell
decreasedabout28%from 2001to2009amountedto from35to21kgoe/m.
31.5%.
199,3kWh/mto142,7
kWh/m.Butinthesame
timeelectricpower
consumptionperperson
increasedabout16%.
Germany
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Itisdefinedbythe
Theenergyconsumption Financialhelpforlowering
standardsforconsumption forspaceheatingfeltinthe energyconsumption.
ofelectricalenergywithin lastyears.InGermany
thelivingquartersonthe about28%to143kWh/ma
basisofdifferentiation
inPolandabout40%to
dependingonthenumber 244kWh/m.
ofroomsandnumberof
people,thatare
establishedbytheOfficeof
HousingandCommunal
Servicesandother
authorizedinstitutions.
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
70
Pumpsandfansare
STR2.09.02:2005
Therearenotspecial
Therearenoenergy
Therearenotsuchkindof
1.6.13 Energyefficient
includedinthecalculation
Regulation,ChapterVIIIof
energyefficient
efficientrequirementson
energyefficient
requirementsonfans,
oftheenergyconsumption requirementonfans,
the"EnergySaving",where fans,pumpsand
requirements.
pumpsand
temperatureefficiency ofresidentialbuildingto pumpsandtemperature thereisguidanceon:The temperatureefficiencyof
meettheenergy
efficiencyofheatrecovery, useofdisposalofair,ifitis heatrecovery.
ofheatrecovery?
requirementintheDanish accordingtotheNormDIN economicallyappropriate;
buildingregulation.
EN15459:2007,DINEN, Equipments,ductsand
EnEV2009andnumbersof pipeinsulation;Fans
theinterrelatedNormsthe powercategories;
designercalculatethe
Systemsmanagementand
energyconsumptionunder automation,etc.
theactualsituation,they
choosetheoptimalfans,
pumpsandtheheat
recovery.
Summary
Benchmarks
71
1.7.1
Denmark
countrywhich
standardssignifies
thesecertificates?Show
example.
IfthereexistEnergy Thereisonecompulsory
PerformingCertificates labellingsystemin
Denmarkforhouses
forhousesinyour
"Energimrke".
Question
Results
Germany
EnergyPerforming
Certificatesaccordingthe
EnEVfollowthestandards
ofDINEN15217Energy
performanceofbuildings
Methodsforexpressing
energyperformanceand
forenergycertificationof
buildings,
Poland
Russia
STR2.01.09:2005Energy TheActof19th
Doesn'texist
PerformanceofBuildings;. September2007on
amendingtheact
PerformanceofBuildings Constructionlaw(J.O.No.
p.15Building(buildingin 191,item1373).
part)theenergy
TheOrdinanceofthe
performanceassessment MinistryofInfrastructure
and/orcertificationmade of21stJanuary2008on
building(partofthe
trainingandexamination
building)totalenergy
forlicencetopreparethe
calculationmethod.
energyperformance
Calculationmethods(in
certificatesforbuildings
total25pages)basisis
andresidentialunit.
prEN15217:2005Energy
performanceofbuildings.
Methodsforexpressing
energyperformanceand
forenergycertificationof
buildings
Lithuania
1.7Definitionofqualitystandards
Summary
Almostinallcountries,
energycertification
systemsarealreadypartof
thenormingsystem.
(acceptRussia)
Benchmarks
72
1.7.2 IfthereexistGreen
BuildingCertificates
forhousesinyour
countrywhich
standardssignifies
thesecertificates?
Question
Results
Denmark
0energyhouses,plus
energyhouses,
Svanemrket
Lithuania
Germansustainable
Nostandards
buildingcertificate.Six
subjectsaffectthe
evaluation:ecology,
economy,socialcultural
andfunctionaltopics,
techniques,processes,and
location.Thecertificateis
basedontheconceptof
integralplanningthat
defines,atanearlystage,
theaimsofsustainable
construction.
Germany
Russia
Therearenoregulations Nostandards
referredtoGreenBuilding
Certificates.
Poland
Summary
OnlyinGermanyexista
certificatefor
sustainable/greenbuilding.
Benchmarks
73
1.7.3
Denmark
energybuilding?
Whichstandardssignify PassivHousecertificate
alowenergyhouse, acconglytotheGerman
passivehouse,zero PassivehausInstitute.
Question
Results
Lithuania
Lowenergyhousewith
Nostandards
energydemandofmin.
25%underthecurrent
energysavingordinance
(EnEV).Passivehousewith
annualheatingdemandQh
lessthan15kWh/maof
livingspace.Theprimary
energydemandincluding
hotwaterandelectricityis
allowedtobemax.
120kWh/ma.Zeroenergy
building(ZEB)ornetzero
energybuildingisa
buildingwithzeronet
energyconsumptionand
zerocarbonemissions
annually.
Germany
Therearenospecified
regulationsreferredto
theseterms.
Poland
Russia
Nostandards
Summary
Nocommonstandardsfor
lowenergyhouse,
passivehouseorzero
energybuilding
Benchmarks
74
1.7.4
Denmark
system.
Followingupprocedure Thereisntanyfollowing
oftheperformanceof upprocedureofthe
performanceofthe
thebuildingenergy
buildingenergysystem.
Question
Results
Germany
No,becausethemethodis
basedontheRegulation
tablesvaluessizes,notthe
actualvaluessizesneeded
forthecalculations.
Overall,thisisnota
certificationitis
calculationsofenergy
efficiencyofdesign
solutions
Lithuania
Thereisntanyfollowing
upprocedureofthe
performanceofthe
Poland
Russia
Thereisntanyfollowing
upprocedureofthe
performanceofthe
Summary
Benchmarks
75
1.8.1
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
1.8Qualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspects
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
DINEN15643(Draft)
Guidelineforsustainability
Thereisnoprojectpartlike Thereisnounifiedsystem Urbandevelopmentcode Sustainabilitycodesor
Arethereanycodesor Usuallythetargeton
sustainabilityisdescribed
Sustainabilityof
inEurope.
thatinbuildingproject
oflegalruleswhichdefines
andlocalurban
normsdon'texistina
requirementswhich
inthelocaldistrictplan.
constructionwork
documentation.
sustainabilityaspartof
nationallevel.InGermany
developmentregulations.
definesustainabilityas
Sustainabilityassessment
preparationandplanning
onenormabout
partofthepreparation
ofbuildings
oftheproject.
sustainabilityof
andplanningofthe
constructionworkisstillin
Part1:GeneralFramework
Itispartlyregulatedby:
project?
progressinPolanditis
Part2:Framefor
TheActof19th
partlyregulatedbythe
environmentalquality
September2007on
law.
Part3:Frameforsocial
amendingtheact
constructionlaw(J.O.No.
quality
191,item1373).
Part4:Framefor
TheActof27thApril
economicalquality
2001onenvironmental
ISO15686part110
protectionlaw(J.O.No.
62,item627asamended).
CriteriafortheGerman
SustainableBuilding
Certificate*
Qualityoftheproject's
preparation.
Question
Results
76
1.8.2
Denmark
Germany
sustainabilityin
tenderingandplacing?
Therearenotanycodes.
Lithuania
Russia
Allthenewand
modernizedbuildings,
complexofbuildingsor
systemscannotbeusedif
theydonotcomplywith
requirementsmentioned
insection2.
Art.76.2.The
requirementsof
environmentalprotection
fornewandmodernized
buildings:
1)Theimplementationof
technicalmeansrequired
bythelawtoprotectthe
environment;
2)Theusageofproper
technicalsolutionsresulted
fromtheactsand
regulations;
3)Theobtainingof
requiredregulationsabout
thescopeandconditions
ofusingthe
environment;...
Poland
DINEN15643(Draft)
Arethereanycodesor Localplansinclude
guidelinesforsustainable
Part2,Part4
requirementswhich
urbandevelopment.
prEN15804
demandthe
environmentalproduct
confirmationof
declaration.
Question
Results
Summary
OnlyDenmark,Germany
andPolandhavestandards
whichdescribepartlythe
roleofsustainabilityin
construction,tendering
andplacing.
Benchmarks
77
1.8.3
Denmark
Germany
Nocodesdefining
sustainabilityforbuilding
process.Qualityassurance
ofexecutionisregulated
byConstructionLawand
undercodeSTR
1.09.05:2002Engineering
Supervisionof
Constructionofa
Structure.
Lithuania
Russia
TheOrdinanceofthe
Onlyinrecenttimessome
MinistryofInfrastructure oflocalplansinclude
of6thNovember2008on guidelinesforsustainable
amendingtheordinance urbandevelopment.
technicalconditionsfor
buildingsandtheir
location.Thequality
assuranceoftheexecution
isexpressedintheformof
theenergyperformance
certificateforbuildingsand
residentialunitwhichis
carriedoutonthebasisof:
TheOrdinanceofthe
MinistryofInfrastructure
of6thNovember2008on
methodologyofcalculation
oftheenergyperformance
ofbuildingsandresidential
unitaswellaswayof
preparingandpatternsof
theirenergyperformance
certificates.
Poland
CriteriaofDGNB
Arethereanycodesor Localplansinclude
guidelinesforsustainable
certification:1.lowwaste
requirementswhich
urbandevelopment.
constructionsite2.Low
definesustainabilityas
noiseconstructionsite3.
partoftheconstruction
Lowdustconstructionsite
process?Istherea
4.Environmental
qualityassuranceofthe
protectionatthe
execution?
constructionsiteandDIN
EN15643(Draft)
Part2,Part4
prEN15804:
environmentalproduct
declaration.
Question
Results
Summary
Certificates,Construction
laworordinancesdefine
sustainabilityaspartofthe
constructionprocess
althoughnotinall
countriesandsometimes
onlyforenergydemand.
Benchmarks
Results
78
Results
8.2
Buildingpermitrules
Tenderingrulesandlaws
Currentlyappliedplanningmethod
Conditionsandhabitsofinvestigation/funding
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagement
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydata,urbaninfrastructureand
housingsituation
Demographicanalysisofhousingneedsandthetargetgroupofpopulation
79
80
2.1.1
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
2.1Currentlyappliedplanningmethods
Russia
8.2Methodofplanning,permitandtenderingprocedures
Summary
Inallcountriesaversionof
Threephasesystemofthe Ministryofthe
Urbanplanninginthecities Committeeofurban
Describethecurrently The"Countryplanning
department"
andmunicipalitiesisbased
Environmentofthe
a2or3stageplanning
developmentplanningand
buildinglandplanningright
appliedplanning
"Landsplanafdelingen"of
essentiallyontwostages
RepublicofLithuaniais
systemisinplace:country,
architectureapproves
1.Federallaw
methodsinyour
urbandevelopmentplans. regionandlocalplanning,
(constructioncodeoflaw) currentlyresponsiblefor ofplanning:the
countryinshortwords. theDanishMinistryfor
Environmentisresponsible 2.extent:Federalstatelaw thelegalactsandnorms preparatorylanduseplan Districtarchitectsoversee andforthelocalplaning
fortheadministrationof (buildingcode) relatedtotheterritorial andthevariouslegally
againtwostages:Overall
theobservanceofthe
thePlanningLawand
bindinglanduseplans.
andurbanplanning
regulationsandproduce andspecificplansare
3.extentmunicipallaw
developesguidelinesand (statutesorzoningmaps) processesaswellas
developed.
urbanplansforthe
separateplotsanddefine
strategiesforplanning.
constructionworkswithin
theboundariesofthe
thecountry.Onamore
designplanningin
locallevelmunicipalities
accordancetothefuture
areresponsibleforthe
developmenttobein
developmentofthesite.
accordancetothelawsand
Theycontrolthe
normssetbythe
observanceofsanitary
government,municipalities
zones.Thethirdlevelare
setsomemorespecific
inhabitants,developers,
regulationsfortheirareas.
investors,architectsand
Thethirdlevelwouldbe
etc.,tocomplyand
inhabitants,developers,
conformtotheregulations
investors,architectsand
setbytheState
etc.,tocomplyand
governmentand
municipalities.
conformtotheregulations
setbytheState
governmentand
municipalities.
Question
Results
Benchmarks
81
2.1.2
Denmark
Whatlocalornational Hierarchyin4levels:
planninglawsdoexist? Countrylevel,regional
level,municipalitylevel
andlocal(areaspecific)
level.
Question
Results
Germany
Constructioncodeoflaw
ofthefederalrepublic,the
buildingcodesofthe
federalcountriesand
statutesandordersofthe
localauthoritydistricts.
Poland
1.ComprehensivePlanof BuildingCodeandLocal
planninglaws.Thelegally
theTerritoryofthe
RepublicofLithuania.2. bindinglanduseplan,asa
RepublicofLithuaniaLaw locallaw,containsthe
onTerritorialplanning. legallybinding
3.RepublicofLithuania
designationstocontrol
LawonConstruction orderlyurban
4.91NormativeTechnical developmentwithina
ConstructionDocuments specificarea.
(NTCD)
Lithuania
Summary
Urbandevelopmentcode Aplanninglawseemstobe
ofRussianFederationand coveringthesystems
normsofthesubjectsof mentionedin2.1.1
RussianFederation.
Russia
Benchmarks
82
2.1.3
Denmark
totheplanninglaw?
Energy:Norequirements,
Whatkindofenergy
andsustainableneeds butapossibilityto
arerequiredaccording strengthentheBRinlocal
planning.
Question
Results
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Theenergysavingorder Minimumenergy
Requiredareelectricity, Therearenoenergyand Norequlationsinplanning Comparisonofregionally
(EnEV)isashareofthe
adaptedEUenergy
performancerequirements waterandsanitaryfittings. sustainablerequirements lawsbutinthebuilding
Germanbuildinglaw.
accordingtotheplanning codesinmostcountries.
directive.
:1.1)fornewbuildings;2) Fittingsofdrainage,
Standardsareprescribed existingbuildingsthatare heatingandhotwater
law.
subjecttoreconstruction preparingcouldbe
forefficientenergy
consumptionofbuildingor ormajorrenovationanda determine.
constructionprojectslike totalusefulfloorareaof
residentialbuilding,office whichisover1000square
metersandthepriceof
buildingandcertain
worksdoneduring
factories.
reconstructionormajor
renovationinorderto
upgradetheirenergy
performancemakesupto
25percentofthevalueof
thebuilding,excludingthe
valueoftheplotoflandon
whichthebuildingis
situated.Energy
performancecertification
ofbuildingsare
mandatory:
whenconstructing,selling
orrentingoutbuildings...
Germany
83
2.1.4
Whoisentitledtodo
theplanning?
(foreigners,national
habitants,locals,...)
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
Theemployeesinthe
Requireddocumentations
differentinstitutions
fortheestablishmentand
responsibleforeachlevel changeofbuildingsmust
ofthehierarchymentioned becreatedbyaproperty
under2.1.2.
plannerwhoisrequired
documentationentitled.
Poland
Entitledtotheplanningis
1.Participantsofthe
everyone,whohave
Territorialplanning
(licencedspecialists) suitablebuildingpower
andisamemberofthe
2.Participantsofthe
constructionworksBuilder, polishengineers,urban's
investigator,designerofa orarchitect'schamber.
constructionworks,
contractorofconstruction
ofaconstructionworks,
technicalsupervisorof
constructionofa
constructionworks
supplier...
Lithuania
Summary
Onlylegalentitieslicensed Differentlevelsof
toperformtherespective strictness:Fromjust
typesofworkswith
beeingemployedtobe
subsequentexaminationof certifiedbyalicense.The
thedocumentsbythe
responsibilityiswiththe
StateArchitecturaland
authorities.
ConstructionSupervision.
Russia
Benchmarks
Descriptionand
simplificationofthe"how
toplanin"thedifferent
countries.
84
2.1.5
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Russia
Summary
Inplanningprocesstake Theleadarchitectofthe Specilists:architects,

partarchitects,structural project,theleadengineer environmentalplannersor
engineers.
engineersandsanitary
oftheproject.
fittingsengineers.Architect
planthebuildingand
coordinatealltrade.Heis
(afterauthorization)a
representativeofinvestor
inbureau.
Poland
See2.1.4
Forthedevelopmentof
Whichpeopletakepart Thisisgenerallyan
architecturaldiscipline,but
therequired
intheplanningprocess
documentationsordered
andwhatistheirrole? recentlyalsoanew
universitydegree:
propertyplannersmustbe
(architect,structural
EnvironmentalPlanneris suitableafterknowledge
engineer,physical
producingcandidatesthat andexperienceforthe
engineer,...)
taketheplannerpositions. preparationand
monitoringofthe
respectivebuildingproject
andareresponsibleforthe
completenessand
usefulnessoftheplanning.
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Descriptionand
simplificationofthe"who
plansin"thedifferent
countries.
85
2.2.1
Denmark
Germany
Poland
Apermitforconstruction Theinvestorsubmitsan
ofaconstructionworksisa applicationforbuilding
permittothebureauof
mandatorydocument
thecounty.Withthe
issuedbythecountys
administrationorbythe applicationhehasto
attachtheprojectwith
directorofthe
administrationofa
agreements.Aftermax.65
municipality.Inorderto daysbureaugivesbuilding
obtainapermitto
permit.
construct,thedeveloper
mustsubmitthe
applicationofan
establishedformThe
constructionpermit
containsthetechnicaldata
andthepurposeofeach
constructionwork
establishedbytechnical
constructiondocuments.
Theconstructionpermitis
validfor10years.
Lithuania
2.2Buildingpermitrules
Summary
Benchmarks
Buildingpermitsare
Buildingpermitprocedure Showcomparisonof
issuedbymunicipalityof isasimilarprocedureinall buildingpermitprocedure
thefirstlevelinthe
countries:Anapplication intheguideline.
presenceoftheproject
hastobesendintothe
documentation,which
authoritywhichissuesthe
passedthestate
permit.Validityfrom1to
10years.InRussiait
examination.Itisvalid
duringthetimeestablished dependsontheproject.
intheproject
documentation.Passageof
thestateexpertise:all
projectdocumentation
havetobepassedinGASN,
aswellasthelandlease
contract,charter
documentsofcustomer
anddesigner,licenseof
thedesignerandtechnical
conditionsforthe
connectiontotheutilities,
withtheagreementofthe
networkholdersofthe
relevantsectionsofthe
project.Theofficialdateof
theexamination1month.
Russia
Theapplicantsendsa
Describethebuilding Theownerorthe
constructioncompanyon
satisfactoryandsigned
permitprocedurein
hisbehalfsendsina
applicationformtothe
shortwords.Howlong
descriptionofthehouseto responsibleauthority.
isitvalid?
bebuildincludinga
Theauthoritychecksthe
thermalcalculationthat applicationfor
showsthebuildingwill
completenessandfor
complywiththeenergy
accordancewiththe
framerequirementinthe juridicalrequirements.In
BR.Withthiss/heapplies addition,theauthoritycan
includeexternal
forthebuildingpermit.
professionalexperts.
Themunicipalitychecks
thedocumentationandif Thentheauthoritycan
inorderissuesthepermit. approveornotapprove.It
Sometimesthepermitis canalsorequireadditional
issuedwithsome
information,calculations
conditionsandsometimes orproofs.thebuilding
specificmissing
permitisvalidforthree
informationisrequested. years.
Question
Results
86
2.2.2
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Withapplicationmustbe Landleasecontract,expert Theapplicationhastobe

attachedobject'softhe
opinion.
followedby
projectwithagreements
documentationshowingin
sufficientdetailthe
andenergyperformance.
plannedproject:plan
descriptions,
specifications,proofs.
Aconstructionpermit
Whatistheapplication Thedrawingsandtechnical Withthelocalbuilding
informationrelatingtothe
applicationformaccording
containsthedataonthe
formandwhat
buildingregulations.
tocase(exemption,
structure,asspecifiedin
documentshavetobe
simplifiedprocedure,
theAnnex2.Toobtainthe
filedforthelocal
constructionpermit,the
normalprocedure,..)
authorityinordertoget
followingdocumentshave Buildermustsubmittothe
aconstructionpermit?
Municipality
tobefiled:plans
(construction
Administrationentitythe
descriptions,reasons,
description,energy
documentsasfollows:a
specifications,proofs,
performance,cadastral
standardapplicationform
dataetc.)
(Annex1here)
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Showcomparisonofall
regionalnecessary
documentsandapplication
formsintheguideline;
englishnational
applicationforms.
87
2.2.3
Denmark
Whatkindofnational Therearedifferentrules
orlocalbuildingpermit accoringtothecomplexity
ofthebuildings:1.Single
rulesdoexist?
family,doublefamilyand
summerhouses,2.Row
houseswith3ormore
dwellings,3.Industryor
storagebuildingsor
similar,4.garagesand
similarbuildingsnottobe
usedasdwellings.For2
and3typesthefire
technicalaspectsneedto
beevaluatedbythe
municipality.Exceptfor
thatallresponsibilityfor
thefullfillingofrequirents
lieonthebuilder.
Question
Results
Germany
See2.2.1Forthebuilding
permitthelower
constructionsupervising
bodyorthelocalauthority
districtisalways
responsible.
NormativeTechnical
ConstructionDocument:
STR1.07.01:2002Statybos
leidimas(Construction
permit)
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
TheBuildingCode
Urbandevelopmentcode Theanswersreferto
establishesplanning
andlocalurban
documentsthatstates
principlesandprocedural developmentregulations. variousregulations,butdo
rules.Urbanplanningin
notreferanyrulesfor
thecitiesand
permitassuch.
municipalitiesisbased
essentiallyontwostages
ofplanning:the
preparatorylanduseplan
andthevariouslegally
bindinglanduseplans.
Eachmunicipalityis
responsibleforpreparing
theurbanlanduseplans
fortheterritoryunderits
control.Iftheurbanland
useplandoesnotexist,
municipalityhasto
publishsadecisionof
development'sconditions.
Benchmarks
88
2.2.4
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Entitledowner,coowner, Onlycustomerofthe
leaseholder(withowners building(legalorprivate
permit),perpetualuser
person)
(withownerspermit).
ApplicantistheProprietor See2.2.2
Whoisentitledtoapply All,whocansupplythe
requiredinformation.No.
orhisrepresentativeora InLithuaniatherighttobe
forabuildingpermit?
developer.IftheProprietor abuilder(clientor
Arethereanyspecial
isnotanownerofthe
developer)intheRepublic
lawsfordevelopers
buildingplot,heneedsthe ofLithuaniashallbe
fromforeigncountries?
approvaloftheplotofland enjoyedbynaturaland
owner.Thesamelawsare legalpersonsofLithuania
alsovalidforaforeign
andforeigncountries
developer.Itisimportant whenthedeveloperowns
thatthedeveloperhasa orholdsandusesaplotof
propertyplannerwhois land;hasaprepared,ina
entitledtothetemplateof prescribedmannerand
thebuildingapplication.
approvedconstruction
packageofdocumentsfor
constructionoperationsas
wellaspertaining
maintenanceofa
constructionworks;the
builderhasthe
constructionpermitissued
intheprescribedmanner.
Question
Results
Summary
Onlytheownerofthe
constructionsite(ora
representative,orarenter)
isentitledtoapplyfora
buildingpermit.
Benchmarks
89
Howdoesthe
inspectionsystemwork
andwhochecksthe
documents?
Inspectioncancheck
ConstructionSupervision
buildingsiteaccord
permissionofconstruction. (GASN).
Russia
Thedocumentsare
Theauthorityistobe
See2.2.7
checkedbytheresponsible carriedoutentitledspecial
personstakencareofeach appraisialmeasures/
applicationforapermit controlsindependently
atthemunicipalitylevel. (paragraph3,7378
BbgBauO).See2.4.2
Poland
2.2.6
Lithuania
2.2.5
Germany
Administrationtakesa
Inthebuildingpermit
statementandasetof
proceduretakepart
investor,owner,coowner, documentsfromtheland
perpetualusersand
leasecontracttothe
developer'smanagerin
conclusionoftheState
influenceterritory.
Architecturaland
(GASN).
Denmark
See2.2.7
Whichpeopletakepart Architectsandengineersin Proprietor,property
thedifferentdepartment
planner(ifnecessary
inthebuildingpermit
procedureandwhatis ofthemunicipalitythat underuseofother
professionalplannersand
theirrole?(architect, areinvolvedwiththe
permit.
engineers),responsible
structuralengineer,
authority(Ifnecessary
physicalengineer,...)
underuseofcertificated
testengineers,fire
department,neighboursof
thebuilding)
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
Thematerialischeckedin
allcountriesbythe
authorityorordered
externalexperts
(Germany).
Showcomparisonof
includedproofsandif
necessaryrelated
departmentsfordifferent
proofs.
Investor,owner,engineers Showcomparisonof
andarchitecttakepartin relatedlawsandpersons
allcountriesinthebuilding tobuildingpermit
permitprocedure.Insome procedure.
countriesotherpeoplelike
theneighboursorthe
generalpublicisinvolved.
90
2.2.8
2.2.7
Denmark
Whatdoesabuilding
permitcost?
thereanylawtoforce
this?
Germany
Simplifiedproceeding:4
weeksifalldefaultwas
kept.Processafter
Constructionnotification:
5weeks(confirmationof
entranceofConstruction
notification:1week;
executionofconstruction:
onemonthafterentrance
oftheConstruction
notification)
Whereaconstruction
permitisissuedbythe
CountyGovernor
Administration,within10
daysfromreceiptofthe
Buildersapplicationthe
Municipality
Administrationentityshall
turnovertotheCounty
GovernorAdministration
thereportoftheStanding
C
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Treasuryfeeamountto47 Buildingpermitisissued
PLN(10Euro).Housesare freeofcharge.Thecostof
released.
thestateexaminationhas
tobecalculatedbya
specialtechnique.
Theadministrationhas65 Applicationprocessing
daystofinishprocedure, time10days.
accordingtotheBuilding
Code.
Themunicipalitycan
Theexpensesofabuilding Freeofcharge.
decidewhethertochargea permiraredirectedafter
costornot.Ifitchoosesto therespectivetariff
chargeitcanbebasedona systemsofthecountries/
priceperm2,perm3ora localauthoritydistricts.In
pct.oftheconstruction
thetariffsystemsthe
costs.Howeverthecharge expensesareperformed
hastobeinbalancewith foreveryadministrative
theactualcostsofthe
act.
municipalitytohandlethe Theauthorisation
permits.
expensesforanormal
singlefamilyhouse
amounttoapprox.1,800
EUROnet.
Howmuchtimehasthe Thisvariesalotfrom1to
administrationtofinish 3monthssometimes
longer.Nolawforcesa
theprocedureandis
particularlengthoftime.
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
Thebuildingpermitcanbe Freeofcharge,10Euroor
freeofcharge,cancosta higher
distinctamountofmoney
oritcanhaveapriceper
m.
Thetimevariesfrom10
daysinLithuaniato3and
moremonthsinDenmark.
91
2.3.1
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
2.3Tenderingrulesandlaws
Russia
Inaccordancewiththe
Tenderingprocess,where Investorsubmitsan
AccordingtotheEU
Describethetendering Tendermaterial
documents,etc.are
applicationforbuilding
urbanplanningcode.The
thefinancesfrom
regulationinthestandard
procedureinshort
preparedandsendout.
permittothebureauof
mainproceduresareopen
municipality,state,EU
formintroducedin2005
words.
Theoffersarereceivedas forthepublicationof
tenderingorauction.
structuralfundsareused, thecounty.Withthe
allocationannouncements havetocomplywiththe applicationhehasto
closedofferswhichare
Announcementoftender
arepublishedinthemedia
openedatapublicevent arevalidwithoutother
RepublicofLithuaniaLaw attachtheprojectwith
agreements.After30days, 30daysbeforethe
wheretheprices,etc.will implementationdirectlyin onPublicProcurement
tenderingtakesplace.
ifbureauhavenothing
thememberstatesofthe (20051222Nr.X471,
betoldtoeveryone.
Vilnius).Iftheprivateand against,constructioncan
Thereisasubdevision EU.
individualtenderand announcement>200.000 legalpersonsarenotusing begin.Investormust
thementionedbefore
tenderthebeginningof
combinedtender. bidoftendering<
fundsthetenderingof
builging'sconstructionin
200.000
constructionworksmaybe inspection'sbureau.
doneonadirect
agreementwitha
contractor.
Question
Results
Summary
Tenderinghastofollow
strictnationalandEUlaws:
theEUdirectiveisapplied
forthemoneyamounts,
theprocessisregulatedby
nationallaw.Minimum10
days.
Benchmarks
92
2.3.2
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Tenderingprocedureis
conductingaccordingto
theBuildingCode.
Buildingsmustallowfor
landuseplanordecision
ofdevelopment's
conditions.
Poland
see2.3.1
Russia
Whatkindofnational TendersformorethanDKK Forpublictendersofpublic RepublicofLithuaniaLaw

onPublicProcurement
orlocaltenderingrules 38,5mio.Excl.VAT,will clientsarevalidspecial
havetofollowtheEU
regulationsonaccountof
(20051222Nr.X471,
andlawsdoexist?
Directivefortendering.For thepublicprocurement
Vilnius)
tendersbelowthisvalue law.Theprocedureis
theDanishtenderinglaw regulatedinGermanyin:
willgovern.Individualand theallocationandcontract
orderforconstruction
combinedtendersare
works(VOB),theallocation
possible.
andcontractorderfor
performances(VOL)and
theallocationandcontract
orderforfreelance
performances(VOF).
Question
Results
Summary
Localtenderingrulesand
lawsareprocurementlaws
andEUpublictendering
law.Usuallythereare
strongerrulesforpublic
tenderingthanforprivate.
Benchmarks
93
2.3.3
Denmark
procedurearethere?
(publicbuilding,private
building,...)
Whattypesoftendering seeabove
Question
Results
Germany
1.belowtheEUguiedline
(thresholdvalues):public
invitationoftenders,
limitedinvitationof
tendersafterpublic
participationcompetition,
limitedinvitationsof
tenders,freehand
allocation
and
2.abovetheEUguiedline
(thresholdvalues):open
procedure,Nonopen
procedure,Competitive
dialog,hearingprocedures
AccordingtoRepublicof
LithuaniaLawonPublic
Procurement:public
institutions(forpublic
buildingconstruction
works)organisethe
tenderingprocedure.
Thereareseveraltypesof
tenderingprocedure,such
as:open,limited,
competitivedialog,tobe
announcednegotiationor
nottobeannounced
negotiation.
Lithuania
see2.3.1
Totenderingprocedure
belongstotheobject,for
example:farmingbuilding
to35mandconstruction
span4,80m;domestic
openswimmingpoolto30
m.
Poland
Russia
Summary
Dependsonthesumthe
tenderprocedurecanbe:
open,limitedordirect
invitations.Seeabove.
Benchmarks
94
2.3.4
Denmark
process?(inrelationto
EU)
Whatarethelimitsfor DKK38,5mio>X>DKK
thenationaltendering 500.000
Question
Results
Lithuania
Buildingorders: In2004theLawon
5.150.000
Constructionwasamended
deliveryorderandservice andequalisedthe
conditionsforLithuanian
orders:206.000
deliveryorderandservice andEUmemberstates
natural(architectsand
ordersinthesector
constructionengineers)
sphere:412.000
andlegalpersons,
Todeliveryorderand
intendingtoengageinthe
serviceordersofthe
businessofthe
uppermostorupper
authoritiesofthefederal construction.Normative
TechnicalConstruction
republic:133.00
Documentationisashifting
processwhichdepends
uponEUappropriate
organisationsacting,
scienceandconstruction
progressandchanges,as
wellastheotherrangeof
activitiesinvolvedinthis
field,suchas
environmentalprotection,
immovablecultural
heritage,protectedareas,
hygiene,fireprotection,
energyperformance
safety,etc.
Germany
Poland
0 Onlyjointventureswith
Russiascapitalcan
acquirelandinprivate
ownership.Foreign
companiescanonlyobtain
landonlease.
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
ForDKanDE,Services:
Therearetwodifferent
limitingamountsof
66.666Euro206.000.
nationaltenderonefor Buildingorders:EU
theservices(architectsand tendersum:5.15mioEuro.
engineers)andoneforthe
buildingproject.Generally
lowertrresholdsinthe
nationalrulesand
sometimesevenatacity
level(Germany).
95
2.3.5
Denmark
procedure?
Eachtenderisvalidfor1
Arethereanytime
limitsforthetendering year.
Question
Results
Lithuania
Poland
Sufficientdeadlinealso
Timelimitsofconstruction Bureauhas30daysto
withurgency:notlessthan worksaredeterminedby publishobjections.
10calenderdates. thetenderingprocedure
Openproceduredeadline: andsigningthecontractor
52calenderdates,atleast agreement.
22days.
Notopenprocedure:
deadlinefordeliveryof
applicationamounts:37
calenderdays,offer
deadline:40calenderdays.
Announcementsinthe
Internetportalofthe
EuropeanCommunity:
deadlinecanbeshortened
about7calenderdays,at
least15calenderdays.
Germany
Summary
Dependingonthethe
Thirtydaysbefore
tendering,theresultison tenderingprocess.
thedayoftenderingandin Minimum10days.
accordancewithprotocol.
Russia
Benchmarks
Showcomparisonofall
nationaltimelimits.
96
2.3.6
Denmark
requirementswhich
demandthe
confirmationof
sustainabilityin
Arethereanycodesor Inspecialsituations.
Question
Results
Lithuania
Environmental
Therearenoseparate
No.
compatibilityauditmust codesorrequirements.
becarriedoutforbuilding Whenpreparingthe
projectintheproceeding documentationforthe
relatingtopermission.
tenderingprocedure,itis
Withaflatnewbuilding obligatorytoconformwith
mustbekepttheEnEV.
NormativeTechnical
Theclientcanformulate ConstructionDocuments.
criteriaofthe
sustainability.
Thesurchargeforanoffer
shouldfollowtakinginto
accountallcriteria,asfor
examplequality,price,
aesthetics,environmental
properties,operatingand
facilitycosts,execution
deadlines,dateobservance
etc...
Notonlythelowestoffer
pricecanbechosenif
therearereasons.
Germany
Poland
Summary
Criteriaforsustainability
Definedbytermsof
tenderinginaccordance canvoluntarilyimplement
withurbanplanningcode intenderingandplacing.
andlocalregulations.
Russia
Benchmarks
VoluntaryImplementation
ofsustainabilityin
tenderingandplacinginb
allcountries.
97
2.4.1
Arethereanyrulesto
complyduringthe
construction?
Question
Results
Denmark
Allconstructionworksin
Denmarkaregovernedby
"Byggeloven"The
constructionlaw.
Lithuania
Poland
Therulesaredetermined EssentialRequirementsfor Theconstructionmustbe

intherespectivebuilding aConstructionWorks
leadaccordingtothe
codesofthecountries,fee constructionworks(apart BuildingCodeandsafety
thereof)mustbedesigned regulations(BHP).
orderforarchitectsand
engineersforeveryphase andbuiltfromsuch
constructionproductsthe
oftheplanningandthe
construction,DIN(German characteristicsofwhich
wouldsatisfytheessential
Institutefor
requirementsfora
Standardization)rules.
constructionworksforan
economicallyreasonable
workinglife.
EssentialArchitectural
Requirementsfora
ConstructionWorks,
Protectionofthe
Environment,Landscape,
ImmovableCultural
HeritagePropertiesand
otherTypesofProtection
(Safety),Protectionof
InterestsoftheThird
Parties.
Germany
2.4Constructionprocess
Buildingcodesand
regulations,technical
regulationsadoptedatthe
federallevel.
Russia
Summary
Allcountrieshavea
buildingcodeor
constructioncodeto
follow.
Benchmarks
98
2.4.2
Isthereanobligatory
checkingfromthe
authorities?
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
Verylimited.
Thebuildingcontrol
Arbejdstilsynetthe
authorityisentitledto
officialinstitutethatcheck carryoutspecialbuilding
generalworkingconditions controlsanctionsontheir
mayalsocheckthe
own,e.g.stopofthe
constructionsite.
constructionwork.
AccordingtotheRepublic No.
ofLithuaniaLawon
construction,theState
regulationandsupervision
oftheconstructionis
exercisedbythepublic
administrationentities,
suchas:1)onthecounty
levelcountys
administration,2)onthe
nationalleveltheState
TerritorialPlanningand
ConstructionInspectorate
undertheinstitution
authorisedbythe
Government.
Lithuania
Poland
Summary
Inprinciple,thereisan
Yes.Currentcontrol
obligatorycheckingfrom
inspectionbytheState
theauthorities.Oftenitis
Architecturaland
ConstructionSupervisionin theresponsibilityofthe
theprocessofproduction builder.
works.
Russia
Benchmarks
99
2.4.3
Whoisentitledtodo
theconstruction
management?Are
thereanylawsfor
managersfromforeign
countries?
Question
Results
Denmark
Norestrictions.
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Requireddocumentations Managerofconstructionof Buildingconstructioncan Constructionmanagement InPolandandGermanythe Showthepossibilitiesto

fortheestablishmentand aconstructionworksisa manageaperson,whohas iscarriedoutinageneral entitledarchitector
enterthechambers.
changeofbuildingsmust naturalorlegalpersonany suitablebuildingpower
mannerbytheService
engineer(foreigneror
otherforeignorganisation andisamemberofthe
becreatedbyaplanner
ChiefEngineerand
resident)mustbemember
actingastheagentofthe polishengineerschamber. TechnicalSupervision
whoisentitledforthe
ofthenationalengineer's
principalthebuilder
requiredbuilding
Service,alicensedbuilding orarchitect'schambersin
Foreignershavetobe
documentation.Thesame (client).Whomanages
organisation.Thelicenseis theothercountriesthere
memberofthepolish
engineerschamber,too. federal.Fromthefirst
constructionofa
lawsarealsovalidfora
arenorestrictionfor
constructionworks,
foreignarchitectand
January2010thelicenses constructionmanagement.
engineerswithcomparable organisesconstruction
willbecancelled.
qualificationsandanentry operationsandworks
Qualifyingofthe
relatedtoothermainfields
inthechamberor
organisationswillbe
arrangementsbetweenthe oftechnicalconstruction
confirmedbytheRegional
activitieswhicharecarried
selfregulatory
nationalarchitect's
chambersandengineer's outbynaturalperson,a
organisationsofthe
chambersconsist.
legalperson,anyother
buildingcomplex.
foreignorganisationhired
byhimandenjoyingsucha
right.
Germany
100
Whoisentitledtodo Norestrictions.
theconstruction
supervision?Arethere
anylawsformanagers
fromforeigncountries?
2.4.5
Denmark
Isthereanobligatory
construction
supervision?
No.
2.4.4
Question
Results
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Foreignersmusthavea
suitablebuildingpower
andbeamemberofthe
polishengineerschamber.
Technicalsupervisionof No.
constructionismandatory
forallconstructionworks
(exceptsimple
constructionworks).Such
requirementdoesnot
applywhencarryingout
simplerepairsofa
constructionworks.And
theprocedureofcarrying
outtechnicalsupervision
ofconstructionshallbe
establishedbyan
institutionauthorisedby
theGovernment.
Seealso2.4.2
Theconstruction
See2.4.2
supervisioniscarriedout
bytheconstruction
supervisingbodyorbyher
authorisedaudit
engineers.
Noinformationofsecond
partofquestions.
Theconstruction
supervisingbodycancarry
outentitledspecial
appraisialmeasures
independently.
Therearenospeciallaws
forforeignexperts.
Constructionmanagement
isengagedbytheService
ChiefEngineergeneral
contractor.
(GASN).
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
From2010accordingtoEU CheckapplicationofEU
Directive2006/123/EG
directivetonationallaw.
inspectionengineersfrom
EUcountriesareentitled
todotheconstruction
supervisioninotherEU
countries.
Therearedifferentwaysof MakeSupervisionpartof
carryingoutthe
certificatetoensure
constructionsupervision. correctconstruction
Constructionsupervisionis accordingtoplans.
normalandobligatoryin
somecountries.
101
2.4.6
Denmark
Forapartmentblocksthe
Whatprocedures/
municipalitymustissuea
documentationsare
requiredattheendof "ibrugstagningstilladelse"
theconstructionworks permitthatallowsstarting
tousethebuildings.
beforethebuilding
Nothingisrequiredfor
canbeinhabited?
singlefamilyhouses.
Question
Results
Germany
TheProprietorhasto
advertisethecompletion
ofthebuildingmeasureof
theconstruction
supervisingbodyandto
presentallnecessary
documents.
Thereisanobligationto
documentationofthe
buildingmeasure
Poland
Russia
Theconstructionworks
Beforethebuildingcanbe Buildingpermit,
whichhavebeenbuiltare inhabited,permissionfor statementsof
acceptedasfitforuseby useisrequired.Energy
commissioningof
thecommissionauthorised Pass,Announcement
engineeringsystemsand
bytheGovernment(annex construction'ssite
thestatementof
3).Thereforecadastral
manageraboutaccording commissioningofthe
measurementsforthe
facilityofthecompleted
constructiontoproject
constructionwork(which (Announcementaboutthe construction.
hasbeenacceptedasfit endoftheworks),other
foruse)havetobecarried permissions(fire
outinaccordancewiththe department,sanitary
procedurelaiddownby
departments)arerequired
theLawoftheCadastreof attheendofthe
ImmovablePropertyand constructionworks.
otherlegalacts.Afterthe
establishmentofthe
cadastralmeasurementsa
constructionworkswhich
hasbeenacceptedasfit
foruseshallberegistered
intheRepublicofLithuania
RegisterofImmovable
Propertyinaccordance
withtheLawonthe
RegisterofImmovable
Property.
Lithuania
Summary
Permissionforuseis
required.
Benchmarks
Denmark
Arethereanyrulesor
lawsthatgive
informationabout
operating/facility
managmentofa
building?
Pleasegivesomedata Constructioncostsvary
aboutoperationcosts from8000DKKto18000
andconstructioncosts DKKperm2.
(diagramsand
schedules).
2.5.2
102
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Operationcosts:
Seedetailedinformation.
Constructioncosts:
Thecostsforatypical
singlefamilyhouse
(withoutcostoffees,
supplyandlandand
planning)amountto
approximately8501.500
/m.
Atthemomentmulti
familybuildingsin
Lithuaniaarebeingbuiltin
majorcities,suchas
Vilnius,Kaunas,Klaipda,
iauliai,Panevysand
resorttownsasPalanga,
Druskininkai,Birtonas,
ventoji.
Thepricespersq.meter
varybetween720upto
1740Euros.
Averagecostof
constructionsamounts
3.895PLNperm(866
europerm).
Russia
Pricesforconstruction
dependonmanyfactors
fromthemarketvalueof
thelandtilltheclimatic
conditionsoftheareaof
theconstruction.Average
figuresareincorrect.
Yes,thereistheLawof
RussianFederation"The
lawaboutassociationsof
thehomeowners",
"HousingCodeoftheRF,"
Rulesofprovidingfacility
services,Rulesand
standardsoffor
maintenanceofhousing
resourcesandothers.
2.5Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagement
Therearenosuchkindof Therearenosuchkindof NormativeTechnical

Therearenosuchkindof
rules.
rules.
ConstructionDocument: rules.
STR1.12.05:2002Working
lifevaries,dependingupon
materialsandpurposeof
constructionworks.The
tableintheattachment
showsworkinglifeofa
multifamilybuilding
dependingupon
constructionmaterials.
2.5.1
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
Constructioncostsarethe Constructioncosts:720
highestinDenmark
2400Euro/m
(1.750)thencomes
Germany(1.500),
Lithuania(1.200)and
Poland(850).
Therearenorulesfor
operatingorfacility
managmentinthe
countries.
103
2.6.1
Arethereanyrulesor
lawstosupporta
decisive(ecological)
constructionprocess
economically?
Question
Results
Germany
Notherehasbeen
Withinthescopeoflaws
supporttosolarheating therearetheregulations
systemssomeyearsago. oftheEnEV.The
Currentlya
implementationofthese
Boligforberedningspuljen standardsaresupported
hasbeenlaunched
bysupportprogrammesof
thefederalandofthe
supportingrenovation
projectsingeneralnot federalstates.
energyrenovationin
particular.
Denmark
Therearenorulesto
supportadecisive
(ecological)construction
processeconomically.
Lithuania
No.It'sonlysubsidized
thermomodernization.
Poland
Therearenorulesto
supportadecisice
(ecological)construction
processeconomically.
Russia
2.6Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydata,urbaninfrastructureandhousingsituation
Summary
Benchmarks
Thermalmodernization, EUwidefinancialsupport
solarheatingsystemsor forsustainable
lowenergyhousesare
construction.
diferentposibilitiesto
supportsustainableenergy
savingdweillings.Some
supportinGermanydoes
exist,butnotintheother
countries.
Results
104
Results
8.3
Economicalandfinancialissues
Sustainabilityaspects
Economicalenergysupply
Evaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcosts
Housingdevelopmentprogramsoftheparticipatingcountries
Managementmodels,ownersstructures
Conditionsofrealestatemanagement
Benefitanalysisforownersandinvestors
Financingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanism
105
106
3.1.1 Howistheprivate
homeownershiprate?
Question
Results
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
Privateownershiprate
about70%;
Russia
3.1Demographicanalysisofhousingneedsandthetargetgroupofpopulation
63%ofallhousesare
Privateownershiprateis
Theprivateproperty
Privateownershiprate:
privateownedand19% ownershiprateinGermany 97,2%;
approximately48,6%.
areownedbynonprofit isabout41,6%
Publicownershiprate:2,8
buildingsociety.Only2%
%.
areownedbypublic
authorities.Detached
housesare97%private
ownedmeanwhilemulti
dwellinghouseshaveonly
32%privateowners.
Denmark
8.3Economicalandfinancialbasis,industryandquality
Summary
Benchmarks
Lithuaniawith97,2%has Allthoughtheprivate
ownershiprateisquite
thehighestprivate
highinallcountries,itisa
ownershiprate.In
needtofigureout,ifitisa
Denmarktheprivate
downwardoranupward
ownershiprateisalso
remarkablehigh(97%),but tendencytoprivate
onlyfordetachedhouses. ownershiptodecidewhich
Germanyshowsthelowest kindofownershipshould
ownershipratewithabout beconsideredinthenext
41,6%.
workpackages.
Denmark
Germany
107
About66%ofbuildingsin
Lithuaniabuiltinthe
periodfrom1961
1990.Theadministration
forcommonpartial
propertyofhomeowners:
amultiapartment
homeownersassociation
(17%);contractonjoint
activitiesamong
homeowners(3%);an
administratorofcommon
propertyappointedbythe
municipality(80%).
Lithuania
Thetotalnumberof
residentialbuildingsin
citiesisapproximately
1780000.16,8%ofthem
werebuiltafter1988.An
averagenumberofflatsin
abuildingis4,6.
Poland
Summary
Multistoreybuildings.
Denmarkdifferentiates
betweentheamountof
About60%ofbuildings
wasconstructedbetween roomsofadwelling:
smallerdwellingsare
1960and1985.
normallyrented,while
dwellingswith4ormore
roomsaremostlyprivate.
Thisdoesnotapplyto
GermanyandLithuania.
Russia
3.1.2 Whatcanbegenerally Dwellingswith23rooms Themajorityofallhousing

arenormallyfortenants, units(approx.46.3%)was
saidaboutthe
meanwhiledwellings4or constructedintheyears
residentialbuildings,
moreroomsareforprivate between1949and1978.
e.g.multistorey
Approx.38.3%ofthe
owners.
buildingsvs.detached
Duetofinancialupturnin residentialunitsbelongto
houses,yearof
propertystock,approx.
the60tiestherewasa
construction,privateor boominbuildingof
53.7%arerented.
publicowner
detachedhousesfor
respectivelyhybrid
privateowners.Inthelate
formssuchas
60tiestoaprox1980
whentheupturnhas
associations?
cooleddowntherewasa
boominbuildingmulti
storeybuildingsfor
tenants.
Privateownedorother
dwellingsmake2.548.240
in2009.Nonprofit
dwellingsmake526.202in
2009whichmakes20.65%
ofthehousingmarket.
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Multistoreybuildingsare
representedinall
participatingcountries.In
WP4itshouldbe
concentratedon
multistoreybuildingsof3
5levels.
Denmark
108
3.1.3 Whatstatementscan Thepopulationdensityin

Denmarkisabout120
bedoneaboutthe
residentialstructure, personsperkm.
Livingspaceperpersonin
e.g.habitantpersq.
multistoreybuildingsand
km.,livingspaceper
detachedhouses:60m.
person,anticipated
Thetable(seedetailed
requirementof
information)showsthe
residentialbuildingsin completednumberofm
thenext5years,
inthepast3yearsandis
predicteddemographic suchanindicationofthe
trendsforthecountry anticipateddevelopment
overthenextyears.
ortheregion?
Question
Results
Lithuania
Poland
Habitantperkm:231.
122habitantsperkm2.
51,6habitantperkm
Averagefloorspaceof
Presentlivingspaceper
Usefulfloorspaceper
residentialunits:89.9m. capita,m:199620.4m; person:23,8m2.Present
Livingspaceperperson: 200824.9m;useful
spaceperpersonwill
42.9m.
floorspacepercapita,m increaseto26m2.Itis
Livingspaceperpersonwill willincreaseabout2829 estimatedthatthePolish
increasetonearly46m. muntil2020.
populationwilldecrease
Thenewbuildingof
by12%till2050.
housingunitsinmulti
storeybuildingsuntil2020
proceedswithaquite
stablelevelfromapprox.
1,5unitsper1.000
inhabitantsandisonly
easilydeclininguntil2020.
Until2050thetotal
populationinGermanywill
decreaseto69million
inhabitants,atits
maximummaybeto74
millioninhabitants.
Germany
Summary
Benchmarks
7300habitantperkmin Incomparisontotheother Thediscrepancybetween

St.Petersburg,1level420 countries,Germanyismost populationdecreaseand
habitantperkm,2level denselypopulated(twice enhancednewbuilding
35habitantperkmLiving asDenmarkandfourtimes activitiesneedtobe
spaceperpersoninmulti asLithuania).Denmarks consideredinWP4.
storeybuildingsfromsocial habitantsdemandthe
standard1012m.
biggestlivingspaceper
person.Allthoughthe
populationdecreasesinall
countries,theystriveto
constructnewbuildings.
Russia
109
3.1.4 Whatcanbesaidabout
thestructureofthe
households,e.g.age
distribution,
distributionofincome,
amountin%forrental
costsofnethousehold
income,development
ofthelivingstandard,
grossdomestic
product?
Question
Results
Germany
Poland
Russia
Theworkingagepersonsin Age:01721,9%;1864 Nodataavailable.

2008were63,6%of
(workingage)62,9%;
population.Average
olderthan60(women)/65
incomeofhouseholdsper (men):15,2%.Theaverage
personinlargestcitiesin netincomeper
2008was347,8.Monthly household:~1040.The
rentof3roomsflatin
averagerentalcostis9
Vilniusin2008costfrom persquaremeter.(450fo
231,7to637,2.Gross
50m2apartment).
valueaddedinLithuanian Howevertheaverage
statisticsforhouseholdsin housingcostforprivate
2007was3473,4million ownersisapp.88forone
apartment.
Lithuania
Around16%(averagerent Thepeoplebetween40
foraveragesizeapartment and60yearsmakethe
app.540/mth),total biggestamountofthe
earnings(excluding
population.
nuisancebonus):app.27 Theaveragenetincome
perworkedhour.
perhouseholdinGermany
in2006wasapprox.2.100
permonth.
Theaveragerentalcostsin
2006amountedtoapprox.
22.8%ofnethousehold
income.
Denmark
Summary
Benchmarks
Theamountin%forrental
Thelevelofincomeis
significantdifferentinthe costsofthenethousehold
participatingcountries.The incomeshouldnotexceed
lowestapprox.netincome acertainlevelthathasto
bedefinedyet(e.g.25%).
permonthshows
Lithuania,butcompared Toachievethiscertain
withtheothercountries, levelitisnecessaryto
theamountforrentalcosts consideronbuildingcosts,
ofthenethousehold
financingandpromotion.
incomeisthehighestrate.
Denmark
Germany
110
Therearesomeregional
dictinctionsforthesnow
andwindeffects:under
thesnowloadvaluesin
Lithuaniaaretwodistricts
insnowloadIstdistrict
characteristicvaluesof
groundsnowloadisequal
to1.2kN/m2,IIdistrict
1.6kN/m2;accordingto
thewindloadvaluesin
Lithuaniaare3ofwind
speedareasintheIst
areaofwindspeedthe
basicreferencevalueis24
m/s,IIthedistrict28m
/s,theIII32m/s.
Lithuania
AllPolishregionshave
similarclimaticconditions.
Considerabledifferences
areonlyinmountain
regionsatthesouth(wind
andsnowloads,average
temperatures).The
averagesunradiationis
almostthesameinevery
region.
Poland
Therearesomeregional
dictinctionsfor
temperature25degrees,
windspeed.
Russia
3.1.5 Arethereanyregional InDenmarkwegenerally Therearenosignificant

thinktheclimateisthe
differenceswithinthe
distinctionsor
samealloverbutthere
GermanFederalStatesof
similaritiesconcerning
areareaswithalittlemore theBalticSeaRegionin
theclimate?
sunshinethanothersand general.
lessrain.Buttheimpacton
theenergyconsumptionof
housescannotbeseen.
Question
Results
Summary
Therearenosignificant
differencesinDenmark
andGermany.InLithuania
thereareregional
distinctionsforsnowand
windeffects.
Benchmarks
Furtherconsiderationin
WP4shouldhaveregards
forthedifferentclimatic
conditionsinthe
Denmark
Germany
111
operatingcosts:see3.4.1
foroperationcostssee
3.4.1
Priceoflivingareaperm
for3roomsdwellingof
newconstruction(about
64m)*in2008wasfrom
1100,6to1911,5.
Averagenetmonthly
earningperperson,in
2008was513,5.
Dynamicsofexpensesof
In2006maintenancecosts averagefamilyforbuilding
amountedupto1,000 maintenance(Furnishings,
perhouseorflatinmore householdequipmentand
than60%ofthestock.
routinemaintenanceof
Convertedinto/mitmay thehouse):in20047,7;
rangefrom8/mto12 in200811,8.
/m.(seealso3.4.5)
Lithuania
Russia
Summary
ConstructioncostforsinglePriceoflivingarea1300 Constructioncostsare
familyhouse:630/m.
1800/m.Maintenance tendentiallyincreasingin
Maintenancecosts:see
price12/m.
allparticipatingcountries.
3.4.5
Poland
Constructioncostindices Constructioncostsfor
3.1.6 Construction,
ofdwellingsapp.122for singlefamilyhouses
maintenanceand
operationcostsperm, Q4,2008;Thefirstquater rangedfrom1,000/mto
(Q1)of2003theindexwas 1,500/min2005.For
m?
100.
dwellingsinmultifamily
housesyouhadto
estimatecostsof1,197
/monaveragein2005.
3.4.5
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Itshouldbedefinean
approx.buildingcostper
mforthepilotproject,
whichforexamplecan
differineachcountryfor
certainreasons.Inaddition
tothatnewbuilding
technicsshouldbe
consideredoreven
developedwithinthe
projecttoworkagainstthis
trend.
Currently,thereisno
connection.
Denmark
TheGermanfinancial
institute(KfW)supports
withtheprogramEnergy
EfficientConstructionthe
constructionofsocalled
KfWEfficiencyHouses.
AccordingtoKfWthe
fundsareprovidedupto
100%ofthebuildingcosts
butnotmorethan50.000
perhousingunit.
Germany
112
Lithuaniahasdeveloped
onlytheSustainable
DevelopmentStrategy.
Itisaddedtothegeneral
natureofsomeofthe
regulations.
Fornewconstructionin
Lithuaniathereareno
financialsupports.
Onlyformodernization
(maintenance)ofthe
buildingsandforwind
power(asanalternative
sourceofenergy).
Lithuania
Russia
Therearenocapital
allowancesregarding
sustainabilitybuilding
practice.
Summary
Benchmarks
Wehavetocheckif
Germanregulationsare
applicabletothepartner
countriesrespectivelyto
theEU.
OnlyinGermanyitexistsa Existingfinancialsupport
financialsupportfor
modelsinGermanycould
EnergyEfficient
besourcematerialto
Construction.(Energy
developpromotional
saving)Modernisationis programmsforall
supportedinGermanyand countries.Itisfigureout
whethertheseprogramms
inLithuania.
canbenationally
integratedoronEUbasis.
Therearenoanyexisting Germanyofferstax
capitalallowances.
deductions.Theother
countrieshavenocapital
allowances.
ConstructioncostforsingleTherearenofinancial
familyhouse:630/m.
supports.
3.4.5
Poland
3.2Sustainabilityaspects
3.2.2 Arethereanyexisting Therearenotanyexisting InGermanyyoucangeta

capitalallowances.
varietyoftaxdeductions
capitalallowances
accordingtotheGerman
regardingsustainability
IncomeTaxAct.
buildingpractice?
3.2.1 Howistheenergy
saving/sustainable
constructionof
residentialbuildings
connectedwithany
financialsupport?
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
113
Poland
Thereare4categoriesof Inthelast10yearsthe
energyconsumptionfell
houses:
1.Newconstruction,high form162to146kWh/m2.
qualitybuildings(4,6%of Averageheatingprice
totaldwellingstock)96 equalsto8.70/m2
kWh/mperyear.Average
heatingprice6,96/m
peryear.
2.Dwellings(17,3%of
totaldwellingstock)which
consumptionofenergyis
180kWh/mperyear.
Averageheatingprice
13,08/mperyear.
3.Dwellings(before
modernization)withhigh
consumptionofheating
(55,7%oftotaldwelling
stock)300kWh/mper
year.Averageheatingprice
21,72/mperyear.
4.Oldconstruction,
dwellingwithpoorheating
insulation(22,4%oftotal
dwellingstock)429
kWh/mperyear.Average
heatingprice30,36/m
peryear.
Lithuania
3.3Economicalenergysupply
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Theheatingrequirements Theenergyconsumptionis Theterm"energy"hasto

demandfrombuilding
differentlyhigh:Denmark beclearlydefined(only
heating?).Withinthe
storage.Average110100 hasanannualaverage
kWh/m.Price0,050,037 consumptionof120150 projectamaximum
/kWh.
kWh/m,Lithuaniahasa requirement/mand
consumptionof96to429 countryhastobespecified
kWh/mandGermanyon asanaimwhichshouldbe
average195kWh/m.
achieved.
8.3Economicalandfinancialbasis,indusrtyandquality
3.3.1 Whatis(howhigh)the Theheatingrequirements Theconsumptionofthe

varyalot.Average120
privatehouseholdsfor
energyconsumption
150kWh/m/year.Price livingisincreasedby3.5
2
perm andwhatisthe
variesalsodependingon percentfrom1995to
neededexpenseper
source:0,060,11/kWh. 2005,themonthly
m2?
Electricityuseis1.500
expenseforenergyper
2.000KWh/person.Priceis householdisincreased
from86in2000to126
0,29/kWh.
intheyear2008.
Theaverageenergy
consumptionper
householdamountsto
17.530kWhperyear(in
2007).Withanaverage
floorspaceof89.9mit
resultsin195kWh/m.
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
114
years?
Poland
Averageheatingcostin
Theenergyprices
2008y.was51,47/MWh, increasedinthelastyears.
butheatingnetcost60,65 Averagecostofheatingin
/MWh.Averagecostof 19980,04/kWh,in
centralheatingin2000
20070,07/kWh
0,03/kWh,in20080,05
/kWh.
Lithuania
Russia
Averageheatingcostin
2007y.was0.27/m.
Averagecostofcentral
heatingin20090,31/m.
Theenergyconsumption Theenergypricesrosein
3.3.2 Howwasthe
thelastyears.Ifin1998a
developmentofenergy forheatinghasfallen
28,6%from1980to2007.
kWhofelectricitycosts
costsforprivate
household(incl.TAX) Pricesperenergyunithave 15.48Cent,thenin2008
beenquitestablethelast theamountwason
withinthelastfew
coupleofyears.
average21.43Cent.
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
Whilethedevelopmentof Becauseoftherisingprices
energypriceswasquite
itisnecessarytosave
stableinDenmark,prices energy:ononehandby
changingourconsumer
roseremarkablyin
Germany(40%in10years) attitudeandontheother
andinLithuania(66%in8 handbybuildinghouses
withlessenergy
years).
requirement.
Denmark
115
demandofenergy
resourcesper1sq.m.
oflivingarea
(dependingonfuel,
materials,
constructions;during
buildingperiodand
lifetime)
3.3.3 WhatistherateofCO2 Districtheating:36kg.pr.

emissionoftheused GJ
Naturalgas:0,2kg/kWh
energyresourcesof
Oil:0,27kg/KWh
buildings?Dynamicsof
Electricity:0,55kg/kWh
Question
Results
browncoal:0.4kg/kWh
hardcoal:0.33Kg/kWh
heavyheatingoil:0.28
kg/kWh
lightheatingoil:0.26
Kg/kWh
naturalgas:0.2kg/kWh
Germany
Generalstructureof
emissionofusedenergy
resources:
CO256,7%
SO219%
NOx20%
Particulate3,5%
Other0,8%.
Lithuania
Districtheating:
0,38kg/kWh,Oil:
0,29kg/kWh,Naturalgas:
0,2kg/kWh
Poland
Russia
Emissionsofthemost
widespreadpollutants
fromstationarysources
(2006):Total:20,4million
tons;solids2,8million
tons,gasesandliquids:CO
6,5milliontons;SO24,7
milliontons;NO21,7
million
tons,altoghether:17,6
milliontons.Thereareno
emissionsofcarbon
dioxide(CO2inmulti
familyhousing(urban
housing),becauseofthe
usageofcentralheating
(gasorelectricity).In
suburbanhouses
(cottages,apartment,etc.)
emissionlevelisnot
counted,becausethereis
norelevantexpertiseto
integratedata.
Summary
Benchmarks
Fortheprototypebuilding
onlyenergyresourceswith
leastCO2emissionshould
beused.Thehighestaim
ofcourseshouldbeto
reduceenergy
consumptioningeneral,in
thebestcasebyusing
renewableenergy.
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
116
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Operatingcosts:1.3/m Thereseemstobeno
see.3.4.3
includingsanitation,
uniformdefinitionof
commonmaintenanceand operatingcostsforthe
renovation
participatingcountries.The
amountofoperatingcosts
mostlydependson
consumerbehaviour.
3.4Evaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcosts
Thelistofoperatingcosts Operatingcosts
3.4.1 Whatcanbesaidabout Operatingcosts:14/m TheOperatingCost
coveringsanitation,
dependsonthecondition include:common
Ordinanceformsthelegal
theoperatingcosts?
commonmaintenanceand basisforlistingand
ofthebuildingand
maintenance,sanitation,
plannedandperiodic
dependsonthebuilding plannedandperiodic
accountingofoperating
maintenanceand
andequipmentinside.
replacement.
cost.Accordingtothis
replacement.
ordinanceoperatingcost AverageExploitation
arethecost,whichemerge expenses0,09/m;
administrationcosts
totheownerbythe
ownershipoftheestateor maximumrate0,04/m;
bytheappropriateuseof cleaningexpensesof
thebuilding,theauxiliary commonareasindwellings
buildings,assets,
(dependshowmanytimes
mechanismsandofthe
perweek,1timeabout
estate.
0,04/m;supervisionof
heatingandhotwater
supplysystem(dependson
conditionsofthebuilding,
inthebuildingsof3type
(see3.3.1Dwellingswith
highconsumptionof
heating(55,7%oftotal
dwellingstock))thecost
about0,07/m;...
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
Lithuania
117
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Therearenoperformance Therearestandardsof
Benchmarksonlyexistin Benchmarkdatasare
benchmarks.
differentlevels.Level
DenmarkandinGermany. suitedverywellfor
Fed.Law41"TheState Inbothcountriesweare comparisoningeneral.
regulationoftariffsfor
justatthebeginningof
DuetothefactthatinDK
electricityandheatinthe collectingdata.Datawhich anLTnodataformforthis
RF",Fed.Law210"The reachabacklongtime
discussedbenchmarks
basisoftariffregulationof periodearenotavailable. existbynow,itmightbe
consideredtoinitiate/to
municipalutilities"andthe
triggeranEUBenchmark
levelofministries
databaseforthat,starting
Gosstroy170"Rulesand
withLonglifeparticipating
regulationsofthetechnical
countries.
operationofthehousing
Fund"
Poland
Benchmarkinghasbeen Theinternetportal
InLithuaniathespecific
3.4.2 Whatkindof
started.Firstdataexistson
Immobenchoffersanalysis
benchmarksdonotexist.
performingbenchmarks
administrationcosts.
toolstocompareoperating
areavailable?
costsinGermany
(benchmarksforoperating
costs,formaintenance
costs,forenergy
consumption).
Question
Results
118
3.4.3 Whichcostscanbe
listedinthebillof
operatingcostsand
whichnot?
Question
Results
Lithuania
Poland
Germany
Russia
Thecostsofoperatingon Operatingcostsinclude:1. Operationcosts:

Operationcosts:
thebillsarefollowing:
taxes,2.watersupply,3. 1heating
1realestatetax
sewage,4.
1.Watersupply
2watersupply
2watersupply
2.Exploitationexpenses operating,cleaning,
3sewage
3sewage
4operating,cleaningand (operating,cleaningand maintenanceoffacilitiesto 4operatingofelevators
maintenanceofmachines maintenanceofmachines waterandheatingsupply. 5streetcleaningand
tothesupplyofheatand tothesupplyofheatand 5.operatingofelevators wastedisposal
warmwaterorconnected warmwater)
6.streetcleaningand
6housecleaning
installationofheatand
3.Operatingofelevators(if wastedisposal, 7radio
suchexistinbuilding)
8TV
warmwatersupply
7.housecleaning,8.
5operatingofelevators 4.Streetcleaningand
gardenmaintenance, 9caretaker.
wastedisposal
6streetcleaningand
9.lighting
5.Administrationcosts
wastedisposal
6.Cleaningexpensesof
7housecleaning
commonareasindwellings
8gardenmaintenance
(housecleaning)
9lighting
renovation,energyuse,
7.Lighting
10chimneycleaning
contributiontoLBF,
11propertyinsuranceand 8.Therentofcontainers
Administation,
forrubbish
maintenance,savingsfor liabilityinsurance
9.Electricityexpensesof
renewal,losses(missing 12caretaker.
commonareasindwellings
rent),improvement,
depreciation,damageson Amongtheoperatingcosts Maintenancecostsarenot
ranked.
buildings,refurbishment theadministrativeand
maintenancecostarenot
ranked.
Operatingcosts:
1taxes,propertyofficial
2wateruse,plumbing
installations
3
4
5
6
7cleaning
8
9electricalinstallations
10
11insurances
12
Denmark
Summary
Thedefinitionofoperating
costsisdifferentinthe
Specialcostgroups(e.g.
maintenanceand
administrationcosts)are
partlyincludedandpartly
excluded.
Benchmarks
Inconnectionwith3.4.1it
canbeseenthattheterm
"operatingcosts"isused
verydifferently.InWP4it
isimperativetofinda
general,transnational
definition(possibly
referringtotheGerman
OperatingCostOrdinance),
especiallywithregardto
profitabilitycalculations
thathavetobemadein
thenextworkingsteps.
3.4.5 Whatarethecostsof
maintenanceand
administrationcosts?
119
Maintenance:17.50/m. Costsofmaintenanceand Maintenancecosts

Administration:401/m administrationcostsare dependsontheyearthe
peryear.
listedintheSecond
buildingwasbuilt,the
ComputationOrdinance. administrationcoststhe
Actualcostsofthehousing same(see3.4.1).
companycandiffer
considerably.
3.4.4 Howwasthe
developmentof
maintenanceand
operatingcostsinthe
lastfewyears?
Lithuania
Constructionpriceindex Nodata.
forconventionally
constructednew
residentialbuildingsin
Germanywasup2.0%
comparedwithFebruary
2008.InNovember2008,
thepriceindexincreased
2.7%onayearearlier.
ComparedwithNovember
2008,thepriceindexfor
residentialbuildingsrose
up0.3%inFebruary2009.
Quitestable,but2to3%
peryear.
Germany
Denmark
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Thecostofmaintenance
dependsontheageofthe
buildingandthestructure
type.
Fortheownerortenantof Actualcostsmaydiffer
apartmentdirectoperating frompossiblyexistent
costsdependonthe
standardizedvalues.
occupiedspace,and
maintenancecostsof
publicspacesmake
economicsenseofthe
overheads.
Ageneralstatementisnot
possiblebynow.Itisa
needtofigureoutinWP4
ifthatcanbeunifiedwith
fixingcertainstandards.
Thereisnodataavailable. Maintenanceand
Actually,thereisnoreal Furtherconsiderationis
operatingcostsrosefrom dataavailable.InDenmark, notpossibledueto
2006in1.5time.
thedevelopmentseemsto unavailabledata.Maybeit
bestable,Germanyisonly canbeconsideredinWP4
totriggeranEUDatabase
abletosupplydata
forthatpoint.
accordingtothe
constructionpriceindex.
Poland
Question
Results
Denmark
120
3.4.6 Whatcanbesaidabout Thegeneralpictureis:

Valuedecreases
stabilityofvalueand
maintenanceandrepair
lifecyclecosts?
valueincreasesalittle
(development)
thisisrepeatedafew
timesThenamayor
refurbishmentismadeand
valueincreasestostart
valueorhigherandthe
patternisrepeated.
Question
Results
Germany
Nodataavailable.
Lithuania
Nodataavailable.
Poland
Russia
Therearenotsuchkindof
statisticalresearchesin
Russia.
Summary
Benchmarks
Lifecyclecostsandstability
ofvaluearecriteriasto
evaluatethesustainability
ofbuildings.Howshould
"Lifecyclecosts"equally
listedintheparticipating
countries?Thatshouldbe
workedoninWP4.
Forsocialhousing;
Specialloansanda
percentagesupportof7%
tobecoveredbythelocal
authority
3.5.1 Whatkindoffinancial
supportdoesexistfor
ownersand
lodgers/renters,
respectivelyfor
constructionof
128
3.5.2 Whoisthetargetgroup Thetenants.

forthesesupporting
programs?
Forothertypes:None.
Denmark
Question
Results
Lithuania
Thetargetgroupsare
owners,tenantsand
constructors.
Poland
Thereisafederalfinancial
supportformodernisation
(energysaving)of
residentialbuildings.The
Statecoverspartofloan
forimplementationof
energysavingsolutions.
Socialsupportedgroups,as Thetargetgroupare
pensioners,lowincome
owners.
personsandetc.
TheLawonCashSocial
AssistanceforLowincome
families(singleresidents)
existsinLithuania.
Notfornewconstruction
Forownersandforthe
constructionofresidential (onlyforsomesocial
buildingstherearefederal groups).Accordingto
meansandfundsbutalso modernizationprogram
statemeansandfundsas theStatesupportfor
wellassubsidiesfromlocal residentsisupto15%(for
implementationofenergy
authorities.Forlodgers
andrenterstherearerent savingmeans).
subsidiesorincome
orientedsupport.
Germany
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Socialsupportedgroups,
likepensioners,low
incomepersons.
Tenantsaresupportedin
allcountries.Additionally,
thereareothertarget
groups(owners,
constructors)inGermany.
Differentsupporting
programmsfordifferent
targetgroupsaretobe
foundout.
Forcertaingroupsof
Thereisfinancialsupport Itisnecessarytocheck
citizensidentifiedsocial
forsocialhousinginevery whethertheexistingkinds
benefitstopayforhousing country.Modernisationis ofsupportareapplicable
andcommunalservices, supportedinLithuaniaand totheothercountriesorto
which,ofcourse,protects inGermany.Inadditionto theEU.Additionally,the
them,butdoesnot
that,newbuildingisalso supportingprogramsmust
beanalysediftheyneedto
contributetoenergy
promotedinGermany.
beadaptedtoactual
saving.Ontheotherhand
conditions,needsand
thereisapublicprivate
trends.
partnership,providing
solidarityfundingenergy
savingmeasures.
3.5Housingdevelopmentprogramsoftheparticipatingcountries
122
3.6.1
Denmark
realestatemanagerand
yieldorientedinvestors
bedescribed?
Howcanthestructure Themajorityof
ofownership,i.e.the apartmentsforrentingare
proportionofclassic ownedbysocial
associations.
Question
Results
Privateownership97,2%;
Publicownership2,8%.
TheCivilCode(2005)
stipulatesthreeformsof
administrationfor
commonpartialproperty
ofhomeowners(see
3.1.2).
Lithuania
Russia
Themajorityofresidential Accordingtosomeexpert
buildingsaremanagedby estimates50%ofthenew
homeowners'associations, constructedhousesin
MoscowandSt.
whichcanhirea
Petersburgisusedasa
professionalmanager/
yieldorientedhousesfor
administrator.
therent.
Poland
3.6Managementmodels,ownersstructures
About10millionunitsof
accomodationare
managedbyprofessional
commercialofferers.
About80%ofitbelongto
thestockofcooperatives,
municipalenterprisesas
wellasprivateeconomical
housingenterprises.
Theremainingpartis
allottedtopublichousing
enterprisesorchurches.
Germany
Summary
Benchmarks
Sincetheprivate
Itmightbenecessaryto
ownershiprateisveryhigh discusshowimportantthe
inLithuania,itonlycanbe ownerstructurand
consideredthedwelling thereforethemanagemnt
stockinDenmarkand
modellareforthe
Germany:Mostofthe
developemntofsustainabil
apartmentsinDenmark
property.
arerentedbysocial
associations.InGermany,
nearly50%ofthedwelling
stockbelongtoenterprises
intheformofcapital
companiesandothers
(banks,funds,...)thatare
yieldorientated.
123
3.6.2
Denmark
Germany
Poland
Russia
InRussiathereare2types
Toacceptthedecisionin Thedecisionismadeby
ofowners'associations:
themeetingoftenants
themajorityofvotes.
housingowners
therehavetoparticipate Votesaredistributed
morethan50%+1,andthe betweenmemberseither partnershipand
decisionisacceptedifhalf proportionallytotheir
managementcompanies.
oftheparticipantsare
shareinthepropertyor Housingowners
votingpositively.Thesame accordinglytotheprinciple partnershipisanon
procedureisvalidforother 1member=1vote.
commercialvoluntary
formsofownership,not
associationofownersof
onlyforassociations.The
residentialandnon
LawOnMultifamily
residentialroomsinthe
multyfamilyhouse.
ApartmentHomeOwners'
Makingofthedecision,as
Associations
wellasdifferenttypesof
activities(eg:worksand
servicesformaintaining
andrepairingbuildings)in
thepartnershipprovides
theelected
administrationofthe
partnership.The
managementcompanyis
alegalorganization,that
providesadministeration
byprioragreementwith
thetenants.
Lithuania
3.6Managementmodels,ownersstructures
Democraticelectionof InGermanywehave
Whatarethe
procedurestomakea boardmembersholding differentmanagement
modelsaccordingto
decisionwithinowners ofgeneralassembly.
housingindustry.Sothe
associations?
procedurestomakea
decisiondependonthe
formofthecorporation.
Question
Results
Summary
Benchmarks
Procedurestomake
see3.6.1.
decisionsarequiteuniform
inLithuania(democratic
majoritydecisions)
becauseofthehighprivate
ownershiprate.In
Germanythereare
differentformsof
coorperationswith
differentdecisionmakers.
InDenmarkdecisionsare
madedemocraticallyby
theorgansofthe
associationwhichseemsto
bequitesimilarto
Germany.
124
3.7.1 Whatarenational
distinctionsinthe
tenancylaw?
Question
Results
Thetenancylawin
Denmarkis:"Lejeloven".
Denmark
InGermanythereareno
nationaldistinctionsinthe
tenancylaw.Thelegal
basisistheGermanCivil
Code("Brgerliches
Gesetzbuch,BGB")
Germany
Poland
TheLandTenancyLawis ThetenancyinPolandis
notvalidinLithuaniasince regulatedbyCivilCode.
2001.Thetenancylawfor
foreignconsulars
regulates,thatitispossible
torentthestatelandfor
foreignconsularsor
diplomacyofficesfornot
morethan99years.
Privateplotsoflandlease
contractisadetermined
agreementbetweenthe
lessorandlessee.Alsoin
Lithuaniathetaxesystem
forlandexists.
Lithuania
3.7Conditionofrealestatemanagement
Russia
Foreigncitizens,persons
withoutrussiancitizenship
canownlandlocated
withintheterritoryof
Russiaontherightofland
lease,exceptasprovided
inthisCode(LandCode,
Art.22,p.1)
Summary
Benchmarks
InDenmarkandGermany Tenancylawshouldnot
existadefinedtenancylaw havenationaldistinctions.
fortheentirecountry.The Wehavetofindout,which
tenancylawinLithuaniais arethesimilarities
notvalidanymore.There betweenthelawinthe
areexistingregulationsfor partnercountriese.g.
specialgroups(e.g.foreign accordingtothestructure
consulars).
oftherentandpossibilities
forrentincrease.
125
3.7.2
Denmark
Thepricesincreased
Howwasthe
between0,5%to2,7%
developmentofthe
rentalpricesinthelast from2005to2006
dependingonthetypeof
fewyears?
dwelling.
Question
Results
Lithuania
Thepricesincreasedby
20%from2006to2008
dependingonthetypeof
dwelling.
Poland
3.7Conditionofrealestatemanagement
Averagevaluesofmonthly
From1990till2006the
rentalcostsinVilnius(but
rentalpriceshave
increased.InWestgermany notinthecentreoftown)
in2004was~350(3
therateofincrease
representsmorethan60 rooms(about64m),in
2008wasfrom231,70to
%.Initiatedbythe
637,20.
revolution(1989/90)in
Eastgermanytherental
priceshaveincreasedmore
than1,000%.
Germany
Russia
Summary
DataonRussia'scapital
Rentalpricesincreased
Moscow.Everyyearduring varyinglystrong.
theseasoninMoscow
rentalratesincrease.
Minimumwas$50.During
theseasonin2006prices
increasedimmediatelyat$
100.InFebruary,2007the
priceofapartmentin
Moscowregion800$
Benchmarks
Thesesignificant
differencesinrentalprices
mustbeconsideredinthe
formulationofstandards
fortheprototype.
126
3.8.1
Denmark
Germany
Staticmethods:profit
comparisoncalculation
respectivelycost
comparisoncalculation;
profitabilitycomparison
calculation;static
amortizationcalculation
dynamicmethods:net
presentvalue
method/discountedcash
flowmethod;annuity
method;internalrateof
returnmethod;complete
financialplan.
Lithuania
Russia
Summary
Thereareseveralmethods Staticanddynamic
Staticanddynamic
calculationmethodsare
methodsofcalculations: ofcalculationof
knowninallcountries.
AccoutingRateofReturn, profitability.Inthe
NetPresentValue,Internal constructionthe
RateofReturn,Modified calculationisbasedon
InternalRateofReturn,
estimates,whicharebased
ProfitabilityIndex.
onthecollectionsof
uniformpricing(EhiP,FER)
forproductionandwork,
etc.Themainmethodsof
calculationareasfollows:
1.Themethodofdirect
calculation2.Analytical
method;3.Themethodof
combinedcalculation.
Poland
3.8 Benefit analyses for owners and investors
8.3Economicalandfinacialbasis,industryandquality
Therearetwogeneral
Whatarethemodelsof Generallycostand
expensesarecalculated
methods,thestatic(e.g.
calculationof
profitability?Examples. butloansareincludedwith profit/costcomparison,
anamortization
profitabilitycomparison
calculation,insomecases andstaticamortization
usinganetpresentvalue calculation)andthe
method.
dynamicmethods
(discountedcashflow
method,annuitymethod,
internalrateofreturn
methodandthecomplete
financialplan).
Question
Results
Benchmarks
Innowerdayscalculation
mustfollowadynamicway
totakedevelopments
(increaseanddecrease)
andvariationsduringthe
periodunderreviewinto
consideration.Thiscould
bepricechanges,interest
changesorrentincrease.
127
Denmark
ownerand
renter/lodgers(see
above).
Financinginstrumentscan
beclassifiedinequity
capitalfinancing(selfor
stakefinancing),debt
capitalfinancing(bank
loans/credits,funding
loans/credits,subsidies,
buildingsocietysaving
loans)andothers(PPP,
propertydeveloper,
privateassembly).
Germany
Poland
BeforeApril2009,itwasa Bankloans/credits,
highfinancialstatesupport subsidies,grants,PPP.
forthemodernizationof
thebuildings,upto50%
(dependofimplemented
means,whichhelpstosave
energyinthebuilding).
Afternewregulations,itis
onlyupto15%.
Lithuania
Internalsourcesa
refinancingor
contributions.External
sources:statesupport
throughenergysaving
programs,bankloans,
fundsfrominternational
cooperationprogramsand
others.
Russia
InDenmarkspecialloans
andsupportforsocial
housingareprovided.
Lithuaniaoffersgrantsfor
modernization.Germany
hasdifferentsupporting
instruments(loans,grants
etc.).
Summary
Benchmarks
Typicalfinancing
instrumentsareloansand
grants.Theyareknownin
allcountriesandeasyto
handlesothattheyshould
beamajorpartofthe
financingfortheprototype
building.
3.9Financingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismonlocal/regional/national/EUlevelforhousingdevelopment/suchaspublicprivatpartnership(PPP)
3.9.1 Whatarethefinancing Specialloansareavailable.

Supportforsocialhousing
instruments
respectivelyfinancial fromthemunicipalitesby
supports?Supporting law.Forprivatehomes
80%canbefinanced
instrumentsforhouse
through"realkredit"loans.
Question
Results
Denmark
Germany
128
Poland
Tomakeaninvestment
Investmentdecisionsare
decisioninconstructionit precededbythe
isneededtomakea
profitabilitycalculations.
calculationsandbusiness Thechosencalculation
methodandanalyzedtime
plan.Toprepareall
documentsittakesabout2 perioddependsonthe
typeofinvestition.
years(startingfrom
detailedplans+2years).
InConstructionLawof
Lithuaniamentioned,that
thepermitforconstruction
(fromthedateofreceiving
thepermit)valid10years.
Lithuania
Necessaryconditionsfor
investmentarecontained
inthe"Methodological
recommendationsfor
evaluationofthe
effectivenessof
investmentprojectsand
takethemtofinance",M.:
2000.Thepaperexamines
indicatorssuchasnet
presentprofit,internalrate
ofreturn,profitability
index,discountedpayback
period,etc.Thevalidityis
theperformanceofthe
obligationstoachievethe
financialresult,definedin
therelevantcontract.
Russia
Summary
Benchmarks
Duetothefactthatitisso
importantforthe
profitabiityofaproperty
projecthowinvestments
decisionsaremade,inWP
4shouldbediscussedan
implementationona
standarzid"investment
decissionmodell"forall
3.9Financingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismonlocal/regional/national/EUlevelforhousingdevelopment/suchaspublicprivatpartnership(PPP)
Atotaleconomy
PROPOTSDAMcreateda
3.9.2 Howtomake
calculationismadewhere
calculationbasedonthe
investmentdecisions
theinvestmentsare
discountedcashflow
andforwhichtime
periodthesedecisions comparedtothesavings methodandthecomplete
overthecomingyearsfor financialplan.The
areplanedandare
whichtheeconomical
observationperiodcomes
validly?
valueiscalculatedtoits to15years.Iftheresultis
positivetheinvestment
presentvalue.
canbedone.Ifthe
investmentisplannedto
beputintoactioninthe
futureitisnecessaryto
calculateagainbecause
circumstancescanchange
(e.g.interestrates,
buildingscosts,...).
Question
Results
9. Authors,correspondingauthors
The work was done by three transnational competence teams which consist of the appropriate
specialists of each involved country (see Figure 1). All partner countries are represented in every
competenceteam.
The team 1 deals generally with engineering standards, building technology and planning and
consistsofuniversities.
The team 2 deals generally with administration procedures, permit rules, tendering and laws and
consistsofadministrationandstatestructures.
Theteam3threedealsgenerallywiththeeconomicalbasis,aswellaswithprojectdevelopment,
projectmanagementandprojectfinancingandconsistofinvestorsandbuildingsocieties.
Figur
BerlinInstituteofTechnology,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignandstructure,Germany,
representedbyProfessorDr.Ing.KlausRueckertistheLeadPartneroftheprojectLonglifeand
responsiblefortheprojectandthefinancialmanagement.Theleadpartnerisengagedinthefields
oftherealizationofsustainable,resourcesaving,energysavingprojectsandaspecialistinplanning
andconstructionofbuildings.
TheleaderofWorkPackage3AnalysisandComparisonisGdanskUniversityofTechnology,
DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingandMaterialEngineering,Polandrepresentedby
ProfessorDr.JacekTejchmanKonarzewski.
Thestructureofthethreecompetenceteamsisthefollowing:
129
Team1
Teamleader
Universitiespresentthescience
GdanskUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofFundamentalsofBuildingand
MaterialEngineering,ProfessorDr.JacekTejchmanKonarzewski
Teammembers
Denmark
representedbyCenergia,Dr.OveChristenMrck
Germany
Lithuania
Poland
BerlinInstituteofTechnology,InstituteofArchitecture,Departmentdesignand
structure,ProfessorDr.Ing.KlausRueckertandtheTutorsAnnaPotapova,
SophieMichel,GangLiuandIngoNolte
VilniusGediminasTechnicalUniversity,DepartmentonEngineering
Architecture,ProfessorDr.JosifasParasonis,Dr.NatalijaLepkova
MaterialEngineering,ProfessorDr.JacekTejchmanKonarzewski,Dr.Marek
Kraczek
Russia
SaintPetersburgStateUniversityofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,
ProfessorVasiliyGoryunov,ProfessorTamaraDatsuk,Dr.ElenaP.Selezneva
Team2
Administrationspresentthepolitics
Proceduresandmethodsofplanning,permitandtenderingprocedures
Teamleader
RoskildeMunicipality,TechnicalandEnvironmentalDepartment,Planning
Division,Denmark,PeterKrarup
Teammembers
Denmark
Division,Denmark,PeterKrarupandexternalservice,Cenergia,OveMorck
Germany
CentreofCompetenceforMajorHousingEstates,RalfProtz
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
HousingandUrbanDevelopmentAgency,Housingdepartment,Specialistof
urbanplanning,ValiusSerbenta,SimonaIrzikeviciute
Kraczek
HypothecaryAgencyofLeningradoblast,SaintPetersburg,AlexeyA.Polyakov,
WitaliSmirnov
Team3
Investorsandhousingassociationspresenttheeconomy
Teamleader
ProPotsdamGmbH,Germany,representedbythechairman,HorstMueller
Zinsius
Teammembers
Denmark
130
HousingassociationofZealand,SrenPeterNielsen
Germany
structure,ProfessorDr.Ing.KlausRueckert
Lithuania
BuildingPlanningSystematicsCentre,JosifasParasonis
Poland
Russia
Kraczek
NorthWestInterRegionalCenter,AVOK,ProfessorAlexanderM.Grimitlin,
MarinaGrimitlina
Thecountrycoordinatorsofthenationalunitsareresponsibleforthecoordinationoftheworkin
theunit.Theyarealsomembersinthesteeringcommittee.Please,seethestructure:
Denmark
Coordinatorofthenationalunit
Division,PeterKrarup
Germany
structure,ProfessorDr.Ing.KlausRueckert
Lithuania
VilniusGediminasTechnicalUniversity,DepartmentonEngineering
Architecture,ProfessorDr.JosifasParasonis
Poland
Material,ProfessorDr.JacekTejchmanKonarzewski
Russia
SaintPetersburgStateUniversityofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,
InternationalDepartment,Dr.ElenaSelezneva
131
References
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[11]
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[19]
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[38]
STR2.01.04:2004Firesafety.Mainrequirements
[39]
STR2.01.06:2003Lightningsafetyofstructures.Activesafetyagainstlightning
[40]
STR 2.01.01(1):2005 Essential requirements of the building. Mechanical endurance and

stability
[41]
STR1.04.02:2004EngineeringGeological(Geotechnical)Investigations
[42]
STR 1.12.05:2002 "The use and maintenance of mandatory requirements and

implementationarrangementsforresidentialhoses"
[43]
STR2.02.04:2004Watercharge,preparationofwater.Mainprovisions
[44]
STR2.02.04:2004Sewercleaners.Mainprovisions
[45]
STR 2.07.01:2003. WaterSupply and Waste Water Treatment. Building Services. Outdoor
EngineeringNetworks
[46]
RSN2690
[47]
STR2.01.01(4):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Usagesafety.
[48]
prEN 15217:2005 Energy performance of buildings. Methods for expressing energy

performanceandforenergycertificationofbuildings
[1]
in.,2002,No.1104852:ComprehensivePlanoftheTerritoryoftheRepublicofLithuania
141
References
[2]
in., 1995, No. 1072391; 2005, No. 1525532: Republic of Lithuania Law on Territorial
planning
[3]
LawonConstruction
[4]
NTCD:NormativeTechnicalConstructionDocuments
[5]
STR 2.01.01(6):2008 Esminis statinio reikalavimas. Energijos taupymas ir ilumos

isaugojimas(Essentialrequirement for the building structure. Energy saving and heat
preservation)
[6]
STR2.05.01:2005Pastatatitvarilumintechnika(Heattechnologyforthepartitionings
ofthe buildingstructures)
[7]
STR2.05.02:2008Statinikonstrukcijos.Stogai(Roofconstructions.Roofs)
[8]
STR 2.01.03:2003 Statybini mediag ir gamini ilumini technini dydi,

deklaruojamosir
projektins verts (Declared and designed denominations for the
technicalandheatvaluesofthe
constructionmaterialsandproducts)
[9]
Applicationforconstructionpermit
[10]
Constructionpermit
[11]
STR1.07.01:2002Statybosleidimas(Constructionpermit)
[12]
ResolutionNo584oftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofLithuaniaof26April2002
[13]
RepublicofLithuaniaLawonPublicProcurement(20051222Nr.X471,Vilnius)
[14]
construction works which have been built are accepted as fit for use by the commission
authorisedbythegovernment
[15]
STR 1.12.05:2002 Statinio naudojimo paskirtis ir gyvavimo trukm (Working life of

constructionworks andpurpose)
[1]
PercentsgivenbyHousingandUrbanDevelopmentAgency,2008
[2]
StatisticsLithuania,2009,Internetaccess:
http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/default.asp?w=1024
[3]
TheLawOnMultifamilyApartmentHomeOwners'Associations
[4]
ConstructionLawLithuania
ReferencesTeam1DenmarkPP11
[1]
ISO13790.ThermalperformanceofbuildingsCalculationsofenergyuseforheatingand
cooling
[2] DanishBuildingRegulationkapitel6IndeklimaSBIanvisning182:Indeklimahndbogen
(HandbookIndoorairquality)
[3]
142
DansihBuildingRegulationkapitel5Brandforhold
References
[1]
"Countryplanningdepartment""Landsplanafdelingen":
http://www.lpa.dk/Venstremenuen/Plantyper/kommune
planlaegning/Informationstyper/Vejledninger/Vejledninger.htm.20096.
[2] tenderingproceduredownloaded:http://www.ebst.dk/byggeregler.20096.
[3]
"Byggeloven"Theconstructionlaw:http://www.ebst.dk/love_byggeloven/0/7/0.20096.
[4]
source:http://www.dst.dk.20096.
[1]
Fordevelopmentofthelivingstandardseemoreat:
http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1680
[2]
http://www.ens.dk/daDK/Info/TalOgKort/Statistik_og_noegletal/Sider/Forside.aspx
[3]
Lejeloven:ThetenancylawinDenmark
ReferencesTeam1RussiaAO13
[1]
((SNiP)Buildingstandardsandrules
[2]
UrbanPlanningCodeoftheRussianFederation
[3]
SNiP2.01.0182
[4]
SNIP2.01.0785
[5]
SNiPBuildingstandardsandrules:12012004SNIP
[6]
SNIP52012003Concreteandreinforcedconcretestructures
[7]
SNIP2.01.0785*Pressuresandimpacts
[8]
SNIP2.02.0183*Foundationsofbuildingsandstructures
[9]
SNIPPilefoundations2.02.0385
[10]
SNIPII2281Stoneandarmaturestonedesign
[11]
SNIPII2381*Steelstructures
[12]
C23022003THERMALPERFORMANCEOFTHEBUILDINGS
[13]
3049496 Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor

enclosures
[14]
C231032003Projectionofsoundinsulationofseparatingconstructionsindomesticand
publicbuilding
[15]
23032003SOUNDPROTECTION
[16]
SNIP2.08.0189*"Livinghouses"
[17]
GOST R 5123298 "Drinking water, General requirements for organization and quality control
methods"
143
References
[18]
SanPiN2.1.4.107401 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements toquality of water of the centralised

systemsofdrinkingwatersupply.Qualitycontrol"
ReferencesTeam2RussiaAO14
[1]
UrbandevelopmentcodeofRussianFederation
[2]
localurbandevelopmentregulations
[3]
StateArchitecturalandConstructionSupervision
[4]
"Thelawaboutassociationsofthehomeowners"
[5]
"HousingCodeoftheRF"
144
Glossary
11.Glossary
AnnualPrimaryEnergyDemand
The annual primary energy demand is energy which is needed to cover the annual demand of
primaryenergyusedforrunningthewholebuildingsystemlikeheating,ventilating,heatingwater
andtheexternalprocesschainofthebuilding.
DEJahresprimrenergiebedarf
DKrligtprimrenergiforbrug
LTMetinispirminsenergijosporeikis
PLRocznezapotrzebowanienaenergipierwotn
RU
AnthropogenicGreenhouseEffect
CO2 is the number one humanproduced heattrapping gas that contributes most to the
increasing temperature on Earth. It is produced by fossil fuel burning, cement production and
tropicaldeforestation.
DEAnthropogenerTreibhauseffekt
DKAnthropogenerTreibhauseffekt
LTAntropogeninisiltnamioefektas
PLAntropogenicznyefektcieplarniany
RU
AtmosphericGreenhouseEffect
Certaingases(e.g.carbondioxide,methane,watervapor,nitrousoxide)intheatmospherecause
ariseintemperatureonearth.Withoutthesegasestheheat/energyofthesunwouldbeemitted
intospaceandtheaveragetemperatureonearthwouldbecolder.
DEAtmosphrischerTreibhauseffekt
DKAtmosfriskdrivhuseffekt
LTAtmosferinisiltnamioefektas
PLAtmosferycznyefektcieplarniany
RU
BuildingApplication
Requestforabuildingpermissioninordertoimplementabuildingproject.
DEBauantrag
DKByggeansgning
LTStatybosleidimopraymas
PLPozwolenienabudow
145
Glossary
RU
BuildingControllAuthority
An office with the authority to control the approval of building plans. It ensures that these plans
matchtheregulationsandtargetsoftheCityandbuildingregulations.
DEBauaufsichtsbehrde
DKByggesagsafdeling
LTStatybkontrolstarnyba
PLNadzrBudowlany
RU
ClimateChange
Climate change is a statistical change of weather patterns over a certain period of time. Climate
Changecanoccurregionallyoraroundtheworldandcanappearaswarmerorcoldertemperatures
orasachangeintheamountoftheannualrainfall.
DEKlimawandel
DKKlimandring
LTKlimatokaita
PLZmianyklimatyczne
RU
ClimateResponsiveBuilding
Consideringthelocalresourcesduringtheplanningprocessandadjustingthebuildingdesigntothe
local climate. The aim is an optimum of indoor temperature and to prevent damage caused by
climaticcircumstances.
DEKlimagerechtesBauen
DKKlimarigtigtbyggeri
LTPalankusklimatuipastatas
PLZrwnowaonebudownictwo
RU,
ComfortZone
Thestateatwhichmancanspendtheminimumenergyadjustingtohisenvironment.
DEKomfortzone
DKKomfortzone
LTKomfortosritis/zona
PLStrefakomfortu
RU
146
Glossary
ConstructionArea(CA)
TheConstructionArea(CA)isthetotalamountoffloorspaceoftherisingbuildingelements.The
dimensionsoftheconstructioncomponentsattheheightofthefloor,likeexternalwalls,internal
walls,pillars,includingplasterbutnoelementslikeskirtingboards.
DEKonstruktionsgrundflche(KGF)
DK
LTUstatytasplotas
PLPlacbudowy
RU
Conversion(Redevelopment)Potential
The potential of a building to alternate from its previous use, respectively the possibility to
modulate easily its original floorplans in order to suit the requirements of the occupant. E.g.
variablefloorplansincaseofchildrenmovingoutorgrandparentsmovingin.
DEUmnutzungspotential
DKRenoveringspotentiale
LTKonversijospotencialas
PLMoliwoprzebudowy
RU()
CostEffectiveArchitecture
Isatermthatreferstotheeconomicalapproachtodesigntechniquesinthefieldofarchitecture.It
seekstominimizeconstructionandoperationcostsbyenhancingefficiencyandmoderationinthe
useofmaterial,energyanddevelopmentspace,yetitensureshighqualityarchitecture.
DEKostengnstigesBauen
DKTotalkonomiskprojektering
LTEkonomikaarchitektra
PLArchitekturaopacalnaekonomicznie
RU ()
CubicIndex
CubicIndex=Grossvolume(m)plotarea(m)
DEBaumassenzahl
DKRumfang/volumenperm
LTKubinisindeksas
PLWspczynnikkubatury
RU(2)
147
Glossary
Downcycling
Downcyclingisconvertingusedmaterialsintoproductsoflowervalue,orthereuseofaproductfor
alternative purposes. E.g. plastic recycling or the use of crippled masonry as flint in a concrete
aggregate.
DEDowncycling
DKNedbrydning/genanvendelighed
LTPerdirbimas
PLDowncycling
RU
EcologicalBuilding
The attempt to assign principals of nature like circular flow and energy efficiency to the building
industry.
DEkologischesBauen
DKkologiskByggeri
LTEkologikaspastatas
PLBudownictwoekologiczne
RU
Ecology
Ecologyistheinterdisciplinaryscientificstudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganisms.
DEkologie
DKkologi
LTEkologija
PLEkologia
RU
EffectiveArea(EA)
Theeffectivearea(m)istheareaofthehousewhichtheoccupantmayactuallyuse,inotherwords
itistheareathatservesbuildingsbecauseofitspurpose.
DENutzflche(NF)
DKAnvendeligtboligareal
LTNaudingasisplotas
PLPowierzchniauytkowa
RU(S)
148
Glossary
EnergyEfficiency
Energy efficiency is the optimal benefit of using energy, considering adequacy and ecological
compatibility.
DEEnergieeffizienz
DKEnergieffektivitet
LTEnerginisefektyvumas
PLWydajnoenergetyczna
RU
EnergyPerformanceCertificate(EPC)
Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) give information on how to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions and improve the energy efficiency of a building. All houses bought, sold or rented
shouldrequireanEPC.
DEEnergieausweis
DKEnergimrke
LTEnerginionaudingumosertifikatas
PLwiadectwoCharakterystykiEnergetycznej
RU
EnergyPlusBuilding
Atermappliedtoahousethatproducesasurplusofenergyduringacertaintimeoftheyearwith
zeronetenergyconsumption.
DEPlusenergiehaus
DKEnergiPlusbygning
LTEnergijgaminantispastatas
PLBudynkiEnergyPlus
RU
EnergyStandard
The energy standard of a building defines the annual energy demand in relation to m of living
spaceoftheevaluatedhouse.
DEEnergiestandard
DKEnergistandard
LTEnergijos/Energetinisstandartas
PLStandardenergetyczny
RU
149
Glossary
FinalEnergy
Final energy is the actual portion of primary energy which reaches the consumer considering the
lossoftransmittingandconvertingenergy.E.g.gasorelectricity.
DEEndenergie
DKBruttoenergi
LTGalutinenergija
PLEnergiakocowa
RU()
FinalEnergyDemand
Energy consumption of the entire building system in the house, including heating, ventilation,
water heating and energy loss of the building systems. Climatic conditions and vacancy are
considered.
DEEndenergiebedarf
DKBruttoenergiforbrug
LTGalutinsenergijosporeikis
PLZapotrzebowanienaenergikocow
RU
FloorSpaceIndex(FSI)
Floorspaceindex=Floorspacearea(m)plotarea(m)
DEGeschoflchenzahl(GFZ)
DKBebyggelsesprocent
LTPatalpplotoindeksas
PLWspczynnikpowierzchnikondygnacji
RU
FunctionalArea(FA)
Thefunctionalarea(m)servestheplacingofthetechnicalinstallationsinabuilding
DEFunktionsflche
DKFunktionsomrdeareal(FA)
LTFunkcinisplotas
PLPowierzchniausugowa
RU()
150
Glossary
GlobalWarming
A term which relates to the increase in the average temperature of the near earth atmosphere
andoceans,primarilycausedbyemittingheattrappinggases,likeCO2,methaneetc.
DEGlobaleErwrmung
DKGlobalopvarmning
LTPasaulinisatilimas
PLGlobalneocieplenie
RU
GrossExternalArea(GEA)
GrossExternalArea(GEA)describesthetotalamountofsqmofallfloorplansofonebuilding.TheGross
ExternalAreaistobecalculatedfloorbyfloor.
DEBruttoGrundflche(BGF)
DKBruttoetageareal
LTBendrasisiorsplotas
PLKubaturabrutto
RU(S)
GrossValue
The total value of goods, products and services reduced by the amount of advanced input in the
manufacturingprocessofaneconomicarea.
DEBruttowertschpfung
DKBruttovrdi
LTBendrojivert
PLProduktkrajowybrutto
RU
InternalHeatSource
Internalheatsourcesinabuildingcanbehumans,lightbulbs,computersetc.
DEInterneWrmequelle
DKInternvarmekilde
LTVidinisilumosaltinis
PLWewntrznerdociepa
RU
151
Glossary
LandDevelopmentPlan
Amapthatdefinesthemodalitiesandgenerallandusetypesoftheplannedbuildingproject.Itcan
showlots,thebuildingheightetc.
DEBebauungsplan
DKStrukturplanforbyudviklingsomrde
LTTeritorijospltrosplanas/Detalusisplanas
PLPlanzagospodarowaniaprzestrzeni
RU;
LifeCycleOfABuilding
Is the life span of a building, which involves the construction process, the utilization phase, the
tearingdownandtherecyclingofthebuilding.
DEGebudeLebenszyklus
DKBygningslivscyklus
LTPastatogyvavimotrukm
PLOkresuytkowaniabudynku
RU
LocalPublicInfrastucture
To make the site (building) accessible to the occupant, e.g. access to the road system, access to
Electricityorwaterdeliverysystem.
DEErschlieung
DKByggemodning
LTVetinisvieasistransportas
PLInfrastrukturatransportowa
RU()
LowEnergyHouse
Ahousewithalowenergyconsumptionwhichstillrequiressomeformofoutsideenergy.
DENiedrigenergiehaus
DKLavenergihus
LTMaaienergijosvartojantispastatas
PLBudynekniskoenergetyczny
RU
152
Glossary
Microclimate
Amicroclimateisalocalatmosphericzonewheretheclimatediffersfromthesurroundingarea.
Microclimates can exist in urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's
energy,heatup,andradiatetheheattothesurroundingair.
DEMikroklima
DKMikroklima
LTMikroklimatas
PLMikroklimat
RU
NetInternalArea
Thenetinternalarea(m)istheeffectiveareabesetwiththeconstructioncomponents.
DENettoGrundflche(NGF)
DKNettoetageareal
LTVidausplotas
PLPowierzchniawewntrznanetto
RU(S)
NetFloorSpaceArea(NFSA)
The net floor space area is a part of floor space area between surrounding and internal
construction components. Net floor space area = Effective area + Functional area + and traffic
area;(NFSA=EA+FA+TA)
DENettogeschossflche(NGF)
DK
LTPatalpbendrasisplotas
PLPowierzchniakondygnacjinetto
RU
NonProfitBuildingSociety
Is a term used for an association that has the aim to provide its members with lowprized living
space.
DEWohnungsbaugesellschaft
DKBoligselskaber
LTNepelnosiekiantistatyborganizacija/bendrija
PLWsplnotamieszkaniowa
RU,
()
153
Glossary
PassiveHouse
Passive houses produce all the energy they consume (heat exchange: body heat, lightbulb heat,
applianceheat).Inaddition,theyarewellinsulatedandventilated.
DEPassivhaus
DKPassivhus
LTPasyvusenergijosvartojimuipastatas
PLBudynekpasywny
RU
PrimaryEnergy
Primaryenergyisenergyfoundinnature,likecoal,gasorwind.Ithasnotbeensubjectedtoother
transformationprocesses.
DEPrimrenergie
DKPrimrenergi
LTPirminenergija
PLEnergiapierwotna
RU()
PreparatoryLandUsePlan
Aplanwhichshowsthefutureurbanplanningtargetsofatownship.
DEFlchennutzungsplan
DKKommuneplan/lokalplan
LTParuoiamasisemspanaudosplanas
PLPlanzagospodarowaniaprzestrzeni
RU
Recycling
Processingusedmaterialsintonewproductstopreventwaste.
DERecycling
DKRecyclinggenanvende
LTPerdirbimas
PLRecykling/recyklizacja
RU
154
Glossary
Resource
A resource can be any physical, energetic or virtual entity. For the most part the term refers to
financialresources,land,rawmaterial,andenergy,labourorlabourtime.
DERessource
DKRessource
LTItekliai
PLZasb
RU
SecondaryEnergy
Energythathasbeensubjectedtoothertransformationprocesses(whichcausesanenergyloss).
E.g.Electricity
DESekundrenergie
DKSekundrenergi
LTAntrinanergija
PLEnergiawtrna
RU
SiteOccupancyIndex(SOI)
Index which defines the maximumarea on site that can be build on. Site occupancy index =
buildingarea(m)plotarea(m)
DEGrundflchenzahl(GRZ)
DKBebyggelsesprocent
LTUstatytoplotoindeksas
PLStopiezabudowydziaki
RU
Socialhousing(LowCostHousing)
Socialhousingisageneraltermreferringtorentalhousingwhichmaybeownedandmanagedby
the state, by nonprofit organizations, usually with the aim of providing affordable / rent
controlledhousing.
DESozialerWohnungsbau
DKAlmentboligbyggeri
LTSocialinisbstas
PLBudownictwosocjalne
RU
155
Glossary
SolarGain
Atermwhichreferstotheincreaseintemperatureinaspace,objectorstructurethatresultsfrom
solar radiation. The solar gain increases with the strength of the sun, and with the ability of any
materialtotransmitorresisttheradiation.
DESolarerGewinn
DKPassivsolvarme
LTSaulsenergijosigavimas
PLSolarerGewinn
RU
SolarHouse
A solar house uses solar technologies to convert sunlight into usable heat with little use of other
energysources.
DESolarhaus
DKSolhuse
LTSaulsenergijvartojantisnamas
PLBudyneksolarny
RU
SummerHeatProtection
Good insulation prevents the building from heatoverload, caused by solar radiation. As far as
possibletheimprovementshallbemadewithoutairconditioning.
DESommerlicherWrmeschutz
DKUndgelseafovertemperaturer/overophedning
LTApsauganuovasaroskario
PLOchronaprzedprzegrzaniembudynku
RU
Sustainability
Inabroadsensesustainabilityisthecapacitytoendure.Formanitisthepotentialforlongterm
maintenanceofwellbeing,whichinturndependsontheresponsibleuseofnaturalresources.There
is a wide range of measures for sustainability like cultural acceptance, feasible technologies,
generationallyawareness,environmentallyconsciousness,viablefinancingetc.
DENachhaltigkeit
DKBredygtighed
LTTvarumas
PLRozwjzrwnowaony
156
Glossary
RU
ThermalComfort
ThermalComfortisastateofmindthatexpressessatisfactionwiththesurroundingenvironment.
Temperature, air moisture, airflow, air quality, clothes and building materials are important
aspectsofthermalcomfort.
DEThermischeBehaglichkeit
DKTermiskkomfort
LTiluminiskomfortas
PLKomfortcieplny
RU
ThermalResistance
Alsoknownascoefficientofthermalinsulationisthereciprocalofconductance.(m2K)/W
DEWrmedurchlawiderstand(d)
DKTermiskmodstand
LTTerminis/karioatsparumas
PLOprcieplny
RU(R)
TrafficArea(TA)
Thetrafficarea(m)providesaccesstotherooms,andcanbeusedasanemergencyexit.
DEVerkehrsflche(VF)
DKGangomrder
LTJudjimoplotas
PLPowierzchniaruchu
RU
Transmissioncoefficient/OverallHeatTransfer/UValue
Measureoftheamountofheatflowthatwilloccuracrossaunitareaofanenclosuresystemor
other assembly for a unit temperature difference, i.e. a system conductance that includes both
surfacefilms.W/(m2K)
DEWrmedurchgangskoeffizient(UWert)
DKTransmissionskoeficient samletvarmetabstal
LTPerdavimokoeficientas
PLWspczynnikprzenikaniaciepa
RU (int)
157
Glossary
Upcycling
Upcyclingis convertingusedmaterialsintohighqualityproducts,orthereuseofaproductwith
similarvalue.E.g.glasscanusuallybeupcycledintothesamequalityastheoriginalproduct.
DEUpcycling
DKUpcycling
LTPerdirbimas
PLUpcykling
RU
ZeroEnergyBuilding
Zeroenergybuildingsareautonomousfromtheenergygridsupply.Energyisproducedonsite.Not
consideredistheenergywhichhasbeenusedtobuildthehouse.
DENullEnergiehaus
DK0energibygning
LTNulinsenergijospastatas
PLBudynekzeroenergetyczny
RU
158
Abbreviation
12.Abbreviation
TermsandDefinitions:
symbol
f
B
L
A
V
m
Q
a
t
d
Q
unit
m
m
m2
m3
kg
kWh
a
h,h/a
d,d/a
J
W/m2or Heatfluxordensityoftheheatflowrateistheheatflowperunitarea.Theareais
J/(sm2) perpendiculartothedirectionofheatflow.
W/mK
W/(mK) Thermalconductance isthetimerateofheatflowthroughaunitareaofabodyinduced

byaunittemperaturedifference,ortheconductivityofamaterialforgiventhickness.
(m2K)/ Thermalresistance (alsocoefficientofthermalinsulation)isthereciprocalof

W
conductance.
W/(m2K) Transmissioncoefficient(alsooverallheattransferorUValue)isasystemofmeasureof
theamountofheatflowthatwilloccuracrossaunitareaofanenclosuresystemor
otherassemblyforaunittemperaturedifference,i.e.;asystemconductancethat
includesbothsurfacefilms.
J/K
Heatcapacity
kJ/(kgK) Specificheatcapacity isameasureoftheamountofhetathataunitmassofdry
orJ/(gK) materialcanstore.Itisdeinedastheheatenergyrequiredtoraisethetemperatureof1
gofmaterialby1Kelvin.
C
c
English
factor
performanceratio,efficiency,utilisationfactor
width
length
area
volume
mass
energy
year
time,timeperiod,hours
time,timeperiod,days
Heatisaformofenergyassociatedwiththemovementofmolecules.Unitsareasfor
energy.
Heatflowisheattransferedbytime
Thermalconductivity isamaterialpropertythatindicatesthequantityofheatflow
acrossaunitarea,throughaunitthicknessforatemperaturegradientof1K.
valuewatervaporproof istheresistanceofthematerialusedforthewatervapor
transfer.
(kgm3) valuebulkdensity isdefinedasthemassofmanyparticlesofthematerialdividedby
thetotalvolumetheyoccupy.
C
Celsiustemperature
expenditureofenergy
coveragepart
159
Abbreviation
Indexes:
symbol
V
T
S
I
DHW
H
HE
TE
AE
ce
d
s
g
HR
reg
aux
tech
unit
English
ventilation
transmission
solar
internal
domestichotwater
heating
heatenergydemand
thermalenergy
auxiliaryenergy
controlandemission
distribution
storage
generation
heatrecovery
regenerativeenergy
auxilary
technical
Examples:
Q
anualheatenergydemand
Qp
kWh/a
anualprimaryenergy(P)demand
QH
kWh/a
anualheatenergydemand
QDHW
kWh/a
anualdomestichotwaterenergydemand
160
Abbreviation
Areas:
shortcut
FSI
definition
floorspacearea(m2)/plotarea(m2)
English
floorspaceindex
SOI
GV
buildingarea(m2)/plotarea(m2)
m3
siteoccupancyindex
GrossVolume
CI
GEA
grossvolume(m3)/plotarea(m2)
m2
Cubicindex
GrossExternalArea
CA
groundplanarea(m2)ofconstructioncomponentsinsideof constructionarea
floorspacearea(likeexternalwalls,internalwalls,pillars)
NIA
netinternalarea(m2)istheeffectiveareainsideofthe
constructioncomponents
=
netinternalarea
FA
functionalarea(m2)servesforplacingoftechnical
installations
trafficarea(m2)servesasaccess totherooms,trafficinside
ofthebuildingandasaemergencyexit
functionalarea
TA
trafficarea
EA
=
effectivearea(m2)servesfortheuseofthebuildingbecause effectivearea
ofitspurpose
NFSA
netfloorspaceareaisapartoffloorspaceareabetween
surroundingandinternalconstructioncomponents.Itisthe
sumofeffectivearea,functionalareaandtrafficarea
(NFSA=EA+FA+TA)
netfloorspacearea
161
Abbreviation
otherabbreveations:
LP
Leadpartner
WP
WorkPackage
PP
ProjectPartner
preEN preliminaryEuroNorm
KfW
162
KreditanstaltfrWiederaufbau
Annexes
13.
Annexes
13.1 DetailsDenmark
EngineeringandbuildingstechnologystandardsinDenmark
Methodofplanning,permitandtenderingproceduresinDenmark
Economicalandfinancialbasis,industryandqualityinDenmark
163
Annexes
164
ArchitecturalandUrbanDesignDenmarkPP11
1.1
1.1.1 Whatkindofresidentialbuildingsisusualintheparticipatingcountries(multipledwelling,
Therearetotally2,735,000housesinDenmark.40%aredetachedhouses,14%areterraced,linkedorsemi
detachedhouses,and38%aremultidwellinghouses.
Dwellingsbyregion,typeofdwellingandtime
Numberofunits
AllDenmark
Farmhouses
127795
Detachedhouses
1060880
Terraced,linkedorsemidetachedhouses
359812
Multidwellinghouses
1019893
Studenthostels
35966
Residentialbuildingsforcommunities
13189
Otherresidentialbuilding
24674
Unknown
347
Occupiedweekendcabins(2005)
15273
1.1.2 Whatcanbegenerallysaidabouttheresidentialbuildings(e.g.yearofconstruction,privateor
publicownerrespectivelyhybridformssuchasassociations)?
63%ofallhousesareprivateownedand19%areownedbynonprofitbuildingsociety.Only2%areowned
bypublicauthorities.
Halfofallmultistoreyanddetachedhousingunitsareconstructedbeforeyear1955and2/3beforethefirst
buildingenergyrequirementwasintroducedintheDanishbuildingregulation.Numberofnewlyconstructed
dwellingsisabout10.000ayear.
Detached houses have 97% private owners meanwhile multidwelling houses have only 32% of private
owners.
Multistoreybuildingsanddetachedhousesconstitute80%ofthetotalhousingstockinDenmarkwithequal
partsofeach.
Theyearofconstructionisshowninthefollowingdiagram:
165
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
1905
1915
1925
1935
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
Ownership by housing type
Individuals inclusive partnerships

Non-profit building society
Limited liability company, etc.
Housing societies
Public authorities
Owner-occupied flats
Other or unknown
Detached
houses
1022909
9464
11546
7654
3697
1165
4445
Multi-dwelling
houses
140760
362425
97790
140527
25210
210064
43117
1.1.3 Whatisthecommonarchitecturaldesignofresidentialbuildings(pictures,drawings,floorplan,
view)?
Danishhomesarearchitecturallyverydifferent.Singlefamilyhousesaretypicallydetachedhousesbuiltwith
brickorconcrete.Accommodationistypicalinblocksofthreestoreyswithatotalof24to36apartments.In
recentyearstimberstructuresisusedmoreextensively.
drawingsandfloorplan,4typeswillbesupplied:
For rent there are dwellings for elderly people, dwellings for young people and dwellings for families, for
ownershipexiststhetypicalsinglefamilyhouse.
1.1.4 Whatarethecommonrequirementsforlivingspaces?(numberofrooms,numberofpersonsper
household,sqmperperson,heightofdifferentrooms,minareaofthelivingroom,informationaboutusual
livingspaces)
Thereisnogeneralrequirementforthesizeoflivingspace.
166
42%ofallhousingunitsincludingflatshavekitchenand23roomand53%havekitchenand45
rooms.
Theaveragenumberofpersonsindwellingsis2.1.
60.0averagesqmperperson
Typicalroomheightinnewdwellingsis2.35m.
Atypicalhousingunitconsistsofakitchenoneortwoorbathroomwithtoilet,alivingroomanda
numberofbedrooms.
Numberofroomsperdwellings(Multistoreybuildingsanddetachedhouses)
Unknown
5- rooms with kitchen
4 rooms with kitchen
1 room with kitchen
Dwellings without kitchen
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Numberofunitsinmultistoreybuildingsanddetachedhouses:2,080,773
Numberofsq.m.ofmultistoreybuildingsanddetachedhouses:217,523,000
Numberpersonsinmultistoreybuildingsanddetachedhouses:4,266,000
Sq.m.perpersonsinmultistoreybuildingsanddetachedhouses:60sq.m.
1.1.5
Arethereanybuildingenvelopedesignlimitations(e.gmaterial,windows,etc.)?
Notingeneral,butitcanbemadebylocalplanning.
AllnewbuildingshavetocomplytheDanishbuildingregulationandtherequirementsinthelocalplanning.
Windowsurfaceareagenerallyliesbetween20and25%offloorarea.
1.1.6
Arethereanyspecificstandards(e.g.elevator,cellar,entrance,etc.)?
Somecanbemadebylocalplanningandsomerulesexist:
Elevator:whenmorethan2floors.
Cellar:Noinformation.
Bell/intercom:Itisstandardinallnewbuildings.
Requiredrooms:Kitchen,bathroomwithtoiletsandlivingroom.
Garage/parkingspace:req.setbylocalplanningauthorities.
Conciergeservis:Noinformation.
Flatorslantedroof:Norequirements.
Bicyclecofort:Noinformation.
1.1.7
Whatarethedefinitionsorguidelinesforroofdesign?
Anumberofguidelinesdoexist.
167
1.1.8 Whatarethefunctionalguidelines(spaceefficiency,reusingability,accessibility,andbicycle
comfort)?
Rulesforthemaximumpercentageoflandareathatmaybebuilt.
1.1.9
Howdotheexistingguidelinesorrulesincludeart,urbanqualityanddesignquality?
Nogeneralrequirement,butcanbemadealocalrequirement(declarations)whenlandissold.
1.1.10 Whatkindofrequirementsisdefinedforbarrierfreeconstruction?Nameofthecode?
Norequirements.
1.1.11 Whichplanscontrolthelocalurbanandarchitecturaldesign,whatarethecommoncriteriaand
wherecantheybefound?
Nogeneralrequirement,butitcanbemadealocalrequirement(declarations)whenlandissold.
1.1.12 Aretheresocialguidelinesforthearchitecturalplanning,orisitjustpartoftheconcept?
Thesocialguidelinesaredescribedinthelocalplanforthearea.
1.1.13 Whatcriteriashouldbeinvolvedtodescribethequalityoftheurbanareaofthesite?
Distancetopublictransportation,schools,shops,noiseratio,greenspaces,bicyclepaths,parking.
168
StructuralDesignDenmarkPP11
1.2
1.2.1
Whataretheclimaticconditions?
storms,floods: approx.12
numberhoursofsunannually:1495
temperaturedevelopmentp.a.: 7,7oC
annualrainfall:
712mm
annualsnowdepth:
199113
The design criteria for snow must comply with Eurocode standard: EN
numberofheatingdegreedays: 3112.
annualsunradiationinkWh/m2: 1014kWh/m
Thedesignexternaltemperature: 12oC
averagedaytemperature:
10.9oC
averagenighttemperature:
4.3oC
Dayswithrainfall:
121days
1.2.2
Whattypesofroofstructureareusedinresidentialhouses?
Ventilatedroofwithtimberframe.
Massiverooftiltedandflatroof.
1.2.3
Whattypesofloadbearingstructureareusedinresidentialhouses?
Timberframe
169
Concretebeam
Loadbaringwalls
1.2.4 Isthereanynationalcodetocalculateloadstructures?
Yes.Eurocodes.
1.2.5
Howhighlydevelopedaretheindustrialprefabricatedmaterials?
Quitehigh.
1.2.6
Howistheproportionbetweenhandcraftbuildingmethodandindustrialisedbuilding?
Theindustrialpartisgrowinghadtoassessthepresentpercentage.
1.2.7
Whatarethetypicalcriteriatomakeadecisioninfavourofacertainconstructionmethod?
Economyandquality
170
EnergystandardsDenmarkPP11
1.3
EnergystandardsDenmarkPP11
1.3.1
IsthereanynationalcodeforEnergyefficiencyofbuildings?
Thereisarequirementformaximumenergyneedinnewresidentialbuildingforspaceheating,domesticthot
water,cooling,pumpandfans.
TheenergymustnotexceedQ<(70+2200)/A,kWh/mawhereA=treatedfloorarea.
Besidestwolowenergyclassesaredefined:
Class2:(50+1600)/A,kWh/m2a
Class1:(35+1100)/A,kWh/m2a.
1.3.2
WhatisaveragespecificheatconsumptionofresidentialbuildingsinkWh/ma?
Theenergyforspaceheating,domestichotwater,cooling,pumpandfansinnewbuildingsmustnotexceed
(70+2200)/A,kWh/m2awhereA=treatedfloorarea.
1.3.3
Isthereanynationalcodeforthermalinsulationofbuildings?
The energy requirement in new building must follow 1.3.2. In addition the following heat loos coefficient
mustnotexceed:
externalwall:0.40W/m2K
floor:0.30W/m2K
roof:0.25W/m2K
windows:2.00W/m2K
1.3.4
Whatmethodisimplementedtocalculateenergydemand?
The energy demands must be verified by the calculation tool: Be06 Developed by the Danish Building
ResearchInstitute.ThemethodcomplieswithThermalperformanceofbuildingsCalculationsofenergyuse
forheatingandcooling(ISO13790).[1]
171
BuildingmaterialsDenmarkPP11
1.4
BuildingmaterialsDenmarkPP11
1.4.1 Whatkindofbuildingmaterialsareusedfor:roofstructure,loadbearingstructure,foundation,
externalwall,internalwall,floor,ceiling,faade,windows,thermalinsulation?
Allexternalsurfacesareinsulatedbyeithermineralorglasswool.
Theroofstructureismadeoftimberframeconstructionwithtiles,etanitorroofingfelt,concreteslapwith
roofing felt or wooding prefab elements. Load bearing structure can be timber frame or concrete beam.
Foundation always is made of concrete. External walls are made of timber frame, light concrete or bricks.
Floorsareconstructedofconcreteorwoodenprefabelements.Windowscanbe2layerlowenergyor3layer
lowenergy.
1.4.2
Whatarethereasonsofthematerialusage?
Economy,architecture,traditionandregulation
1.4.3 Whatkindofprogress/developmentissignificantlyshowninbuildingmaterialsandenergy
standardswithinthelastyears?
Newproductsaredevelopedconstantly:windows,buildingelements,HVACequipment.Theenergystandards
arestrengthenedevery5thyearcurrently.
1.4.4
Isthereanyecologicaldeclarationofbuildingmaterials
Yes,ecoflowerandswan.
1.4.5 Whatcriteriaareinvolvedinthisdeclaration??(healthrisks,potentialstoaccumulateortoabolish
theozonelayer,potentialsforgreenhouseeffect,potentialsforacidificationandoverfertilization,risksfor
thelocalandglobalenvironment)
Healthrisk,greenhouseeffect.
1.4.6
Arethereanydeclarationsorcodesforwastematerials?
Yes,itispartofthedeclaration1.4.4.
172
BuildingphysicsDenmarkPP11
1.5
BuildingphysicsDenmarkPP11
1.5.1 Whichmaterialstandardsorcharacteristicsaregenerallyusedtodescribematerialandbuilding
conditions(e.g.UValueW/(Km2)?
Uvalues,Thermalconductivityvalue[W/(mK)],Uvalue[W/(Km)]
1.5.2 Whatrequirementsaredefinedforthermalcomfort(internalthermalconditions)inwinterand
summer?Nameofthecode?
Danish Building Regulation kapitel 6 Indeklima includes thermal indoor air quality, indoor air quality
(ventilation, emission from materials, others), acoustic indoor quality and lighting (daylight and electric
lighting):
SBIanvisning182:Indeklimahndbogen(HandbookIndoorairquality)[2]
1.5.3
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforacousticcomfort?Nameofthecode?
See1.5.2
1.5.4 Whatrequirementsaredefinedforvisualcomfort?(naturalandartificiallight,faade,...)Nameof
thecode?
See1.5.2
1.5.5
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforinteriorhygiene(e.g.mould)?Nameofthecode?
In residential buildings a satisfactory indoor climate must be achieved by ventilation, with a minimum
requirementforairchangerateindifferenttypeofroom.
1.5.6
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforthebuildingenvelope?Nameofthecode?
Theairleakagemustnotexceed1.5l/sm2at50Papressuretest.
1.5.7
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforfireprevention?Nameofthecode?
TheDansihBuildingRegulationkapitel5Brandforhold.[3]
1.5.8
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforsoilsealingandlayingclaimstosurface?Nameofthecode?
Ventilation for buildings Design criteria for the indoor environment. Below ground, there should be
particularattentiontothefloorsealingagainstthesoiltominimiserisksofradonpenetration.
1.5.9 WhatcriterionsareinvolvedtodetermineEnergyEfficiencyofbuilding?
Energydemandforspaceheating,Uvalue;
Theconstructionmustbeprotectedagainstmoistercondensation(vaporbarrier)tosecuregoodindoorair
quality.
173
TechnicalfacilitiesandservicesDenmarkPP11
1.6
1.6.1
Whatkindofheatingenergysourcesareusedinresidentialhouses?
62%ofallresidentialunitsareheatsuppliedbydistrictheating,14%withcentralheatingwithoil,15%by
centralheatingwithnaturalgas,and5%areheatedbyelectricity.
1.6.2 Whatkindofheatingsystemisusedinresidentialhouses?Centralheating,districtheatingetc.?
Whatkindofheatinggeneratorsareused?
Inresidentialhousesthekindofusedheatingenergysources:
districtheating78,5%;
differentheating21,3%;
noheating0,2%
heatinggenerators
gasboilers
oilboilers
1.6.3
Whatkindofcoolingsystemisusedinresidentialhouses?
Thereisnocoolinginresidentialbuildings.
1.6.4
Whattypeofventilationsystemisusedinresidentialhouses?
Naturalventilation,mechanicalexhaustairventilation,mechanicalventilationwithheatrecovery.
1.6.5 Whatrequirementsaredefinedformaintenanceandcleaningofthesesystems?(heating,cooling,
ventilationsystems)
Norequirementsformaintenanceandcleaninginresidentialbuildnings.
1.6.6
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforwatersupplyanddomesticsewage?
SpecificationsforinstallationsinsidebuildingsconveyingwaterforhumanconsumptionDS/EN8061
1.6.7 Showthedevelopmentofwateranddomesticsewageconsumptionperpersonandsquaremeter
inthelastyearsinresidentialbuildings.
Targetinhousehold:100l/dayperperson.
1.6.8
Whatrequirementsaredefinedforsecurity?Bulgersecurityindoors,inwindows?
Thereisnodataavailabletodefinetherequirementsforsecurity.
174
1.6.9 Isrenewableenergylikesolar,wind,biomassorgeothermalresourcesusedinsteadoffossilfuels
toheat,coolorventilatebuildings?(percentagesoftotalenergydemand)
RenewableenergyintheformofbiomassareusedinevengreaterextendindistrictheatingProductionof
renewable energy, etc. represents in 2004 14.2% of gross energy consumption in Denmark. In 1990, the
proportionofrenewableenergyinthedistrictheatingproductionwere31.6%(includingbiomass10.3%and
waste20.0%).
1.6.10 Arerenewableheatsourcesusedinenergysupplysystemsofresidentialbuildings?
Biomassindistrictheating.
1.6.11 Howpopularistheusageofrenewableheatsourcesinresidentialhouses?
Therearenorenewableheatsourcesusedinenergysupplysystemsofresidentialbuildings.
1.6.12 Showthedevelopmentofenergydemandperpersonandsquaremeterinthelastyearsin
Energyconsumptionforspaceheatinghasfallen13%from1980to2004.Thedeclineoccurredeventhough
theheatedareainthesameperiodgrew23.8%.
1.6.13 Energyefficientrequirementsonfans,pumpsandtemperatureefficiencyofheatrecovery?
Pumpsandfansareincludedinthecalculationoftheenergyconsumptionofresidentialbuildingtomeetthe
energyrequirementintheDanishbuildingregulation.
175
QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsDenmarkPP11
1.7 QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsDenmark
PP11
1.7.1 IfthereexistEnergyPerformingCertificatesforhousesinyourcountrywhichstandardssignifies
thesecertificates?Showexample.
ThereisonecompulsorylabellingsysteminDenmarkforhouses"Energimrke".
1.7.2 IfthereexistGreenBuildingCertificatesforhousesinyourcountrywhichstandardssignifies
thesecertificates?
0energyhouses
plusenergyhouses
Svanemrket
1.7.3
Whichstandardssignifyalowenergyhouse,passivehouse,zeroenergybuilding?
PassivHousecertificateaccordinglytotheGermanPassivehausInstitute.
1.7.4
Followingupprocedureoftheperformanceofthebuildingenergysystem
Thereisntanyfollowingupprocedureoftheperformanceofthebuildingenergysystem.
176
DefinitionofqualitystandardsDenmarkPP11
1.8
DefinitionofqualitystandardsDenmarkPP11
1.8.1 Arethereanycodesorrequirementswhichdefinesustainabilityaspartofthepreparationand
planningoftheproject?
Usuallythetargetonsustainabilityisdescribedinthelocaldistrictplan.
1.8.2 Arethereanycodesorrequirementswhichdemandtheconfirmationofsustainabilityintendering
andplacing?
Localplansincludeguidelinesforsustainableurbandevelopment.
1.8.3 Arethereanycodesorrequirementswhichdefinesustainabilityaspartoftheconstruction
process?Isthereaqualityassuranceoftheexecution?
Localplansincludeguidelinesforsustainableurbandevelopment.
177
ReferencesDenmarkPP11
[1]
ISO13790.ThermalperformanceofbuildingsCalculationsofenergyuseforheatingandcooling
[2]
Danish Building Regulation kapitel 6 Indeklima SBIanvisning 182: Indeklimahndbogen

(HandbookIndoorairquality)
[3]
DansihBuildingRegulationkapitel5Brandforhold
178
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsDenmarkPP11
2.1
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsDenmarkPP11
2.1.1
Describethecurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsinyourcountryinshortwords.
The"Countryplanningdepartment""Landsplanafdelingen"[1]oftheDanishMinistryforEnvironmentis
responsiblefortheadministrationofthePlanningLawanddevelopesguidelinesandstrategiesforplanning,
see:
planlaegning/Informationstyper/Vejledninger/Vejledninger.htm
2.1.2
Whatlocalornationalplanninglawsdoexist?
Hierachyin4levels:Countrylevel,regionallevel,municipalitylevelandlocal(areaspecific)level
2.1.3
Whatkindofenergyandsustainableneedsarerequiredaccordingtotheplanninglaw?
Energy:Norequirements,butapossibilitytostrengthentheBRinlocalplanning
2.1.4
Whoisentitledtodotheplanning?(foreigners,nationalhabitants,locals,...)
Theemployeesinthedifferentinstitutionsresponsibleforeachlevelofthehierarchymentionedunder
2.1.2
2.1.5 Whichpeopletakepartintheplanningprocessandwhatistheirrole?(architect,structural
engineer,physicalengineer,...)
Thisisgenerallyanarchitecturaldiscipline,butrecentlyalsoanewuniversitydegree:EnvironmentalPlanner
isproducingcandidatesthattaketheplannerpositions.
179
BuildingpermitrulesDenmarkPP11
2.2
BuildingpermitrulesDenmarkPP11
2.2.1
Describethebuildingpermitprocedureinshortwords.Howlongisitvalid?
Theownerortheconstructioncompanyonhisbehalfsendsinadescriptionofthehousetobebuild
includingathermalcalculationthatshowsthebuildingwilcomplywiththeenergyframerequirementinthe
BR.Withthiss/heapplysforthebuildingpermit.
Themunicipalitychecksthedocumentationandifinorderissuesthepermit.Sometimesthepermitisissued
withsomeconditionsandsometimesspecificmissinginformationisrequested.
2.2.2 Whatistheapplicationformandwhatdocumentshavetobefiledforthelocalauthorityinorder
togetaconstructionpermit?(constructiondescription,energyperformance,cadastraldataetc.)
Thedrawingsandtechnicalinformationrelatingtothebuildingregulations.
2.2.3
Whatkindofnationalorlocalbuildingpermitrulesdoexist?
Therearedifferentrulesaccoringtothecomplexityofthebuildings:1.Singlefamily,doublefamilyand
summerhouses,2.Rowhouseswith3ormoredwellings,3.Industryorstoragebuildingsorsimilar,4.
garagesandsimilarbuildingsnottobeusedasdwellings.For2and3typesthefiretechnicalaspectsneed
tobeevaluatedbythemunicipality.Exceptforthatallresponsibilityforthefullfillingofrequirentslieonthe
builder.
2.2.4 Whoisentitledtoapplyforabuildingpermit?Arethereanyspeciallawsfordevelopersfrom
foreigncountries?
All,whocansupplytherequiredinformation.No.
2.2.5 Whichpeopletakepartinthebuildingpermitprocedureandwhatistheirrole?(architect,
structuralengineer,physicalengineer,...)
Architectsandengineersinthedifferentdepartmentofthemunicipalitythatareinvolvedwiththepermit.
2.2.6
Howdoestheinspectionsystemworkandwhochecksthedocuments?
Thedocumentsarecheckedbytheresponsiblepersonstakencareofeachapplicationforapermitatthe
municipalitylevel.
2.2.7
Howmuchtimehastheadministrationtofinishtheprocedureandisthereanylawtoforcethis?
Thisvariesalotfrom1to3monthssometimeslonger.Nolawforcesaparticularlengthoftime.
2.2.8
Whatdoesabuildingpermitcost?
Themunicipalitycandecidewhethertochargeacostornot.Ifitchoosestochargeitcanbebasedona
priceperm2,perm3orapct.oftheconstructioncosts.Howeverthechargehastobeinbalancewiththe
actualcostsofthemunicipalitytohandlethepermits.
180
TenderingrulesandlawsDenmarkPP11
2.3
TenderingrulesandlawsDenmarkPP11
2.3.1
Describethetenderingprocedureinshortwords.
Therulescanbedownloadedhere:http://www.ebst.dk/byggeregler[2]
Thereisasubdevision
individualtenderand
combinedtender(samletudbud)
Tendermaterialsdocuments,etc.arepreparedandsendout.Theoffersarereceivedasclosedoffers
whichareopenedatapubliceventwheretheprices,etc.willbetoldtoeveryone.
2.3.2
Whatkindofnationalorlocaltenderingrulesandlawsdoexist?
Tendersformorethan5,2mio(DKK38,5mio.Excl.VAT),willhavetofollowtheEUDirectivefortendering.
FortendersbelowthisvaluetheDanishtenderinglawwillgovern.Individualandcombinedtendersare
possible.
2.3.3
Whattypesoftenderingprocedurearethere?(publicbuilding,privatebuilding,...)
Seeabove
2.3.4
Whatarethelimitsforthenationaltenderingprocess?(inrelationtoEU)
DKK38,5mio>X>DKK500.000
2.3.5
Arethereanytimelimitsforthetenderingprocedure?
Eachtenderisvalidfor1year.
2.3.6 Arethereanycodesorrequirementswhichdemandtheconfirmationofsustainabilityin
Inspecialsituations.
181
ConstructionprocessDenmarkPP11
2.4
ConstructionprocessDenmarkPP11
2.4.1
Arethereanyrulestocomplyduringtheconstruction?
AllconstructionworksinDenmarkaregovernedby"Byggeloven"Theconstructionlaw:Readmore:
http://www.ebst.dk/love_byggeloven/0/7/0[3]
2.4.2
Isthereanobligatorycheckingfromtheauthorities?
Verylimited.
Arbejdstilsynettheofficialinstitutethatcheckgeneralworkingconditionsmayalsochecktheconstruction
site
2.4.3 Whoisentitledtodotheconstructionmanagement?Arethereanylawsformanagersfrom
foreigncountries?
Norestrictions.
2.4.4
Isthereobligatoryconstructionsupervision?
No.
2.4.5 Whoisentitledtodotheconstructionsupervision?Arethereanylawsformanagersfromforeign
countries?
Norestrictions.
2.4.6 Whatprocedures/documentationsarerequiredattheendoftheconstructionworksbefore
thebuildingcanbeinhabited?
Forapartmentblocksthemunicipalitymustissuea"ibrugstagningstilladelse"permitthatallowsstartingto
usethebuildings.Nothingisrequiredforsinglefamilyhouses.
182
Operating/facilitymanagementDenmarkPP11
2.5
Operating/facilitymanagementDenmarkPP11
2.5.1 Arethereanyrulesorlawsthatgiveinformationaboutoperating/facilitymanagementofa
building?
Therearenosuchkindofrules.
2.5.2
Pleasegivesomedataaboutoperationcostsandconstructioncosts(diagramsandschedules).
Constructioncostsvaryfrom8000DKKto18000DKKperm2.
Operationcosts
Heating:
Oil,gas,districtheating
Electricity:
perm2perpersoninthehousehold
FornewbuildingsdesignedandconstructedaccordingtoDanishBR
183
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydataDenmarkPP11
2.6
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydataDenmarkPP11
2.6.1
Arethereanyrulesorlawstosupportadecisive(ecological)constructionprocesseconomically?
Notherehasbeensupporttosolarheatingsystemssomeyearsago.Currentlya
Boligforberedningspuljenhasbeenlaunchedsupportingrenovationprojectsingeneralnotenergy
renovationinparticular.
184
2.7
[1]
"Countryplanningdepartment""Landsplanafdelingen":
planlaegning/Informationstyper/Vejledninger/Vejledninger.htm.20096.
[2]
tenderingproceduredownloaded:http://www.ebst.dk/byggeregler.20096.
[3]
"Byggeloven"Theconstructionlaw:http://www.ebst.dk/love_byggeloven/0/7/0.20096.
[4]
source:http://www.dst.dk.20096.
185
186
DemographicanalysisofhousingneedsandthetargetgroupofpopulationDenmarkPP12
3.1 Demographicanalysisofhousingneedsandthetargetgroupof
populationDenmarkPP12
3.1.1
Howistheprivatehomeownershiprate?
Ownershipbyhousingtype:
Individualsinclusivepartnerships
Nonprofitbuildingsociety
Limitedliabilitycompany,etc.
Housingsocieties
Publicauthorities
Owneroccupiedflats
Otherorunknown
Detached
houses
1.022.909
9.464
11.546
7.654
3.697
1.165
4.445
Multidwelling
houses
140.760
362.425
97.790
140.527
25.210
210.064
43.117
3.1.2 Whatcanbegenerallysaidabouttheresidentialbuildings,e.g.multistoreybuildingsvs.
detachedhouses,yearofconstruction,privateorpublicownerrespectivelyhybridformssuchas
associations?
Dwellings with 2 3 rooms are normally for tenants, meanwhile dwellings 4 or more rooms are for private
owners.
Duetofinancialupturninthe60tiestherewasaboominbuildingofdetachedhousesforprivateowners.In
thelate60tiestoaprox1980whentheupturnhascooleddowntherewasaboominbuildingmultistorey
buildings.fortenants.
Privateownedorotherdwellingsmake2.548.240in2009.Nonprofitdwellingsmake526.202in2009which
makes20.65%ofthehousingmarket.
187
3.1.3 Whatstatementscanbedoneabouttheresidentialstructure,e.g.habitantpersq.km.,livingspace
perperson,anticipatedrequirementofresidentialbuildingsinthenext5years,predicteddemographic
trendsforthecountryortheregion?
The population density in Denmark is about 120 persons per km. Living space per person in multistorey
buildingsanddetachedhouses:60m.
Thistableshowthecompletednumberofminthepast3yearsandissuchanindicationoftheanticipated
developmentoverthenextyears:
PopulationinDenmarkthelast3years:
Type
region
yearof

commencement
ofbuilding
New
Denmark
Sameyear
New
Denmark
1previousyear
New
Denmark
2previousyears
2006
2007
2.369.263
1.692.934
4.720.249
1.350.845
4.213.208
1.139.910
2008
1.652.495
4.068.934
1.989.042
Population1.JanuarybyregionandtimeUnit:Number
2007
2008
2009
AllDenmark
5447084
5475791
5511451
ProvinceKbenhavnby
648889
656582
667228
ProvinceKbenhavnsomegn
503407
504481
508183
ProvinceNordsjlland
441318
441849
444215
ProvinceBornholm
43135
42913
42659
Provincestsjlland
232200
232459
233605
ProvinceVestogsydsjlland
583918
586968
587647
ProvinceFyn
480616
482410
484346
ProvinceSydjylland
709201
712249
715321
Provincestjylland
804878
812373
820558
ProvinceVestjylland
422550
424668
427174
ProvinceNordjylland
576972
578839
580515
3.1.4 Whatcanbesaidaboutthestructureofthehouseholds,e.g.agedistribution,distributionof
income,amountin%forrentalcostsofnethouseholdincome,developmentofthelivingstandard,gross
domesticproduct?
Around16%(averagerentforaveragesizeapartmentapp.540/mth),totalearnings(excludingnuisance
bonus):app.27perworkedhour.
188
agedistribution:
distributionofincome:
Median,totalearnings(excludingnuisancebonus)inDKKperworkedhour:
sex
2005
men
204.88
women
186.33
2006
2007
211.89 222.17
192.78 204.86
Incomebytypeofincome,unit,region,owner/tenantofdwellingandtime
2006
2007
1Income,total(3+5+6+9+26)
Averageincomeforallfamilies
AllDenmark
Occupiedbytheowner
570468
603167
Tenant
288968
295714
Amountin%forrentalcostsofnethouseholdincomeisaround16%(averagerentforaveragesizeapartment
4000DKK/mth)
http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1680[1]
Householdmembersbyage,sex,theabilityofthehouseholdtomake
189
endsmeetandtime
2005
2006
2007
Verydifficult,difficult
Somewhatdifficult
12
10
10
Fairlyeasy
Easy
25
36
Veryeasy
21
2322
38
40
21
21
Grossdomesticproductis120.786percap.
3.1.5
Arethereanyregionaldistinctionsorsimilaritiesconcerningtheclimate?
In Denmark we generally think the climate is the same all over but there are areas with a little more
sunshinethanothersandalessrain.Buttheimpactontheenergyconsumptionofhousescannotbeseen.
190
3.1.6 Construction,maintenanceandoperationcostsperm,m?Thestructuringoffinancialresources
inbuildingpractices(budget,privatefinances,bankcredits).Dynamicsoflast15years.Thedynamicof
pricedevelopmentoflivingareapersq.mandtheaveragesalaryinparticipatingcountries,Dynamicsof
expensesofaveragefamilyforbuildingmaintenance,Dynamicsofexpensesofaveragefamilyforbuilding
maintenance.
Costructioncostindicesapp.122forQ4,2008
Constructioncostindicesofdwellingsapp.122forQ4,2008;Thefirstquater(Q1)of2003theindexwas
100.
Maintenancecosts:see3.4.5
191
SustainabilityaspectsDenmarkPP12
3.2
SustainabilityaspectsDenmarkPP12
3.2.1 Howistheenergysaving/sustainableconstructionofresidentialbuildingsconnectedwithany
financialsupport?
Currently,thereisnoconnection.
3.2.2
Arethereanyexistingcapitalallowancesregardingsustainabilitybuildingpractice?
No,therearenotanyexistingcapitalallowancesregardingsustainabilitybuildingpractice.
192
EconomicalenergysupplyDenmarkPP12
3.3
EconomicalenergysupplyDenmarkPP12
3.3.1
Whatis(howhigh)theenergyconsumptionperm2andwhatistheneededexpenseperm2?
Theheatingrequirementsvaryalot.Average120150kWh/m/year.Pricevariesalsodependingonsource:
0,060,11/kWh.
Electricityuseis1.5002.000KWh/person.Priceis0,29/kWh.
3.3.2 Howwasthedevelopmentofenergycostsforprivatehousehold(incl.TAX)withinthelastfew
years?
Theenergyconsumptionforheatinghasfallen28,6%from1980to2007.Pricesperenergyunithavebeen
quitestablethelastcoupleofyears.
Statisticsareavailableat:[2]
3.3.3 WhatistherateofCO2emissionoftheusedenergyresourcesofbuildings?Dynamicsofdemand
ofenergyresourcesper1sq.m.oflivingarea(dependingonfuel,materials,constructions;duringbuilding
periodandlifetime).
Districtheating:36kg.pr.GJ
Naturalgas:0,2kg/kWh
Oil:0,27kg/KWh
Electricity:0,55kg/kWh
193
EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsDenmarkPP12
3.4 EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsDenmark
PP12
3.4.1
Whatcanbesaidabouttheoperatingcosts?
Operatingcosts:14/mcoveringsanitation,commonmaintenanceandplannedandperiodicmaintenance
andreplacement.
3.4.2
Whatkindofperformingbenchmarksareavailable?
Benchmarkinghasbeenstarted.Firstdataexistsonadministrationcosts.
3.4.3
Whichcostscanbelistedinthebillofoperatingcostsandwhichnot?
Operatingcosts:
1taxes,propertyofficial
2wateruse,plumbinginstallations
3
4
5
6
7cleaning
8
9electricalinstallations
10
11insurances
12
renovation,energyuse,contributiontoLBF,administation,maintenance,savingsforrenewal,losses(missing
rent),improvement,depreciation,damagesonbuildings,refurbishment
3.4.4
Howwasthedevelopmentofmaintenanceandoperatingcostsinthelastfewyears?
Quitestable,but2to3%peryear.
3.4.5
Whatarethecostsofmaintenanceandadministrationcosts?
Maintenance:17.50/m.
Administration:401/mperyear.
3.4.6
Whatcanbesaidaboutstabilityofvalueandlifecyclecosts?(development)
Thegeneralpictureis:
Value decreases maintenance and repair value increases a little this is repeated a few times
Then a mayor refurbishment is made and value increases to start value or higher and the pattern is
repeated
194
HousingdevelopmentprogrammesoftheparticipatingcountriesDenmarkPP12
3.5 Housingdevelopmentprogrammesoftheparticipatingcountries
DenmarkPP12
3.5.1 Whatkindoffinancialsupportdoesexistforownersandlodgers/renters,respectivelyfor
constructionofresidentialbuildings?
Forsocialhousing,specialloansandapercentagesupportof7%tobecoveredbythelocalauthorityispaid.
Forothertypesthereisnosupport.
3.5.2
Whoisthetargetgroupforthesesupportingprograms?
Thetenants.
195
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresDenmarkPP12
3.6
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresDenmarkPP12
3.6.1 Howcanthestructureofownership,i.e.theproportionofclassicrealestatemanagerandyield
orientedinvestorsbedescribed?
Themajorityofapartmentsforrentingareownedbysocialassociations.
3.6.2
Whataretheprocedurestomakeadecisionwithinownersassociations?
Democraticelectionofboardmembersholdingofgeneralassembly.
196
ConditionofrealestatemanagementDenmarkPP12
3.7
ConditionofrealestatemanagementDenmarkPP12
3.7.1
Whatarenationaldistinctionsinthetenancylaw?
ThetenancylawinDenmarkis:"Lejeloven".
3.7.2
Howwasthedevelopmentoftherentalpricesinthelastfewyears?
The pricesincreasedbetween0,5%to2,7%from2005to2006dependingonthetypeofdwelling.
197
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsDenmarkPP12
3.8
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsDenmarkPP12
3.8.1
Whatarethemodelsofcalculationofprofitability?Examples.
Generallycostandexpensesarecalculatedbutloansareincludedwithanamortizationcalculation,insome
casesusinganetpresentvaluemethod.
198
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismDenmarkPP12
3.9
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismDenmarkPP12
3.9.1 Whatarethefinancinginstrumentsonlocal/regional/national/EUlevelforhousing
development/suchaspublicprivatepartnership(PPP)respectivelyfinancialsupports?Supporting
instrumentsforhouseownerandrenter/lodgers(seeabove).
Specialloansareavailable.Supportforsocialhousingfromthemunicipalitesbylaw.Forprivatehomes80%
canbefinancedthrough"realkredit"loans
3.9.2 Howtomakeinvestmentdecisionsandforwhichtimeperiodthesedecisionsareplanedandare
validly?
A total economy calculation is made where the investments are compared to the savings over the coming
yearsforwhichtheeconomicalvalueiscalculatedtoitspresentvalue.
199
3.10 ReferencesDenmarkPP12
[1]
http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1680
[2]
[3]
Lejeloven:ThetenancylawinDenmark
200
Annexes
13.2 DetailsGermany
201
Engineering and building technology standards in Germany
Method of planning, permit and tendering procedures in Germany
Economical and financial basis, industry and quality in Germany
Annexes
202
ArchitecturalandUrbanDesignGermanyPP1
1.1
In Germany, 63% of all residential buildings are detached houses, 20% are semidetached houses and only
17% are multifamily houses. In 2007 there were about 39,9 million dwelling in Germany with about 3,44
billionsq.moflivingspace.Theshareoflivingspaceindetachedhouses(40%)isalmostthesameasinmulti
familyhouses(41%).IntheurbanareaofBerlinthepartofthemultifamilyhousesishigher(around46%)but
almostequaltothepartofdetachedhouseswithabout47%.Thegeneraltypologiesare:oldtownhouses
with 4 to 5 storeys built in the 19th and early 20th century, large residential buildings made with precast
concreteslabsofthepostwarperiodandnewtownhousesanddetachedhouses.
[1]
shareofresidentialbuildingsbybuilding
types,Germany2007
detachedhouse
flatsinresidentialbuildingsin
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
3andmore
flats
17%
semidetached
house
2flats
20%
63%
1flat
multifamily
house
shareoflivingspacebybuildingtypes,
Germany2007
detachedhouse
persons livinginonehouseholdingermany
1person
27%
39%
2persons
34%
40%
41%
morethan3
persons
19%
semidetached
house
multifamily
house
InGermanytherearemoretenantsthanprivateownersandalmostnosubtenants. Atabout1,6million(85%)
of all 1,9 million apartments in Berlin are tenants apartments (left side below). The amount of different
numbers of dwellers in households is almost equally between one, two and three or more. But 1 and 2
dwellersinoneapartmentaremoreusualforGermany(rightsidebelow).
203
Residential unitsinbuildingsperyearof
constructioninGermany(in1000)
ownerstructureofresidentialbuildingsin
2%
Owner
41%
57%
20000
15000
principal
tenant
10000
subtenant
5000
0
until1918
1919 1948 1949 1978 1979 1990 1991 2000 2001 2006
[1]
The amount of newly constructed residential buildings rose after the Second World War due to the
destruction. After this it stays more or less at the same level (left side below). In the last fifteen years the
amountofnewresidentialunitsroseafterthefalloftheWallbutthendeclinedtoaverylowamountofnew
constructions(rightsidebelow).
[1]
The demographic structure shows the importance of the barrier free construction as there is a third of all
Germanpeopleolderthan60years(leftsidebelow).ThemonthlyhouseholdincomeinGermanyliesmainly
between1300and3200per.(rightsidebelow).[1]
monthlyhouseholdnetincomeinGermany2006
16%
under500Euro
3%
29%
500 1 300Euro
1 3003 200
Euro
52%
204
3 200Euroand
more
view)?
Existentresidentialbuildings:
InBerlinalotofoldapartmentbuildingsareofthetimeendofthe19thandearly20thcentury.Thesebuildings
normallyhavefourorfivefloorswithapitchedroofandmoreorlessdecorationintheirfacade.Someofthe
actual urbancharacteristicsof Berlin are the eaves height of 22 m and a lot of gaps between thebuildings
which were caused by the bombings of the Second World War. Typical characteristics of the plan are the
courtyardsandtheBerlinroomaroomwithdifferentuseintheinnercornersofthebuildings.Insection
one can say that the height of the rooms (until approximately four meters) is characteristic as well. The
additionalcriteriaofthistypologyistheclearheightof3,0m.Untiltoday,alotofthesebuildingsarealready
insulatedandhavebetterwindows.
Anothertypologyisdefinedbythebuildingsmadewithprecastconcreteslabs.TheyexistinBerlinaswellas
in all the states of the former GDR (important for us: Brandenburg, Mecklenburg Vorpommern). They all
were constructed after the Second World War as a modern living alternative. Nowadays they are rebuilt,
changedormodernizedinsectionandplan,sometimestheyaresteppedaswell.
TherewereaswellbuiltalotofdifferentmultifamilyresidentialbuildingsinBerlinbeforeandaftertheworld
war. One example is of the architect Bruno Taut, the other has beenbuilt during the buildingboom of the
nineties. Nowadays, a very important building typology for families in the city centre are the town houses,
sometimestheyaresemidetached,sometimesdetachedorevenexistasarowhouse.Thedifferenceisthat
theyusuallyareinhabitedbyonlyoneormaybetwofamilies.
IntheruralareaofBrandenburgandMecklenburgVorpommernthebuildingshavelessfloorsbutcanlook
similartotheoldbuildingsinBerlin,althoughthenumberofdetachedfamilyhouseswithowngardenismuch
bigger. As well, the use of bricks is very important in the area. The closer one comes to the sea, the more
thatchedroofsonecanseeatypicalregionalappearance.
205
livingspaces)
The average residential unit in Germany has 86 m and has an average amount of 4.4 rooms. The average
livingspaceforonepersonistherefore42mwhichaccordsto2.1roomsperperson.[1]
1.1.5
IntheGermanfederalbuildingcodetherearenolimitationsforthebuildingenvelopebutthedifferentland
buildinglawsmakedefinitionsaboutfireresistanceandwindowsizes.Theminimalwindowsizeofahabitable
roomisdefinedwiththeminimalsizeof1/8oftheroomarea.Themostspecificinformationforacertainsite
ofconstructiononecanfindinthedistinctivelanddevelopmentplanswhichcanmakeregionallimitationsfor
material,formoftheroofandwindowsaswellasurbandesign.[2]
1.1.6
Elevator:
AccordingtothebuildinglawofBerlin39,houseswithmorethan4floorsorbarrierfreehouseshaveto
haveanelevatorwhichshouldbeinafireproofshaftdisconnectedfromthestaircase.[2]
Technicalequipment:
Inthe40to47ofthebuildinglawofBerlinaredescribedtheconditionsofallheating,cooling,ventilation
andothersystems.Intheseparagraphstherearemainlyconditionsforfireprevention.[2]
Residences:
According to 49 of the building law of Berlin, every residence or apartment has to have a kitchen (with
windoworventilation),abathroom(withbathtuborshower),astorageroom.Ifitisanapartmentcomplex,
therehastobebuiltastorageroomforallinhabitantsorwheelchairs,bicyclesandbabybuggies.[2]
Garage/parkingspace:
In Berlin, residential houses dont need garages or parking spaces, their construction is optional. In
Brandenburgthisisdifferent.MoreinformationcanbefoundinthebuildinglawsofBrandenburg.[2]
Telecommunication/internet:[1]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
60,1
40,2
45,7 43,3 44,7
landlinephones
4,5
mobilephones
1998
2003
2008
Telephonesinprivate
households(inMill.)
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
0,0%
75,4%
64,4%
PC
21,2%
8,1%
1993
1998
2003
Internet
access
2008
Numberofhouseholdsequipped
withPCandInternetaccess(2009)
Thedifferentrequirementsofdwellingintheland
206
buildinglawsareshowninfollowingtable:
spacialinformationinthefederalstates
buildinglawBerlin[2]
Brandenburg building law building law Mecklenburg

[3]
Vorpommern[4]
recreationroom
48
40
definition2
rooms that are not only rooms that are not only rooms that are not only
madefortemporarystay
clearheight(m)
2,50
2,40
2,40
size
sufficientsizeforitsuse
windowsize(m)
at least 1/8 of the floor

spaceoftheroomincluding
floor space of glazed
porchesandloggias.

porchesandloggias.

porchesandloggias.
47
2,30overhalfofNIA,areas 2,40overhalfofNIA;areas 2,30; not only under roof

with
height under 1,50 with height under 1,50 but as well for buildings of
recreation
room
aren'tconsidered
aren't considered; for building class 1 + 2
under roof: clear
renovation2,30isallowed according to 2 (up to 7m
height(m)
ofheight,)
storey
$2
$2
storey
Storeys are storeys if their

ceiling height is more than
1,40 m above the average
groundlevel
Storeys are storeys if their

ceiling height is more than
1,40 m above the average

groundlevel
storeyproper
uppermoststorey
Storeyarestoreyproperif
their ceiling height is more
than 1,40 m above the
averagegroundlevelandif
theirclearheightisatleast
2.30 m over at least 2/3 of
itsfloorspace.
uppermoststoreysareonly
storeyproperiftheyhavea
clearheightof2,30mover
more than 2/3 of the floor

space of the storey
underneath
$2
Storeyarestoreyproperif
their ceiling height is more
than 1,40 m above the
average ground level.
Storeys
for
technical
facilities or space between
lastceilingandroofwithout
recreation rooms aren't
storeyproper.
207
spacialinformationinthefederalstates
buildinglawBerlin
Brandenburgbuildinglaw
building law Mecklenburg

Vorpommern
dwellings
49
$41
$48
kitchen
kitchen/ kitchenette with kitchen/ kitchenette with condition for a kitchen

windoworventilation
windoworventilation
withwindoworventilation
bathroom
bathroom with shower or bathroomwithshoweror bathroomandatoiletwith

bathtubandonetoilet
bathtubandonetoilet
windoworventilation
storageroom
For buildings of building

class35accordingto2
therehastobeacommon
storage room for bicycles
andbuggies;eachdwelling
needsastorageroomof5
m; if the last one isn't
inside of the dwelling,
there has to be another
one inside the dwelling
with1m.
more
Living rooms, sleeping

rooms and corridors for
escape do each need

smokealarmdevices.
Not all recreation rooms

maybeinthenorthofthe
building.
outsidefacilities
$8
nonoverbuiltareas
have to be planted and have to be planted and have to be planted and

have to be capable of have to be capable of have to be capable of
waterabsorption
waterabsorption
waterabsorption
playground
208
A building with more than

6 dwellings needs a
playground on the site for
small children. 4m per
dwellingbutatleast50m.
Buildings with more than
75 dwellings need a
playground for older
children as well. If the
playground can't be
constructed on the site, it
is possible to pay a
corresponding amount of
moneytothecommunity
For buildings of building

class35accordingto2
there has to be a
common storage room
for bicycles and buggies;
each dwelling needs a
sufficiently big storage
room.
Abuildingwithmorethan
4 dwellings needs a
playgroundaccordingto
81.
For not small residential

buildingstherehastobea
commonstorageroomfor
bicycles, buggies and
wheel chairs; there has to
beaweatherproofparking
areaforbicycleaswell.
Abuildingwithmorethan
3 dwellings needs a
playground on or close to
thesite.Iftherealreadyis
one close to the site, the
playgroundisn'tneeded.
1.1.7
FlatRoofGuidelines(Flachdachrichtlinien):[5]
The guideline gives hints for the professional planning and realization of layers and connections to other
buildingpartsindetail.Flatroofshaveslopeof010grade.Roofedgeconnectionheighthastobe(roof
withaslopeof<5)about10cmor(roofwithaslopeof>5)about5cmoverthesurfacecoveringorgravel.
Roofedgeconnectionhastohavedownwardslopetotheroofside.Theusualmaterialsforedgeupturnbeam
arewood,concrete,masonry,metal.
GreenRoofGuidelines(Dachbegrnungsrichtlinie):[6]
QualityassuranceingreenspacesGreenroofDirectivesforplanning,implementationandmaintenance.
comfort)?
Accessibility:
Accordingto30theFederalBuildingLaw(BauGB)theapproach(infrastructure,waterandsewage)isoneof
thefactorsfortheacceptanceofaproject.ThebuildinglawofBerlingivesmoreinformationforaccessibility
andescapewaysincaseoffire.[7,2]
Bicyclecomfort:
Everyresidenceorapartmenthastohaveastorageroomforbicyclesaccordingto49ofthebuildinglawof
Berlin.[2]
Spaceefficiency:
Seequestion1.1.11
Reusingability:
Thelanduseplangivesinformationofthecorrespondingbuildingareaofthesite.Thetenexistingdifferent
areas are defined in 1 of the Land use Ordinance (BauNVO). 2 14 give adequate information about
possibleusesintheseareas(incaseonewantstochangearesidentialbuildingtoanofficebuilding).Thereis
noruleorinformationaboutthearchitecturaldesignofthespaceanditspossibilitytobechanged.[8]
The German Institute of Standardization (Deutsches Institut fr Normung, DIN) published the standard DIN
277, which determines the calculation of area spaces and capacity of buildings. According to this the gross
external area (GEA) is the total of area spaces of all levels of a building, i.e. all full storeys of a building
includingthesubterraneanspaceslikebasementgarageorcellarrooms.
The effective area (EA) is the total of all areas which are subjected to living and working, but also sanitary
facilitiesandparkingspaces.ForanidealspacemanagementtheEAinsideofabuildingshouldhaveahigh
proportionbecauseitrepresentsthepurposeofusageofthebuildingineffect.
Thetrafficarea(TA)ofabuilding,suchasstairs,corridorsandhallsaswellasemergencyexitsshouldrestrict
totherequireddimension.
Characteristics of an estate, such as the site occupancy index (SOI) and the floorspace index (FSI), are
declaredinanofficialplat.Theyarenecessaryforthecalculationofcosts.
TheSOIindicatesthepartofanestatewhichcanbeoverbuilt.Forexample,aSOIof0.5meansthat50%of
theestatecanbeoverbuiltwithabuilding.
TheFSIindicatestheratioofthetotalfloorareaofabuildingtothesizeoftherealestate.
Inviewofthereusingabilityofanestateitisnoticeablethataconversionofforexamplebusinessestateto
living room in Germany is strictly subject to approval. Therefore it has to be given a building licence.
Furthermoreitmustbeclarifiedifthepropertymeetstheconditionoftheplanninglaws.Inanareazonedfor
209
economicactivitiesaconversiontolivingroomisnotpossible.
1.1.9
Negativedesignlimitation(9LandBuildingLaw)andpositivedesignlimitations(landuseplan).[2,3,4]
AccordingtotheFederalBuildingLaw(BauGB)thebuildingprojecthastofittotheplaceandneighbourhood.
Theadecuateinformationandlocaldesignlimitationscanbefoundinthecorrespondinglanduseplan.[7]
DIN18025:
DIN18025part1:Accessibledwellings,Dwellingsforwheelchairusers,designprinciples[9]
Thiscodeappliestothedesign,execution,equipment,andmodernizationsofnewtenantedandcooperative
dwellingswhicharesuitableforwheelchairusersandsuchestates.
e.g.
dimensionofmovementareamustbeatleast1,50minnerwidthand1,50minnerlength.
elevatorsmusthaveaminimuminnerwidthof1,10mandaninnerlengthof1,40m.
slopeoframpsmustbeunder6grade.
(Draft)EDIN18040:
(Draft)EDIN18040part1:ConstructionofaccessiblebuildingsDesignprinciplesPart1:Publiclyaccessible
buildings[10]
The document describes design principles for publicly accessible buildings. It deals with the planning,
construction and interiors of publically accessible buildings and facilities outdoors which are suitable for
disabled employees. This standard applies to new buildings and to buildings under reconditioning or
modernizationanalogously.
LandBuildingCode:[2,3,4]
A residential building with more than 4 dwellings needs at least two apartments which can be reached
withoutbarriers.
Landuseplan:
Thelanduseplancontainsfederal,regionalandcommunitylawsintextandplan.
TheLandUseOrdinance(BaunutzungsverordnungBauNVO)givesinformationaboutthekind(living,industry,
mixedareas)anddimensionofthestructuraluse,thefootprintareaandthelocaltrafficarea.Accordingto
30oftheFederalBuildingLaw(BaugesetzbuchBauGB)thesefourcriteriasaresignificantfortheacceptance
ofanewconstruction.Thesitedevelopment(traffic,waterandsewage)hastobesegured,too.Localcriteria
canexistforrooforfacadedesign.[7,8]
210
The existence of a land use plan in Berlin can be checked at the following link:
http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation.
Afterthatitcanbecopiedinthecorrespondinglandregistryoffice(Katasteramt).
prEN15643:
prEN15643SustainabilityofconstructionworkPart3Socialframework[11]
Socialrequirementsare
Air quality, acoustic quality, distance to public traffic, shopping offers , local recreation area, green city,
playgrounds,sportsabilities,...
Air quality, acoustic quality, distance to public traffic, shopping offers, local recreation area, green city,
playgrounds,sportfacilities
211
StructuralDesignGermanyPP1
1.2
1.2.1
TheclimateinGermanyismoderate.Formoreinformationseechartbelow.[12]
regionalclimaticconditionsforcalculationofloadbearingstructureandenergydemand
average
average air cooling
heating
annual
wind storms per snowloads
annual sun tempera
days (temp days (temp precipitatio
year
skmin
qref
radiation ture
above25) under10) n
unit kN/m
number
kN/m
kWh/m
mm
high low high low high low high low high
59
120
0,85 13,8 900 0
WindloadsaccordingtoDIN10554(Windloads)[13]
212
low high low high low high low
FRG 0,39 0,56 46
11
185
100
500 0
GlobalRadianceinGermany:[12]
averageyearlysummation,(1981to2000):from900to1200kWh/m
213
SolarradiationsupplyinGermany:
Solarradiationonhorizontalareasintheheatingperiod(OctoberApril)[14]
214
Averageradianceintensity:
Schematicillustrationofthe15referenceregionsoftheaverageradianceintensityinGermany
Thefirstchartgivesinformationabouttheheatingdaysineachregionaccordingtothestartingtemperatures
for heating (19, 15, 12, 10C). The second chart gives information for the monthly radiation intensity (here
onlyinregion4)accordingtotheinclinationandorientationofthewall.[15]
215
216
Snowloadzone:
Mapofzones,sk=characteristicvalueofsnowloadsonthegroundinkN/m,A=groundlevelabovesealevel
inm.[16]
Summerheatprotection:
Toprotectinteriorroomsfromoverheating,therehastobeasummerheatprotection.Forthiscase,theDIN
4108part2makesaclassificationinthreezonesaccordingtoregionalclimate.Thethreezoneshavedifferent
limitvaluesoftheinternaltemperature(zone1:summercool:25C,zone2:moderate:26C,zone3:summer
hot: 27C). Another classification is made for the upper limiting value of average monthly external
temperature(zone1:<=16,5C,zone2:16,5C<<18C,zone3:>=18C).[15]
217
Storms,floods
218
Source:DeutscherWetterdienst(2009)[12]
AshortglossaryoftheBeaufortwindforcescalewithexamples:
Beaufortwindscale8:
Gale(boughsarebreaking;windcomplicatesthegoing)
Beaufortwindscale9:
Severegale(knobsarebreaking;lightlossesonhouses)
Beaufortwindscale10: Storm(windbreakstrees;heavylossesonhouses)
Beaufortwindscale11
Violentstorm(windrootsouttrees;stormlosses)
Daysofsunannually
AbstractfromthereportoftheGermanMeteorologicalService(DeutscherWetterdienst)for2008[12]:Inthe
year 2008 there were 6 months with sunshine duration above the long term average and 6 months with
sunshinedeficits.However,thesunshinesurplusesweremostlybiggerthanthedeficits.Thereforetheyearas
a whole can be considered as quite rich in sunshine duration. For the spatial mean of Germany a sunshine
durationof1626.7hresulted.Thisis98.3hor6.4%morethaninthereferenceperiod(196190).Thus2008
wasthe21stsunniestyearsince1951.
219
Temperaturedevelopmentp.a.
The German Meteorological Service DWD reports about the temperature development in 2008 that
September2008wasslightlycoolerthanaverage,buttheyearintotalbecameverywarm.Theyearlymean
temperature was 9.5C and therewith 1.2C above the value for the international climatological reference
period196190.Thus2008becamethe10thwarmestyearsincethebeginningofthe20thcentury.
Annualrainfall,airhumidity
With respect to precipitation the year 2008 had extremely different months. All together the year had 6
months with more and 6 months with less precipitation than in the reference period 196190. But as the
monthlydeficitsweremostlylargethanthesurpluses,theyearlyamountofprecipitationdidnotreachthe
reference value. The areal average of the amount of precipitation for the year 2008was 759.3 mm. This is
29.7mmor3.8%lessthannormal.Thus2008becamethe45thdriestyearsincethebeginningofthe20th
century.
220
Annualsnowdepth:theannualsnowdepthis0.651.10kN/m.
Numberofheatingandcoolingdays:thereare290heatingdays.
221
1.2.2
Themosttraditionalroofstructureispitchedroof.Otherpossibilitiesareflatroofandmonopitchedroof.In
Berlin,thereexistsavariationofpitchedandflatroof:theedgeismadeinatraditionalway(pitchedroof)
meanwhilethemiddleisflatinordertobeabletowalkoverit.Woodenrafterroofandwoodenbeamceiling
aretypicalforsinglefamilybuildings.
Notvisiblerafterconstruction
Visiblerafterconstruction
Theflatroofsareusuallyusedfornewresidential
buildings.Themostofconstructionsarereinforced
concrete solid sheet, profile metal sheet or
reinforced concrete load bearing structures. Flat
roofs can be performed as warm roof (not
ventilated roof) or as cold roof (ventilated roof),
also it can be reversal structure with external
thermalinsulation.
Mansard roofyoucan meeton the building of20
`s,thisformoftheroofofferslivingspacesonthe
upperfloorlikemansardapartments.
Berlin roof has generally asymmetrical roof form.
Facing the courtyard there is an easy downgrade
element with wood cement as a case maybe
roofing cardboard on the pitch roof covered with
woodenbatten.[16]
1.2.3
Thepredominatedloadbearingstructurearewallsofbrickorbuildingstonemasonry,prefabricatedslabsof
reinforcedconcrete(length:6,50m),partiallyprefabricatedslabsofreinforcedconcrete,prestressedconcrete
slabs (length: 15,50m). In residential building build before 1950 it was common to construct joist ceiling of
222
wood.Thepitchedroofstructureisstillmainlybuildintraditionalwoodconstruction(seepic.1.2.2)butfor
largescaleresidentialbuildingssuchasmadefromprefabricatedslabs asconcreteflatroof.Foundationsare
madeassingleorstripfoundationorfoundationmatofreinforcedconcrete.[17]
Buildingpermissionsofresidentialbuildingsin2001
accordingtopredominantlyusedbuildingmaterial
(165.607buildings)withouthostelsin%
1,20 0,10 6,20
8,60
steel
41,47
reinforced
concrete
1.2.4 Isthereanynationalcodeto
wood
calculateloadstructures?
42,43
DIN10551:200206:[18]
Thedocumentispartofanewseries
ofstandardsforactionsonstructures
which are developed on the basis of related European Standards and which are supposed to replace the
existingseriesDIN1055.ThedocumentisderivedfromDINVENV199121"Eurocode1Basisofdesignand
actiononstructuresPart21:Actiononstructures;Densities,selfweightandimposedloads".Thedocument
specifies characteristic values for densities and selfweights of building materials and dead loads of
commercial, industrial and agricultural goods as well as for friction angles of bulk materials for the
determinationofactiononstructures.Goodsandliquidsstoredinsilostanksarenotcoveredbythisstandard
butintherevisedversionofDIN10556.
DIN10551:200206:[18]
Action on structures Part 1: Densities and weights of building materials, structural elements and stored
materials
DIN10552:200206:[19]
Actions on structures Part 2: Soil properties. Gives soil properties, which apply for the determination of
actionsonstructuresduetothesoilloadandtheearthpressure
DIN10553:200206:[20]
ActiononstructuresPart3:Selfweightandimposedloadinbuilding
DIN10554:200206:[21]
Action on structures Part 4: Wind loads. This standard gives general procedures and the action for the
determinationofwindloadsforthedesignofstructures,includingchimneys,forahightupto300m.Further
rulesforthedeterminationofwindloadsfortrafficandrailroadbridgeswithspansupto200maswellas
pedestrianbridgeswithspansupto30maregiven.Moreoverthedeterminationofwindloadsforexecution
situationsofstructuresandforstructureswithalimitedworkingliveisdescribed.
DIN10555:200206:[22]
ActionsonstructuresPart5:Snowloadsandiceloads
DIN10557:200206:[23]
ActionsonstructuresPart7:Thermalactions
223
1.2.5
Usageofprefabricatedconcreteelementsinresidentialbuildingisbeingmoreandmorepopularbecauseof
theefficiencyofthisconstructionmethod,possibilityoftheintegrationindividualandecologicalsustainable
buildingsolutions.Theotherreasonsarelowbuildingcostsandshortconstructiontime.
Themostpopularprefabricatedelementsare:
prefabricatedsiteconcreteslabs,concretestaircasesindifferentforms,
mulliontransomfaades.
Prefabricatedslabfiligreeslabishalfprefabricatedslabthatconsistsof
prefabricated,dependingondemand614cmthickandtill14,0mlongslabelements.Thewidthandtheform
of the slab depend on the floor plan. The filigree slab has to be completed to the final slab thickness after
layingofthesitewithinsituconcrete.[24]
Schckisokorb (insulation basket), is used as rational solution for the
thermalandsoundinsulation,impactsoundinsulationandreinforcement
fortheprefabricatedbuildingelements.[25]
Prefabricatedfaadeelementsareusedforthethermalinsulationforthe
reconstructionofexistingbuildings.
224
1.2.6
Only13%ofallbuildingsarebuiltinprefabricatedmanner.Multifamilybuildingsalmostalwaysarebuiltin
handcraftbuilding,onlysingleanddoublefamilyhousesarebuiltindustrializedmanner.[1]
100%
95%
90%
industrializedbuilding
handcraftbuilding
85%
80%
75%
allbuildings buildings buildings threeand
withone withtwo
more
apartment apartments apartments
1.2.7 What
arethetypical
criteriatomake
adecisionin
favourofa
certain
construction
method?
The main reasons of choice of certain construction method are economical reasons, construction time,
technicalfeasibilityandquality.Sometimesecologicalcriteriaplayalsoarolebymakingthedecision.
225
EnergystandardsGermanyPP1
1.3
1.3.1
EnEV2007:[26]
EnEV2007GermanEnergySavingRegulationisusedtocalculateaprimaryenergydemandfornewbuildings
undernormalizedterms.TheEnEV2007becameeffectiveon1October2007,asaresultofwhichtheEnergy
PerformanceCertificatewillbeintroducedinstagesforexistingbuildingsinGermany.From1July2008,an
EnergyPerformanceCertificatemustbeprovidedforresidentialbuildingscompletedbefore1965whichare
upforsaleorrent.Itwillbecomecompulsoryfornewerbuildingsfrom1January2009.EnergyPerformance
Certificateshowstheenergyefficiencyofabuildingandalsoprovidesconcreteadviceonhowrefurbishment
cansaveenergy.
There are 2 variants of Energy Performance Certificate gives as Demand Certificate and Consumption
Certificate. The Demand Certificate contained objective details about energy demand of the residential
buildings,thatcalculationisbasedontechnicalanalysisofthebuildingvolumeandtheheatingsystem.The
Consumption Certificate specify of the residents during last 3 years for heating and hot water heating. The
resultoftheConsumptionCertificatedependsonindividualconsumerbehavior.
DIN410710:
DIN410710EnergyefficiencyofheatingandventilationsystemsinbuildingsPart10:Heating,domestichot
watersupply,ventilation.ThisPrestandardoffersforarchitectsandmechanicalandsanitaryengineersatool
tocalculatetheenergydemandofheating,domestichotwaterandroomventilationsystemsinthedesign
stage of a building. The results of the calculation may be used as proof of the total energy demand of a
building according to the German Energy Saving Regulation (EnEV). This Prestandard specifies a general
energyefficiencycalculationmethodanditgivesenergyefficiencyfactorsforcommonusedsystemsofheat
transmissiontotheroom,theheatdistributioninthebuildingandtheheatgeneration.Thebuildingforms
the limits for the calculation. The primary energy source will be taken into account with a Primary Energy
Factor.[27]
DINV41086:
DIN V 41086Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings Part 6: Calculation of annual heat and
energy use. This Prestandard gives the definitions for the heating balance of a building and describes the
calculation procedure of the annual energy use for heating in accordance with DIN EN 832 with respect to
boundaryconditionsinGermany.Themethodisapplicableforresidentialbuildingsandforbuildingswhich
aretemporarilyheated[28]
EnEV2009+DINV185991:200702:
with EnEV 2009 ( valid from October 2009) also DIN V 185991:200702 Energy efficiency of buildings
Calculationofthenet,finalandprimaryenergydemandforheating,cooling,ventilation,domestichotwater
andlightingcanbeusedtocalculatetheenergydemandforresidentialbuildings.[29,30]
Part1:Generalbalancingprocedures,termsanddefinitions,zoningandevaluationofenergysources
Part6:Finalenergydemandofventilationsystemsandairheatingsystemsforresidentialbuildings
Part7:Finalenergydemandofairhandlingandairconditioningsystemsfornonresidentialbuildings
226
DIN18599[30]
MaximalspecificheattransmissionlossespermthermalenvelopeandtypologyinW/Km
isolatedresidentialbuilding
nameanddate
ofcode
witheffective
areaAE<350
m
witheffective
areaAE>350
m
onesided
builton
residential
building
allother
residential
buildings
building
extensions
0,65
0,65
Germany
ENEV2009
0,40
0,50
0,45
UvaluesfortemperaturedifferencebetweenroomandthroughinW/Km
nameanddate
ofcode
Germany
ENEV2009
externalair
soil
externalair
externalair
externalair
wall
wall/floor
above
roof
window
roofwindow
0,28
0,35
0,20
1,30
1,40
200
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
before
renovation
150
after
renovation
50
100
before
renovation
afterrenovation
prefabricated
buildingsofGDR
1960
1950
1920
1900
timberedhouse
0
small inner
big
dwelling city complex
dwelling dwelling
227
OverviewofthepartsoftheDIN18599[30]
1.3.2
AnnualenergyconsumptionaccordingtoconstructionageinkWh/ma[31]:leftside
AnnualenergyconsumptionofasmallamountofdwellingsaccordingtotypologyinkWh/ma[32]:rightside
AnnualenergyconsumptioninkWh/m*a
annual
annual
primary
heating
energy
nameanddateofcode
consumption requirement
orhousetype
Qh
Qp
<60
KfWEfficiencyHouse70
Germany KfWEfficiencyHouse55
<40
<40
<15
Passivehouse
1.3.3
DIN4108:Thermalinsulationandenergyeconomyinbuildings.[33]
DIN4108(Part14)Thermalinsulationanenergyeconomyinbuildings.
DIN 41087 Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings Part 7: Air tightness of buildings,
requirements,recommendationsandexamplesforplanningandperformance.Thermalinsulationandenergy
economyinbuildingsThermalbridgesExamplesforplanningandperformance.
228
1.3.4
Annualprimaryenergydemand:
Annual primary energy demand for residential buildings can be calculated according to DIN EN 832: in
connectionwithDINV41086andDINV470110.[34,33,35]
Annualnetheatingdemand:
Theannualnetheatingdemandofthebuilding(heatingdemandQhanddomestichotwaterdemandQDHW)
hastobeknownforthecalculationofannualprimaryenergydemandaswellasexpenditureofenergy:
QP=(Qh+QDHW)ep
QPannualprimaryenergydemandforthebuilding
Qhannualheatingdemand
QDHWannualheatingdemandforthedomestichotwater
epexpenditureofenergy
Annualheatingdemand:
Annualheatingdemand(Qh)hastobecalculatedaccordingtothemonthlybalancemethod(DIN4108Part6,
AnnexD),oraccordingtotheseasonalbalancemethod(alsocalledsimplifiedmethod),thatisdescribedin
DINV470110.[33]
Annualheatingdemandforthedomestichotwater:
Annualheatingdemandforthedomestichotwater(QDHW)isdefinedinDINV470110as12,5kWh/(m2a).
[33]
Expenditureofenergy:
Expenditure of primary energy ep describes the proportion of the primary energy contained from system
technologyinrelationtonetheatsuppliedbyit.
Thewholesystemtechnologiesofthebuilding(heating,ventilation,heatingofdomestichotwater)duringthe
certainuseperiodhavetobeconsideredforthecalculationofexpenditureofenergyep.
Primaryenergydemandofthesystemsincludesfourlossparts:
lossesduringthegeneration
lossesduringthedistribution
lossesduringthestorage
lossesduringthebenefittransfer
Inadditiontherequiredauxiliaryenergyhastobecalculated,e.g.fortheheatpumpandtheburnermotor.
Furthermore, the energy loss has to be considered during the primary energy transformation to the final
energy.
Theannualheatdemandiscoveredby3parts:
Qh=Qh,DHW+Qh,V+Qh,H(equation20)
Qh,DHWheatthermalcredititemthroughhotwatersystemlosses
Qh,Vventilationcontributionattheannualheatingdemand
Qh,Hheatingcontributionattheannualheatingdemand
For each part there should be done a separate calculation. It should be started with hot water heating,
becausethoselossesareintegratedintheheating.Therequiredprimaryenergyforthebuildingresultedfrom
229
thesumofprimaryenergyfor3netenergyparts:
Qp=QDHW,P+QV,P+QH,P
Qi,P=(qi,TE,P+qi,AE,P)AN
qi,TE,Pspecificthermalenergyfortheprocessiwith
i=DHW,V,H,valuedasaprimaryenergy
qi,AE,Pspecificelectricauxiliaryenergyfortheprocessiwith
i=DHW,V,H,valuedasaprimaryenergy
ANeffectiveareaofthebuilding
Seasonalbalancemethodandmonthlybalancemethod:
ThereareusedtwowaystocalculatetheheatingenergydemandofthebuildingaccordingtoDIN4108Part
6:seasonalbalancemethodandmonthlybalancemethod.[33]
ThecalculationoftheannualheatingdemandaccordingtotheDIN4108Part6isbasedonmonthlyperiod.
Themonthlyheatingdemandoutcomesaccordingthefollowingequation:[33]
Qh,M=Ql,MMQg,M(equation20)
Ql,Mmonthlythermallosses
Qg,Mmonthlythermalgains
Mmonthlyutilisationfactor
ThermallossesQl,MinkWh/Monthhavetobecalculatedaccordingtotheequation
Ql,M=0,024HM(ie,M)tM(equation21)
0,024inkWh=1Wd;
HMspecificthermalloss
ie,Mtemperaturedifferencebetweeninternalairtemperatureandexternalairtemperaturee,M
tMnumberofdaysthementionedmonth
NOTE:forthecalculationofspecificthermallossHnotice,thatlossestothegrounddependonthemonth
accordingtoDINENISO13370.[36]
ThermalgainsinmonthlyaverageQg,MinkWh/monthhavetobecalculatedinthefollowingway:
Qg,M=0,024(S,M+i,M)tM(equation22)
S,Maveragesolarradiancethermalgainspermonth
i,Mthermalgainfrominternalthermalsources(averageinternalthermalbenefit)
tMnumberofthedaysofthementionedmonth
ThemonthlysolarthermalgainS,Mresultsfromtheequation:
S,M=Is,M,jFFFSFCgiAi(equation23)
j=1
Is,M,jmonthlyaverageradiationintensity
FFreductionratiofortheframe(FF=0,7;ordetailedcalculation)
FSreductionratioforshadow(Table911ofDIN4108Part6)[33]
FCreductionratioforantiglareshield(Table7ofDIN4108Part6)[33]
230
ibuildingpart
jorientation(j=South;East,West,North)
NOTE:theefficienttotalenergytransmittancehastobeusedforg.
ForthemonthlyaverageradiationintensityIS,MlookintheappendixA.
Theaverageinternalthermalgaini,M(kWh/month)resultsaccordingtothefollowingequation:
i,M=qi,MAB(equation24)
qi,Mtheaverageinternalthermalbenefitrelatedtothearea(Table2orAppendixDofDIN4108Part6)
ABreferencearea[33]
AccordingtoDIN4108Part6AppendixDAB=AN=0,32Ve(Vegrossvolume).[33]
ThespecificthermallossHhastobecalculatedinthefollowingway:
H=HT+HV(equation25)
HTspecifictransmittancethermalloss
HVspecificventilationthermalloss
TheannualheatingdemandQh(kWh/a)resultsaccordingtothefollowingequation:
Qh=Qh,M/pos(equation26)
Qh,M/posisthemonthlyheatingdemandwithpositivethermalbalance
Qh,M>0
Annualheatenergydemand
annualheatenergydemandQresultsaccordingtotheequationsfromtheDINV470110[35]
Heatlimittemperature
Heating period has to be calculated by comparing external air temperature and heat limit temperature
accordingtothefollowing
equation:
ed=i0Qg,M/(HMtM0,024)(equation27)
edheatlimittemperature
0utilizationfactor,=1
Qg,Mmonthlythermalgain(kWh)
tMnumberofthedaysofthemonth(days)
HMspecificthermalloss(W/K)
If the heat limit temperature > external air temperature, heating days in the heating period have to be
counted.
231
232
Theseasonalbalancemethodisasimplifiedmethod,accordingtothattheannualheatingenergydemandhas
tobedefinedinonebalancestepforthewholeheatingperiod.AccordingtoEnEVtheheatingperiodis185
days. The following table shows the differences between the seasonal balance method and the monthly
balancemethod.[37]
Heatingseasonalbalancemethod
Monthlybalancemethod[37]
Principle
Balanceofthetotalheatingperiod(185d)
Balanceoftheeachmonth;
addition
Appliancelimitations
Exclusively for residential building with window

surfacerate<=30%
No
NettointernalvolumeV
constantwithV=0,8*Ve
Differentiation in small buildings till 3 storey

building:
V=0,76*Ve
Largerbuildings:V=0,8*Ve
accordinglyindividualcalculatedV
Building
parts
in
unheated areas and in
theground
FixedconsideredFxi=0,6
Differentiatedconsidered(dependsonthecase
Fxi=0,250,9)
Thermalbridges
Constructions according to the design examples

pursuant to DIN 4108, supplement sheet 1: fixed
2
raiseUTB=0,05W/m K;
Either:fixedwithUTB=0,1W/m K;
Without the consideration of design examples:

monthlybalancemethod
or: applying of design examples according to

DIN
4108,
supplement
sheet
1:
2
UTB=0,05W/m K;
or:exact proof of thermal bridges according to
DINV41086
Cardinaldirections
Consideration only the main cardinal directions

(North,South,East,West
Consideration of 8
(N,S,E,W,NE,NW,SE,SW)
Horizontal(0 )andvertical(90 )
0 ,30 ,45 ,60 ,90
Solar gains of external

surfaces
Notconsidered
Considered
Unheatedglassporches
Notconsidered
Considered
Transparent
insulation
Notconsidered
Considered
Storagecapacity
Notconsidered
Considered
Rateofwindowframes
Fixed
Individual
Shadow
Fixed
Individual
Extra losses of surface

heating
Notconsidered
Considered
Autoventilationwithand
withoutthermalrecovery
Notconsidered
Considered
Internalgains
fixed
Individual
Individual
heating
temperaturelowering
Notconsidered
Considered
thermal
directions
Consideredgrades
cardinal
233
Image
for
calculationofheating,ventilationandhotwaterheating[35]
234
of energy
stream
the
Thepreparationofheattothecoverageofhotwaterheatingdemand(thesamefortheheating)throughthe
hotwaterstringcanbegenerallyclassifiedto5processsteps:
Transferofthehotwaterfromthewaterplugtotheuser(indexcecontrolandemission)
Distribution of the hot water from the heat generator/storage to the water plug (index d
distribution)
Storageofthehotwaterinthehotwaterstorage(indexsstorage)
Generationoftheheatedwater(indexggeneration)
Transformationoftheprimaryenergy(coefficientfp)
Imageofthecalculationschemaforthehotwaterstring[35]
Exemplaryillustrationofthehotwaterstring[35]
235
Thepreparationoftheheatthroughtheventilationstringisbeenclassifiedto5steps:
Transferoftheheatintheroom(indexce)
Distributionoftheheattotheplaceoftransfer(indexd)
Generationoftheheat(indexg)
Imageofthecalculationschemaforthehotwaterstring[35]
Exemplaryillustrationofthehotwaterstring[35]
236
Thepreparationoftheheatthroughtheventilationstringisbeenclassifiedto5steps:
Transferoftheheatintheroom(indexce)
Distributionoftheheattotheplaceoftransfer(indexd)
Generationoftheheat(indexg)
Imageofthecalculationschemafortheventilation[35]
Exemplaryillustrationoftheventilationstring[35]
237
238
239
240
241
242
BuildingmaterialsGermanyPP1
1.4
Roofstructure
woodandtiles,reinforcedconcreteandbitumen
Loadbearingstructure
wallsofbrickandbuildingstonemasonry,reinforcedconcrete
Foundation
Strip,singleormatfoundationofreinforcedconcrete
Externalwall
normallyplasterandcolourandbuildingstoneorbrickmasonry
Internalwall
lightseperationwallsofgypsumplasterboards
Floor
wood,floortiles,linoleum,carpet
Ceiling
wood, prefabricated slabs of reinforced concrete, partially prefabricated slabs of reinforced concrete,
prestressedconcreteslabs
Facade
metal,glass,reinforcedconcrete,
Windows
DoubleortripleinsulatingglazingwithframesofPVC,woodorwoodaluminium
Thermalinsulation
mineral wool insulation, expanded polystyrene hard foam (EPS), polyurethane (PUR), polystyrene
extrudedfoam,insulatinglightweightbuildingboard
Characteristicdataofseveralinsulationmaterialsaccordingtothickness
primary energy thermal

demand
conductivity
water
vapour
heat storage
bulk density
firebehaviour
diffusion
capacityc
class
resistance
Units
kWh/m3
W/mK
kJ/kgK
DIN4102class kg/dm
Mineralwoolinsulation 500,0
0,030,04
0,8
A2/A1
1580
Expanded polystyrene
3901050
hardfoam(EPS)
0,030,04
1,2
B1
1530
20100
Polyurethane(PUR)
0,020,03
1,41,5
B1,B2
33
40200
Polystyrene extruded
3501050
foam(XPS)
0,0250,035
1,4
B1
33
80200
Wood fibre insulating

160200
buildingboard
0,040,05
2,1
B2
160,0
510
Cellulose
0,030,04
2,0
B2
35100
12
8401330
70,0
mineral
wool
insulatio
Insulation material in Germany 2003 in % (source: Gesamtverband
n
Dmmstoffindustrie)
expanded
polystyren polyurethan
e
hard e(PUR)
foam(EPS)
insulating
polystyren
lightweigh
eextruded
t building
foam
board
Deutschland
30,36
5,08
59,11
5,44
0,01
243
Characteristicdataofseveralstonetypesaccordingtothickness
thickness
U
value
fire
resistance
bulk
class
Units
cm
W/mK W/mK
N/mm
class
kg/dm
Lightweight concrete precision full

30
block
0,3
0,1
F60A
0,45
Lightweight concrete precision light

30
block
0,36
0,12
F90A
0,5
Lightweight concrete precision hollow

30
block
0,25
0,3
F90A
0,8
Porousconcreteprecisionblock
0,28
0,1
A1
0,4
30
thermal conductivity strength
class
density
Typeofglass
Construction*
Ugvalue
Gvalue
(Glass thickness, interpane cavity),

[mm]
[W/m2K]
[Overallenergytransmittance]
[Lighttransmittance]
2IGU,argon
4/1216/#4
1.41.1
0.630.53
0.800.75
3IGU,krypton
4#/812/4/812/#4
0.70.5
0.550.47
0.720.68
2Vacuum
4/0.7/#4
0.5
0.54
0.73
244
*fromoutsideinwards(IGU=insulatingglassunit,#=positionofthelowcoating(s))
Masonryconstruction
TypicalconstructionaccordingtoEnEV2007[26]
Singleleafwall,plasteredonbothsides
Back cover masonry: vertically perforated brick, porous

concrete,lightweightconcretewithlightweightsurcharge
si
se
Thickness:3036,5cm
Masonry=0,090,14W/(mK)
U=0,230,35W(mK)
Exteriorplaster:lightweightplaster,isolatingplaster
Single leaf wall with insulation layer Back cover masonry: sandlime brick, vertically perforated
(thermalinsulationcompositesystem)
brickwithandwithoutlightweightsurcharge
si
se
Loadbearingmasonry:1524cm
=0,141,1W/(mK)
Insulation:1020cm(=0,0350,045)
U=0,200,30W/(mK)
Doubleleaf exterior wall with air layer and Back cover masonry: sandlime brick, vertically perforated
insulation
brick, porous concrete, lightweight concrete with
lightweightsurcharge
si
se
=0,141,1W/(mK)
U=0,200,35W/(mK)
Double leaf exterior wall with core Back cover masonry: sandlime brick, vertically perforated
insulation
brick, porous concrete, lightweight concrete with
lightweightsurcharge
s
s
i
=0,141,1W/(mK)
U=0,200,35W/(mK)
245
[38]
246
[38]
247
1.4.2
Technical,economical,ecological,habits,tradition,regulations,aestheticalreasons:
rawmaterials,energyeffort,recycling,transit,harmfulsubstances,longlifecycle
1.4.3 Whatkindof
progress/developmentissignificantlyshowninbuildingmaterialsandenergystandardswithinthelast
years?
Descriptionofthefurtherdevelopmentofthebalancingframeworktoprovethedemandsonenergyefficient
buildingsinGermany[39]
248
PhaseChangeMaterials:
Whenheatisstored,e.g.inahotwatertankorinatiledstove,itusuallyinvolveslargetemperaturechanges
ofseveraltensofdegreesC.Thetemperatureofthestoragemediumincreases(blueline)whenheatisstored
init.Thisformofthermalstorageisthusalsocalledstorageofsensibleheat.
Comparisonofthestorageprocessesforsensible(blue)andlatent(red)heat.[40]
Asnotemperatureincreasecanbeobservedoveralongperiodoftime,despitetheapplicationofheat,the
heatstoredduringthephasetransitioniscalled"latentheat".Forasolidliquidphasetransition,thelatent
heatisequaltotheheatofmeltingorcrystallizationofthestoragematerial.
Latentheatstorageiswidelyknownintheformofheatpackswhichare"charged"inhotwater.Useofstored
ice or snow from winter to provide cooling or air conditioning in summer was widespread until the
introduction of compression chillers. The concept is being discussed again today as an approach to save
energy.
However, latent heat storage can also be applied in other temperature ranges. For each application, a
materialwithanappropriatephasechangetemperaturemustbeselected.Differentclassesofmaterialsare
usedfordifferenttemperatureranges.
Storageoflatentheatmeansstoringheatinamaterialwhichundergoesaphasechange,asocalledphase
changematerial(abbreviation:PCM).Themostcommonlyusedphasechangeisbetweentheliquidandsolid
states, but the phase change between two solid states can also be used in principle. However, the latter
usuallyhaveamuchlowerstoragedensity.Whenheatisfedintothestoragematerial,thematerialbeginsto
melt once the phase change temperature has been reached. Although further heat is applied, the
temperatureofthematerialdoesnotincreaseuntilithasmeltedcompletely.Onlythendoesthetemperature
riseagain(redline).
VIG,TABS
temperatureranges.
Examplesforbuildingproducts:
KnaufPCMSmartboardTMaregypsumboards
withamodifiedgypsumcoreandwithboardlinermadeoffiberglassfleece.
249
CelblocPlusH&HbyH+HDeutschlandGmbH
ILKATHERMAirConditioningSystems
ILKATHERMWalls,CeilingsandSails
ILKATHERMproductsdemonstratetheirversatilitymainlythroughthematerialsusedandthewiderangeof
applications.
The successful eccentric cam locks are foamed into the panels and in combination with the tongueand
groove joints guarantee a swift and easy assembly. The construction elements exhibit outstanding heat
insulatingproperties
andarealsosuitedtosoundproofrooms.
Thesystemcanbeadaptedtovariousconditionsbyfoamingincabletroughstomeasure.Anotheradvantage
incomparisonwithconventionaldrymortarlessconstructionsystemsisthatspecialshelfelementsforfixing
heavyobjectscanbefoamedinaswell.ILKATHERMiscapable
oftakingupasuspendedloadof100kgperhookwithoutusingthickerpanels.
250
1.4.4
sthereanyecologicaldeclarationofbuildingmaterials?
In Germany there are various ecological declarations of building materials with different criteria. Some
buildingmaterialsarealsodeclaredaccordingtotheinternationalstandardISO14025Environmentallabels
anddeclarationsTypeIIIenvironmentaldeclarationsPrinciplesandprocedures(ISO14025:2006)butitis
notobligatory.Therearefollowingecologicaldeclarationlabels:[41]
natureplus
www.natureplus.org
GEVEMICODEEC1
www.emicode.de
FSCSiegel
www.fscdeutschland.de
EuroBlumewww.ecolabel.com/german
Ecology labels:
natureplus
www.natureplus.org
GEV-EMICODE EC1
www.emicode.de
FCS-Siegel
www.fsc-deutschland.de
Euro-Blumewww.eco-label.com/german
1.4.5
Whatcriteriaareinvolvedinthisdeclaration?
Green house potential, ozone depletion potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, acid potential,
eutrophicationpotential,emissions,healthrisks,risksforlocalandglobalenvironment,lifecycle,sustainability
[42]
251
1.4.6
WasteCatalogueOrdinance
Abilityforrecycling
Abilityfordeconstruction
Abilityforremoval
EuropeanWasteCatalogueshowsallpossiblewastematerials.
ISO14025showsallwastematerialsduringproductionandconstructionprocess.[41]
252
BuildingphysicsGermanyPP1
1.5
Uvalue [W/(km)] thermal transfer or transmission coefficient the amount of heat flow that passes from
onefaceofabuildingmaterialtoanother.
value[W/(mK)]thermalconductivityisamaterialpropertythatindicatesthequantityofheatflowacrossa
unitarea,throughaunitthicknessforatemperaturegradientof1C.Itreferstothetotalisolationvalueofa
building.valueisobtainedbymultiplyingtheformfactorofthebuilding(=thetotalinwardsurfaceofthe
outward walls of the building divided by the total volume of the building) with the average Uvalue of the
outwardwallsofthebuilding.
valuewatervaporproofistheresistanceofthematerialusedforthewatervapourtransfer.
value bulkdensity [kgm3] is defined as the mass ofmanyparticles of the material dividedbythe total
volumetheyoccupy.
c specific heat capacity [ kJ/kgK] is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the
temperatureofaunitquantityofasubstancebyacertaintemperatureinterval.
DIN41082ThermalprotectionandenergyeconomyinbuildingsPart2:Minimumrequirementstothermal
insulation[43]
Thisstandarddefinesamaximumcharacteristicsolarvaluetoavoidoverheatinginthesummer.
S=(jAw,jgtotal,j)/AG
Aw,jareaofthewindowindirectionj[m]
gtotal,jtotalsolarenergytransmittanceoftheglazingincludingsunprotectionaccordingtoDINEN133631
AGnetinternalarea[m]
Smax maximumcharacteristicsolarvalueistheadditionofdifferentcharacteristicsolarvalueaccordingto
table 9 in DIN 41082 (depends on the climate region, type of construction, night ventilation, orientation,
angleofinclinationofthewindow)
S<Smax
DINEN15251Indoorenvironmentalinputparametersfordesignandassessmentofenergyperformanceof
buildingsaddressingindoorairquality,thermalenvironment,lightingandacoustics[44]
TospecifythecriteriaforindoorenvironmentandhowtheyareusedtomeettherequirementsintheEnergy
PerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EPBD),howtoestablishindoorenvironmentalinputparametersforthe
energyperformancecalculations,methodsforlongtermevaluationoftheobtainedindoorenvironmentasa
result of calculations or measurements, how different categories of indoor environment can be used and
criteria for measurements to be used by inspection or monitoring of the indoor environment in existing
buildings. In addition, there will be a special section for natural ventilated buildings without mechanical
cooling.
253
1.5.3
DIN4109Soundinsulationinbuildings
Part1:RequirementsofSoundinsulationinbuildings;constructionexamplesandcalculationmethods[45]
Thestandardspecifiesrequirementsforsoundinsulationwiththeaimofprotectingpersonsinbuildingsfrom
unacceptablelevelsofnoisearisingfromsoundtransmission.Themethodofassessingwhetherthedegreeof
soundinsulationrequiredexistsisalsolaiddown.
Soundinsulationinbuildings;guidelinesforplanningandexecution;proposalsforincreasedsoundinsulation;
recommendationsforsoundinsulationinpersonallivingandworkingareas
requirementsforsoundinsulationaccordingtoDIN4109:
Requirements
RW
Ln,W
indB
indB
Floorstodifferentdwellings
54
53
Walltodifferentdwellings
53
Doorsfromcorridorofdwellingstostairways
27
Doorsfromlivingroomofdwellingstostairways
37
Supplement2:guidelinesforplanningandexecution;proposalsforincreasedsoundinsulation;
The supplement 2 contains guidelines for planning and execution as well as suggestions for improved
insulation against noise transmission from other living and working areas, recommendations for sound
insulationtopreventnoisetransmissionwithinpersonallivingandworkingareas,suggestionsforimproved
insulationagainstnoisefrominstallationsinbuildings.
Supplement3:CalculationofR'w,RforassessingsuitabilityasdefinedinDIN4109onthebasisofthesound
reductionindexRwdeterminedinlaboratorytests
ThedocumentspecifiesamethodofdeterminingthedesignvalueasspecifiedinDIN4109,clause6.4.1,of
components whose weighted sound reduction index Rw was measured in accordance with DIN EN 20140
3[46]orDIN522101[47](inteststandswithoutflankingtransmission).Theconversionmethodappliesonly
tosinglenumberratingsforRwdeterminedinaccordancewithDINEN207171[48](onthebasisoftheone
thirdoctavebandvaluesofthesoundreductionindexRobtainedonteststandsinaccordancewithDINEN
ISO1401[49]orDIN522102[50].
thecode?
DIN50344DaylightininteriorsPart4:Simplifieddeterminationofminimumwindowsizesfordwellings[51]
The document makes possible a simplified determination of necessary sizes of windows in rooms, which
shouldreceiveadequatedaylightaccordingtoDIN50341[52].Forthispurposetherelevantparametersare
fixedandwindowdimensionsaregivenintablesaccordingtotheindividualroomdimensionsandtheamount
ofobstruction.
254
DIN50346DaylightininteriorsPart6:Simplifieddeterminationofsuitabledimensionsforrooflights[53]
Thedocumentenablesitsusertoroughlydeterminetheappropriatetransparentroofareabyfixinggeneral
parametersconcerningobstruction,glazingpropertiesandroomreflectances.
1.5.5
DIN41083ThermalprotectionandenergyeconomyinbuildingsPart3:Protectionagainstmoisturesubject
toclimateconditions;Requirementsanddirectionsfordesignandconstruction[54]
1.5.6
Herearesomepossiblerequirementsforthefacadeconstruction:
Structuralstability
Thermalinsulation(DIN41086)[33]
Moistureproofing(DIN41083)[55]
Airtightness(DIN41087)[56]
Naturallighting(DIN5034)[57]
Soundinsulation(DIN4109)[45]
Heatcapacity
Moisturebalanceability
Fireprevention(DIN4102)[58]
Hygiene
1.5.7
DIN 41021 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components Part 1: Building materials;
concepts,requirementsandtests[59]
DIN 41024 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components; synopsis and application of
classifiedbuildingmaterials,componentsandspecialcomponents[60]
Thisdocumentcontainscategorisedresultsoffiretestsofbuildingsmaterials,componentsandconstruction
types.DuetotheassignmenttotheclassesofbuildingmaterialsaccordingtoDIN4102part1andthefire
resistanceclassesoftheotherpartsofDIN4102respectively,furtherfiretestsfortheverificationofusability
requiredbythebuildingregulationsarenotnecessary.
255
1.5.8
Thelanduseplanofthedistinctivesitegivesinformationaboutfootprintareaofeachsiterespectivelyabout
theareanottoseal.NormallyitiscalledthesiteoccupancyindexSOI(GrundflchenzahlGRZ)whichshows
the proportion of Gross External Area to land area. In 19 of the Land use Ordinance
(BaunutzungsverordnungBauNVO)youcanfindmoreinformationandexceptions[8]
1.5.9
WhatcriterionsareinvolvedtodetermineEnergyEfficiencyofbuilding?
Seequestion1.3.1
256
TechnicalfacilitiesandservicesGermanyPP1
1.6
1.6.1
Typeofenergycarriersinresidentialbuildingsin
Germany2006
0,8%
0,2%
3,0%
13,2%
Districtheating
30,2%
Naturalgas
Electricity
Oil
browncoal
4,0%
48,6%
Source:Statisches
Bundesamt
blackcoal
Renewableenergy
Classificationofheatingsystemsthrough:
locationoftheheatgenerator:individualheating,centralheating,districtheating,Standardboiler,
lowtemperatureboiler,condensingboiler,heatpumpheating
art of energy: coal heating, gas heating, oil heating, electrical heating, solar heating (collectors,
storagewithheatexchanger,controlofthepumpfunction,photovoltaic),
heatcarrier:hotwaterheating,steamheater,airheating
heatdistribution:radiators,convectors,heatsurfaceplates,special(e.g.floorheating)
artofheatemission:convectionheating,radiationheating,airheating,combinedheating
Heatinggenerators:
condensingboiler
lowtemperatureboiler
woodpelletboiler
electricheatpump
solarheatingsystem
257
Typeofheatingsystemsinresidential
buildingsinGermany2006
7,5%
7,7%
13,2%
Districtheating
centralheating
Localheatingsystem
(coveringoneflooror
zone)
others
71,6%
Source:StatischesBundesamt
1.6.3
Conventionalcoolingsystem,passivecoolingsystem
1.6.4
windowventilation,mechanicalexhaustairplantwithoutandwithheatrecovery
DIN19466
Ventilation and air conditioning Part 6: Ventilation for residential buildings General requirements,
requirements for measuring, performance and labeling, delivery/acceptance (certification) and
maintenance[61]
Thisdocumentisspecifiedforthenaturalandmechanicalventilationforapartmentsandsimilarusedgroups
ofrooms.Itdescribestheventilationcomponentsandunitsforinstallationsforthenaturaland
mechanical ventilation for engineering, construction and bringing into service, operation and maintenance
withregardtoconstructional,ventilationtechnically,hygienicandenergeticaspects.Itcontainsaschemefor
alabelingfornaturalandmechanicalventilationsystems.
DIN EN 131416 Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential
ventilationPart6:Exhaustventilationsystempackagesusedinasingledwelling[62]
This European standard specifies laboratory methods for measuring the aerodynamic and acoustic
performancecharacteristicsand energy consumption ofassembled exhaust ventilation system packages for
single dwelling. The object of this standard is to provide tested characteristics for a system package in
extremeconditionstoenabletheusertobeassuredthatthesamevalueswillbeachievedonsitewhenthe
systempackageisinstalledinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sinstructionandwithintheselimitsofthe
testconditions.
258
ventilationsystems)
According to the Energy Savings Ordinance (ENEV 2007) 12 air conditioning has to undergo an energetic
inspectioneverytenyears.Itgivesadditionalinformationabouttheinitiationofboilersin13.[24]
VDI6022Hygienicrequirementsforventilatingandairconditioningsystemsandairhandlingunits[71]
TheguidelineVDI6022appliestoallventilatingandairconditioningsystemsandairhandlingunitssupplying
airtoroomsoroccupiedareasinroomswhichareintendedforusebypersonsonmorethan30daysperyear
ormorethantwohoursperdayonaregularbasis[1].Itappliestoallsystemsandcentralordecentralised
componentsthereof(includingunitssuchasrecoolingplants),whichinfluencethequalityofthesupplyair.
Only then will this guideline apply to extractair systems if these can influence the quality of supply air by
recirculation.
VDMA 24186 The document includes performance program for the maintenance of technical installations
andequipmentinbuildings[72]
1.6.6
DrinkingWaterRegulation
DINEN8061SpecificationsforinstallationsinsidebuildingsconveyingwaterforhumanconsumptionPart1:
General;GermanversionEN8061:2001+A1:2001[63]
ThistechnicalrulegivesasamendmenttoEN8061agraphicalsymbolandanadvicefortheuseofasecurity
deviceagainstbackflowofpollutedwaterintothedrinkingwaterinstallation.
DomesticsewageRegulation
DIN 4045 This standard specifies definitions for terms of wastewater engineering. This standard contains
significant terms in the field of wastewater engineering and such terms which were not unambiguous until
now.[64]
From1995to2004thewaterconsumptionperpersonanddayreducedfrom132lto126l(5%).
Water anddomestic sewage consumptionper person and day

inl
1995
1998
2001
2004
129,0
127,0
126,0
Germany 132,0
1.6.8
DINVENV1627Windows,doors,shuttersBurglarresistanceRequirementsandclassification[65]
The document specifies requirements and classification for burglar resistance properties of doors, windows
and shutters. It is applicable to the following means of opening: turning, tilting, folding, turntilting, top or
bottomhung,sliding(horizontallyandvertically)androlling,aswellasfixedconstructions.Itisnotapplicable
tomanipulationandburglaryattemptsinrespectofelectronicorelectromagneticsecuritydevices.
1.6.9
Isrenewableenergylikesolar,wind,biomassorgeothermalresourcesusedinsteadoffossilfuels
259
Portionofrenewableenergyofprimaryenergydemandincreasedfrom1,6%in1990to6,9%in2006
portionofrenweableenergyofprimaryenergy
demandin%
2006
2002
portionofrenweableenergy
ofprimaryenergydemand
in%
1998
1994
1990
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
[1]
Thereareuseddistinctiverenewableheatingsourceswhichareallaidedbythestate:
SolarcollectorshavetofulfilRALUZ73(of2004).
Heatpumpshaveabasisaidandcangetanefficiencybonusintwostepsforgoodefficiency.
Palletovenswithanominalheatingcapacityabove5kWget500foreachinstallation.
Biomassinstallationsareaidedwithanominalheatingcapacityabove100kW.
Installationsthatconvertbiogastodomesticgasareaidedupto350m/h.
*includingconsumptionoftheenergybranchforelectricityandheatgenerationanddistributionlosses
Source:Eurostat,December,2008
260
About350000heatpumpsareinstalled.About1/3in2007and2008.ThetotalproducedPVpowerincreased
from76GWh(2001)to2220GWh(2006).Thenumberofinstalledsolarheatingsystemincreasedfrom1999
to2004about260%tototal700000.
In the last 10 years energy demand for space heating decreased about 28% from 199,3 kWh/m to 142,7
kWh/m.Butinthesametimeelectricpowerconsumptionperpersonincreasedabout16%.[1]
Energydemandperday(kWh)
Numberofpersons
Germany
3,7
5,6
7,4
There are not special energy efficient requirement on fans, pumps and temperature efficiency of heat
recovery, according to the Norm DIN EN 15459:2007, DIN EN, EnEV 2009 and numbers of the interrelated
Norms the designer calculate the energy consumption under the actual situation, they choose the optimal
fans,pumpsandtheheatrecovery.
261
QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsGermanyPP1
1.7 QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsGermany
PP1
DINEN15217EnergyperformanceofbuildingsMethodsforexpressingenergyperformanceandforenergy
certificationofbuildings[66]
ThisEuropeanStandardspecifies:a)overallindicatorstoexpresstheenergyperformanceofwholebuildings,
including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, domestic hot water and lightning systems. This includes the
different possible indicators; b) ways to express energy requirements for the design of new buildings or
renovationofexistingbuildings;c)procedurestodefinereferencevalues;d)waystodesignaprocedurefor
buildingenergycertification.
thesecertificates?
Germansustainablebuildingcertificate
ThefocusoftheDGNBisonawardingthecertificationforsustainablebuilding.Thefirst
time it was awarded for the system variation New Construction Office and
Administration, Version 2008. As a clearly arranged and easy to understand rating
system, the German Sustainable Building Certification covers all relevant topics of
sustainable construction and awards outstanding buildings in the categories bronze,
silver, and gold. Six subjects affect the evaluation: ecology, economy, socialcultural
andfunctional topics, techniques, processes, and location. The certificate is based on
theconceptofintegralplanningthatdefines,atanearlystage,theaimsofsustainableconstruction.[67]
Seewww.dgnb.de
1.7.3
Lowenergyhouseisthehouse,thatenergydemandismin.25%underthecurrentenergysavingordinance.
TheheatenergyparameterforGermanclimaticconditionsisabout70kWh/mfordetachedhouseandat
about55kWh/mformultistoreyhouse.
Passivehouseisdescribedasabuildingwithverylowheatdemandthatislessthan15kWh/m.Theprimary
energy demand including hot water and electricity is allowed to be max. 120 kWh/m. The calculation
regulationsforpassivehousesdifferinsomewayfromGermanEnergySavingOrdinance.Theoneofthemain
componentsisverygoodinsulatedbuildingenvelopewithinsulationthicknessbetween25and40cm.
Zeroenergybuilding(ZEB)ornetzeroenergybuildingisabuildingwithzeronetenergyconsumptionand
zerocarbonemissionsannually.Zeroenergybuildingsareautonomousfromtheenergygridsupplyenergyis
producedonsite.Thisdesignprincipleisgainingconsiderableinterestasrenewableenergyisameanstocut
greenhousegasemissions.
1.7.4
Followingupprocedureoftheperformanceofthebuildingenergysystem.
seeanswers1.3
262
DefinitionofqualitystandardsGermanyPP1
1.8
DefinitionofqualitystandardsGermanyPP1
DINEN15643(Draft)[68]
Sustainabilityofconstructionwork
Sustainabilityassessmentofbuildings
ISO15686part110[69]
CriteriafortheGermanSustainableBuildingCertificate*
Qualityoftheproject'spreparation
andplacing?
DINEN15643(Draft)[68]
Part2,Part4
prEN15804environmentalproductdeclaration[70]
Criteria of DGNB certification: 1. lowwaste construction site 2. Lownoise construction site 3. Lowdust
constructionsite4.EnvironmentalprotectionattheconstructionsiteandDINEN15643(Draft)
Part2,Part4
prEN15804:environmentalproductdeclaration.
263
ReferencesGermanyPP1
1.9
[1]
StatistischesBundesamt:www.destatis.de,2009
[2]
BauordnungfrBerlin,2006
[3]
BrandenburgischeBauordnung,2008
[4]
LandesbauordnungMecklenburgVorpommern,2006
[5]
Flachdachrichtlinien(???)
[6]
Grndachrichtlinien(???)
[7]
Baugesetzbuch,2007
[8]
Baunutzungsverordnung,2007
[9]
DIN18025part1:Accessibledwellings,Dwellingsforwheelchairusers,designprinciples(???)
[10]
E DIN 18040part1: Construction of accessible buildings Design principles Part 1: Publicly

accessiblebuildings(???)
[11]
prEN15643SustainabilityofconstructionworkPart3Socialframework
[12]DeutscherWetterdienst:www.dwd.de
[13]
DIN10554(Windloads)
[14]
AtlasberdieSonnenstrahlungEuropas
[15]DIN41086Thermalprotectionandenergyeconomyinbuildings,Part6Calculationofannualheat
andannualenergyuse.Berlin,Juni,2003
[16] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Dach
[17] StatistischesBundesamt:www.destatis.de
[18]
DIN 1055 Actions on structures part 1 Densities and weights of building materials, structural
elementsandstoredmaterials.200206.
[19]
DIN 1055 Actions on structures part 2: Soil properties. Gives soil properties, which apply for the
determinationofactionsonstructuresduetothesoilloadandtheearthpressure.200206.
[20]
DIN1055Actionsonstructurespart3:Selfweightandimposedloadinbuilding.200206.
[21]
DIN1055Actionsonstructurespart4:Windloads.200206.
[22]
DIN1055Actionsonstructurespart5:Snowloadsandiceloads.200206.
[23]
DIN1055Actionsonstructurespart7:ThermalActions.200206.
[24] http://www.betonwerkwegener.com/40237/41139.html
[25]
http://www.bauingenieur24.de/fachbeitraege/massivbau/2058.htmSchckIsokorbXTmitZulassung
DIBt
[26]
ENEV2007
[27]
DIN 4107 Energy efficiency of heating and ventilation systems in buildings Part 10: Heating,
domestichotwatersupply,ventilation.
[28]
DIN 4108 Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings Part 6: Calculation of annual heat
andenergyuse.
[29]
ENEV2009.(validfromOctober2009)
[30]
DIN V 18599 Energetische Bewertung von Gebuden. Calculation of the net, final and primary
energydemandforheating,cooling,ventilation,domestichotwaterandlighting.Berlin.200702.
264
Part1:Generalbalancingprocedures,termsanddefinitions,zoningandevaluationofenergysources
Part6:Finalenergydemandofventilationsystemsandairheatingsystemsforresidentialbuildings
Part7:Finalenergydemandofairhandlingandairconditioningsystemsfornonresidentialbuildings
[31]
WuppertalInstitutfrKlima,Umwelt,Energie,PlanungsbroSchmitzAachen:
EnergiegerechtesBauenundModernisieren,GrundlagenundBeispielefrArchitekten,
BauherrenundBewohner.BundesarchitektenkammerBasel/Berlin/Boston1996
[32]
Rei,J.,Erhorn,H.undReiberM.:EnergetischsanierteWohngebude.FrauenhoferIRB
Verlag,Stuttgart,2002
[33]
DIN4108ThermalprotectionandenergyeconomyinbuildingsPart6:Calculationofannualheat
andenergyuse.(????)
[34]
DINEN832
[35]
08.
DIN V 4701part 10 Energetische Bewertung heiz und raumlufttechnischer Anlagen. Berlin. 2003
[36]
DINENISO13370(????)
[37]
kologischesBauen,Hrsg.DetlefGlcklich,DeutscheVerlagsAnstaltGmbH,2005
[38]
NormengerechteKonstruktionsdetailsfrBauvorhaben, Beinhauer,Peter VerlagsgesellschaftRudolf
Mller.2005.
[39] http://www.pcmral.de/
[40]
TuBerlin
[41]
ISO14025EnvironmentallabelsanddeclarationsTypeIIIenvironmentaldeclarationsPrinciples
andprocedures.2006.
[42]
www.nachhaltigesbauen.de.200910.
[43]
DIN41082ThermalprotectionandenergyeconomyinbuildingsPart2:Minimumrequirementsto
thermalinsulation
[44]
DINEN15251Indoorenvironmentalinputparameters
[45]
DIN 4109 Sound insulation in buildings Part 1: Requirements of Sound insulation in buildings;
constructionexamplesandcalculationmethods
[46]
DINEN201403
[47]
DIN522101
[48]
DINEN207171
[49]
DINENISO1401
265
[50]
DIN522102
[51]
DIN 50344 Daylight in interiors Part 4: Simplified determination of minimum window sizes for
dwellings
[53]
DIN 50346 Daylight in interiors Part 6: Simplified determination of suitable dimensions for roof
lights
[54]
DIN 41083 Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings Part 3: Protection against
moisturesubjecttoclimateconditions;Requirementsanddirectionsfordesignandconstruction
[55]
Moistureproofing(DIN41083)
[55]
DIN41083:Moistureproofing
[56]
DIN41087:Airtightness
[57]
DIN5034:Naturallighting
[58]
DIN4102:Fireprevention
[59]
DIN41021FirebehaviourofbuildingmaterialsandbuildingcomponentsPart1:Buildingmaterials;
concepts,requirementsandtests
[60]
DIN41024Firebehaviourofbuildingmaterialsandbuildingcomponents;synopsisandapplication
ofclassifiedbuildingmaterials,componentsandspecialcomponents
[61]
DIN 19466 Ventilation and air conditioning Part 6: Ventilation for residential buildings General
requirements, requirements for measuring, performance and labeling, delivery/acceptance
(certification)andmaintenance
[62]
DIN EN 131416 Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for
residential
ventilationPart6:Exhaustventilationsystempackagesusedinasingledwelling
[63]
DINEN8061Specificationsforinstallationsinsidebuildingsconveyingwaterforhumanconsumption
Part1:General;GermanversionEN8061:2001+A1:2001
[64]
DIN 4045 This standard specifies definitions for terms of wastewater engineering. This standard
contains significant terms in the field of wastewater engineering and such terms which were not
unambiguousuntilnow.
[65]
DINVENV1627Windows,doors,shuttersBurglarresistanceRequirementsandclassification
[66]
DINEN15217EnergyperformanceofbuildingsMethodsforexpressingenergyperformanceandfor
energycertificationofbuildings
[67]
www.dgnb.de.200909.
[68]
DINEN15643(Draft)SustainabilityofconstructionworkSustainabilityassessmentofbuildings
[69]
ISO15686part110CriteriafortheGermanSustainableBuildingCertificate*Qualityoftheproject's
preparation
[70]
prEN15804
[71]
VDI6022Hygienicrequirementsforventilatingandairconditioningsystemsandairhandlingunits
[72]
VDMA 24186 The document includes performance program for the maintenance of technical
installationsandequipmentinbuildings
266
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsGermanyPP2
2.1
2.1.1
Answer:
InGermanywehaveathreephasesystemofthebuildinglandplanninglawbetweenthefederal,thefederal
countriesandthelocalauthoritydistricts.
1.extent:Federallaw=istheconstructioncodeoflaw(AdditionNo.1)[1]
2.extent:Federalstatelaw=buildingcode(AdditionNo.2)[2]
3.extentmunicipallaw=statutes
Inaddition,thereareordersanddirectivesoftheEuropeanUnion,thefederalrepublic,thefederalstatesand
thelocalauthoritydistricts!
2.1.2
Constructioncodeoflawofthefederalrepublic,thebuildingcodesofthefederalcountriesandstatuteand
ordersofthelocalauthoritydistricts.
2.1.3
1.Theobservanceoftheenergysavingorder(EnEV)(AdditionNo.3)[3]
The energy saving order (EnEV) is a share of the German building law. In this constructional standard
standardsareprescribedbytheFederalGovernmentonthelegalbasisforsuretyshipoftheauthorisationby
theenergyconservationlaw(EnEG)todevelopertotheefficientcompanyenergyconsumptionofthebuilding
orconstructionproject.Itisvalidforresidentialbuilding,officebuildingandcertainfactories.
2.Theregulationofthebuildingapplicationprocess.
WithoftheapplicationofthebuildingprojecttheproofsmustbeproducedaccordingtotheEnEVandhaveto
tobepresentedwiththenecessaryexecutionsubscriptions.
2.1.4
Required documentations for the establishment and change of buildings must be created by a property
plannerwhoisentitledfortherequireddocumentation.Itisaperson,who
1. has an occupationqualifying Master's certificate of a regulated study in the field Architecture, building
constructionorcivilengineeringproves,
2.hasafterwardsatleasttwoyearsofoccupationalexperienceinthepropertyplanningofbuildings,
3.ordersofsufficientknowledgeofthepublicbuildinglaw,inparticularofthebuildingcoderight,building
productsrightandbuildingdesignright,and
4. is entered with a chamber as a required documentationentitled architect or required documentation
entitledengineer.
5. The proof of the authorisation to present building documents is led by a document or certificate of the
respectivearchitect'schamberorengineer'schamberofthefederalcountries.
267
Thepeoplewhohavenotacquiredoccupationalqualificationinthescopeofthebasiclawareentitledforthe
requireddocumentationiftheiroccupationalqualificationisrecognisedaftertheregulationsapplyingforit
asequivalent.
For the development of the required documentations ordered property planners must be suitable after
knowledge and experience for the preparation and monitoring of the respective building project and are
responsibleforthecompletenessandusefulnessoftheplanning.Thepropertyplannerhastoprovideforthe
factthattheimplementationplanningiscompiledandthesinglesubscriptionsnecessaryfortheexecution,
individualcalculationsandorderaredelivered.
Thepropertyplannerisresponsibleforthefactthatthebuildingprojectiscarriedoutafterthesanctionedor
displayed required documentations and corresponds to the public law regulations. If the property planner
does not have the necessary knowledge or experience in single branches, he must involve suitable
professional planners (e.g. structural engineer, landscape architect, town planner, professional engineers
etc.).Theprofessionalplannersareresponsiblefortheirplannings.Forproperinterlockingofalldepartmental
planningsthepropertyplannerremainsresponsible.
268
BuildingpermitrulesGermanyPP2
2.2
2.2.1
The applicant (Proprietor, representative of the Proprietor or developers) sends a satisfactory and signed
applicationform(AdditionNo.4)withtheresponsibleauthority.[4]
269
270
271
272
Theauthoritycheckstheapplicationforcompletenessandforaccordancewiththejuridicalrequirements.In
addition, the authority can include external professional experts. Then the authority can approve or not
approve.Itcanalsorequireadditionalinformation,calculationsorproofs.
1.
For the building application there are with the respective local authority districts finished building
application documents (example layout). Besides, it must be applied at the same time for which the
applicationismade,e.g.,for:[2]
Construction notification procedures (58 BbgBO) (with plans free of licence after 55 i. V. m. 53
paragraph1BbgBO)
Applicationattherequestofonplanningpermission(56BbgBO)
Applicationforsimplisticproceedingonthegrantingofpermission(57BbgBO)
Preliminarynotice(59BbgBO)
Registrationofadeviation(60BbgBO)
Registrationofanexception/exemption(31BbgBO)
2.
Withthebuildingapplicationfollowingdocumentsmustbesubmitted:
Briefdescriptionoftheplan
Specificationstothebuildingplot
Specificationstotheapplicant
Specificationstothesalesrepresentative
Specificationstothepropertyplanner
Groundsoftheapplication
Inaddition,followingbasesmustbeadded:
Extractfromtheimmovablecard(M1:1000)
Officialplanofsite
Propertyrelatedplanofsite
Outsidelayoutplan
Seweragesystemplan
Drawings
Specificationswithnecessarycalculations
Specialrequireddocumentations
Explanationofthepropertyplanner
Elevationarcsforconstructionstatistics
Constructionalproofslikeproofstotheheatinsulation,theenergyconservationorsoundinsulation
(canbealsosuppliedlater)
273
2.2.3
Is under point 2.1.1 described. For the building permission the lower construction supervising body or the
localauthoritydistrictisalwaysresponsible.
foreigncountries?
Applicantistheproprietor.Sothepersonwhowantstobuild(forexample,theownerofabuildingplotorhis
representativeoradeveloper).Iftheproprietorisnotanownerofthebuildingplot,heneedstheapprovalof
theplotoflandowner.Acommunityofproprietorscanalsoputabuildingapplication.Theproprietorcanuse
a representative who makes the application (e.g., a building contractor). The representative must issue a
declaration(62toparagraph5BbgBauO).[2](Addition:Explanationoftherepresentative):
HerewithIagreeasarepresentativeoftheProprietortotakeoverallliabilitiesbeingincumbentaccordingto
the public law regulations of the representing, including the payment of the expenses according to
constructiontariffsystem.
No,therearenospeciallawsfordevelopersfromforeigncountries.Thesamelawsarealsovalidforaforeign
developer.Itisimportantthatthedeveloper/proprietororrepresentativeoftheproprietorhasaproperty
plannerwhoisentitledtothetemplateofthebuildingapplication.
Intheproceedingrelatingtobiuldingpermittakepart:
theproprietororhissalesrepresentativeorthedeveloper,asaclientandfinancier
thepropertyplanner,asaresponsibleplanner.Ifnecessaryunderuseofotherprofessionalplanners
and engineers (e.g., structural engineer, landscape architect, town planner, professional engineers
etc.
the responsible authority, as a permit authority and audit authority. If necessary under use of
certificatedtestengineers
furthermoreitcanbecomeessentialotherinstancesconsult,asforexample:thefiredepartment,
theneighboursofthebuildingplotifexemptionorsubserviencyarenecessary,
2.2.6
Theauthorityistobecarriedoutentitledspecialappraisialmeasures/controlsindependently(paragraph3,
7378BbgBauO)[2].Seeinadditionpoint2.4.2.
2.2.7
WithasimplisticproceedingontheBuildingpermit(56BbgBO)thelicencemustfollowafter4weeksifall
defaultwaskept.
With a process after Construction notification (58 BbgBO) the construction supervising body to the
proprietormustconfirmtheentranceoftheConstructionnotificationandhasforit1weektime.
WiththeexecutionofconstructionitcanbebegunattheendofonemonthafterentranceoftheConstruction
notificationwiththeconstructionsupervisingbody,providedthattheconstructionsupervisingbodyhasnot
prohibited the execution of construction or has released before. That is five weeks after submission of the
applicationitcanbebegunwiththebuilding.
274
Withanapplicationforbuildingpermission(56BbgBO)[2]theconstructionsupervisingbodydecideswithina
periodofonemonthafterentranceofallstatementsofotherauthorities.Theotherauthoritieshaveasarule
24weektimefortheirstatements.
Thatisfromsixtoeightweeksaftersubmissionoftheapplicationafterthatfollowstheauthorisation.Anorm
are3months.Onecansuetheauthority(responsibleadministration)becauseoffailingtoact(Administrative
ProcedureAct).(personalremark:Thechancesarelikezero).
2.2.8
The expenses of a building permit are directed after the respective tariff systems of the countries / local
authoritydistricts(Addition:BrandenburgconstructiontariffsystemBbgBauGebO).Inthetariffsystemsthe
expenses are performed for every administrative act. (personal remark: The authorisation expenses for a
normalsinglefamilyhouseamounttoapprox.1,800EUROnet)
275
TenderingrulesandlawsGermanyPP2
2.3
2.3.1
Forpublictendersofpublicclients(e.g.,thefederalrepublic,countries,townsandmunicipalitiesandpublic
buildings or with use of subssidy programms) are valid special regulations on account of the public
procurementlaw.TheprocedureisregulatedinGermanyin:
theallocationandcontractorderforconstructionworks(VOB)(AdditionNo.5)[5],
theallocationandcontractorderforperformances(VOL)[6]and
theallocationandcontractorderforfreelanceperformances(VOF).[7]
According to the EU regulation in the standard form introduced in 2005 for the publication of allocation
announcements are valid without other implementation directly in the member states of the EU. They are
directlyretrievableintheInternet.
NotoftheinvitationoftendersdutyisdefeatedInHouseallocationorInHousebusiness.People/companies
standinthecorruptionregister,canbeexcludedfromtheinvitationoftenders.
2.3.2
seepreviouspoint2.3.1
2.3.3
Onemakesadistinctionwiththeallocationintheallocationkinds:
1.
belowtheEUguideline(thresholdvalues):
public invitation of tenders, limited invitation of tenders after public participation competition, limited
invitationsoftenders,freehandallocationand
2.
abovetheEUguiedline(thresholdvalues):
openprocedure,nonopenprocedure,competitivedialog,hearingprocedures.
2.3.4
Category/Kategorie
EUguiedline (threshold values) (plus

VAT)/Schwellenwerte(zzgl.MwSt)
Buildingorders/Bauauftrge
5.150.000
Todeliveryorderandserviceorders/LieferundDienstleis
tungsauftrge
206.000
To delivery order and service orders in the sector sphere / 412.000

LieferundDienstleistungsauftrgeimSektorenbereich
To delivery order and service orders of the uppermost or 133.000
upper authorities of the federal republic / Liefer und
Dienstleistungsauftrge der obersten oder oberen
Bundesbehrden
276
2.3.5
Asufficientdeadlineisnottobeintendedforthetreatmentandsubmissionoftheoffers,alsowithurgency
lessthan10calenderdates.Withtheopenprocedurethedeadlineamountsto52calenderdates,atleast22
daysifontimeapreviousannouncementintheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion(OJ)hasfollowed.With
thenotopenprocedurethedeadlinetothedeliveryoftheapplicationamountsto37calenderdatesandto
theofferdeadline40calenderdates.WithannouncementsintheInternetportaloftheEuropeanCommunity
thedeadlinecanbeshortenedabout7calenderdates.Theleastdeadlinemaynotlielessthan15calender
dates.
andplacing?
According to the Brandenburg building code an environmental compatibility audit must be carried out for
buildingprojectintheproceedingrelatingtopermission.
WithanewresidentialbuildingmustbekepttheEnEV.[3]
Theclient(customer)canformulatecriteriaofthesustainability,asforexample:
Insertion of ecological building materials (Ecological objective, building materials with low
environmentalimpactinproductionandprocessing;economicalmaterialinsertion,useofrecycling
building materials; an easy disposal, to prevent building materials with undesirable content
substances
Insertionofpowersavingheatingsystems(resourcecarebyenergyoptimisation)
The surcharge for an offer should follow taking into account all criteria, as for example quality, price,
aesthetics,environmentalproperties,operatingandfacilitycosts,executiondeadlines,dateobservanceetc...
Onlythelowestofferpriceisnotdecision(25VOB).[5]
Theclient(customer)isabletodoalsoexclusioncriteriaformulating,asforexampleofthebanofharmful
substances.
277
ConstructionprocessGermanyPP2
2.4
2.4.1
Therulesaredeterminedintherespectivebuildingcodesofthecountries.Furthermoretheassignmentsare
describedinthefeeorderforarchitectsandengineersforeveryphaseoftheplanningandtheconstruction.
Inaddition,thereiswiththeDIN(GermanInstituteforStandardization)asetofruleswhichexactlydescribes
everymeasure.
2.4.2
The construction supervising body is to be carried out entitled special appraisial measures independently
(paragraph3,7378BbgBauO[2]),e.g.:
Arrangeendingoftheconstructionworks
arrangepartialorentireremovalofthebuiltshares
checktheobservanceoftheregulationssubjecttopubliclawandstandards
thefulfilmentofthedutiesinthebuildinginvolvedcheck
Specimensofbuildingproductsinferandcheck
Insightintotheauthorisations,registrations,testcertificates,declarationsofcompliance,certificates
of compliance, monitoring proofs, reports and recordings about the audits is to be granted to the
construction supervising body any time by building products, in the construction diaries and other
prescribedrecordings.
Theconstructionsupervisingbodycanrequirethatyouareinformedthebeginningandtheendingof
certain construction works. The construction supervising body can require that construction works
onlyarecontinuedorthephysicalstructuresareonlyusedwhentheyhavebeencheckedbyher,a
testengineeroranappointedexpert.
The Proprietor has to advertise the completion of the building measure of the construction
supervisingbodyandtopresentallnecessarydocuments,testimonies,certificates,auditreportsetc.
2.4.3 Whoisentitledtodotheconstructionmanagement?Arethereanylawsformanagersfromforeign
countries?
Required documentations for the establishment and change of buildings must be created by a property
plannerwhoisrequireddocumentationentitled.Itisrequireddocumentationentitled,who
1
an occupationqualifying Master's certificate of a regulated study in the field Architecture, building

constructionorcivilengineeringproves,
afterwardsatleasttwoyearsofoccupationalexperienceinthepropertyplanningofbuildingshas,
orders of sufficient knowledge of the public building law, in particular of the building code right,
buildingproductsrightandbuildingdesignright,and
isenteredwithachamberasarequiredarchitectorrequiredengineer.
Asarulecertifiedstructuralengineerswiththisassignmentareappointed.
The same laws are also valid for a foreign architect and engineers. It is important that the qualification is
comparable with in Germany and an entry has followed with the chamber or arrangements between the
nationalarchitect'schambersandengineer'schambersconsist.
278
2.4.4
seepoint2.4.2.
countries?
The construction supervision is carried out by the construction supervising body or by her authorised audit
engineers.
Tothesecondshareofthequestionnothingisknowntome.
2.4.6 Whatprocedures/documentationsarerequiredattheendoftheconstructionworksbeforethe
buildingcanbeinhabited?
TheProprietorhastoadvertisethecompletionofthebuildingmeasureoftheconstructionsupervisingbody
andtopresentallnecessarydocuments,testimonies,certificates,auditreportsetc.
TheobligationtothedocumentationofthebuildingmeasureisincludedintheperformancephaseHOAI9.
(AdditionNo.6)[8]
279
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementGermanyPP2
2.5 Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementGermany
PP2
building?
No.
2.5.2
operationcosts:
Seeschemaofatypicalresidentialbuilding(prefabricatedbuildingMorefamilyhouseinBerlin):
(AdditionNo.7):Developmentoftherentandcomponentsoftheoperatingcosts
[9]
280
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementGermanyPP2
[9]
Constructioncosts:
The costs for a typical singlefamilyhouse (at no cost to fees, connections and plot of land and planning)
amounttoapproximately8501.500EURO.
281
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydataandhousingsituationGermanyPP2
2.6 Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydataandhousing
situationGermanyPP2
2.6.1
WithinthescopeoflawstherearetheregulationsoftheENEV[3].Theimplementationofthesestandardsare
supportedbysupportprogrammesofthefederalrepublicandthecountries.
2.6.2 Pleasegivesomekeydataconcerningcosts(diagramsandschedules):renttables,averageincome
p.person,etc.
MoreoverIcanprovideonlyinformationfromBerlinHellersdorf,typicalLargeHousingEstatesinBerlin.
1.theaveragerent(netcoldrent)amountsto4;95/mandmonth.
2.Theaveragesizeofhouseholdsamountsto2.2people.
3.Theavaregeflatsizeamountsto61m
4.theaverageincome(Haushaltsnettoeinkommen)amounts:approx.1,650/month
5.Theproheadincomeamountstoapprox.700permonth
282
2.7
[1]
BauGBGermanFederalconstructionlaw
[2]
BgbBauOBuildingCodeoftheLandBrandenburg
[3]
ENEVEnergysavingorder
[4]
GermanBuildingapplicationinEnglishGerman
[5]
VOBtheallocationandcontractorderforconstructionworks
[6]
VOLtheallocationandcontractorderforperformances
[7]
VOFtheallocationandcontractorderforfreelanceperformances
[8]
HOAIOrderaboutthehonorariumsforarchitectandengineerperformances
[9]
Developmentoftherentandcomponentsoftheoperatingcosts
[10]
Expert opinions Demographic change : http://www.bmvbs.de/,302.1082376/Stellungnahme

BMVBSzumGutach.htm
283
284
DemographicanalysisofhousingneedsandtargetgroupofpopulationGermanyPP3
3.1 Demographicanalysisofhousingneedsandtargetgroupofpopulation
GermanyPP3
3.1.1
FollowingastatisticsoftheFederalStatisticalOfficeatotalofapprox.36.198.000dwellingsareexcistingin
Germanyin2006.Approx41.6%ofthesebelongtoprivatepropertyand58.4%arerented,thereforeitcan
besaidthatononeownerhousingunitcomesnearly1.4rentedflat.1
IntheFederalStatesoftheBalticSeaRegion2,whereapprox.16.8%ofthedwellingsarelocated,theprivate
home ownership rate is about 30.3 %. It can be said that on one owner housing unit comes nearly 2.3
rentedflat.
IntheFederalStateofBrandenburg,withapprox.1.126.000dwellings(about18.5%ofthestockoftheBSR
States) the private home ownership rate is about 39.6%. On one owner housing unit comes nearly 1.5
rentedflat.
Source:StatistischesBundesamt(2008)
Within the German Federal States of the Baltic Sea Region Brandenburg has the second highest home
ownershiprate(39.6%)afterSchleswigHolstein(47.1%).TaillightformsBerlinwith14.1%.3
Statistisches Bundesamt (2008), Bauttigkeit und Wohnungen. MikrozensusZusatzerhebung 2006.

Bestand und Struktur der Wohneinheiten. Wohnsituation der Haushalte, Wiesbaden (Fachserie 5,
Heft1),p.19.
Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, MecklenburgVorpommern,

Niedersachsenisneglected.
StatistischesBundesamt,BauttigkeitundWohnungen,p.19.
SchleswigHolstein.
285
FollowingchartreflectsthedistributionofresidentialbuildingsbythetypeofownershipinGermanyandthe
BSRFederalStates:
associations?
Multistoreybuildingsvs.detachedhouses
286
Yearofconstruction
Following statistics determined altogether about 39.3 million housing units in Germany.4 The majority
(approx. 46.3%) was constructed between the years 1949 and 1978, as can be inferred from the following
table:
Distributionofdwellingsbyperiodofconstruction
Intotal
until
1918
German 39.338.00 5.610.00

0
0
y
1919
1949
1979
1991
1996
2001
1948
1978
1990
1995
2000
2004
5.364.00
0
18.228.00 5.211.00
0
0
1.618.00
0
2.015.00
0
1.057.00
0
2005
and
later
235.00
0
IntheFederalStatesoftheBalticSeaRegion5thereareapprox.16.8%ofallhousingunitsinGermany,by
whichmostofthemwerelikewiseconstructedintheperiodmentionedabove.
Intotal
until
1918
1919
1949
1979
1991
1996
2001
2005 and
later
Seenote2.
287
1948
1978
1990
1995
2000
2004
BSRStates 6.619.000 1.104.000 1.112.000 2.788.000 837.000 219.000 344.000 176.000 20.000
BrandenburghastherebyafterBerlinandSchleswigHolsteinthethirdbiggeststockofdwellingswithinthe
BSRFederalStates.
Intotal
Brandenburg 1.271.000
until
1918
1919
1949
1979
1991
1996
2001
1948
1978
1990
1995
2000
2004
175.000
58.000 136.000 55.000 5.000
199.000 277.000 365.000
2005
and
later
Privateorpublicownerrespectivelyhybridformssuchasassociations
Fromabout39.338milliondwellingsinGermanyapprox.38.3%belongtopropertystockandapprox.53.7%
arerented.6
According to a report published in 2004 by the GdW (German Association of Housing and Real Estate
Enterprises), about 10 million units of accommodation of the german housing stock are managed by
professionalcommercial offerers.7 About 80% of it belong thereby to the stock of cooperatives, municipal
According
to
informations
of
the
288
Schader
Stiftung,
http://www.schader
enterprisesaswellasprivateeconomicalhousingenterprisesintheformofcapitalcompanies.Theremaining
part is allotted to public housing enterprises in the possession of the State and Federal States or is in the
possessionofchurches.
AccordingtodatabytheGdWbranchreportabout16%ofthedwellingsofferedbyprofessionalcommercial
enterprises belong to organisations of different legal forms, for which the management of apartment real
estateisarathersubordinatedivision,i.e.banksandinsuranceaswellasrealestatefunds.
Source:GdW(2004)
Thecooperativesformthelargestgroupofhousingenterpriseswithintheprofessionalcommercialofferers.
Thefirstcooperativeswerefoundedattheendofthe19thcenturyandfollowedtheideatohelpbourgeois
and welloff workingclass families by a kind of hirepurchase system to get a private house property8. The
legal basis for cooperatives forms the Genossenschaftsgesetz (Act of cooperatives). After a statistics of the
GdWapprox.1.900cooperativesareexcistinginGermanywhilethereareonlyabout700municipalhousing
enterprises.9
RenateAmann/BarbaravonNeumannCosel(1995),FreieScholle.EinNamewirdProgramm,Berlin:
EditionArkadien,p.8.
GdW (2008), GdW Jahresstatistik 2007 kompakt, http://www.gdw.de/uploads/files/Koepp/GdW

Jahresstatistik%202007%20kompakt.pdf(19.06.09).
289
Habitantpersq.km10
Germany has approximately 82.2180.000 inhabitants according to a surface of approx. 357.114 km. In the
year2006about12.903.000inhabitantslivedintheFederalStatesoftheBalticSeaRegionwithasurfaceof
70.511km.InBrandenburgthatcoversasurfaceofapprox.29.480kmlivedabout2.536.000inhabitants.
Brandenburghasapopulationdensityofapprox.86inhabitantspersq.km;intheallGermandimensionitis
231inhabitantspersq.km.11
10
Statistisches Bundesamt (2008), Statistisches Jahrbuch 2008 fr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

StatisticalYearbook2008fortheFederalRepublicofGermany,Wiesbaden.
11
StatistischesBundesamt(2007),BevlkerungDeutschlandsnachBundeslndernbis2050.Ergebnisse
der11.koordiniertenBevlkerungsvorausberechnungnachLndern,Wiesbaden.
290
Livingspaceperperson
The average of the surface for each housing unit in the allGerman dimension is approx. 89.9 m. In
Brandenburg the average is approx. 81.8 m for each housing unit. The statistical evaluations show that in
Germanyonaverage2personsarelivinginonehousingunit.ThesameappliestoBrandenburg.Asaresult
thelivingspaceinGermanyisapprox.42.9mperperson,inBrandenburgonly39.6mperperson.12
The onepersonhousehold is furthest common in Germany (approx. 38.1%), followed by the 2person
household(approx.34.6%).13
Anticipatedrequirementofresidentialbuildingsinthenext5years
The Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung, BBR)
provides a forecast for the residential market and concludes that living space per person will increase to
nearly46m,whereastheownerhouseholdswith50mwillbefavouredalsointhefutureinoppositetothe
lodgerhouseholdswith39m.14
BasedontheforecastofthedevelopmentofthehouseholdsinGermanyitcanbeshownthedevelopmentof
thehousingmarket.Indoingsotherewillbedifferentiatesbetweenthenewbuildingofdetachedhouses15
andmultistoreybuildings.16
12
13
Ibid.,p.158.
14
BBR, http://www.bbr.bund.de/cln_015/nn_22518/SharedDocs/GlossarEntry/W/Wohnflaechen.html
(19.06.09).
15
BBR,
http://www.bbr.bund.de/cln_015/nn_22518/SharedDocs/GlossarEntry/P/Prognose__nachfragedyna
mik__neubau__ezfh.html(19.06.09).
16
BBR,
mik__neubau__mfh.html(19.06.09).
291
WithinthenewbuildingofdetachedhousestheBBRassumesthatitwillproceedastablelevelofapprox.3
housingunitsper1,000inhabitantsuptotheyear2020.Until2017theratewilldecreaseon1.5to2housing
unitsper1,000inhabitants.Thecauseofthismediumandlongtermdecreaseisthefallinglevelofhouseholds
acquiringresidentialproperty(peoplebetween35and45yearsold),whichalreadyreachedthemaximumin
thepastyears.
Thenewbuildingofhousingunitsinmultistoreybuildingswillproceedwithaquitestablelevelfromapprox.
1.5unitsper1,000inhabitants.Itisjusteasilydeclininguntil2020.Thereasonforthemediumandlongterm
stablelevelisthestillhighrateoflodgersoftheyoungeragegroupsandthemigranthouseholds.Although
thereisaneasilyrisingpercentageofresidentialproperty,itprocessesinonlyveryslowdevelopment.
17
Source:BBR
Predicteddemographictrendsforthecountryortheregion
The forecastsregarding thepopulation development assume a negative trend. Until2050, according to the
officialestimations,thetotalpopulationinGermanywilldecreaseto74millioninhabitants,atitsmaximum
maybe to69million inhabitants. That means adecrease of around10 to 17 percent. 18 InBrandenburg the
populationwilldwindlepresumablyuntil2050toabout1.790.000inhabitants,i.e.adecreasearoundnearly
30percent.
17
BBR,
http://www.bbr.bund.de/cln_015/nn_22386/BBSR/DE/Fachthemen/Wohnungswesen/Wohnungsma
rkt/Wohnungsmarktprognose/Neubaunachfrage/Neubaunachfrage.html(19.06.09).
18
Statistisches Bundesamt (2006), Bevlkerung Deutschlands bis 2050. 11. .koordinierte

292
Source:StatistischesBundesamt
domesticproduct?
Agedistribution19
Thelargestgroupwithinthegermanpopulationisagedbetween40and60years.Thegroupageingbetween
25and45yearstakesthelargestpercentageoftheprivatehouseholds.
Distributionofincome
19
StatistischesBundesamt,StatisticalYearbook2008,p.45f.
293
TheaveragenetincomeperhouseholdinGermanyin2006wasapproximately2.170permonth.
The onepersonhousehold is most common in Germany with an average monthly net income of approx.
1.300,whereasthelargestgrouprepresentsthehouseholdswithanincomebetween900and1.100.
Themonthlyincomeofatwopersonshousehold,thesecondlargestgroup,averagesabout2.400.Inthis
categorythemosthouseholdshaveanamountatthedisposalofbetween2.000and3.200.20
Amountin%forrentalcostsofnethouseholdincome
Theaveragerentalcostsin2006amountedtoapprox.22.8%ofnethouseholdincome.Thehighestcharge
(26.3%)wasintheonepersonhouseholds.21
20
StatistischesBundesamt,BauttigkeitundWohnungen,p.158f.
21
294
AveragevaluesofmonthlycostsinPotsdam
Source:Gewoba(2006)
1999
2001
2003
2006
391
58m
6.78
1,317
30%
Monthlyrent
349
Sizeofdwelling
382
58m
Chargespersq.m
378
59m
6.02
59m
6.47
6.41
Netincomeperhousehold
1,396
Amountforrentalcostsofnetincome
1,403
25%
1,388
27%
27%
Developmentofthelivingstandard.
SeveraldataindicateGermanybenefitsfromanascendinglivingstandard.
As shown in the chart below reflecting the development of the gross domestic product in Germany, the
annual average per capita income (gross) increased in the last ten years continuously. Also the average
monthlynetincomeperhouseholdrose.In1998theincomeonaveragewasabout1,782,in2003about
1,862andin2006about2,168.22
22
Kristina Kott (2005), Einnahmen und Ausgaben privater Haushalte. Jahresergebnisse der
EinkommensundVerbrauchsstichprobe2003,in:WirtschaftundStatistik12,13091323,p.1310;
StatistischesBundesamt,BauttigkeitundWohnen,p.159.
295
Thisdevelopmentisreflectedintheconsumerbehaviourofthepopulation,forexampleintheequipmentof
thehouseholdswithdurablegoods.In2008threeoffourhouseholdsownedapersonalcomputer(in1993
therewasoneoffive).Similarlywasthedevelopmentoftheaccesstotheinternet.In1998approx.8.1%of
thehouseholdshadaccesstotheinternet,in2008itwasalreadyapprox.64.4%ofthehouseholds.23
In 2008 at least onecar belongs to the majority ofthehouseholds (approx. 77 %) and approx.63 % of the
householdshadagarageoraparkingspace.24
According to a survey by the Gewoba, which is an municipal housing association in Potsdam and which
belongstothecorporationassociationofProPotsdam,approx.39%oftherespondentdeclaredin2006that
theyfindthelivingstandardquitegood(in2003:approx.43%).Incomparison,approx.7%findtheliving
standardverybad(2003:approx.5%).25
But it is to observe that there is an adverse trend concerning the opinion of the development of the living
standard.In2003approx.35%oftherespondentdeclaredthatthelivingstandardhasworsenedalot/abit,
whereasin2006thepercentageincreasedtoapprox.42%:26
23
Sylvia Behrends/Kristina Kott (2009), Zuhause in Deutschland. Ausstattung und Wohnsituation

privaterHaushalte,Wiesbaden,p.11.
24
Ibid.,p.30.
25
Gewoba (2006), MieterMonitor 2006. Ergebnisse einer reprsentativen Befragung der Gewoba
MieterimSommer2006,ed.byIFMInstitutfrMarktundMedienforschungBerlinGmbH,34.
26
Gewoba(2006),Mietermonitor,p.35.
296
Source:Gewoba(2006)
Grossdomesticproduct
297
3.1.5
TheclimatechartsaboveindicatethattherearenosignificantdifferenceswithintheGermanFederalStatesof
the Baltic Sea Region in general. It can be be pointed out that in 2008 the Federal State of Mecklenburg
VorpommernhadlowertemperaturesinannualaveragethanBrandenburg.
maintenance.
According to LBS Research (LBS one of the biggest building societies in Germany) there are markable
regionaldifferencesinconstructioncosts.In2005,youhadtoestimatecostsofabout1.500/mforsingle
familyhousesinBavaria,inSaxonyAnhaltlessthan1.000/m.Fordwellingsinmultifamilyhousesyouhad
toestimatecostsof1.197/monaveragein2005.
Costdifferencesinnewbuilding
Constructioncostsfrsinglefamilyhouses2005(persquaremetre)
Thestructuringoffinancialresourcesinbuildingpractices(budget,privatefinances,bankcredits).Dynamics
oflast15years:nodataavailable.
Thedynamicofpricedevelopmentoflivingareapersqmandtheaveragesalaryinparticipatingcountries
Source:StatistischesBundesamt(2002,2006,2008)
298
Source:StatistischesBundesamt(2002,2006,2008)
AveragevaluesinPotsdam
(chargespersq.m,netincomeperhousehold)
1999
2001
Chargespersq.m
6.02 6.47
2003
6.41
2006
6.78
1,317
Netincomeperhousehold 1,396 1,403
1,388
Source:Gewoba(2006)
Dynamicsofexpensesofaveragefamilyforbuildingmaintenance:nodataavailable.
299
SustainabilityaspectsGermanyPP3
3.2
financialsupport?
TheGermanfinancialinstituteKreditanstaltfrWiederaufbau(KfW)supportswiththeprogrammEnergy
EfficientConstruction the construction of so called KfW Efficiency Houses (KfWEffizienzhuser). Since
april 2009 it differentiates between the KfW Efficiency House 55 (KfWEffizienzhaus 55) and the KfW
EfficiencyHouse70(KfWEffizienzhaus70).27
KfWEfficiencyHouse55(EnEV2007,EnergyConservationOrdinanceoftheyear2007)
TheannualprimaryenergyconsumptionQpandthespecifictransmissionheatlossHTmustnotbemorethan
55% of the values admissible for a new building in accordance with the EnEV2007 and the annual primary
energyconsumptionmustnotbemorethan40kWhperm2ofbuildingfloorarea(AN).
Passivehousesarefinancedbythisvariantiftheannualprimaryenergyconsumptionstaysbelow40kWhper
m2 of building floor area and the annual heating requirement Qh is not more than 15 kWh per m2 of living
space.
KfWEfficiencyHouse70(EnEV2007)
TheannualprimaryenergyconsumptionQpandthespecifictransmissionheatlossHTmustnotbemorethan
70% of the values admissible for a new building in accordance with the EnEV2007 and the annual primary
energyconsumptionmustnotbemorethan60kWhperm2ofbuildingfloorarea(AN).
AccordingtoKfWthefundsareprovidedupto100%ofthebuildingcostsbutnotmorethan50.000per
housingunit.
InOctober2009theEnergyConservationOrdinancewillbeevenmoresharpened.Whilethestandardofan
KfW Efficiency House 70 is about 30% better than the riquired energetic standard for new buildings since
2007, it will be the required standard for new buildings from October 2009 on. Therefore the support
programmesbytheKfWwillbechangedandadaptedtothenewEnEV.
27
KfW,EnergyEfficientConstruction,http://www.kfw
foerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_residential_buildings/EnergyEfficient_Construction.jsp
(19.06.09).
300
3.2.2
Thereare,accordingtotheGermanIncomeTaxAct(Einkommensteuergesetz,EStG),followingtaxdeductions:
7allowancefordepreciationowners
7aincreasedallowancesfordeductionandwriteoffsofgoodwill
7bincreasedallowancesfordeductionforsinglefamilyhouses,semidetachedhousesandowner
occupiedflats
7cincreasedallowancesfordeductionforbuildingcontructionstocreatenewapartments
7hincreasedallowancesfordeductionforbuildingsinformallydesignatedredevelopmentareas or
urban development zones
7iincreasedallowancesfordeductionformonuments
7kincreasedallowancesfordeductionforcouncilflats
10etaxallowancesfortohumanhabitationselfusedflatinitsownhouse
10ftaxallowancesfortohumanhabitationusedmonumentsandbuildingsinformallydesignated
redevelopmentareas or urban development zones.
301
EconomicalenergysupplyGermanyPP3
3.3
3.3.1
AccordingtoacommonreportoftheFederalEnvironmentAgency(UmweltbundesamtUBA)andtheFederal
Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt) the energy consumption of the private households for living
increasedby3.5%from1995to2005.28AfterastatisticsoftheFederalMinistryofEconomicsandTechnology
(BundesministeriumfrWirtschaftundTechnologie,BMWi)themonthlyexpenseforenergyperhousehold
increasedfrom86in2000to126inthe2008.29
Energy consumption of the households

2000
2005
2006
2007
20.262
18.146
2007 to
2000
Rate of change
in %
kWh
Energy consumption per
household
2007 to
2006
18.025
17.530
- 2.8 %
- 13.5
%
Source: Statistisches Bundesamt
years?
AstatisticsoftheBMWishowshowtheenergypricesroseinthelastyears.30 Ifin1998akWhofelectricity
cost15.48Cent,thenin2008theamountwasonaverage21.43Cent.
28
Umweltbundesamt, Wie private Haushalte die Umwelt nutzen hherer Energieverbrauch trotz
Effizienzsteigerungen,
http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/ubainfopresse/hintergrund/private
haushalte.pdf(19.06.09).
29
Bundesministerium fr Wirtschaft und Technologie, Energiekosten der privaten Haushalte,

http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Energie/energiestatistiken,did=180924.html(19.06.09).
30
BundesministeriumfrWirtschaftundTechnologie,EntwicklungvonEnergiepreisenundPreisindizes,
302
Source:BMWi(2009)
303
periodandlifetime).
Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (2006)
Source:StatistischesBundesamt(2006)31
31
StatistischesBundesamt(2006),DieNutzungvonUmweltressourcendurchdieKonsumaktivittender
privatenHaushalte.ErgebnissederUmweltkonomischenGesamtrechnungen19952004,Wiesbaden.
304
Glossary:
CO2:
Carbondioxide
CH4:
Methane
NOX:
Nitrogenoxide
N2O:
Nitrousoxide
NMVOC:
Nonmethanvolatileorganiccompounds
NH3:
Ammonia
SO2:
Sulphurdioxide
305
EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsGermanyPP3
3.4
3.4.1
The Operating Cost Ordinance (Betriebskostenverordnung, BetrKV) from 2003 forms the legal basis for
listingandaccountingofoperatingcost.Accordingtothisordinanceoperatingcostsarethecharges,which
emergetotheownerbytheownershipoftheestateorbytheappropriateuseofthebuilding,theauxiliary
buildings,assets,mechanismsandoftheestate.32(See3.6.3forcostwhichcanbelisted)
Developmentoftheoperatingcost
Monthlyaveragevaluesinpermlivingspacefora2personhousehold
Largestassetsofthenetoperatingcost
Net
operating
Hotwater cost
Year
Operating
cost(gross)
Heating/
1995
2.21
0.82
2000
1.96
2005
Water/
Real
estatetax Waste
Water
Caretaker/
Garbage and
Building
streetcleaning
cleaning
1.39
0.15
0.45
0.25
0.28
0.65
1.31
0.18
0.43
0.20
0.24
2.08
0.69
1.38
0.21
0.47
0.17
0.22
2006
2.11
0.76
1.38
0.21
0.47
0.17
0.23
2007
2.24
0.77
1.47
0.25
0.48
0.19
0.23
33
Source:BBU(2009)
32
Bundesregierung (2003), Verordnung ber die Aufstellung von Betriebskosten, in:

BundesgesetzblattI,56,23472349,p.2347.Seealsohttp://www.bgbl.deandhttp://www.juris.de.
33
BBU (2009), Betriebskosten 2007. Auswertung der BBUBetriebskostendatenbank. Abgerechnete

Betriebskosten des Jahres 2007 im Unternehmensdurchschnitt der BBUMitgliedsunternehmen in
BerlinundimLandBrandenburg,Berlin.
306
3.4.2
Immobench34,forexample,isaninternetportalforthecomparisonofoperatingcostsinGermany.Itoffers
followinganalysistools:
benchmarksforoperatingcosts(persqmeffectivearea)
benchmarksformaintenancecosts
benchmarksforenergyconsumption
Immobench offers for the optimization of operating costs benchmarks to recognize, which costs in a stock
differ from the average of a comparative stock.35 The benchmarks are based on the so called Geisling
agreement (Geislinger Konvention), which determines the data structure of residential buildings and
operatingcosts.
3.4.3
AccordingtotheOperatingCostOrdinance(BetrKV)from2003belongstooperatingcosts:
therealestatetax
thecostsofthewatersupply
thecostsofthedrainage
thecostsofoperating,cleaningandmaintenanceofmachinestothesupplyofheat
thecostsofoperating,cleaningandmaintenanceofmachinestothesupplyofwarmwater
thecostsofconnectedinstallationofheatandwarmwatersupply
thecostsofoperatingofelevators
thecostsofstreetcleaningandwastedisposal
thecostsofthehousecleaning
thecostsofthegardenmaintenance
thecostsofthelighting
thecostsofthechimneycleaning
thecostsofthepropertyinsuranceandliabilityinsurance
thecostsofthecaretaker.
Amongoperatingcoststheadministrativeandmaintenancecostarenotranked.Theycannotbedivided
amongthetenants.
34
35
http://www.immobench.de.
Gondring/Wagner2007,p.122.
307
3.4.4
AccordingtotherecentreportoftheFederalStatisticalOfficetheconstructionpriceindexforconventionally
constructed new residential buildings (construction work performed at the building; including valueadded
tax) in Germany increased to 2.0% compared with February 2008. In November 2008, the price index
increased 2.7% in comparison to the year before. Compared with November 2008, the price index for
residentialbuildingsroseup0.3%inFebruary2009.36
3.4.5
ThemaintenanceandadministrationcostsinGermanyarebasedontheregulationofcalculationsinhousing
management (Verordnung ber die wohnungswirtschaftliche Berechnungen nach dem Zweiten
Wohnungsbaugesetz), which was amended in 2007. This regulates the calculation of profitability of living
space.Since1stJanuary2008thecostsformaintenanceaccordingtotheSecondComputationOrdinance(II.
BV)are:37
upto7.87permlivingspaceeveryyearfordwellingswhosedeliverydateislessthan22yearsago
upto9.97permlivingspaceeveryyearfordwellingwhosedeliverydateisatleast22yearsago
upto12.74permlivingspaceeveryyearfordwellingswhosedeliverydateisatleast32yearsago
andtheadministrationcostsare:
36
37
308
StatistischesBundesamt(2009),Preise.PreisindizesfrdieBauwirtschaft,Wiesbaden.
GuG
aktuell
,http://www.gugaktuell.de/Aktuelle_Daten/Bewirtschaftungskosten_ab_01_0/
bewirtschaftungskosten_ab_01_0.html(12.05.09).
up to 254.79 yearly per dwelling, private residential building, property home in every residential
building
upto304.64yearlyperownerpropertydwelling
upto33.23yearlyforgarageorsimilarparkingplaces
These are the values that you have to estimate in calculations of profitability for social or freefinanced
housing,whentheSecondHousingActistobeapplied.Buttheactualcostsofthehousingcompanycandiffer
considerably.
3.4.6
Life cycle costs are defined by the ISO 15686 as a total cost of a building or its parts throughout its life,
including the costs of planning, design, acquisition, operations, maintenance and disposal, less any residual
value.Thereisnostandardisedmethodtocalculatethelifecyclecosts.38
LifecyclecostsandstabilityofvaluebelongunderthetopicEconomicQualitytothecriteriawhichareused
toevaluatethesustainabilityofabuilding,asitisdonebytheGermanAssociationforSustainableBuildingin
acertificationprocedure.39
Exampleforthecalculationoflifecyclecosts:
Source:Owncalculation
38
39
Andrea Pelzeter (2007), Lebenzykluskosten von Immobilien Vergleich mglicher

Berechnungsanstze,in:ZeitschriftfrImmobilienkonomie2,3854,p.39.
http://www.dgnb.de
309
310
HousingdevelopmentprogrammesoftheparticipatingcountriesGermanyPP3
GermanyPP3
forowners:
federal means/funds, e.g. loans with favourable interests or risk fair interests, subsidies, tax
allowances
statemeans/funds,e.g.loansorsubsidies
subsidiesfromlocalauthorities
forlodgers/renters:
rentsubsidies(Wohngeld")forpeople/familieswithlowincome
incomeorientatedsupport(einkommensorientierteFrderung)
forconstructionofresidentialbuildings:
(seeaboveforowners)
(formoredetailsalsosee3.5.2)
3.5.2
Federalfunds,e.g.loanswithfavourableinterestsorriskfairinterests,subsidies;taxallowances
Promotionstatistics,Germany
Unit
2003
2004
2005
2006
Promotions
Number
26,486
19,648
16,879
16,103
Dwellingspromoted
Number
44,491
36,799
32,698
35,307
Total cost
promoted
EURmn
6,745
5,269
4,605
4,521
of
dwellings
Source:StatistischesBundesamt
InGermanywetalkaboutsocialhousing,ifdwellingsarepromotedbythestate.Thedwellingsareforsocial
groupswhoareunabletocovertheirhousingneedonthefreehousingmarket.Theseappropriateddwellings
areoccupationandrentbound.
311
312
FederalfundsprogrammesoftheKfWbank:
The KfW is a public law institution with the function of a promotional bank. Its programmes support the
acquiring or building of an owneroccupied home and the modernisation and/or rehabilitation or
refurbishment of residential buildings by granting loans with favourable interest rates (below market
conditions):
KfWHomeOwnership40
Theconstructionoracquisitionofowneroccupiedhousesorcondominiumsisfinanced.
Thetargetgrouparenaturalpersonsacquiringanowneroccupiedhome.
KfWEnergyEfficientConstruction41
Theconstruction,productionandfirstacquisitionofKfW Efficiency Houses are financed; therequired
energystandardmustbeconfirmedbyanenergyexpert.
Thetargetgroupisanyoneinvestingintheconstructionofnewresidentialbuildings.
KfWHousingModernisationStandard42
Modernisationandrehabilitationofresidentialbuildings(suchasrepairorreplacementofdefectivebuilding
components) as well as Senior Housing Conversion (for measures designed to make your home or living
environmentmoreaccessible)isfinanced.
As targetgroup is considered anyone investing in the modernisation and rehabilitation or refurbishment of
residentialbuildings(nonursingorothertypesofhomesorhostels,holidayhomesorweekendcottages).
KfWEnergyEfficientRehabilitation43
Rehabilitationorrefurbishmentmeasuresaimedatreducingenergyconsumptionarefinanced.Arepayment
grantisadditionallygiveniftheKfWEfficiencyHousestandardisachieved.
Thetargetgroupforloansisanyoneinvestingintherehabilitationorrefurbishmentofresidentialbuildings.
Thetargetgroupforgrantsareownersandhousingpropertycommunitiesrespectively.
FundsbytheFederalStates,e.g.loansorsubsidies:
MostoftheFederalStatesofGermanysupporttheacquisitionandmodernisationofresidentialbuildingsin
formofloansorsubsidies.
ExamplesforBrandenburg:
The Investitionsbank des Landes Brandenburg (ILB) is the main promotional bank of the Federal State of
Brandenburg.ByusingfundsfromtheStateofBrandenburg,theFederalGovernment,theEuropeanUnion
anditsownfundstheycanoffer:
Loansatfavourableinterestrates:
HomeOwnership:IfthereisafinancialgapbetweenthefinancialmeansgivenbytheKfW,theequitycapital
andthecosts,theILBcouldgivesupportinformofaloaninadditiontotheKfWprogramme.
40
KfW, KfW Home Ownership, http://www.kfwfoerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_

residential_buildings/KfWHomeOwn.jsp(19.06.2009).
41
Seenote32.Forfurtherdetailsseeanswertoquestion3.2.1.
42
KfW,
Housing
Modernisation,
http://www.kfw
foerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_residential_buildings/KfWHousing.jsp(19.06.2009).
43
KfW, EnergyEfficient Rehabilitation, http://www.kfwfoerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_

residential_buildings/EnergyEfficient_Rehabilitation.jsp(19.06.2009).
313
Directivetopromotetheadaptationofresidentialbuildingstoallgenerationsanditsneedsbymodernisation
and renovation ("Richtlinie zur Frderung der generationsgerechten Anpassung von Mietwohngebuden
durch Modernisierung und Instandsetzung GenerationsgerechtModInstR): The ILB gives an interest rate
freeloanfor15years,butyouhavetopayarunningchargeof0.5%peryear.Theyearlyrepaymentcomesto
4%. In return you are only allowed to increase the original rent by 1.53 Euro/square meter after the
modernisationandnotmorethan10%everythirdyearduringthenext15years.Themaximumpromotion
amountcomesto40%ofthecostsor440Euro/squaremeter.
Directiveforthepromotionofselfusedhomeownershipincitycentersasastartupfinancingforinvestors
(Richtlinie zur Frderung von selbst genutztem Wohneigentum in Innenstdten
WohneigentumInnenstadtR):Thebenefitrecipientisnotallowedtoexceeddefinedincomelimits.Indoing
so,hecouldreceiveagrantoraloan.Theamountdependsontherecipientsincome,theamountofpeople
wholiveinitshousehold,theplannedmeasureandtypeofbuilding.
Grants:
Directiveforthepromotionofabarrierfreeandgenerationfairaccesstotheapartmentsintheresidential
buildings,e.g.installationoflifts/elevators(RichtliniezurFrderungderHerstellungdesbarrierefreienund
generationsgerechten Zugangs zu den Wohnungen in Mietwohngebuden AufzugsR): The grant amounts
50% of the accepted costs or 6,000 Euro per dwelling. The rent must not be increased more than 1.00
Euro/squaremeterandnotmorethan10%everythirdyearduringthenext10years.
Directiveforthepromotionofthedisabilityfriendlyadaptionofrentedapartments(RichtliniezurFrderung
der behindertengerechten Anpassung von Mietwohnungen Wohnraumanpassungsrichtlinie): The
promotionamountcomesto80%oftheacceptedcosts,butatitsmaximumbetween8,000and25,000Euro
per dwelling (dependent on the structural measures). During a period of 15 years, the dwelling has to be
rentedtoseverelyhandicappedpersons.
Directiveforthepromotionofselfusedhomeownershipincitycentersforowners(RichtliniezurFrderung
vonselbstgenutztemWohneigentuminInnenstdtenWohneigentumInnenstadtR)(alsoseeloans)
314
1.Promotioninnewbuildingandhousingstock2005(federalstateof
Brandenburg)
sponsoredapartments
for
thereof
new
building
total
housing
stock
total
foundation acquisition
moder ofrightsof of living thereunder
rentedflats
nisation occupancy rooms
living
area in
recipient of number of
1,000
promotion
promotion number m
tally/number
private
households
142
327
27
153
174
142
32
185
housing
association
103
103
103
103
others
11
19
11
total
157
449
34
161
288
253
35
296
finalcostsfromthesponsoredapartmants
for
thereof
number of
promotion total
newbuilding
housing
stock
moder
total
nisation
recipient of tally
/ 100
promotion
number
EUR
EURpro 1,000
flat
EUR
EUR pro
flat
1,000EUR
private
households
142
34,338
105,01
23,627
15,4423
housing
association
3,952
38,369
others
11
1,936
101,912 1,235
total
157
40,227
89,592
24,861
foundation acquisition
ofrightsof of
living
occupancy rooms
10,712
6,391
4,320
3,952
3,952
154,313
702
383
319
154,418
15,365
10,726
4,640
Source:LandesbetriebfrDatenverarbeitungundStatistikLandBrandenburg,StatistischeBerichte,FrderungimsozialenWohnungsbau
imLandBrandenburg2005
315
(InformationinEUR)
commitment
commitment
capacity
number
dwellings
residentialconstruction
266
40,467,714
257
proxy
246
21,897,222
1,842
ILB1)products
20
18,570,492
730
construction and acquistion including

modernisation innercity living room,
inclusivepilotprojectandKfW2)
179
11,174,600
374
directiveforthepromotionofabarrierfree
access
32
6,136,200
1,379
construction,
modernisation
and
renovationofrentedflatsincludingKfW2)
2
4,111,622
56
bondforhousingloans
304,800
facilitiestoovercomeheightdifferences
10
118,150
10
cooperativestake
15
51,850
15
proxy
246
21,897,222
1,842
additionalcreditsforrentedflats
11
18,098,992
720
additioncreditsforhomeownership
471,500
10
ILB1)products
20
18,570,492
730
of
ILB=promotionalbankofthefederalstateofBrandenburg
KfW=promotionalbankofGermany
Source:InvestitionsbankdesLandesBrandenburg,Geschftsbericht2007
ExamplesforMecklenburgVorpommern:
TheLandesfrderinstitutMecklenburgVorpommern(LFI)istheapprovalbodyoftheStateofMecklenburg
Vorpommern.WithinthefederalstateprogrammeWohnraumfrderung2009theysupportcityrebuilding
316
processesbythefollowingguidelines:
modernizationandrenovationofinnercityoldbuildingquarters
modernizationandrenovationofselfusedhomeownershipbysingleparentsorfamilieswithchildren
creationoflivingspaceinaccordancewiththerequirementofelderlypeoplewithcareserviceintheactual
stocks
modernizationandrenovationofrentalandcooperativeflats
constructionofrentalflatsincommunitieswithunsecureddemandforflats
ExamplesforSchleswigHolstein:
The Investitionsbank SchleswigHolstein (IB) is the states main development bank. They are partner for
potential constructors and buyers, renovator and modernisator, for the housing industry and for credit
institutes.TheIBalsooffersfundingpossibilitiesfortownredevelopmentandtownplanning.
Subsidiesfromlocalauthorities:
There is no demand against the local authority for local means. Every municipality decides on its own in
dependenceonthebudgetarypositionifitprovidestheappropriatemeans.
Examples:
Cityplanningpromotion,subsidiesinformallydesignatedredevelopmentareas
Supportsfortenants:
Examples:Rentsubsidies(Wohngeld):
This financial federal support is given for those, who are not able or just partly able to affort living. Rent
subsidiesarepaidforeconomicprotectionofappropriateandfamilyfairlivingfortenantsofhousingspace,
ownersofaprivateresidentialbuildingorownersofanowneroccupiedflat.
Qualification:
numberoffamilymemberswhobelongtothehousehold
amountoffamilyincome:definedamountsarenottobeexceeded
amount of supportable rent or burden: Just a defined maximum amount of rent or burden is supportable.
Expensesthatarehigherthanthoseforappropriatelivingspacearenotconsidered.Themaximumamounts
orientateonthelocalrentlevel.Inappropriaterentsarenotsubsidised.
Example: A family with two children lives in a flat where the rent/square meter conforms to the average
rent/squaremeterofGermany.Themaximumamountofsupportthencomesto556Europlus43Eurofor
heatingcosts.
Incomeorientatedsupport:
Thepromotionconsistsofabasicandanadditionalsupport.Thebasicsupportisgivenfortheacquisitionof
occupancy rights and the fixing of maximum rents. By giving an additional support an incomeorientated
housingcostsburdenofthetenantandanappropriatesavingofthefixedrentalpaymentsareachieved.The
promotionalcommitmentismadebyagreementorapproval,normallywiththemunicipality.
Example:
ThePROPOTSDAMGmbHconstructedabuildingwith127flats.Thebasicsupportwasgiven
by the Federal State of Brandenburg in form of a building loan and an expenditure loan. The additional
supportwasadoptedbythemunicipalityofPotsdam.Theinitialbasicrentcameto6.14/sm.Iftheincome
317
of the household exceeds the income limit (calculated on the regulations of the second housing law II.
WoBauG)atnotmorethan20%,theadditionalsupportamountsto1.54/sqm(notmorethan40%>1.03
/sqm).Thatmeansthatthetenantpays4.61/smandthemunicipalitypays1.54/sm.Inthatspecialcase
theperiodofsupportcomesto20years.
318
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresGermanyPP3
3.6
Seeanswertoquestion3.1.2.
3.6.2
In Germany, we have different management models according to housing industry. Most of the dwellings
belong to municipal enterprises mostly under the legal form of a limited company (GmbH). The second
largestgroupisformedbyprivateeconomicalhousingenterpriseswhichcanoccurunderthelegalformsof
jointstockcompanies(AG),limitedcommercialpartnerships(KG)andalsolimitedcompanies.(Thislistis
not extended to be exhaustive.) The third largest group are coorperatives. Among the mentioned
management models you can also find private associations such as companies constituted under civil law
(GbR)orownerscoorperations(WEG).
LimitedCompany
Theexecutivedirectorofaltd.companyrepresentsthecompanyandheisresponsiblefortheleadershipof
thebusinessactivities,butthegeneralassemblycanforcerestrictions.
44
Source:InternetAkademieundLehrbuchverlag(2009)
http://www.teialehrbuch.de/(30.06.2009).
44
319
JointStockCompany
Inajointstockcompanytheexecutiveboardisresponsibleforthemanagement.Thegeneralassemblyisonly
allowedtodecideonmanagementactivitiesonapplication.Thisshowsthatajointstockcompanyismeant
for having much more members compared with a limited company. Consequently, the stakeholders are
confinedtotheirequityparticipation.
SupervisoryBoard
Orderingandmonitoringoftheexecutiveboard
Examinationoftheannualaccounts
Conveningofanextraordinarygeneralmeeting,ifitrequires
thewellbeingofthecompany
Dismissaloftheexecutiveboardwithanimportantreason
General
(Meetingoftheshareholders)
Assembly
ExecutiveBoard
Electionofthesupervisoryboard
Management
Decisionabouttheaccumulatedprofits
Presentingthebalancesheetandtheproposal
ontheallocationofprofits
Dischargeoftheexecutiveboard
annualconveningofthegeneralmeeting
Appointmentofauditors
Registering and publishing the annual

accountsinthecommercialRegister
Decisions about amendments of the statutes,

corporate actions and about the dissolution of the
company
Shareholders
Employees
320
LimitedCommercialPartnership:
In this management model only the personally liable partner is entitled and committed to do the
management. Every personally liable partner is allowed to represent the company on its own. In cases of
extraordinarybusinessdealingsonepartnercandisagreewithanother.Limitedpartnersaredisqualifiedfrom
takingoverthemanagementorfromrepresentingthecompany.
Coorperatives:
Usually, coorperatives have three organs: the executive board, the supervisory board and the general
assembly.Theyarerepresentedbytheexecutiveboard.Ifthereisnoexecutiveboard,representationisdone
bythesupervisoryboard.Itsfunctionisalsotocontrolthemanagement.Membersofcoorperativescanuse
theirrightsinthegeneralassembly.Itdecideswiththemajorityofthecastedvotes(simplemajorityvote)if
laworconstitutiondoesnotdeterminealargermajority.Everymemberhasonevote,buttheconstitution
canallowedmultiplevotes.
321
Companyconstitutedundercivillaw
On principle, all partners take over the management together. But this could be changed by contract.
Thinkablecouldbe:
majoritariandecisionmaking
assignmentoroneormorepartnersunderexclusionoftheothers
thelonelyauthoritytodecideofoneormorepartners
Itisassumedthattherighttorepresentandtherighttotakeoverthemanagementconformwitheachother.
Butitispossibletodetermineitindifferentwaysinthecompanyagreement.
Ownerscoorperations:
The highest organ for decision making, its process and selfadministration is the assembly of all owners of
freehold flats. It is responsible for properly and current administration of the facility of the ownership of
residential apartments. So it decides on the distribution of incurred costs such as the waste disposal, the
formationofreservefundsforrepairsorbuildingactivities.Everyonewhoacquiresresidentialpropertyobtain
rightsandobligations,accordingtotheregulationsbytheresidentialpropertylaw(Wohneigentumsgesetz)
and by arrangements among the owners.45 At least oncea year the owners come together in the owners
assemblytomakedecisions.Everyownerhasonevote.Anassemblyhasaquorumifmorethanhalfoftheco
ownershipsharesarerepresented.46
Otherorgansaretheabministratorandtheadministrationadvisorycouncil.Thevoteofanadministratorcon
notbeexcluded,thevoteofanadministrationadvisorycouncilisfacultative.
45
R+V,
Eigentmergemeinschaft
die
eigene
Wohnung
verpflichtet,
http://www.ruv.de/de/r_v_ratgeber/bauen_wohnen/geld_recht/4_eigentuemergemeinschaft.jsp
(19.06.09).
46
Bundestag(1951),GesetzberdasWohnungseigentumunddasDauerwohnrecht(WoEigG),25.
322
ConditionofrealestatemanagementGermanyPP3
3.7
3.7.1 PropertyManagement,AssetManagementundFacilityManagementinwhichlevelthese
instrumentsareusedforit?
Thefollowingchartgivesangeneraloverviewaboutthedistributionofthebusinessactivitiesonthelevelof
investors,assetmanagersandpropertymanagersasusualinGermany.47
Source:Gondring/Wagner(2007).
3.7.2
In Germany there are no national distinctions in the tenancy law. The legal basis for tenancy law are the
regulations in the 535ff of the German Civil Code (Brgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB)48, which became
effective in its original version on1st January 1900. These regulations according to the tenancy law rule for
example:
contentandmaindutiesoftherentalcontract
terminationoftherentalcontract
paymentoftherent
amountofrentandtheposibiliestoincreasetherent(e.g.increasetothelocalcomparablerentor
afterrefurbishment).
47
Gondring/Wagner2007,p.26.
48
BGB,http://www.gesetzeiminternet.de/bgb/(19.06.2009).
323
AspecialinterestgroupistheGermanLodgersAssociation(DeutscherMieterbund)49.Itgiveslegaladvice
andassistanceinrentaldisputes.
3.7.3
50
Source:BundeszentralefrpolitischeBildung(2008)
49
http://www.mieterbund.de/
50
BundeszentralefrpolitischeBildung(2008),Datenreport2008.EinSozialberichtfrdieBundesrepublik
Deutschland,Bonn,p.231.
324
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsGermanyPP3
3.8
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsGermanyPP3
3.8.1
staticmethods:
profitcomparisoncalculationrespectivelycostcomparisoncalculation
profitabilitycomparisoncalculation
staticamortizationcalculation
dynamicmethods:
netpresentvaluemethod/discountedcashflowmethod
annuitymethod
internalrateofreturnmethod
completefinancialplan
325
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismGermanyPP3
3.9
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismGermanyPP3
equitycapitalfinancing:
selffinancing
stakefinancing,e.g.informoftheformationofcooperativesorhousingpropertycommunities
deptcapitalfinancing:
bankloans/credits
fundingloans/credits
subsidies
buildingsocietysavingloans
others:
privatepublicpartnership
propertydeveloper
privateassembly
validly?
PROPOTSDAMcreatedacalculationbasedonthediscountedcashflowmethodandthecompletefinancial
plan. The observation period comes to 15years. If the result is positive the investmentcanbedone. If the
investment is planned to be put into action in the future it is necessary to calculate again because
circumstancescanchange(e.g.interestrates,buildingscosts,...).
326
3.10 ReferencesGermanyPP3
Amann,Renate/NeumannCosel,Barbaravon(1995):FreieScholle.EinNamewirdProgramm,Berlin:
EditionArkadien.
Behrends, Sylvia/Kott, Kristina (2009): Zuhause in Deutschland. Ausstattung und Wohnsituation

privaterHaushalte,StatistischesBundesamt.Wiesbaden.
BBU (2009), Betriebskosten 2007. Auswertung der BBUBetriebskostendatenbank. Abgerechnete

Betriebskosten des Jahres 2007 im Unternehmensdurchschnitt der BBUMitgliedsunternehmen in
BerlinundimLandBrandenburg,Berlin.
Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Neubaunachfrage in Deutschland bis 2020,

http://www.bbr.bund.de/cln_015/nn_22386/BBSR/DE/Fachthemen/Wohnungswesen/Wohnungsma
rkt/Wohnungsmarktprognose/Neubaunachfrage/Neubaunachfrage.html(19.06.2009).
Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Prognose Nachfrage Neubau Ein und

Zweifamilienhuser
2020
Regionalprognose,
mik__neubau__ezfh.html(19.06.2009).
Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Prognose Nachfrage Neubau Mehrfamilienhuser

2020
Regionalprognose,
mik__neubau__mfh.html(19.06.2009).
Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Wohnflchen Wohnungsmarktbeobachtung,

http://www.bbr.bund.de/cln_015/nn_22518/SharedDocs/GlossarEntry/W/Wohnflaechen.html
(19.06.2009).
BundesministeriumfrWirtschaftundTechnologie(2009):EnergiekostenderprivatenHaushalte,
Bundesministerium fr Wirtschaft und Technologie (2009): Entwicklung von Energiepreisen und

Preisindizes, http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Energie/energiestatistiken,did=180914.html
(19.06.2009).
Bundesregierung (2004): Verordnung ber die Aufstellung von Betriebskosten.

BetriebskostenverordnungBetrKV,25.11.2003,inBundesgesetzblattI,56,23472349.
Bundesregierung (2004): Verordnung zur Berechnung der Wohnflche, ber die Aufstellung von
BetriebskostenundzurnderungandererVerordnungen,inBundesgesetzblattI,56,23462351.
Bundestag (1951): Gesetz ber das Wohnungseigentum und das Dauerwohnrecht

Wohnungseigentumsgesetz,26.03.2007,in:BundesgesetzblattI,Nr.13,175185.
Bundeszentrale fr politische Bildung (2008): Datenreport 2008. Ein Sozialbericht fr die

BundesrepublikDeutschland,Bonn.
Deutscher
Wetterdienst:
Klimakarten
von
Deutschland,
http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=dwdww
w_start&T3200049671164966387518gsbDocumentPath=Content%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKU%2FKUPK
%2FHomepage%2FTeaser%2FKlimakarten.html&_state=maximized&_windowLabel=T320004967116
4966387518&lastPageLabel=dwdwww_start(19.06.2009).
Gewoba (2006), MieterMonitor 2006. Ergebnisse einer reprsentativen Befragung der Gewoba
MieterimSommer2006,ed.byIFMInstitutfrMarktundMedienforschungBerlinGmbH.
327
328
GdW(2008):GdWJahresstatistik2007'kompakt'.http://www.gdw.de/uploads/files/Koepp/GdW
Jahresstatistik%202007%20kompakt.pdf(19.06.2009).
Gondring, Hanspeter/Wagner, Thomas (2007): Facility Management. Handbuch fr Studium und

Praxis,Mnchen:FranzVahlen.
Kott, Kristina (2005): Einnahmen und Ausgaben privater Haushalte. Jahresergebnisse der
EinkommensundVerbrauchsstichprobe2003,inWirtschaftundStatistik12,13091323.
Construction,
http://www.kfw
Kreditanstalt
fr
Wiederaufbau:
EnergyEfficient
foerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_residential_buildings/EnergyEfficient_Construction.jsp
(19.06.2009).
Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau: EnergyEfficient Rehabilitation,

Efficient_Rehabilitation.jsp(19.06.2009).
Kreditanstalt
fr
Wiederaufbau:
Housing
Modernisation,
http://www.kfw
foerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_residential_buildings/KfWHousing.jsp(19.06.2009).
Kreditanstalt
fr
Wiederaufbau:
KfW
Home
Ownership,
http://www.kfw
foerderbank.de/EN_Home/Programmes_for_residential_buildings/KfWHomeOwn.jsp(19.06.2009).
Pelzeter, Andrea (2007): Lebenszykluskosten von Immobilien Vergleich mglicher

Berechnungsanstze,in:ZeitschriftfrImmobilienkonomie2,3854.
R+V
(2009):
Eigentmergemeinschaft
die
eigene
Wohnung
verpflichtet,
http://www.ruv.de/de/r_v_ratgeber/bauen_wohnen/geld_recht/4_eigentuemergemeinschaft.jsp
(19.06.2009).
Schader Stiftung (2005): Der Wohnungsmarkt in Deutschland, http://www.schader

Statistisches Bundesamt (2006): Bevlkerung Deutschlands bis 2050. 11. koordinierte

Statistisches Bundesamt (2006), Die Nutzung von Umweltressourcen durch die Konsumaktivitten
der privaten Haushalte. Ergebnisse der Umweltkonomischen Gesamtrechnungen 19952004,
Wiesbaden.
StatistischesBundesamt(2007):BevlkerungDeutschlandsnachBundeslndernbis2050.Ergebnisse
der11.koordiniertenBevlkerungsvorausberechnungnachLndern,Wiesbaden.
StatistischesBundesamt(2008):BauttigkeitundWohnungen.MikrozensusZusatzerhebung2006.
BestandundStrukturderWohneinheiten.WohnsituationderHaushalte,Wiesbaden.(Fachserie5/
Heft1).
Statistisches Bundesamt (2008): Statistisches Jahrbuch fr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2008.

Statisticalyearbook2008fortheFerderalRepublicofGermany,Wiesbaden.
StatistischesBundesamt(2009):Preise.PreisindizesfrdieBauwirtschaft,Wiesbaden.(Fachserie17/
Reihe4).
Umweltbundesamt (2006): Wie private Haushalte die Umwelt nutzen hherer Energieverbrauch
trotz Effizienzsteigerungen. Hintergrundpapier, http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/ubainfo
presse/hintergrund/privatehaushalte.pdf(19.06.2009).
http://www.kfw
Annexes
13.3 DetailsLithuania
Engineering and building technology standards in Lithuania
Method of planning, permit and tendering procedures in Lithuania
Economical and financial basis, industry and quality in Lithuania
329
Annexes
330
ArchitecturalandUrbanDesignLithuaniaPP8
1.1
About32%ofthepersonsliveindetachedhousesand61%inflats.
Dwellingsbytypebycountyandmunicipality
Part of Separate
All
Individual
the
apartment
dwellings house
house (flat)
Hostel
Total
1293029 422487
Other
Hotel,
living
etc.
quarters
61123
791445
17281 139
554
Urbanareas 874514
110662
36729
711571
15246 120
186
Ruralareas 418515
311825
24394
79874
2035 19
368
yearofconstruction,
Before
1919
1919
1945
1946
1960
1961
1970
1971
1980
1981
1990
1991
2001
Allbuildings 511,3
31,4
106,4
97,3
78,1
87,6
74,2
36,3
Urban
163,6
7,3
26,2
36,2
25,7
25,1
23,5
19,6
Rural
347,7
24,1
80,2
61,1
52,4
62,5
50,7
16,7
Allbuildings 100
6,2
20,8
19,0
15,3
17,1
14,5
7,1
Urban
100
4,4
16,0
22,2
15,7
15,3
14,4
12,0
Rural
100
6,9
23,1
17,6
15,1
18,0
14,5
4,8
Total
Inthousands
Inpercent
331
Item1.1.4.
32,7% individual houses, 4,7% part of the house, 61,2% separate apartment (flat) in the multistorey
houses.
Yearofconstruction:
32,7% before1919
20,8% 19191945
19%
19461960
15,3% 19611970
17,1% 19711980
14,5% 19811990
7,1%
19912001
Numberofnewlyconstructedresidentialunitsinthelasttenyearsisaround3600peryear
Publicorprivateowner:
199142%private,58%public
200897,2%private,2,8%public
Minimal requirements for organisation of spaces in living house according governmental regulations are
definedintable2.
Table2
Organizationofspacesofresidentialhouse
Residentialhouse
flat
house
Single
Purposeofpremises
1. living room or separated part of area

fordailycommunication
First floor
of two Flatfor
storey
Oneperson
house
Commonarea
+
+
living
room
2.bedroomorseparatedpartofareafor
+
rest/sleep
3. kitchen or separated part of area

+
(niche)forfoodstorageandpreparation
4.dinningroomorpartofkitchentohave
+
meals
332
5.roomfordailylivingneeds
*alternative:laundryanddryer +
for house community or part of it (for
flatsofonelanding)
6.lavatory
7.bathroom
*alternative:shower+lavatory
8.larderorbuiltinwardrobe
9. hall or corridor with closet for

+
outerwear
10. room or part of room for garden

+
instrumentsandsmalltools
11. room or part of room for gocart,

bikes, wheelchairs, sport and game
equipment
*alternative: bikes depot can be

fittedoutside
12. room for temporary storage of daily

+
waste
* alternative: could be made

temporarystoragefordailywasteonthe *
plotofhouse
13. room or a part of room for building
servicessystems
+
*alternative: technical rooms by

needs
*
14. boilerroom and fuel storage or

thermal station of central (district) heat
+
supplysystem
15.entrancetambour
+**
16.landing
17. common corridor (depends on the
typeofhouse)
333
18. gallery (depends on the type of
house)
19.lobbywithpartofspaceforelevator
20.elevator
Notes:
+compulsoryrequirement;
*alternativeofcompulsoryrequirement;
Partsofseparablerooms(2table14rows)shouldhavewindow
view)?
The content of Architectural part of building project is described by building requirement STR1.05.06:2005
StructureDesign.[1]
livingspaces)
Flat rate for 1 person not less than 34 m2 Bath together with a toilet area not less than 5m2 Any
apartment,oneroommustnotbelessthan16m2.
Numberofrooms:
57rooms
Numberofpersonsperhousehold:
34persons
Sqmperperson:
24,9m
Heightofdifferentroom:
2,02,5m
Min.areaoflivingroom:
14m
bathroom,kitchen,livingrooms,storageroomforwheelchairsandbicycle,wardrobeandcloset
1.1.5
Outer partitions to be designed according to STR2.05.01: 2005 Thermal technique of the building
envelope[2]and
STR2.01.09:2005EnergyPerformanceofBuildings;CertificationofEnergyPerformanceofBuildings.[3]
Indoornaturallightsettingsassociatedwiththeminimumofwindowglasssurfaceandroomfloorarearatio:
tambour door, staircase, the house of the generaluse corridors 1:12; living rooms 1:6; kitchen 1:8;
roomsinaninclinedroof1:10.
334
335
1.1.6
Elevator:
Cellar:
Thenewlybuilthouse,higherthan4floors(homesfortheelderly3,athome,for
familieswithdisabledpersons2),shallbeinstalledinelevators.
No.
Bell/Intercom:
Almostinallresidentialbuildings.
Requiredrooms:
Bathroom, kitchen, living rooms, storage room for wheelchairs and bicycle,
wardrobeandcloset.
Garage/parkingspace:
RequirementsareintheSTR2.02.01:2004"livingHouses".[4]
Conciergeservice:
No.
Flatandslantedroof:
STR2.05.02:2008Buildingconstructions.RoofsRoofsmustbedesigned,builtand
used so as to meet the essential requirements of the 6 Regulations: Essential
requirementsofthebuilding.[5]
Bicyclecomfort:
Storageroomisneeded,alsopossibleisanoutsidelocatedbikedepot.
1.1.7
STR2.05.02:2008Buildingconstructions.Roofs.[5]
Slopeupto7deg.flatroof;Slope>7deg.pitchedroof.
comfort)?
Comfortabilityorspaceefficiencyareexpressedasminimalrequirementsforlivingspacesandaccessibility
for disabled people. It is described in STR2.02.01:2004 "Living Houses[4], STR2.03.01:2001 Buildings and
Territories[6].
1.1.9
LawofConstruction;Regulations.
LawonConstruction;
STR1.07.01:2002ConstructionPermit[7]
STR1.09.06:2007ConstructionSuspension.LiquidationofConsequencesof.UnauthorizedConstruction"[8]
There are detailed plans, under which local authorities issue a summary of design conditions with all
requirements,includingthearchitecture.
336
During the work of preparation of plot plan the solutions and concept of investor and architect are
coordinatedwithcommunity.
TerritorialPlanningLawArticle23[9]providesforthepreparationofdetailedplans,themanagementofthis
bindingsiteandmodeofuse:
Territory(land)useand(or)thenature;
Allowableheightofbuildings;
Allowablebuildingdensityoftheparcelofland;
Allowablebuildingintensityplot;
Constructionzone,constructionofrange;
The municipal or local engineering networks, the territory (land) supply of engineering techniques
andcommunicationcorridors;
Ofthesystemoforganization;
Easement. Where the planned area is important for the protection of the landscape, the urban,
architecturalandheritagepointofview;
Urbanandarchitectural;
Thenaturalandculturalheritageprotection;
Theterritory(land)greenery(percentage).
337
StructuralDesignLithuaniaPP8
1.2
1.2.1
Storms,floods:
Nostorms.
Numberofdaysofsunannually:
1700
Annualrainfall:
650mm
Annualsnowdepth:
94cmor154kg/m
Numberofheatingdays:
225
1.2.2
Pitched roofs of steel and wood, flat roofs usually made of reinforced concrete constructions.
1.2.3
Load bearing wall constructions: masonry (bricks, blocks, panels); storey partitions, foundations: reinforced
concrete.
Loadbearingframeworkconstructions:reinforcedconcrete.
1.2.4
Isthereanynationalcodetocalculateloadstructures?
STR2.05.04:2003ActionsandLoads[10]
STR2.05.05:2005DesignofConcreteandReinforcedConcreteStructures[11]
STR2.05.06:2005DesignofAluminumStructures[12]
STR2.05.07:2005DesignofTimberStructures[13]
STR2.05.08:2005DesignofSteelStructures[14]
STR2.05
1.2.5 Howhighlydevelopedaretheindustrialprefabricatedmaterials?
Quitehigh.
338
1.2.6
Multifamily houses currently being built from monolithic reinforced concrete structures, in the decoration
usinglessmanualwork.
1.2.7
Minimumconstructioncosts.
339
EnergystandardsLithuaniaPP8
1.3
EnergystandardsLithuaniaPP8
1.3.1
STR2.01.01(6):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Energysavingandheatretention[15]
STR2.01.09:2005EnergyPerformanceofBuildings;.CertificationofEnergyPerformanceofBuildings[3]
STR2.05.01:2005Thermaltechniqueofthebuildingenvelope[2]
1.3.2
RegulationSTR2.09.04:2008ThermalOutputofBuildingHeatingSystem.HeatDemandinHeating[16]
Total energy consumption in dwellings per month, 2008: 35 kWh/m2 22%; ~ 25 kWh/m2 56%; ~ 15
kWh/m17%;~8kWh/m25%(itsatisfiestherequirementsofexistingstandardsfornewbuildings)
1.3.3
STR2.05.01:2005Thermaltechniqueofthebuildingenvelope[2]
STR2.01.09:2005EnergyPerformanceofBuildings;.CertificationofEnergyPerformanceofBuildings[3]
1.3.4
According to STR 2.09.04:2008 Thermal Output of Building Heating System. Heat Demand in Heating[16]:
MethodbasedonprEN15217:2005[17]andprEN15203:2005[18]requirements
340
1.4
BuildingmaterialsLithuaniaPP8
BuildingmaterialsLithuaniaPP8
Roofstructure:
Multistoryhousesreinforcedconcrete;
Loadbearingstructure:
reinforcedconcrete;
Foundation:
reinforcedconcrete;
Externalwall:
differenttypesofmasonrywalls(bricks,blocks,panels);
Internalwall:
differenttypesofmasonrywalls(bricks,blocks,panels);
Floor:
reinforcedconcrete,suspendedceiling;
Ceiling:
plastering,metal,glass,ceramic;
Windows:
plasticorwoodenwindows;
mineralorglasswool.
Thermalinsulation:
1.4.2
Usuallyaccordingtolawsofmarketeconomy.
Firsttighteningofrequirementsforouterpartitionswasmadeinyear1993.Laterin1996,1999,2005and
2008, also appeared new regulations for integrated energy saving. Building envelope (walls, roof) design
solutionsandUvalueforit:In1993~0,35W/(m2K);1999~0,25W/(m2K);20080,160,2W/(m2K).
1.4.4
Isthereanyecologicaldeclarationofbuildingmaterials?
HN 36:2002 Banned and restricted substances [19] HN 35:2002 Maximum permissible concentration of
chemicalspollutingairinresidentialareas[20]MinisterfortheEnvironment20061229OrderNo.DI637
Aboutconfirmationofrulesforcleaningupofbuildingwaste[21]
Forecologicalbuildingmaterialsspecialcodeswedonothave.
1.4.5
Whatcriteriaareinvolvedinthisdeclaration?
Health risks, potentials to accumulate or to abolish the ozone layer, Potentials for acidification and over
fertilization,Risksforthelocalandglobalenvironment.
1.4.6
Management,VZ,1998,no.611726[22];GovernmentoftheRepublicofLithuania20020412ResolutionNo.
519 "On the state of strategic waste management plan" VZ, 2002, no. 40 * 499 [23]; Minister for the
Environment20061229OrderNo.DI637AboutconfirmationofrulesforcleaningupofbuildingwasteVZ,
2007,no.10403[24]:Constructionwastemanagementregulationssetofconstructionwastegenerationand
managementofplanning,accounting,andmanagementoftheconstructionsite,buildingthemobilecrushing
equipmentonsite,constructionofuntreatedwasteconsumption,constructionwasterecoveryanddisposal.
341
BuildingphysicsLithuaniaPP8
1.5
STR 2.01.09:2005 Energy Performance of Buildings;. Certification of Energy Performance of Buildings [3]
There are used parameters from EN15217:2005 [25] and EN15203:2005 [26] in this code.STR 2.01.03:2003
DeclaredandProjectValuesofUnitsofThermalTechnicalConstructionMaterialsandProducts[27].They
meettheLSTENISO10456[28]provisions.Regulation3,4and5annexesofthethermalvaluescorrespond
withLSTEN12524[29]
HN42:2004Microclimateindwellingandpublicbuildings[30]
HN 69:2003 Thermal comfort and sufficient thermal environment in work rooms. Requirements for
parametersofnormalvaluesandmeasuring[31]
1.5.3
STR2.01.01(5):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Protectionagainstnoise[32]
STR2.01.07:2003ProtectionoftheInternalandExternalEnvironmentofBuildingsfromNoise[33]
STR2.01.08:2003Controlofnoisesenttosurroundingsbyopenairequipment[34]
thecode?
STR2.02.01:2004"LivingHouses[4].STR2.02.01:2004p.192residentialbuildingsshouldbelocatedso,that
complywiththebuildingfacilitiesandchildren'splaygroundforvisualcomfortrequirementsdonotimpede
thenaturalindoorlighting,meettherequirementsofnaturalindoorlighting(seealsothereplyto1.1.5a)
1.5.5
STR2.02.01:2004"LivingHouses[4]
STR2.01.01(3):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Hygiene,health,protectionofenvironment[35]
1.5.6
STR 2.09.02:2005 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning[36], STR 2.09.04:2008 Thermal Output of
BuildingHeatingSystem.HeatDemandinHeating[16],STR2.05.02:2008.StructuresofBuildings.Roofs[5]
STR2.01.01(3):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuildings[35]
1.5.7
STR2.01.01(2):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Firesafety[37]
STR2.01.04:2004Firesafety.Mainrequirements[38]
STR2.01.06:2003Lightningsafetyofstructures.Activesafetyagainstlightning[39]
1.5.8
STR2.01.01(1):2005Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Mechanicalenduranceandstability[40]
342
STR1.04.02:2004EngineeringGeological(Geotechnical)Investigations[41]
1.5.9
Final energy demand, Uvalue, Rvalue, risk of moisture condensation, heat loss through outer walls, outer
storey partitions, roofs, heat loss through partitions contacting soil, heat loss through windows, entrance
doors,throughthermalbridges.
343
TechnicalfacilitiesandservicesLithuaniaPP8
1.6
1.6.1
Theheatingenergysourcesusedin1997and2008are:naturalgas68,5%77%;fueloil27,3%4,1%;wood,
biofuels,geothermalresources1,2%17,7%;otherfuels3%1,2%
1.6.2 Whatkindofheatingsystemisusedinresidentialhouses?Centralheating,districtheating
etc.?Whstkindofheatinggeneratorsareused?
Inresidentialhousesthekindofusedheatingenergysources:
districtheating78,5%;
differentheating21,3%;
noheating0,2%
heatunggenerators:
closedsolidfuelstove
gasfiredheatgenerators
1.6.3
STR2.09.02:2005.Usuallynotusedatresidentialhouses[36]
1.6.4
mechanical
natural
withheatrecovery
ventialationsystems)
STR2.09.02:2005Heating,ventilationandairconditioning[36].RegulationSTR1.12.05:2002"Theuseand
maintenanceofmandatoryrequirementsandimplementationarrangementsforresidentialhoses"[42]
1.6.6
STR2.02.04:2004Watercharge,preparationofwater.Mainprovisions[43]
STR2.02.04:2004Sewercleaners.Mainprovisions[44]
STR 2.07.01:2003. WaterSupply and Waste Water Treatment. Building Services. Outdoor Engineering
Networks[45]
Lithuanian building code (RSN 2690[46]) depending on the category of cities and towns in the residential
houses with water supply, waste remover and bathroom, with a local hotwater species 1 capita water
consumptionrateofthedayforthe160to230litters.
344
1.6.8
STR2.01.01(4):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Usagesafety.[47]
Yes,andthecomparativeweightincreases:
19971,2%,
19982,0%,
20014%,
20037,2%,
200512%,
200817,7%(inthenumberofsolarandwindenergyis~3.3%)
Therearenorenewableheatsourcesusedinenergysupplysystemsofresidentialbuildings.
Nodataforresidentialbuildings.
Nodata.Increaseinthenumberofheatusersfrom2001to2009amountedto31.5%.
STR2.09.02:2005Regulation,ChapterVIIIofthe"EnergySaving",wherethereisguidanceon:[36]
Theuseofdisposalofair,ifitiseconomicallyappropriate;
Equipments,ductsandpipeinsulation;
Fanspowercategories;
Systemsmanagementandautomation,etc
345
QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsLithuaniaPP8
1.7 QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsLithuania
PP8
STR 2.01.09:2005 Energy Performance of Buildings;. Certification of Energy Performance of Buildings[3]
p.15Building(buildinginpart)theenergyperformanceassessmentand/orcertificationmadebuilding(part
of the building) total energy calculation method. Calculation methods (in total 25 pages) basis is prEN
15217:2005 Energy performance of buildings. Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy
certificationofbuildings[48]
thesecertificates?
TherearenoregulationsreferredtoGreenBuildingCertificates.
1.7.3
Therearenospecifiedregulationsreferredtotheseterms.
1.7.4
No,becausethemethodisbasedontheRegulationtablesvaluessizes,nottheactualvaluessizesneededfor
thecalculations.Overall,thisisnotacertificationitiscalculationsofenergyefficiencyofdesignsolutions
346
DefinitionofqualitystandardsLithuaniaPP8
1.8
DefinitionofqualitystandardsLithuaniaPP8
Thereisnoprojectpartlikethatinbuildingprojectdocumentation.
andplacing?
No codes defining sustainability for building process. Quality assurance of execution is regulated by
Construction Law and under code STR 1.09.05:2002 Engineering Supervision of Construction of a
Structure[3]
347
ReferencesLithuaniaPP8
1.9
[1]
STR1.05.06:2005StructureDesign
[2]
STR2.05.01:2005Thermaltechniqueofthebuildingenvelope
[3]
STR2.01.09: 2005 Energy Performance of Buildings; Certification of Energy Performance of
Buildings
[4]
STR2.02.01:2004"livingHouses"
[5]
STR2.05.02:2008Buildingconstructions.Roofs
[6]
STR2.03.01:2001BuildingsandTerritories
[7]
STR1.07.01:2002ConstructionPermit
[8]
STR1.09.06: 2007 Construction Suspension. Liquidation of Consequences of Unauthorized

Construction"
[9]
TerritorialPlanningLawArticle23
[10]
STR2.05.04:2003ActionsandLoads
[11]
STR2.05.05:2005DesignofConcreteandReinforcedConcreteStructures
[12]
STR2.05.06:2005DesignofAluminumStructures
[13]
STR2.05.07:2005DesignofTimberStructures
[14]
STR2.05.08:2005DesignofSteelStructures
[15]
STR2.01.01(6):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Energysavingandheatretention
[16]
STR2.09.04:2008ThermalOutputofBuildingHeatingSystem.HeatDemandinHeating
[17]
prEN15217:2005
[18]
prEN15203:2005
[19]
HN36:2002Bannedandrestrictedsubstances[19]
[20]
HN35:2002Maximumpermissibleconcentrationofchemicalspollutingairinresidentialareas
[21]
MinisterfortheEnvironment20061229OrderNo.DI637Aboutconfirmationofrulesforcleaning
upofbuildingwaste
[22]
Management,VZ,1998,no.611726
[23]
Government of the Republic of Lithuania 2002 04 12 Resolution No.519 "On the state of strategic
wastemanagementplan"VZ,2002,no.40*499^
[24]
MinisterfortheEnvironment20061229OrderNo.DI637Aboutconfirmationofrulesforcleaning
upofbuildingwasteVZ,2007,no.10403
[25]
EN15217:2005
[26]
EN15203:2005
[27]
STR2.01.03:2003DeclaredandProjectValuesofUnitsofThermalTechnicalConstructionMaterials
andProducts
348
[28]
ENISO10456
[29]
LSTEN12524
[30]
HN42:2004Microclimateindwellingandpublicbuildings
[31]
HN69:2003Thermalcomfortandsufficientthermalenvironmentinworkrooms.Requirementsfor
parametersofnormalvaluesandmeasuring
[32]
STR2.01.01(5):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Protectionagainstnoise
[33]
STR2.01.07:2003ProtectionoftheInternalandExternalEnvironmentofBuildingsfromNoise
[34]
STR2.01.08:2003Controlofnoisesenttosurroundingsbyopenairequipment
[35]
STR2.01.01(3):1999 Essential requirements of the building. Hygiene, health, protection of

environment
[36]
STR2.09.02:2005Heating,ventilationandairconditioning
[37]
STR2.01.01(2):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Firesafety
[38]
STR2.01.04:2004Firesafety.Mainrequirements
[39]
STR2.01.06:2003Lightningsafetyofstructures.Activesafetyagainstlightning
[40]
STR2.01.01(1):2005Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Mechanicalenduranceandstability
[41]
STR1.04.02:2004EngineeringGeological(Geotechnical)Investigations
[42]
STR 1.12.05:2002 "The use and maintenance of mandatory requirements and implementation
arrangementsforresidentialhoses"
[43]
STR2.02.04:2004Watercharge,preparationofwater.Mainprovisions
[44]
STR2.02.04:2004Sewercleaners.Mainprovisions
[45]
STR 2.07.01:2003. WaterSupply and Waste Water Treatment. Building Services. Outdoor
EngineeringNetworks
[46]
RSN2690
[47]
STR2.01.01(4):1999Essentialrequirementsofthebuilding.Usagesafety.
[48]
prEN15217:2005Energyperformanceofbuildings.Methodsforexpressingenergyperformanceand
forenergycertificationofbuildings
349
350
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsLithuaniaPP9
2.1
2.1.1
TherearemainlythreelevelapproachesinLithuania,relatedtotheplanning.
MinistryoftheEnvironmentoftheRepublicofLithuaniaiscurrentlyresponsibleforthelegalactsandnorms
relatedtotheterritorialandurbanplanningprocessesaswellasconstructionworkswithinthecountry.Ona
more local level municipalities are responsible for the development to be in accordance to the laws and
normssetbythegovernment,municipalitiessetsomemorespecificregulationsfortheirareas.Thethirdlevel
wouldbeinhabitants,developers,investors,architectsandetc.,tocomplyandconformtotheregulationsset
bytheStategovernmentandmunicipalities.
2.1.2
1.
ComprehensivePlanoftheTerritoryoftheRepublicofLithuania(in.,2002,No.1104852)[1].With
important goals to form and main directions of the regional policy as well as to define the main
guidelinesandplanningpreconditionsforthenationalspecialandcountylevelcomprehensiveand
specialplans.
2.
RepublicofLithuaniaLawonTerritorialplanning(in.,1995,No.1072391;2005,No.1525532)[2]
regulatesterritorialplanningintheRepublicofLithuania,theinterrelationshipbetweennaturaland
legal entities and public authorities involved in this process. It defines the priorities and the
relationshipbetweenthedetailed,specialandcomprehensiveplans.
3.
Republic of Lithuania Law on Construction [3] which establishes the essential requirements for all
constructionworks;
4.
91NormativeTechnicalConstructionDocuments(NTCD)[4]whichsupporttheLawonConstruction
byestablishingspecificrulesfordifferenttypesofconstructionworks.
2.1.3
The necessary energy characteristics when designing and constructing the buildings are described in
Normative Technical Construction Documents: STR 2.01.01(6):2008 Esminis statinio reikalavimas. Energijos
taupymas ir ilumos isaugojimas (Essential requirement for the building structure. Energy saving and heat
preservation)[5],STR2.05.01:2005Pastatatitvarilumintechnika(Heattechnologyforthepartitionings
ofthebuildingstructures)[6],STR2.05.02:2008Statinikonstrukcijos.Stogai(Roofconstructions.Roofs)[7],
STR 2.01.03:2003 Statybini mediag ir gamini ilumini technini dydi, deklaruojamos ir projektins
verts(Declaredanddesigneddenominationsforthetechnicalandheatvaluesoftheconstructionmaterials
andproducts)[8].
Minimumenergyperformancerequirementsaremandatory:
1)fornewbuildings;
2) existing buildings that are subject to reconstruction or major renovation and a total useful floor area of
whichisover1000squaremetersandthepriceofworksdoneduringreconstructionormajorrenovationin
ordertoupgradetheirenergyperformancemakesupto25percentofthevalueofthebuilding,excludingthe
351
valueoftheplotoflandonwhichthebuildingissituated.Therequirementsofthissubparagraphshallapply
inasmuchasthisistechnically,functionallyandeconomicallyfeasible.
Energyperformancecertificationofbuildingsaremandatory:
when constructing, selling or renting out buildings. The builder (client) or owner of a building shall, at the
request of abuyer or tenant, producean energy performancecertificate of a building the validity of which
must not exceed 10 years. The provisions of this subparagraph shall apply also when selling or renting out
partsofbuildings(apartments,premisesdesignedforseparateuseandhavinganyotherpurpose);inthiscase
anenergyperformancecertificateofapartofthebuildingmaybebasedonacertificateofthewholebuilding
with a common heating system or a certificate of another representative apartment in the same multi
apartmentresidentialhouse.
2.1.4
ParticipantsoftheTerritorialplanning:
Master and detailed plans may be drawn up by the specialists who have been issued a licence for
general territorial planning in the manner laid down by the Government, also by legal entities,
provided that such activity is prescribed by their charters and the works are carried out by the
specifiedspecialists;
Specialists with qualifications in architecture, civil engineering, water management, land

management,forestmanagement,geographyorotherspheresshallbeentitledtoprepare(onlyin
theirrespectiveprofessionalsphere)specialplanningdocuments.Thespecialistsshallneedlicences
onlyincasesprovidedforinappropriatelaws;
Old town regeneration projects, also cultural monuments and properties protection projects and
schemes may be drafted by specialists whose performance has been evaluated in the manner set
forthintheLawontheImmovableCulturalProperties.
Participantsoftheconstructionworks
352
Builder (client) is a natural or legal person of Lithuania or a foreign state that invests funds into
constructionandperformsatthesametimefunctionsofabuilder(client)(ortransferssuchfunctions
toanyothernaturalorlegalperson);
Investigatorisanaturalperson,alegalperson,anyotherforeignorganisationtowhomthelawsand
other legal acts, regulating an appropriate field of investigations, grant the right to exercise such
investigations;
Designerofaconstructionworksisanaturalperson,alegalperson,anyotherforeignorganisation
whohastherightestablishedbytheLaw,tocarryoutdesignworkofaconstructionworks;
Contractorofconstructionofaconstructionworks(hereinafterreferredtoasthecontractor)isa
natural person, a legal person, any other foreign organisation who has the right to engage in
construction,establishedbytheLaw;
Technical supervisor of construction of a construction works is an architect or a building engineer

who, representing the builder (client), heads engineering supervision of construction of a concrete
construction works, performs functions assigned to the head of general engineering supervision of
construction of a construction works (general construction operations), coordinates special
supervision of construction of a construction works, activities of heads thereof, and, within his
competence,isresponsibleforthestandardqualityofthebuiltconstructionworks;
Supplier is a natural person, a legal person, any other foreign organisation who is a producer (his
representative)ofconstructionproducts,adistributor,animporter,aserviceorganiser,etc;
Managerofdesignofaconstructionworkswhenabuilder(client)selectsdesignmanagementasa
wayoforganisationofdesign;and
Manager of construction of a construction works when a builder (client) chooses management of
constructionofaconstructionworksasawayoforganisationofconstruction.
Seequestion2.1.4.
353
BuildingpermitrulesLithuaniaPP9
2.2
2.2.1
Apermitforconstructionofaconstructionworksisamandatorydocument(withexceptionsforconstruction
of simple construction works1 and simple repairs of a construction works2 issued by the countys
administration (for construction works of a national significance in the area administrated by several
municipalities) or by the director of the administration of a municipality. In order to obtain a permit to
construct,thedevelopermustsubmittheapplicationofanestablishedform(annex1);documentsconfirming
the right of the ownership for the plot of land; an agreement of coowners of the joint ownership of a
constructionwork;designdocumentationfortheconstructionworks;acertificateofcadastralmeasurements
and legal registration of construction works; and etc. After the application is received, Permanent
Construction Commission checks whether the documentation meets the requirements (regulations) for the
improvementofaconstructionplotlaiddowninphysicalplanningdocumentsaswellasrequirementsfrom
thepackageoftheconstructionconditionsandthelegalactsspecifiedintheregulationsofthePermanent
Construction Commission. Consequently, the Commission gives a recommendation whether to issue the
developeraconstructionpermitorno.Theconstructionpermitcontainsthetechnicaldataandthepurpose
of each construction work established by technical construction documents, it may be issued (under the
request) for all construction works designed in a single construction documentation as well as one
construction work designed in a single construction documentation. The construction permit is valid for 10
years.
ThelistofsimpleconstructionworksshallbeapprovedbyaninstitutionauthorisedbytheGovernment;and
Thecaseswhenaconstructionpermittocarryoutsimplerepairsofaconstructionworksintheprotected
territoryisrequiredshallbeestablishedbyaninstitutionauthorisedbytheGovernment
354
[9]
355
[9]
356
Constructionpermitisusuallyissuedtothebuilder(client)ortheconstructionmanagerholdingtheauthority
ofthebuilder.Aconstructionpermitcontainsthedataonthestructure,asspecifiedintheAnnex2.Toobtain
theconstructionpermit,theBuildermustsubmittotheMunicipalityAdministrationentitythedocumentsas
follows:astandardapplicationform(Annex1hereto);documentsconfirmingthetitletothelandplotorthe
otherrightstoholdandusesuchplot,aswellastheconsentofcoownersofthelandplotifsuchlandplot
belongstothembytherightofcoownership;anagreementwiththeowneroftheadjacentlandplotonthe
temporaryuseoftheplotduringconstructionoperationsandeasementsinusingthecompletedstructure,on
compensationsfortheuseofthelandplotanddamage(ifany)incaseswhen,accordingtothesetofdesign
conditionsforthestructure,utilitynetworksortrafficroutesaretobebuiltoutsidetheboundariesoftheland
plotownedbytheBuilderorwhenapartofsuchlandplotistobeusedtosetuptheconstructionsite;the
designdocumentationofthestructure(thecompositionthereofnecessarytoobtainaconstructionpermitis
defined in a construction technical regulation) and a storage medium of the design documentation of the
structure(acomputerorascannedversionofthedesigndocumentationofthestructure);conclusionsofan
expertreviewofthedesigndocumentationofthestructure(wheremandatory);adocumentofapprovalof
the design documentation of the structure (where such approval is mandatory); the decision of the
competent authority on the admissibility of the proposed project on the selected site in terms of
environmentalimpactassessment(wheremandatory)inaccordancewiththeLawonEnvironmentalImpact
AssessmentofProposedProjects;adocumentontheappointmentoftheengineeringsupervisionmanager
(where engineering supervision is mandatory) and a copy of his/her qualification certificate ; the file of
cadastral measurements (a copy thereof) and the certificate of registration of the structure (apartment,
premises)intheRealEstateRegistryandthetitlethereto,oranextractfromthecentraldatabaseoftheReal
Estate Registry (if the structure is subjected to reconstruction or overhaul). Such certificate shall not be
required for structures that cannot be individual real estate cadastre objects and where the cadastral
measurementsandlegalregistrationthereofaremissing;
357
[10]
358
[10]
359
2.2.3
NormativeTechnicalConstructionDocument:STR1.07.01:2002Statybosleidimas(Constructionpermit)[11]
foreigncountries?
See2.2.2
In Lithuania the right to be a builder (client or developer) in the Republic of Lithuania shall be enjoyed by
naturalandlegalpersonsofLithuaniaandforeigncountrieswhenthedeveloperownsorholdsandusesaplot
of land; has a prepared, in a prescribed manner and approved construction package of documents for
construction operations as well as pertaining maintenance of a construction works; the builder has the
constructionpermitissuedintheprescribedmanner.
See2.2.2
2.2.6
See2.2.2
2.2.7
Upon the receipt of the Builders request, the Municipality Administration entity shall verify whether all
necessary documents have been submitted; if all the necessary documents have been submitted, the
applicationmustberegisterednolaterthanwithin3workingdays;ifnotallnecessarydocumentshavebeen
submitted, written notice of the missing documents shall be issued to the Builder no later than within 3
working days; upon receiptof all missing documents, the application shall be registered and written notice
thereof shall be issued to the Builder no later than within 3 working days. Upon the registration of the
application, all of the documents will be given over to the Standing Construction Committee which shall
reviewthesameandestablishwhether:thedesigndocumentationofthestructuremeetstherequirements
(regulation)fortheimprovementofthebuildingplotlaiddowninthephysicalplanningdocuments,andthe
requirements of the set of design conditions, as well as the requirements of legislation specified in the
regulationsoftheStandingConstructionCommittee;thescopeandcompositionofthedesigndocumentation
comply with the scope and composition set for this purpose; the expert review of the design (where
mandatory)andconclusionsthereofarefavourable;thedesignerofthestructure,themanagerofthedesign
documentation (a part thereof) of the structure, the contractor who carried out the expert review of the
design documentation and the manager of the expert review of the design documentation (a part thereof)
hold documents confirming their right to perform the jobs listed; the engineering geological (geotechnical)
investigations of the building plot of a structure of exceptional significance, as well as the geological
investigations of the building plot a dwelling house designed in a cavic region have been registered in
accordance with the procedure prescribed by Resolution No 584 of the Government of the Republic of
Lithuaniaof26April2002[12];
Committee shall execute the results of the expert review of the design documentation of a structure by a
report and shall pass a decision instructing the Municipality Administration entity to issue or withhold a
constructionpermitrequestedbytheBuilder.ThedecisionoftheCommitteeontheissuanceorwithholding
ofaconstructionpermitrequestedbytheBuildershallbebindingontheMunicipalityAdministrationentity.
360
The decision on the issuance of a construction permit may be passed only if all members of the Standing
Construction Committee obligated to take part in the meeting approve the issuance of the construction
permit.WhereatleastonememberoftheCommitteedisapprovesoftheissuanceofaconstructionpermit,a
decisionshallbepassedtowithholdtheconstructionpermitrequestedbytheBuilder.Thisdecisionbythe
Committeeshallbereasonedandmaybeappealedagainstinaccordancewiththeprocedurelaiddowninthe
Law on Administrative Proceedings. Upon appealing against the decision of the Standing Construction
Committee on the withholding of a construction permit requested by the Builder, the defendants in such
proceedings shall be entities, representatives of which, that are included in the Standing Construction
Committee,havedisapprovedoftheissuanceofaconstructionpermit.
WhereaconstructionpermitisissuedbytheCountyGovernorAdministration,within10daysfromreceiptof
the Builders application the Municipality Administration entity shall turn over to the County Governor
Administration the report of the Standing Construction Committee approved in accordance with the
procedureprescribedbytheregulationsofthisCommittee.TheMunicipalityAdministrationentityshallissue
a construction permit no later than within 10 days (in case of a construction permit for a structure of
exceptional significance, within 15 days) from the submittal of the documents, and the County Governor
Administrationshallissueaconstructionpermitnolaterthanwithin7daysfromreceiptofthereportfrom
theStandingConstructionCommittee.
2.2.8
Itisfreeofcharge.
361
TenderingrulesandlawsLithuaniaPP9
2.3
TenderingrulesandlawsLithuaniaPP9
2.3.1
Tenderingprocess,wherethefinancesfrommunicipality,state,EUstructuralfundsareused,havetocomply
withtheRepublicofLithuaniaLawonPublicProcurement(20051222Nr.X471,Vilnius)[13].Iftheprivate
andlegalpersonsarenotusingthementionedbeforefundsthetenderingofconstructionworksmaybedone
onadirectagreementwithacontractor.
2.3.2
RepublicofLithuaniaLawonPublicProcurement(20051222Nr.X471,Vilnius)[13]
2.3.3
According to Republic of Lithuania Law on Public Procurement: public institutions (for public building
constructionworks)organisethetenderingprocedure.Thereareseveraltypesoftenderingprocedure,such
as:open,limited,competitivedialog,tobeannouncednegotiationornottobeannouncednegotiation.
2.3.4
In2004theLawonConstructionwasamendedandequalisedtheconditionsforLithuanianandEUmember
statesnatural(architectsandconstructionengineers)andlegalpersons,intendingtoengageinthebusiness
of the construction. Normative Technical Construction Documentation is a shifting process which depends
uponEUappropriateorganisationsacting,scienceandconstructionprogressandchanges,aswellastheother
range of activities involved in this field, such as environmental protection, immovable cultural heritage,
protectedareas,hygiene,fireprotection,energyperformancesafety,etc.
2.3.5
Time limits of construction works are determined by the tendering procedure and signing the contractor
agreement.
andplacing?
There are no separate codes or requirements. When preparing the documentation for the tendering
procedure,itisobligatorytoconformwithNormativeTechnicalConstructionDocuments.
362
ConstructionprocessLithuaniaPP9
2.4
2.4.1
EssentialRequirementsforaConstructionWorks
construction works (a part thereof) must be designed and built from such construction products the
characteristicsofwhichwouldsatisfytheessentialrequirementsforaconstructionworksforaneconomically
reasonableworkinglife,suchas:
1)
mechanical resistance and stability, i.e. the loadings that are liable to act on a construction works
duringitsconstructionandusewillnotleadtoanyofthefollowing:collapseofthewholeorpartofthe
work,majordeformationstoaninadmissibledegree,damagetootherpartsoftheworksortofittings
orinstalledequipment;damagebyaneventwhichmaybeavoidedorlimitedwithoutmajordifficulties
andexpenses(explosion,blow,overload,mistakesmadebyindividuals);
2)
safety in case of fire, i.e. in the event of an outbreak of fire the loadbearing capacity of the
constructioncanbeassumedforaspecificperiodoftime;thegenerationandspreadoffireandsmoke
withintheconstructionworksarelimited,thespreadofthefiretoneighbouringconstructionworksis
limited;peopleinsidetheworkscansafelyleaveitortheycanbesavedinotherways;firealarmand
extinguishingsystemsareoperable;thesafetyofrescueteams(firemen)istakenintoconsideration;
3)
hygiene, health and the environment, i.e. it will not be a threat to the hygiene or health of the
occupantsorneighbours,inparticularasaresultofanyofthefollowing:thegivingoffoftoxicgas,the
presenceofdangerousparticlesorgasesintheair,theemissionofdangerousradiation,pollutionor
poisoning of the water or soil, faulty elimination of waste water, smoke, solid or liquid wastes, the
presenceofdampinstructuresoftheconstructionworksoronsurfaceswithintheconstructionworks;
4)
safetyinuse,i.e.thatitdoesnotpresentunacceptablerisksofaccidentsinserviceorinoperationsuch
asslipping,falling,collision,burns,electrocution,injuryfromexplosion;
5)
protection against noise, i.e. noise perceived by the occupants or people nearby is kept down to a
level that will not threaten their health and will allow them to sleep, rest and work in satisfactory
conditions;
6)
energyeconomyandheatretention,i.e.theamountofthermalenergyrequiredinuseshallnotexceed
therequiredamount,havingregardtotheclimaticconditionsofthelocationandtheoccupants(i.e.
calculatedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofhygienenormsandthepurposeofabuildingorits
spaces).
EssentialArchitecturalRequirementsforaConstructionWorks:
1)
itwillsatisfytheessentialrequirementsforaconstructionworks;
2)
itharmoniseswiththelandscape;
3)
itwillsatisfytheurbandevelopmentrequirementsforarchitectureandimprovementofaconstruction
plot established in the set of design conditions issued by the director of the administration of a
municipality;
4)
itisfitfortheintendeduseofaconstructionworks;
5)
it will satisfy the requirements for engineering systems and technological engineering systems of a
constructionworks.
363
Protection of the Environment, Landscape, Immovable Cultural Heritage Properties and other Types of
Protection(Safety),ProtectionofInterestsoftheThirdParties:
1)
theenvironmentalprotectionandtheassessmentofanimpactofplannedeconomicactivitiesonthe
environment;
2)
protectionofprotectedareas,landscape,immovableculturalheritagepropertiesandtheirterritories;
3)
firesafety;
4)
healthprotectionandpublichealthcare;
5)
labourprotectionandpublichealthsafety;
6)
nuclearsafetyandtechnicalsafetyofenergyunits,equipment;
7)
surveillanceofpotentiallydangerousequipment;
8)
maintenanceofaconstructionworks.
2.4.2
According to the Republic of Lithuania Law on construction, the State regulation and supervision of the
constructionisexercisedbythepublicadministrationentities,suchas:
Onthecountylevelcountysadministration.Itmustinspectifunauthorisedconstructionisnotcarriedout;
if during the construction the solutions of a design documentation, the requirements of laws, normative
technicalconstructiondocumentsarenotviolatedifconstructionanddemolitionofaconstructionworksdo
not violate: the laws and other legal acts regulating the land ownership, holding or use on other grounds;
physicalplanningdocuments(whentheyarenecessary);groundedinterestsofthirdparties;asetofdesign
conditionsforaconstructionworks;ifheadsofthemainspheresofthetechnicalactivitiesoftheconstruction
satisfythequalificationrequirementsofattestationestablishedbytheLawonconstructionandaninstitution
authorised by the Government; if technical supervision of construction operations and supervision of the
implementation of a design documentation of a construction works are carried out (when they are
mandatory)andifthecontractor(whenselfdependentconstructioniscarriedout)meetstherequirements
entered in the construction operations book by the heads of such supervisions; if documents related to
carrying out of construction operations meet the requirements set by normative technical construction
documents;iftheloadbearingstructuresofaconstructionworksarebuiltandassembledfromconstruction
productswhichhaveconformitydocuments.
On the national level the State Territorial Planning and Construction Inspectorate under the institution
authorised by the Government will carry out the following State supervision of construction: methodically
directstheserviceofthecountygovernor'sadministrationwhichcarriesoutStatesupervisionofconstruction,
inspects if such supervision is in compliance with this Law and other legal acts regulatingconstruction, and
submitsfindingsoftheinspectiontothecountygovernor;inspectstheactivitiesofentitiesofthemainfields
oftechnicalactivitiesofconstructionandparticipantsofconstructionofanyconstructionworksbuiltinthe
Republic of Lithuania, publicly announces findings of the inspection and recommendations to eliminate
established violations and shortcomings (if any); inspects whether design documentation of construction
works and expert examinations carried out by expert examination enterprises are in compliance with
normative technical construction documents; terminates the validity of a construction permit unlawfully
issuedbythecounty'sadministrationfromthedayofsubmissionofanapplication(request)tothecourtfor
therevocationofsuchpermituntilthedayofadoptionofcourt'sdecision.
countries?
364
Managerofconstructionofaconstructionworksisanaturalorlegalpersonanyotherforeignorganisation
actingastheagentoftheprincipalthebuilder(client).Whomanagesconstructionofaconstructionworks,
organisesconstructionoperationsandworksrelatedtoothermainfieldsoftechnicalconstructionactivities
which are carried out by natural person, a legal person, any other foreign organisation hired by him and
enjoyingsucharight.
2.4.4
Technical supervision of construction is mandatory for all construction works (except simple construction
works).Suchrequirementdoesnotapplywhencarryingoutsimplerepairsofaconstructionworks.Andthe
procedure of carrying out technical supervision of construction shall be established by an institution
authorisedbytheGovernment.
(See2.4.2aswell)
countries?
See2.4.2
Theconstructionworkswhichhavebeenbuiltareacceptedasfitforusebythecommissionauthorisedbythe
Government (annex 3). Therefore cadastral measurements for the construction work (which has been
acceptedasfitforuse)havetobecarriedoutinaccordancewiththeprocedurelaiddownbytheLawofthe
CadastreofImmovablePropertyandotherlegalacts.Aftertheestablishmentofthecadastralmeasurements
aconstructionworkswhichhasbeenacceptedasfitforuseshallberegisteredintheRepublicofLithuania
RegisterofImmovablePropertyinaccordancewiththeLawontheRegisterofImmovableProperty.
365
[14]
366
[14]
367
[14]
368
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementLithuaniaPP9
2.5 Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementLithuania
PP9
building?
Normative Technical Construction Document: STR 1.12.05:2002 Statinio naudojimo paskirtis ir gyvavimo
trukm(Workinglifeofconstructionworksandpurpose)[15].Workinglifevaries,dependinguponmaterials
andpurposeofconstructionworks.Thetablebelowshowsworkinglifeofamultifamilybuildingdepending
uponconstructionmaterials:
Materials:
Years:
Bricks
100
Prefabricatedpanels
100
Monolith
120
Timber
60
Timberfrontedwithbricks
70
Woodenwithframes
40
Woodenwithframesfrontedwithbricks
50
2.5.2
At the moment multifamily buildings in Lithuania are being built in major cities, such as Vilnius, Kaunas,
Klaipda,iauliai,PanevysandresorttownsasPalanga,Druskininkai,Birtonas,ventoji.
Thepricespersq.metervarybetween720upto1740Euros.
369
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydata,urbaninfrastructureandhousingsituation
LithuaniaPP9
2.6 Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydata,urban
infrastructureandhousingsituationLithuaniaPP9
2.6.1
Therearenorulestosupportadecisive(ecological)constructionprocesseconomically.
370
2.7
[1]
in.,2002,No.1104852:ComprehensivePlanoftheTerritoryoftheRepublicofLithuania
[2]
in.,1995,No.1072391;2005,No.1525532:RepublicofLithuaniaLawonTerritorialplanning
[3]
LawonConstruction
[4]
NTCD:NormativeTechnicalConstructionDocuments
[5]
STR 2.01.01(6):2008 Esminis statinio reikalavimas. Energijos taupymas ir ilumos isaugojimas
(Essential
requirementforthebuildingstructure.Energysavingandheatpreservation)
[6]
STR 2.05.01:2005 Pastat atitvar ilumin technika (Heat technology for the partitionings of the
buildingstructures)
[7]
STR2.05.02:2008Statinikonstrukcijos.Stogai(Roofconstructions.Roofs)
[8]
STR 2.01.03:2003 Statybini mediag ir gamini ilumini technini dydi, deklaruojamos ir

projektins verts (Declared and designed denominations for the technical and heat values of the
constructionmaterialsandproducts)
[9]
Applicationforconstructionpermit
[10]
Constructionpermit
[11]
STR1.07.01:2002Statybosleidimas(Constructionpermit)
[12]
ResolutionNo584oftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofLithuaniaof26April2002
[13]
RepublicofLithuaniaLawonPublicProcurement(20051222Nr.X471,Vilnius)
[14]
constructionworkswhichhavebeenbuiltareacceptedasfitforusebythecommissionauthorised
bythegovernment
[15]
STR 1.12.05:2002 Statinio naudojimo paskirtis ir gyvavimo trukm (Working life of construction
works andpurpose)
371
372
DemographicanalysisofhousingneedsandthetargetgroupofpopulationLithuaniaPP10
populationLithuaniaPP10
3.1.1
Stockofdwellingsattheendoftheyearbyadministrativeterritory,typeofownershipandyear
1996 1997
1998 1999 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 2006 2007
2008
Private
and
75
76
public
581.3 302.5
owners
hip
78 79
79
79
79
79
80
80
81
82
83
277.4 687.5 502.1 390.2 532.7 416.0 214.0 856.9 416.8 120.2 351.3
Private
69
70
owners
344.8 378.8
hip
75 77
76
76
77
77
77
78
79
79
80
722.9 085.1 944.7 867.6 063.8 014.1 883.3 555.1 087.1 735.3 984.9
Public
5
owners 6236.5
923.7
hip
2
2
2557.4 2522.6 2468.9 2401.9 2330.7 2301.82329.72384.9 2366.4
554.5 602.4
Unit:Thous.squaremetres
In%:
Privateownership=97,2%
Publicownership=2,8%
associations?
Dwellingsbytypebycountyandmunicipality
All
dwellings
Individual
house
Separate
Part of the
apartment Hostel
house
(flat)
Other
Hotel,etc. living
quarters
Total
1.293.029 422.487
61.123
791.445
17.281
139
554
Urban
areas
874.514
110.662
36.729
711.571
15.246
120
186
Ruralareas 418.515
311.825
24.394
79.874
2.035
19
368
373
ResidentialbuildingscompletedbyClassificationoftypesofconstruction(CC),statisticalindicatorandyear
2000 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 2007 2008
Residentialbuildings
Useful floor area of dwellings
completed,thous.m
506.6 385.3 460.1 491.4 699.1 651.6 770.8 953.2 1.164.0
Average useful floor area per

dwellingcompleted,m
113.5 101.8 100.9 106.2 102.7 109.8 105.7 102.6 98.4
Dwellingscompleted
4.463 3.785 4.562 4.628 6.804 5.933 7.292 9.286 11.829
Useful floor area of buildings

completed,thousandm
507.7 392.6 464.3 492.4 699.1 651.6 771.8 959.5 1.166.7
Buildingscompleted
1.991 1.844 2.066 2.158 2.936 2.724 2.821 3.304 4.027
Oneandtwodwellingbuildings
completed,thous.m
321.0 255.8 277.8 311.7 442.7 416.8 462.0 548.9 672.4

dwellingcompleted,m
168.6 142.3 139.0 148.9 153.5 155.4 166.2 167.0 167.1
Dwellingscompleted
1.904 1.798 1.999 2.093 2.884 2.683 2.780 3.286 4.023

completed,thousandm
321.0 255.8 277.8 311.7 442.7 416.8 462.0 548.9 672.4
Buildingscompleted
1.885 1.772 1.971 2.071 2.839 2.630 2.715 3.153 3.856
Threeandmoredwellingbuildings
completed,thous.m
185.6 129.5 182.3 179.7 256.4 234.8 308.8 404.3 491.6

dwellingcompleted,m
72.5 65.2
Dwellingscompleted
2.559 1.987 2.563 2.535 3.920 3.250 4.512 6.000 7.806

completed,thousandm
185.6 129.5 182.3 179.7 256.4 234.8 308.8 404.3 491.6
Buildingscompleted
105
69
93
86
97
94
103
149
169

completed,thous.m
..
..
..
..
0.0
0.0
..
..
..

dwellingcompleted,m
..
..
..
..
0.0
0.0
..
..
..
Dwellingscompleted
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

completed,thousandm
1.1
7.3
4.2
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
6.3
2.7
71.1
70.9
65.4
72.2
68.5
67.4
63.0
Residencesforcommunities
374
Buildingscompleted
Yearofconstruction
Total
Before
1919
1919
1945
1946
1960
1961
1970
1971
1980
1981
1990
1991
2001
Allbuildings
511,3
31,4
106,4
97,3
78,1
87,6
74,2
36,3
Urban
163,6
7,3
26,2
36,2
25,7
25,1
23,5
19,6
Rural
347,7
24,1
80,2
61,1
52,4
62,5
50,7
16,7
Allbuildings
100
6,2
20,8
19,0
15,3
17,1
14,5
7,1
Urban
100
4,4
16,0
22,2
15,7
15,3
14,4
12,0
Rural
100
6,9
23,1
17,6
15,1
18,0
14,5
4,8
Inthousands
Inpercent
AdministrationandMaintenanceofHousing(MultiapartmentHouses)inLithuania:
TheCivilCodestipulatesthattheshareofcommonpropertyownedbyanownerofaflatorotherpremisesin
amultiapartmenthouseisequaltotheproportionbetweentheusefulareaownedbyhim/herandtheentire
usefulareaofthebuilding.Theobligationofownerstocovertheexpensesformaintainingandpreservingthe
house,topaytaxes,leviesandotherpaymentsandtomakeregularpaymentsinordertoaccumulatefunds
forrefurbishmentofthehouseisproportionaltotheirshareinthecommonpartialproperty,asdefinedinthe
CivilCode(CivilCode,2005).
TheCivilCode(2005)stipulatesthreeformsofadministrationforcommonpartialpropertyofhomeowners:
amultiapartmenthomeownersassociation(17%);
contractonjointactivitiesamonghomeowners(3%);or
anadministratorofcommonpropertyappointedbythemunicipality(80%).[1]
habitantpersq.Km:51,[2]
Stockofdwellingsattheendoftheyearbyurban/ruralbreakdown,districtbyadministrativeterritory,place
ofresidence,statisticalindicatorandyear
375
Urban
and rural
areas
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Stock
of
dwellings, 75581.3
thous.m
76302.5
78277.4
79687.579502.179390.2
79532.7 79416.0 80214.0 80856.9 81416.882120.283351.3
Useful floor
space per20.4
capita,m
20.6
21.1
21.5
Urban
areas
22.8
22.8
23.0
23.0
23.4
23.8
24.1
24.4
24.9
Stock
of
dwellings, 47060.8
thous.m
47702.5
49520.3
50808.250575.350198.6
50406.3 50147.1 50790.1 51334.4 51797.852257.653220.7
Useful floor
space per18.6
capita,m
18.9
19.6
20.1
Rural
areas
21.7
21.6
21.8
21.8
22.3
22.6
22.9
23.2
23.8
Stock
of
dwellings, 28520.5
thous.m
28600.0
28757.1
28879.328926.829191.6
29126.4 29268.9 29423.9 29522.5 29619.029862.630130.6
Useful floor
space per24.3
capita,m
24.3
24.4
24.5
25.4
376
25.1
25.4
25.5
25.7
26.0
26.3
26.8
27.2
Demograficsituation
2007
2008
January
November
November
January
November
November
Livebirths
29750
2638
32147
2599
Deaths
41558
3825
39988
3297
Natural increase /
11808
decrease
1187
7841
698
Marridges
21692
1233
22863
1122
Divorces
10323
1070
9430
947
Internationalmigration
Immigration
7967
581
8625
694
Emigration
12892
913
15400
1345
Netmigration
4925
332
6775
651
domesticproduct?
Distributionofincome
377
inthousands
Averagedisposableincomepercapitapermonthby
componentofincome,disposableincome,placeof
residenceandyear
1,20
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1,10
disposableincome
1,00
Largestcities
0,90
Urbanareas
Urbanandruralareas
0,80
Othertowns
0,70
Ruralareas
0,60
0,50
0,40
Averagedisposableincomepercapitapermonthbycomponentofincome, UnitLTL
disposableincome,placeofresidenceandyear
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Exchange rate is
Disposableincome
Income in cash and
kind
Urbanandruralareas
495.8
579.7
680.8
859.3
986.8
Urbanareas
540.2
636.3
729.2
943.0
1073.9
Largestcities
589.9
710.8
814.9
1038.2 1201.0
Othertowns
469.4
530.1
606.9
804.1
885.8
Ruralareas
407.0
467.0
583.9
691.0
811.2
378
Atriskofpoverty
rate
Average
consumption
expenditure per capita per
monthbyplaceofresidence
(Consumptionexpenditure)
Negatives values under item Income from agriculture indicate that expenses
relatedtoagriculturalproductionexceededincome.
AtriskofpovertybycompositionofhouseholdPercent
1 Euro=3,46
Litas(LTL)
2005 2006 2007
Householdtype
Householdswithoutchildren
17.6
19.2
20.2
Singleperson
31.6
38.0
49.5
2 adults, both <65 years, without

children
17.1
13.7
10.6
2 adults, at least one 65+ years,

withoutchildren
9.4
11.9
13.4
Otherhouseholdswithoutchildren 9.1
9.5
6.6
Householdswithchildren
22.6
20.5
18.5
1adultwithatleastonechild
48.4
44.2
41.5
2adultswith1child
15.2
16.1
14.0
2adultswith2children
18.0
15.4
12.7
2adultswith3+children
44.4
41.5
38.2
Otherhouseholdswithchildren
14.4
13.1
14.4
Atriskofpovertygap
Atriskofpovertygapbyplaceofresidenceandage
groupPercent
2005
2006
2007
Allpersons
28.4
29.1
25.7
Placeofresidence
Urbanareas
23.3
19.4
22.2
largestcities
21.4
20.0
16.5
othertowns
23.4
19.4
25.7
Ruralareas
33.0
33.9
28.0
Agegroups
017
30.1
31.4
29.6
1824
26.8
28.8
27.1
2549
32.7
31.8
31.1
5064
32.9
31.4
28.5
65andolder
12.8
13.1
15.1
379
Average consumption expenditure per capita per month by place of residence, consumption expenditure,
ClassificationofIndividualConsumptionbyPurpose(COICOP)andyear[2]
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
001Consumptionexpenditure
512.3
578.1
651.5
748.8
793.9
01Foodandnonalcoholicbeverages
198.8
211.8
219.9
248.1
276.2
021Alcoholicbeverages
11.6
14.0
16.5
18.7
20.9
022Tobacco
7.8
8.3
8.1
8.6
10.3
03Clothingandfootwear
41.9
49.7
57.1
69.0
67.5
04Housing,water,electricity,gasandotherfuels
62.5
69.6
77.9
89.5
100.2
21.4
26.2
35.8
43.3
39.9
06Health
26.8
29.8
32.7
36.1
39.1
07Transport
45.2
51.0
67.3
77.5
77.9
08Communication
25.6
29.1
32.3
37.0
36.7
09Recreationandculture
22.7
26.9
34.0
41.1
37.8
10Education
4.6
6.8
6.1
5.7
4.4
11Restaurantsandhotels
20.8
28.7
31.6
38.9
43.7
12Miscellaneousgoodsandservices
22.7
26.3
32.2
35.1
39.5
442.9
512.5
586.1
685.1
734.3
141.0
158.1
168.0
198.9
229.7
11.6
14.0
16.5
18.7
20.9
022Tobacco
7.8
8.3
8.1
8.6
10.3
41.9
49.7
57.1
69.0
67.5
61.3
69.0
77.1
88.8
99.5
21.4
26.2
35.8
43.3
39.9
06Health
20.0
22.2
24.8
27.3
31.1
07Transport
44.3
50.0
65.9
75.8
76.5
08Communication
24.8
28.3
31.0
35.8
35.8
Urbanandruralareas
Consumptionexpenditureincashandkind
05 Furnishings, household
maintenanceofthehouse
equipment
and
routine
Consumptionexpenditureincash
380
equipment
and
routine
22.7
26.9
34.0
41.1
37.8
10Education
4.5
6.7
5.9
5.4
4.2
19.2
26.9
29.7
37.3
41.7
22.4
26.2
32.2
35.1
39.4
559.3
644.3
711.1
837.5
847.2
189.9
207.5
214.9
247.0
276.2
12.7
15.9
18.1
20.8
22.2
022Tobacco
8.2
8.6
8.6
8.8
9.7
48.3
58.6
64.4
80.0
73.5
75.2
84.1
92.3
105.0
114.6
24.1
30.2
41.0
50.8
39.6
06Health
29.2
33.1
34.7
37.9
42.9
07Transport
52.4
58.0
73.2
92.3
81.3
08Communication
30.9
35.1
37.4
43.7
40.7
28.6
33.8
41.8
51.7
45.1
10Education
6.0
9.1
7.3
7.6
5.3
26.4
37.8
39.6
49.9
52.5
27.4
32.5
37.8
42.0
43.6
514.0
602.7
666.0
793.7
804.1
157.4
179.0
184.4
218.6
246.6
12.7
15.9
18.1
20.8
22.2
022Tobacco
8.2
8.6
8.6
8.8
9.7
48.3
58.6
64.4
80.0
73.5
73.5
83.3
91.1
104.0
113.5
24.1
30.2
41.0
50.8
39.6
06Health
22.0
25.1
26.7
29.5
34.6
07Transport
51.2
56.6
71.2
89.8
79.8
Urbanareas
equipment
and
routine
equipment
and
routine
381
08Communication
29.7
34.0
35.6
42.0
39.6
28.6
33.8
41.8
51.7
45.1
10Education
6.0
8.9
7.2
7.0
5.0
25.4
36.4
38.2
48.8
51.3
27.0
32.4
37.8
41.9
43.6
613.0
709.9
783.3
902.7
931.2
191.9
211.5
218.6
250.6
288.2
14.2
18.4
20.0
23.0
25.2
022Tobacco
9.1
9.6
9.5
9.5
10.4
53.0
65.5
71.6
84.3
82.3
82.2
91.3
101.5
111.3
127.8
26.6
32.2
43.2
56.3
40.9
06Health
31.9
35.2
36.8
37.0
45.9
07Transport
63.7
66.5
85.1
103.2
91.5
08Communication
34.7
39.8
41.9
48.7
45.3
34.2
39.9
51.3
60.7
51.6
10Education
7.2
11.8
8.4
8.1
5.0
32.7
49.6
50.5
63.4
66.5
31.5
38.5
44.8
46.4
50.4
574.4
673.5
743.0
863.0
893.3
167.1
188.6
194.3
227.5
263.5
14.2
18.4
20.0
23.0
25.2
022Tobacco
9.1
9.6
9.5
9.5
10.4
53.0
65.5
71.6
84.3
82.3
81.1
90.9
100.6
110.5
127.0
26.6
32.2
43.2
56.3
40.9
24.1
27.4
28.9
29.8
37.8
Largestcities
equipment
and
routine
06Health
382
equipment
and
routine
07Transport
62.0
64.6
82.4
99.3
89.6
08Communication
33.0
38.4
39.4
46.3
44.0
34.2
39.9
51.3
60.7
51.6
10Education
7.2
11.6
8.2
7.2
4.9
31.7
47.9
48.8
62.1
65.6
31.0
38.4
44.8
46.3
50.4
482.9
550.8
607.9
742.3
723.1
187.0
201.9
209.7
241.7
258.4
10.6
12.4
15.4
17.6
17.7
022Tobacco
6.8
7.1
7.2
7.7
8.7
41.6
48.7
54.1
73.6
60.5
65.2
73.9
79.2
95.8
94.9
20.4
27.4
37.9
42.8
37.6
06Health
25.4
30.1
31.8
39.2
38.4
07Transport
36.2
45.9
56.3
76.4
66.2
08Communication
25.5
28.5
30.8
36.4
33.8
20.6
25.1
28.1
38.6
35.6
10Education
4.4
5.3
5.8
6.8
5.8
17.5
20.9
23.9
30.3
31.9
21.6
23.8
27.8
35.6
33.5
428.1
501.9
556.0
692.4
672.3
143.6
165.2
170.3
205.6
221.5
10.6
12.4
15.4
17.6
17.7
022Tobacco
6.8
7.1
7.2
7.7
8.7
41.6
48.7
54.1
73.6
60.5
62.7
72.5
77.6
94.4
93.6
20.4
27.4
37.9
42.8
37.6
Othertowns
equipment
and
routine
equipment
and
routine
383
06Health
19.0
21.7
23.6
29.0
29.8
07Transport
35.8
45.2
55.3
75.8
65.3
08Communication
24.9
27.8
30.2
35.8
33.2
20.6
25.1
28.1
38.6
35.6
10Education
4.3
5.1
5.7
6.7
5.2
16.5
20.0
23.0
29.4
30.2
21.2
23.7
27.7
35.5
33.4
418.4
446.3
532.5
570.5
686.4
216.7
220.4
229.8
250.2
276.2
9.3
10.2
13.4
14.6
18.3
022Tobacco
7.1
7.6
7.2
8.3
11.5
29.0
31.9
42.5
47.0
55.3
37.0
40.6
49.0
58.5
71.3
16.1
18.3
25.5
28.1
40.4
06Health
21.8
23.1
28.7
32.3
31.3
07Transport
30.8
37.1
55.7
47.8
70.9
08Communication
15.2
17.1
22.2
23.6
28.6
10.9
13.2
18.4
19.9
23.0
10Education
1.7
2.2
3.5
2.1
2.7
9.4
10.6
15.6
16.9
25.7
13.4
14.0
21.0
21.4
31.1
300.8
332.6
426.5
467.1
593.5
108.2
116.4
135.1
159.3
195.7
9.3
10.2
13.4
14.6
18.3
022Tobacco
7.1
7.6
7.2
8.3
11.5
29.0
31.9
42.5
47.0
55.3
36.9
40.5
48.9
58.4
71.2
16.1
18.3
25.5
28.1
40.4
Ruralareas
equipment
and
routine
05Furnishings,
384
household
equipment
and
routine
06Health
15.9
16.6
21.1
22.9
24.1
07Transport
30.6
36.8
55.2
47.6
69.9
08Communication
15.0
16.9
21.9
23.4
28.2
10.9
13.2
18.4
19.9
23.0
10Education
1.6
2.2
3.5
2.0
2.5
6.9
7.9
12.7
14.3
22.3
13.3
14.0
21.0
21.3
31.1
Unit:LTL(LithuanianLitas)
3.1.5
Therearesomeregionaldictinctionsforthesnowandwindeffects:underthesnowloadvaluesinLithuania
aretwodistrictsinsnowloadIstdistrictcharacteristicvaluesofgroundsnowloadisequalto1.2kN/m2,II
district1.6kN/m2;accordingtothewindloadvaluesinLithuaniaare3ofwindspeedareasintheIstarea
ofwindspeedthebasicreferencevalueis24m/s,IIthedistrict28m/s,theIII32m/s.
pricedevelopmentoflivingareapersqmandtheaveragesalaryinparticipatingcountries,Dynamicsof
maintenance.
Thestructuringoffinancialresourcesinbuildingpractices(budget,privatefinances,bankcredits).Dynamics
oflast15years.
Investmentsofcustomersbuyingthehousing:
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
42
31
12
Percen tag e,
%
100 % 100 % 50 % ir > 20-50% 5-20 %

borrowed ow n
ow n
ow n
ow n
capit al c apital capital c apital
385
Thedynamicofpricedevelopmentoflivingareapersq.m(registeredsoldflatscostdynamicpersq.m):
RegisteredsoldflatscostdynamicinLithuaniapersq.m(comparingwith1998y.IVquarter,%):
year
Egzistedstock
Total
houses
flats
Totalhousing
houses flats
Totalhousing houses flats
Totalhousing
1998 4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1999 1
96.6
107.4 105.5
118
111.6 100.6
100.6 106.9 105.5
1999 2
100.8
96.3
90.2
93.4
156.5 84.3
99.2
96.3 89.9
1999 3
93.7
91.7
85.9
90.7
133.7 71
92.7
91.2 85.7
1999 4
95
89.6
84
132.4 121.1 108.1
102.2 89.7 84.9
2000 1
102.1
90.6
87.8
96.5
101
2000 2
101
89.1
81.4
111.4 113.5 88.2
102.2 88.8 81.6
2000 3
91.7
83
77.3
122.1 113.9 93.7
97.5
2000 4
92.9
85.1
80.7
149.3 134
139.8
105.5 86.9 83.7
2001 1
106.7
93.9
94.4
120.8 127.9 156.3
110.6 97.3 97.5
2001 2
99.1
94.1
88.4
145.6 115.9 146.3
110.7 96.6 91.3
2001 3
132.1
93.8
98.4
190.6 115.5 185.7
144.6 95.8 102.7
2001 4
142.5
103
112.2
187.9 107.4 209.4
157.1 106.8 117.7
386
quarter
Newstock
118.2 80.4
100
100
90.3 87.3
82.8 77.9
2002 1
125.1
101.7 104.3
184.6 108.1 168.8
143.2 103.5 107.5
2002 2
132.8
104.2 103.7
210.3 115.1 188.5
155.1 106.9 108.7
2002 3
132.9
103.7 107.9
220.6 107.1 207.9
158.2 106.7 113.8
2002 4
150.9
106.6 110.6
222.6 131.9 226.9
172.3 111.8 118
2003 1
138.9
107.5 127.7
208.9 127
337.3
157.5 113.2 137.9
2003 2
147.5
109.9 119.4
237.6 122.3 273.6
173.3 116.4 129.3
2003 3
153
109.8 120.8
257.1 136.4 311.7
178.4 117
2003 4
153
113
262.1 139
182.9 120.1 129.5
2004 1
152.7
123.2 124.3
246.4 131.5 273
183.3 132.6 136.1
2004 2
164.2
125.8 124
222.8 127.8 230.2
180
2004 3
160.9
133.9 131.1
299.9 153.1 355
192.6 147.1 148.5
2004 4
160
143.8 145.8
368.8 158.5 384.7
223.3 157.3 166.2
2005 1
213.5
159.2 169.9
392.4 158.5 454.8
270
2005 2
222.3
177.3 179.5
341.8 177.8 389.4
252.5 187.3 193.7
2005 3
253.2
195.9 195.3
372.3 171.6 422.3
290
2005 4
300.1
230.9 237.9
462.9 206.6 562.8
355.6 257.9 272.9
2006 1
318.9
260.4 263.5
480.9 211.8 550
377.4 280.6 290.9
2006 2
308.4
257.3 245.5
559.9 225.8 605.5
380.9 284.4 283.3
2006 3
353
272
595.7 240.1 638
416.4 294.4 301.8
2006 4
430.5
298.1 307.0
743.3 266.8 741.9
531.0 327.8 351.4
2007 1
420.6
331.9 343.6
664.5 271.3 738.3
524.6 364.9 388.2
2007 2
451.8
374.1 366.9
699.3 274.5 765.3
534.2 399.7 407.8
2007 3
462.9
398.7 381.2
721.7 315.2 790.1
543.6 424.3 418.0
2007 4
492.2
415.2 395.3
763.3 275.2 733.6
589.3 429.0 424.6
2008 1
499.9
421.7 403.8
831.2 301.1 875.4
608.6 453.2 458.3
2008 2
490.0
411.0 388.3
772.5 316.5 863.3
574.2 444.7 438.4
2008 3
489.16
386.4 372.4
807.6 323.6 850.9
595.0 423.2 423.8
2008 4
451.8
361.5 347.3
902.3 270.7 805.3
613.4 391.3 403.5
2009 1
347.6
318.3 304.3
641.9 271.3 689.1
449.9 347.5 344.8
118.7
268.8
282.5
132.1
130.6 130.4
181.2 200.2
211
215.2
387
RegisteredsoldflatscostdynamicinLithuaniapersq.m(comparingwithlastquarter,%):
year
Egzistedstock
quarter houses flats
Newstock
Total
Totalhousing
houses flats
Totalhousing
houses flats
Totalhousing
1998 4
1999 1
96.6
107.4 105.5
118
111.6 100.6
100.6
106.9 105.5
1999 2
104.4
89.7
85.4
79.1
140.2 83.8
98.7
90.1
85.2
1999 3
92.9
95.3
95.3
97.1
85.4
84.3
93.4
94.7
95.3
1999 4
101.4
97.7
97.7
146
90.6
152.1
110.2
98.3
99.1
2000 1
107.4
101.1 104.6
72.9
97.6
74.4
98.8
100.7 102.8
2000 2
98.9
98.4
92.7
115.4
96.1
109.7
101.2
98.3
93.5
2000 3
90.8
93.2
95
109.6
100.4 106.3
95.4
93.3
95.4
2000 4
101.3
102.5 104.4
122.3
117.6 149.2
108.2
104.9 107.5
2001 1
114.9
110.4 116.9
80.9
95.5
111.8
104.9
111.9 116.4
2001 2
92.9
100.2 93.6
120.6
90.6
93.6
100.1
99.3
93.7
2001 3
133.3
99.7
130.9
99.6
126.9
130.6
99.2
112.5
2001 4
107.9
109.8 114
98.6
93
112.7
108.7
111.4 114.6
2002 1
87.8
98.7
98.2
100.6 80.6
91.1
96.9
2002 2
106.1
102.5 99.4
113.9
106.4 111.7
108.3
103.3 101
2002 3
100.1
99.5
104.1
104.9
93.1
102
99.8
2002 4
113.5
102.8 102.5
100.9
123.1 109.1
108.9
104.8 103.7
2003 1
92
100.8 115.5
93.9
96.3
148.6
91.4
101.3 116.9
2003 2
106.2
102.3 93.5
113.7
96.3
81.1
110
102.8 93.8
2003 3
103.7
99.9
108.2
111.5 113.9
102.9
100.6 102.2
2003 4
100
102.9 98.3
101.9
101.9 90.6
102.5
102.7 98
2004 1
99.8
109.1 104.7
94
94.6
96.6
100.2
110.4 105.1
2004 2
107.5
102.1 99.7
90.4
97.2
84.3
98.2
98.5
2004 3
98
106.5 105.8
134.6
119.8 154.2
107
112.6 113.8
2004 4
99.4
107.4 111.2
123
103.5 108.4
115.9
106.9 112
2005 1
133.5
110.7 116.5
106.4
100
120.9
115.2 120.4
2005 2
104.1
111.4 105.6
87.1
112.2 85.6
93.5
103.4 96.7
388
111.4
93
101.2
110.3
118.2
91.4
104.7
95.8
2005 3
113.9
110.5 108.8
108.9
96.5
108.5
114.8
112.6 111.1
2005 4
118.5
117.9 121.8
124.3
120.4 133.3
122.6
122.2 126.8
2006 1
106.3
112.8 110.8
103.9
102.5 97.7
106.1
108.8 106.6
2006 2
96.7
98.8
116.4
106.6 110.1
100.9
101.3 97.4
2006 3
114.5
105.7 109.5
106.4
106.3 105.4
109.3
103.5 106.5
2006 4
121.9
109.6 114.2
124.8
111.1 116.3
127.5
111.3 116.4
2007 1
97.7
111.4 111.9
89.4
101.7 99.5
98.8
111.3 110.5
2007 2
107.4
112.7 106.8
105.2
101.2 103.7
101.8
109.5 105.1
2007 3
102.5
106.6 103.9
103.2
114.8 103.2
101.8
106.2 102.5
2007 4
106.3
104.1 103.7
105.8
87.3
108.4
101.1 101.6
2008 1
101.6
101.6 102.1
108.9
109.4 119.3
103.3
105.6 107.9
2008 2
98.0
97.4
96.2
92.9
105.1 98.6
94.3
98.1
95.7
2008 3
99.8
94.0
95.9
104.6
102.2 98.6
103.6
95.2
96.7
2008 4
92.4
93.6
93.3
111.7
83.7
103.1
92.4
95.2
2009 1
76.9
88.0
87.6
71.1
100.2 85.6
73.3
88.8
85.4
93.2
92.8
94.6
Numberofdwellingscompleted.
25000
22100
pastatyta but i
viso dwellings
completed (total)
20000
15000
10000
9286
8200
6900
11829
12700
15300
5000
5600 5624 5562
4364
4176 4463
2232 2343 2389

2280
1890
1400
1800
1200 1700
1674
1904
6804 5933 7292

4530
3785 4470
1798 1916
2884 2683 2780

2093
3302 4023
0
1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
389
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2008
2009
IQ
Average
gross
monthly earnings of
employees in the
wholeeconomy,LTL1
Average
net
monthlyearningsof
employees in the
whole economy,
LTL1
390
1149,3
835,5
1276,2
916,7
1495,7
1092,9
1802,4
1351,9
2174,0*
1667,2*
2151,3
1650,6
IIQ
2236,8
1713,1
IIIQ
2319,9
1773,7
IVQ
2319,1
1773,1
IQ
2193,1
1702,1
SustainabilityaspectsLithuaniaPP10
3.2
SustainabilityaspectsLithuaniaPP10
financialsupport?
FornewconstructioninLithuaniatherearenofinancialsupport.
Only for modernization (maintenance) of the buildings and for wind power (as an alternative source of
energy).
3.2.2
LithuaniahasdevelopedonlytheSustainableDevelopmentStrategy.
Nopuresustainableconstructionyet.
391
EconomicalenergysupplyLithuaniaPP10
3.3
3.3.1
In Lithuania where are 4 categories of houses (depends on their conditions, and the energy consumption
dependsontheconditionsofdwellinghouses):
New construction, high quality buildings (4,6 % of total dwelling stock) 8 kWh/m2 per month.
Averageheatingprice8x0,25=2,00Lt/m2
Dwellings (17,3 % of total dwelling stock) which consumption of energy is low 15 kWh/m2 per
month.Averageheatingprice15x0,25=3,75Lt/m2
Dwellings(beforemodernization)withhighconsumptionofheating(55,7%oftotaldwellingstock)
25kWh/m2permonth.Averageheatingprice25x0,25=6,25Lt/m2
Old construction, dwelling with poor heating insulation (22,4 % of total dwelling stock)35kWh/m2
permonth.Averageheatingprice35x0,25=8,75Lt/m2
The average heating price during 2008/2009 heating season for residents with taxes 25,0 ct/kWh (see
dynamicofpricesin3.5.2).
Generalexpensesofresidentsinelectricitysectoris28,0%anditwas0,640milliardLtin2008
Generalexpensesofresidentsingassector5%itwas0,223milliardLtin2008
Generalexpensesofresidentsinheatingsector72,4%2milliardsLtin2008
years?
Thedynamicofcostofcentralheating(20002008)
Unit
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Average
price
ct/kWh
11,15
11,49
11,65
11,51
11,35
11,25
11,97
138,2
17,72
Average
netcost
ct/kWh
12,16
11,33
11,23
10,81
10,74
10,73
12,18
150,7
20,94
ctLithuaniancurrencycent,Exchangerateis1Euro=3,46Litas(LTL)
Averageheatingcostin2008y.was177,72Lt/MWh,butheatingnetcost209,40Lt/MWh.
periodandlifetime).
Generalstructureofemissionofusedenergyresources:
392
CO256,7%
SO219%
NOx20%
particulated3,5%
17%
5%
22%
> 35 kWh/m2
~25 kWh/m2
~15 kWh/m2
56%
~8 kWh/m2
other0,8%.
CO2emissionindwellingsin%
393
EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsLithuaniaPP10
3.4 EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsLithuania
PP10
3.4.1
Theoperatingcosts(ratesandtariffs)inLithuaniaarefollowing:
AverageExploitationexpenses0,33Lt/m2
Administrationcostsmaximumrate0,15Lt/m2(dependsonthebuildingsandfacilitiesinside:lifts,
andetc)
Cleaningexpensesofcommonareasindwellings(dependshowmanytimesperweek,1timeabout
0,15Lt/m2
Thesupervisionofheatingandhotwatersupplysystem(dependsonconditionsofthebuilding,in
the buildings of 3 type (see 3.5.1 Dwellings (before modernization) with high consumption of
heating(55,7%oftotaldwellingstock))thecostabout0,24Lt/m2
Therentofcontainersforrubbish(dependsonthebuilding)
Electricityexpensesofcommonareasindwellings(dependsonconsumption)
Theremoval(exportation)ofrubbish0.35Lt/m2)
NOTE:Allcostsprovidedareapproximate(ofVilniuscitycapitalofLithuania),becausedependsonbuilding
conditions,facilitiesinside,yearofconstructionandnumberoffloors,onmunicipality,specifictariffsandetc.
3.4.2
InLithuaniathespecificbenchmarksdonotexist.
3.4.3
Thecostsofoperatingonthebillsarefollowing:
Exploitationexpenses
Administrationcosts
Cleaningexpensesofcommonareasindwellings
Thesupervisionofheatingandhotwatersupplysystem
Therentofcontainersforrubbish
Electricityexpensesofcommonareasindwellings
Theremoval(exportation)ofrubbish
Couldbeotherexpenses,dependsonthebuilding,yearofconstructionandetc.
3.4.4
See3.1.7Chapter.
394
3.4.5
EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsLithuaniaPP10
Maintenancecostsdependsontheyearthebuildingwasbuilt,theadministrationcoststhesame(see3.4.1).
3.4.6
Nodataavailable.
395
HousingdevelopmentprogrammesoftheparticipatingcountriesLithuaniaPP10
LithuaniaPP10
Supportonlyforsocialhousingormodernizationofbuildings.Notfornewconstruction.
3.5.2
Socialsupportedgroups,aspensioners,lowincomepersonsandetc.
TheLawonCashSocialAssistanceforLowincomefamilies(singleresidents)existsinLithuania.
396
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresLithuaniaPP10
3.6
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresLithuaniaPP10
Privateownership97,2%;
Public ownership 2,8 %. The Civil Code (2005) stipulates three forms of administration for common partial
propertyofhomeowners(see3.1.2).Seealsotheanswertothequestion3.1.2.
3.6.2
ThereisalawinLithuania:
TheLawOnMultifamilyApartmentHomeOwners'Associations[3].Toacceptthedecisioninthemeeting
of tenants have to participate more than 50 %+1, and the decision accepted if the of participants voting
positively.
397
ConditionofrealestatemanagementLithuaniaPP10
3.7
ConditionofrealestatemanagementLithuaniaPP10
3.7.1
TheLandTenancyLawandexistinLithuaniaandrulestenancyofsocialhousing.
3.7.2
Therentalpricesofresidentialflatsdependson:
town,
locationintown(district),
onroomnumber,
typeofbuildingandetc.
Noexactstatistics.
AveragevaluesofmonthlyrentalcostsinVilnius(butnotinthecentreoftown)in2004was~350(3rooms
(about64m),in2008wasfrom231,70to637,20.
398
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsLithuaniaPP10
3.8
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsLithuaniaPP10
3.8.1
Thereisnoexactdata.
Static methods: profit comparison calculation respectively cost comparison calculation; profitability
comparisoncalculation;staticamortizationcalculation.
Dynamicmethods:netpresentvaluemethod/discountedcashflowmethod;annuitymethod;internalrateof
returnmethod;completefinancialplan.
399
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismLithuaniaPP10
3.9
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismLithuaniaPP10
Support only for social housing or modernization of buildings. Not for new construction. Social supported
groups, as pensioners, low income persons and etc. The Law on Cash Social Assistance for Lowincome
families(singleresidents)existsinLithuania.
Before 2009 April, it was a high financial state support for the modernization of the buildings, up to 50%
(dependofimplementedmeans,whichhelpstosaveenergyinthebuilding).Afternewregulations,itisonly
upto15%.
validly?
Topreparealldocumentsittakesabout2years(startingfromdetailedplans+2years).
InConstructionLaw[4]ofLithuaniamentioned,thatthepermitforconstruction(fromthedateofreceiving
thepermit)valid10years.
400
3.10 ReferencesLithuaniaPP10
[1]
PercentsgivenbyHousingandUrbanDevelopmentAgency,2008
[2]
StatisticsLithuania,2009,Internetaccess:http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/default.asp?w=1024
[3]
TheLawOnMultifamilyApartmentHomeOwners'Associations
[4]
ConstructionLawLithuania
401
402
Annexes
13.4 DetailsPoland
Engineering and building technology standards in Poland
Method of planning, permit and tendering procedures in Poland
Economical and financial basis, industry and quality in Poland
403
Annexes
404
ArchitecturalandUrbanDesignPolandPP5
1.1
Incitiesmainlyblocksofflatsanddetachedhousesinthecountry.Asignificantamountofexistingbuildsin
citiesiscomprisedofconcretepanelbuildingsbuiltinthe70sandthe80s.Newblocksareusuallybuiltinthe
improvedtraditionalmethodofconstructingorasacombinationofaconcreteskeletonwithabrickfilling.
From the early 90s we can observe a great increase in the number of detached houses built in suburban
terrains.
Multistorey buildings, especially those built in the 70s and the 80s, are the typical view of Polish cities.
Through the last years there is tendency to insulate those buildings in order to improve their energy
efficiency.Thoseoldbuildingstypicallyhavefiveormorefloors.
Majority of new buildings (those built after somewhere about 1990) have three or four storeys (up to four
storeysbuildingsthereisnotanyobligationtoinstallalift).
Anordinarydetachedhouseconsistsofacellar,12floorsandalmostalwaysanattic.Yearofconstruction:
from 90s up to the present. An improved traditional method of constructing in which the loadbearing
structure are walls made from bricks, blocks or hollow bricks with weights and dimensions making their
assemblybyhandpossible.
Constructionaccordingtoclients[1]:
Iquarter2008
in%
Private
52,3
Iquarter2009
in%
48,6
5,8
3,8
Forsaleorrent
38,5
43,1
Municipal
1,5
2,2
Publicbuildingsociety
1,5
2,0
0,3
0,4
2%
0%
Cooperative
Company
Iquarter2009
2%
Private
49%
43%
Cooperative
4%
2%
Iquarter2008
2%
0%
Private
38%
52%
Cooperative
6%
405
Explanation:
cooperative construction realised by housing cooperatives, designated for the members of these co
operatives;
company construction realised by workplaces of the public or private sector (excluding construction of
natural persons conducting economicactivity, included in private construction),designated for meeting the
residentialneedsoftheemployeesoftheseenterprises;
municipalconstructionprimarilywithasocialorinterventioncharacter,realisedentirelywithmunicipality
fundsfortheresidentialneedsoflowincomehouseholds;
publicbuildingsocietyrealisedbypublicbuildingsocieties(operatingonanonprofitbasis),utilisingcredit
fromtheNationalHousingFund;
construction designated for sale or rent realised in order to earn a profit by various investors (e.g.,
development companies, municipalities), excluding construction of natural persons conducting economic
activity, included in private construction. This form of construction also includes construction of public
buildingsocieties,realisedinordertoearnaprofit(fromrentorthecommercialsaleofdwellings),designated
infullforbuildingrentalhousing.
Residentialbuildingsincitiesbythenumberofflatsandtheyearofconstruction[1]
Situationin2002year:
Thenumberofflatsinabuilding
Total
12
Totalinthousands
1780,6
percentage data by
the
year
of
construction
before1918
19181944
406
Average
number of
flats in a
building
10andmore
34
59
altogether
50 and
more
1449,0
82,5
89,4
159,7
34,6
4,60
9,9
5,8
33,6
44,2
4,2
0,6
4,89
18,6
17,3
40,5
35,0
10,0
1,4
2,75
19451970
23,9
25,0
14,2
11,5
26,0
26,7
4,88
19711988
30,1
32,5
7,4
4,8
34,0
59,1
6,00
after1988
16,8
18,8
3,0
3,2
13,7
11,9
3,58
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
after1988
50%
19711988
40%
19451970
30%
19181944
20%
before1918
10%
0%
altogether 50andmore
12
34
59
10andmore
Thenumberofflatsinabuilding
view)?
examplenr1
Thiskindofpanelbuildingsarecommonin
Polish cities. Through the last years many
of them have been insulated and given
newelevations.
There is noticeable majority of loggias
insteadbalconies.
Most often used material: prefabricated

concretewallsandslabs.
source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/
As you can see, slanted roofs were not

popular.
examplenr2
Anexampleofpanelbuildingformthe70s
407
withoutthermalinsulation.
source:www.mmtrojmiasto.pl
Examplesofnewbuildings:
picturenr1
Before the 90s shapes and the look of

buildings was relative the same or very
similar. From the 90s this situation has
been significantly changing. Designers
have started to use more glass in their
projects (i.e. very popular glass
balustrades), more complicated building
bodieslikeinexamplesontheleft.
source:www.archipelag.pl
picturenr2
Ofcourseintandemwiththedevelopment
ofshapesandmaterialsthereisalsovisible
improvement in woodwork technology
(new airtight wooden windows or PVC
windows).
source:www.archipelag.pl
408
picturenr3
source:www.tyszkiewicz.pl
picturenr4
Incontrasttobuildingsfrompriordecades,
nowadays designers use balconies slightly
moreoftenthanloggias.Manyofthemare
made using reinforced concrete slabs
Filigran.
Wecanobservethatnewbuildsgenerally
have lower heights. In some cases it is a
result of the obligation to install lifts in
buildingswith5ormorestoreys.
source:www.strzelczyk.pl
floorplan
What makes the presented floor plan so

typicalissizeofapartments.
According to Polish Central Statistical
Office, usual number of rooms in an
apartment in year 2007 (last available
data) is between 3,504,06 depending on
theregion.
409
commonhousingestatenr1slantedroofsinmultistoreybuildings
source:http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/14505096.jpg
commonhousingestatenr23
410
source:http://www.dziennik.pl/files/archive/00122/FR_osiedle_Gemini_n_122951l.jpg
source:www.luksusowedzialki.pl
Detachedhouses:
visualization1
source:www.ekoinvest.pl
visualization2
411
source:www.szerbud.pl
visualization3
source:www.katalogprojektow.pl
floorplannr1
There cannot be said nothing

general about detached onefamily
houses except that almost every
building has a basement and an
attic. Average living area of such
buildings is 100180m2, but there
arenotanymorespecificdata.
source:www.projektydomow.bls.pl
412
floorplannr2
source:www.z500.pl
livingspaces)
datafromCentralStatisticalOffice[1]
Averagenumberofroomsinanapartment:
3,70
Averageareaofoneapartment:
69,8m2
Averageareaperoneperson:
23,8m2
Averagenumberofdwellersinoneapartment:
2,93
Theheightofroomsshouldmeetrequirementsdefinedinthefollowingtable:
Typeoftheroom
Roomsinresidentialbuilding
Minimumheight
(m)
2,5*)
Rooms in the attic in onefamily

2,2*)
building
*)Alongsideslantedceilingsitisaverageheightcalculatedbetweenthesmallestandthelargestheightofthe
room,butnotsmallerthan1,9m.Thespacewhichheightislessthan1,9isnotincluded.
Moreinformationisgiveninanswer1.1.8.
1.1.5
The maximum admissible surface of windows is the direct limitation. The condition is introduced in the
followingdecree:
413
"Technical Conditions, which buildings and their location should meet, Decree Of The Minister Of
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges.[2]
Thecontentofcondition:
Surfaceofwindows.
InresidentialbuildingandcollectiveresidencetheareaA0,
expressedinm2,ofwindows,glassandtransparentbarriers,withthecoefficientofwarmthpenetrationnot
smaller than 1,5 W /(m2 K), counted according to their modular dimensions, can not be greater than the
valueA0maxcountedaccordingtothefollowingexample:
A0max=0,15Az+0,03Aw
where:
Azisthesumofareasofhorizontalcropofallabovegroundstoreys(inexternalcontourofbuilding)in5m
widestripalong
externalwalls,
AwisthesumofareasoftheresthorizontalcropofallstoreysaftersubtractionofAz
Indirectlimitations:
moreover,inthesamedecreeexistindirectlimitationsoftheshapeofbuildingconnectedwiththemaximum
valueofcoefficientEPwhichdependsfromtheratioA/Ve,where:
Aisthesumofareasofallbarriersofbuildingwhichseparateheatedsectionthebuildingfromexternalair,
groundandadjoiningunheatedrooms,calculatedonexternalcontour,
V e is the cubature of heated section of building, diminished by arcades, balconies, loggias, galleries etc.,
calculatedonexternalcontour.
MoreinformationaboutEPareintheanswer1.5.6.
1.1.6
slantedroofspredominateoverflatroofsinthelowrisebuildingsandflatroofsarecharacteristicforhighrise
buildings
therebyatticsarecommoninlowrisebuildings
elevatoranobligationtoinstallanelevatorinthe5storey(ormore)buildings
intercominstalledinalmosteverybuilding
requiredroomsnothingdistinctive:kitchen,bathroom,toilet,livingroom,bedroom,childsrooms
cellarsareverycommonbothinblocksofflatsanddetachedhouses
garage/parkingspaceinthenewbuildsonecarparkingspace/garageisastandard
conciergeserviceisratherrare
414
1.1.7
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges:[2]
Distance measured horizontally from the closest edge of window placed on the roof to border of building
parcelcannotbesmallerthan4m.
Moreoverthereexistindirectguidelinesresultingfromfireprotectionrequirements:
minimalfireresistanceclassofroofconstructionisR15R30(independencefromtheheightofbuilding)
theroofofbuildinghavingthelargersurfacethan1000m2shouldbenotfirespreadable,anditsloadbearing
structuremadefromnoninflammablematerials.Incase,wheninsideoronloadbearingstructureisplaceda
flammablethermalinsulation,classofthefireresistanceofthissectionsheshouldbenotlowerthanE15.
comfort)?
Terms FSI and SOI are not defined in Polish Construction Law or any other legislative which is in force in
Poland.Mainregulationsrelatedtobuildinglocationonaplotare:
minimaldistancefromtheedgeofabuildingtotheborderofaplotis4mifadjoiningwallhasany
windows
minimaldistancefromtheedgeofabuildingtotheborderofaplotis3mifadjoiningwallhasnot
anywindows
AlthoughtheremaybeotherobligationsdescribedinLocalDevelopmentPlan(seeanswer1.1.11).
Theonlyguidelinesaboutspaceefficiencyarelocatedin
72.1.Theheightofroomsshouldmeetrequirementsdefinedinthefollowingtable:
Typeoftheroom
Minimumheight
(m)
Roomsinresidentialbuilding
2,5*)
Rooms in the attic in onefamily 2,2*)

building
*)Alongsideslantedceilingsitisaverageheightcalculatedbetweenthesmallestandthelargestheightofthe
room,butnotsmallerthan1,9m.Thespacewhichheightislessthan1,9isnotincluded.
77.2.Sanitaryroomshouldbeatleast2,5mhigh.
77. 3. It is allowed to decrease the height of sanitary room to 2,2 m, in case when it is equipped in the
mechanicalventilation.
80.1.Thecubatureofbathroomwithgravitationalventilationshouldbeatleast:
415
8m3whenthereisagasdeviceinthisroom
6,5m3whentheroomisequippedwithcentralwarmwaterorusesanelectricdevicetowaterheating,or
usesagasdevicewhichislocatedoutsidethisroom.
80.2.Itisallowedtodecreasethecubatureofbathroom(butnotmorethanto5,5m3)ifitisequippedwith
mechanicalventilation.
94.1.Inmultipledwellinghousethewidthofroomsshouldbeatleast:
bedroomforoneperson2,2m,
bedroomfortwopersons2,7m,k
kitcheninoneroomflat1,8m,
kitcheninmanyroomedflat2,4m.
Atleastoneroomintheflatshouldhavetheareanotsmallerthan16m2.
95.1.Shapeanddimensionsofthehallshouldmakepossibleaninvalidtransferonstretchersaswellasthe
realizationofmanoeuvreofcripplehoodtrolleyinplaceswherethereisachangeofmovementdirection.
95.2.Corridorswhichareusedforinternalcommunicationintheflatshouldhavethewidthatleast1,2m,
withtheadmittanceoflocalnarrowingto0,9monthelengthofcorridornotlargerthan1,5m.
1.1.9
Theydontincludeitatall.
16.1.Totheentrancesofmultifamilialresidentialblocks,collectivedwellingsandutilitybuildings,leading
from accesses and drives, addressed in 14 section 1 and 3, there should behardened access paths of a
minimalwidthof1,5m,providedthatatleastoneofthedrivesprovidesaccessforthehandicappedtothe
wholebuildingorthosepartsofit,whichthosepersonscanuse.
42. 1. Gates and wickets in fences cannot open outwards from the plot or have thresholds hindering the
accessofhandicappedpersonsinwheelchairs.
54.2.Inresidentialblocks,collectivedwellingsandutilitybuildingsequippedwithlifts,accesstothemand
toallusablefloorsmustbeprovidedforhandicappedpersons.
55.1.Inmultifamilialresidentialblocksunequippedwithlifts,themanufactureofaramporinstallationof
suitabletechnicalunits,enablingaccessforhandicappedpersonstoflatssituatedonthegroundfloormustbe
provided.
2.Innewlyconstructedlowcollectivedwellingsandutilitybuildings,notexacting,accordingto54section1,
equippingwithlifts,technicalunitsenablinghandicappedpersonsaccesstofloorswithusablefacilities,which
thosepersonsneedtoutilize,mustbeinstalled.Theforegoingdoesnotapplytobarrackbuildings,aswellas
accommodationbuildingsinpenitentiaries,detentionhouses,reformatoriesand
homesfordetainedjuveniles.
416
3.Itisallowednotoequipa5storybuildingwithalift,providedthatallfacilitiesonthelastfloorarepartsof
twolevelflats.
61. 1. The placement of entrance doors as well as the shape and dimensions of entrance rooms should
enableconvenientmovementconditions,includingforhandicappedpersons.
2. The required adaptation of entrances for handicapped persons does not apply to singlefamily dwellings
and farm dwellings as well as individual recreation buildings, barrack buildings, buildings in penitentiaries,
detentionhouses,reformatoriesandhomesfordetainedjuveniles.
The use of the ramp
The location of the ramp

outside, without cover
inside building
or with cover
% slope
% slope
15
15
10
For pedestrian traffic and for the

use of handicapped persons
moving with the aid of a
wheelchair, with the height of the
ramp:
a) up to 0,15 m
b) up to 0,5 m
c) exceeding 0,5 m*)
*)Aslopeforpedestriantrafficandfortheuseofhandicappedpersonsexceedingthelengthof9mshouldbe
dividedintoshortersections,usinglandingsofatleast1,4minlength.
71.1.Rampsfortheuseofhandicappedpersonsshouldhaveamovementsurface1,2mwide,curbsofat
least0,07mhighandbilateralhandrailscorrespondingwiththeconditionsstatedin298,providedthatthe
gapbetweenthemremainsbetween1and1,1m.
2.Thelengthofthehorizontalmovementsurfaceatthebeginningandendoftherampshouldbeatleast1,5
m.
3. The manoeuvring surface on the landing connected to a ramp in front of a building should enable
manoeuvringawheelchairandopeningdoorsaswellashavedimensionsofatleast1,5x1,5m.
Local development plan (miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego) is a kind of local law which
controlsurbanandarchitecturaldesign.Itconsistsoftwoparts:textualandgraphical.
AnexampleofgraphicalpartofalocaldevelopmentplanofthecityofGdansk:
417
Localplanscanbefoundintheseatoflocalauthorities.
Examplesofissueswhichmustbedefinedinlocaldevelopmentplan:
1.
theuseofspecificterrainsandbordersofthoseterrains
2.
rules of protection and forming of a land management (process of managing the use and
developmentoflandresourcesinasustainableway)
3.
rulesofprotectionoftheenvironment
4.
rulesofprotectionoftraditionalheritage,historicmonumentsandmodernculturegoods
5.
requirementsresultingfromtheneedsofpublicspaceforming
6.
parametersandcoefficientsofdevelopmentformingandterrainuse,forexample:
a)
developmentlines
b) buildingoveralldimensions
c)
7.
418
developmentintensitycoefficients
specificrulesofterraindevelopmentanduselimitations,alsoconstructionworksprohibition
1.1.12 Aretheresocialguidelinesforthearchitecturalplanning,orisitjustpartoftheconceptofinvestor,
clientandarchitect?
Justapartoftheconceptofinvestor,clientandarchitect.
Criteriadeterminingthequalityoftheurbanareaandthesitemaybebasedontherulesofspatialorder,
conceptbeinginuseinPoland,whichisdefinedasharmoniccomposition,proportions,attractivenessof
spatialorganization.Howeveritisveryuncertainandwidedefinition.
419
StructuralDesignPolandPP5
1.2
1.2.1 Whataretheclimaticconditions?
Poland has typical meteorological years and statistical climate data for the territory of Poland for energy
calculationsofbuildings,determinedonthebasisofincomplete30yearmeasuringseriesinsourcedata.
Available(onlyinPolish)at:
http://www.mi.gov.pl/2-48203f1e24e2f-1787735-p_1.htm[3]
The greatest influence on the climate of Poland, determining its transitional nature, are the polarsea and
polarcontinentalairmasses.
Stormsthelackofanyreliablestatistics
Floods the map of flood hazard in Europe [4]
Meansumofannualprecipitation(rainfall?)inPolandisabout600mm.Thisincludesthesumofrainfallinthe
summer(2/3ofrainfall)andinwinter(30%ofrainfall).
AVERAGEANNUALRAINFALL:
420
MeanannualtemperatureinPolandvariesbetween57oCintheheightsofthePomeranianandMazurskie
LakeDistrictsaswellasintheuplands,to810CinthesubkarpatianvalleybeltaswellasintheSlaskiand
Wielkopolski Lowland Planes. Only in the upland parts of Karpaty and Sudety does it amount to about 0oC
(KasprowyWierch0,8C,nieka0,4C).Julyisthewarmestmonth,withameantemperatureof1619C.
The coldest regions in July are the mountains where air temperature drops with the increase of latitude
(about0,6Cper100m).ThehighpointsofKarpatyandSudetyinJulyhaveameantemperatureofonlyabout
9C.LowertemperaturesinJulyarealsoobservedinPolishregionsadjacenttotheBalticSea(about16C),
resulting from the cooling effect of sea water. Central Poland is the hottest, with temperatures exceeding
18C.Hotdays,withatemperatureofatleast15C,areobservableinPolandfromMaytoSeptember.Their
numberincreaseswiththedistancefromthesea.Onaverage,only5suchdaysoccuratCapeRozewie,above
40 in Sandomierska Valley and Lubelska Upland. The coldest month in Poland is January. Due to icy
continentalaircominginfromtheeast,theeasternregionsofPolandaresomeofthecoldestinthecountry
inJanuary.WintercomestoPolandfromthenortheast.Themeannumberofcolddaysvariesfromabout25
annuallyoverlowerOdraandalongthecoast,to65daysontheSuwalskiLakeDistrict.Inthemountainsit
reaches 132 on Sniezka and 150 on Kasprowy Wierch. The number of frosty days, occurring usually in late
spring and early autumn, varies in the lowland plains between 90 (at the seaside) and 130, and in the
mountains exceeds 200. The differentiation of air temperatures influences the length of the vegetation
period, during which the mean twentyfourhour air temperature amounts to at least 5C. On average the
vegetation period in Poland last for 200 days. It is shorter in the mountains, the eastern part of the
PomeranianLakeDistrict,aswellasintheMazurskiandSuwalskiLakeDistricts.ItisthelongestintheSlaski
LowlandPlainandinregionssituatedalongthelowerstreamofOdra.
AVERAGEAIRTEMPERATUREINJANUARY:
421
AVERAGEAIRTEMPERATUREINJULY:
AVERAGEANNUALAIRTEMPERATURE:
The meanannualnumberofdayswithsnowfallis3040daysinwesternandcentralPoland,andover50days
innortheasternregions.InKarkonoszesnowfallsfor120days,andinTatryevenupto145.Snowremainsthe
longestinthemountains(upto200days)andinnorthwesternPoland(90120days).Itremainstheshortest
inthewest(4050days).
422
Temperaturedevelopmentperannum
Month I
II
III
IV
Temp.
0,1
2,8
8,3 13,1
0,9
VI
VII
VIII
IX
XI
XII
16,3
18,2
17,9
13,1
8,3 2,7 0,7
Annual
8,3
20
18,217,9
16,3
15
10
13,1
8,3
13,1
8,3
TemperatureinC
0
5
2,8
0,9 0,1
2,7
0,7
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
SolarradiationsupplyinPoland:
423
Snowfallzonesmap(takenfromthecodePN80/B02010LoadsInStaticCalculationsSnowLoads):[5]
Zone
Qk,kN/m2
0,007A1,4;Qk0,7
0,9
0,006A0,6;Qk1,2
1,6
0,93exp(0,00134A);Qk2,0
Aaltitude,heightabovesealevel(m)
Windzonesmap(takenfromthecodePN77/B02011LoadsInStaticCalculationsWindLoads):[6]
Zone
Velocity,m/s
20
II
24
IIa
27
IIb
30
III
2447
Zone
Pressure,Pa
250
II
350
IIa
450
IIb
550
III
424
250+0,5A>350
Aaltitude(m)
1.2.2
Slantedroofspredominateoverflatroofsinthelowrisebuildingsandflatroofsarecharacteristicforhighrise
buildings.
Untiltheyear1985themostpopularwereflatroofs:
ventilated
unventilated(full)
After the year 1985 slanted roofs began to

predominate:
rafter construction
rafterbeamtruss
425
collartruss
purlinstruttruss
1.2.3
New blocks are usuallybuilt in the improved traditionalmethod of constructing(loadbearing structureare

masonrywalls)orasacombinationofaconcreteskeleton(slabcolumnsystems)withabrickfilling.
1.2.4
NormswhicharenotbasedonEurocodes:
PN82/B02001BuildingloadsPermanentloads[7]
PN87/B02013BuildingloadsEnvironmentalloadsicingloads[8]
PN86/B02014BuildingloadsEnvironmentalloadstemperatureloads[9]
PN82/B02003BuildingloadsChangeabletechnologicalloadsBasictechnologicalloads[10]
PN88/B02014BuildingloadsSoilloads[11]
PN80/B02010LoadsinstaticcalculationsSnowloads[5]
PN77/B02011LoadsinstaticcalculationsWindloads[6]
NormsbasedonEurocodes:
PNEN13116:2004CurtainwallingResistancetowindloadPerformancerequirements[25]
426
PNEN 199111:2004 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 11: General actions Densities, selfweight,
imposedloadsforbuildings[26]
PNEN 199112:2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 12: General actions Actions on structures
exposedtofire[27]
PNEN199113:2005Eurocode1ActionsonstructuresPart13:GeneralactionsSnowloads[28]
PNEN199114:2005Eurocode1:ActionsonstructuresPart14:GeneralactionsWindactions[29]
PNEN199115:2005Eurocode1:ActionsonstructuresPart15:GeneralactionsThermalactions[30]
PNEN 199116:2007 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures Part 16: General actions Actions during
execution[31]
1.2.5
Inpolishconstructionaltraditionprefabricationsystemswereintenselydeveloped.Thepolishconcretepanel
buildingswereborninthe50s.andupuntilthe1980s.constitutedthebasisofpolishhousingconstruction.
Prefabricatesusednowadaysarepredominantlytheverypopularfiligranfloorslabsandcanalceilings.Over
the last few years prefabricate technologies used in zeroenergy buildings , like prefabricated lecaconcrete
walls,aregainingmoreandmorepopularity.
Filigranfloorslabs
Mountingoffiligranfloorslabs
(source:www.prefabud.com.pl)
(source:www.prefabud.com.pl)
427
Prefabricatedlecaconcretewalls
1.2.6
Buildingwithprefabricatedlecaconcretewalls
Industrializedbuildingwaspopularinthe70sandthe80s.Nowadaysavastmajorityofnewbuildingsare
built by the handcraft building method, but there are widely used prefabricated materials like filigran floor
slabs.
1.2.7
Generallytherearetwomaincriteria:financeandbuildingtime.
428
EnergystandardsPolandPP5
1.3
1.3.1
Yes:
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges.[2]
There are no technical requirements, which place a maximum energy consumption for every one of the
presentedconsumptionsources.ThereisasinglemainrequirementformaximumvalueofEPannualindexof
computational demand for nonrenewableprimal heating energy, ventilation, hot usable water preparation
and cooling (Section X Energy saving and heat isolation). All consumption sources are included in the EP
index.
However,therearesupplementaryrequirements:
SectionIVTechnicalequipment
E.g.:
120.2.Theinstallationofhotwatershouldprovide,atdrawingpoints,watertemperatureofatleast55C,
butnotexceeding60C.Theinstallationshouldenableexecutionofperiodicthermaldisinfectionsatawater
temperatureofatleast70C.
133. 9. Heat loss on feeding and returning wires of a central heating water installation should be at a
rationally low level. Heat insulation of these wires should meet the requirements listen in annex 2 to the
regulation.
133. 10. Heat loss on air heating wires should be at a rationally low level. Heat insulation of these wires
shouldmeettherequirementslisteninannex2totheregulation.
151.1.Ingeneralmechanicalventilationinstallationsandcomfortairconditioningwithanefficiencyof2
000 m3/h and more, devices for heat recapture from blownout air with minimal efficacy of 50% or
recirculation,wherepossible,shouldbeused.Incaseofrecirculationtheoutsideairstreamcannotbesmaller
thanindicatedinthesanitaryrequirements,butnolessthan10%ofairblownin.Fortechnologicalventilation
usingheatrecaptureshouldresultfromtechnologicalandeconomicbalanceconditions.
1.3.2
Valueofnewconstruction:95110KWh/m2.a
Dataaboutheatconsumptionofresidentialbuildingsgroupedaccordingtosystematicin1.3.1isnotavailable.
1.3.3
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges.SectionIXEnergysavingandheatinsulation
AnnexNo.2Heatinsulationrequirementsandotherrequirementsconnectedwithenergysaving[12]
429
1.3.4
The method is described in "Energy profile calculation methodology of buildings and flats", Decree of The
MinisterOfInfrastructureof6November2008:[32]
430
BuildingmaterialsPolandPP5
1.4
Anyreliablepercentagestatisticsarenotavailable.
Roofing:
Slantedroofs:ceramictile,platetile,cementtile
Flatroofs:
roofingpaper
Loadbearingstructure: Wood,steel,concrete
Foundations:
Reinforcedconcrete
Externalwalls:
Ceramicbrick,limecementbricks,cellularconcrete,lecaconcretereinforced
concrete,wood
Internalwalls:
Ceramicbrick,limecementbricks,cellularconcrete,lecaconcretereinforced
concrete,cardboardplasterwalls
Floors:
Ceramicfloors,floorpanel,woodenfloors,stoneplates
Ceilings:
Reinforcedconcrete(monolithicandprefabricated),wooden
Elevations:
Varioustypesofplaster,brick,stone,wood,ceramicplates
Windows:
Wooden,PVC
Heatinsulation:
1.4.2
Styrofoam,styrodur,mineralwool,leca
Premisesfortheuseofaparticularmaterial(inorderoffrequencyofoccurrence):
assuranceofappropriatetechnicalpropertiesatminimalprice
socialhabit(cellularconcrete,ceramicbrick)
tradition(eg.Traditionalhighlanderloghouse,shingles,thatchedroofs)
Implementationofuniondirective2002/91,theeffectsofwhichwewillseeinthefuture.Upuntilthispoint:
continuoustechnologicaldevelopment.
Example: Prefabricated concrete complex walls which are performs a role of stayin
placeformwork
431
Thermalconductivity(W/mK)ofnewmaterials:
Material
(W/mK)
Lecaconcrete
0,390,90
(dependingondensity)
1.4.4
Hollowbrickmasonrywall
0,250,42
AutoclavedAeratedconcrete(AAC)
0,150,30
Mineralwool
0,0450,050
EPS
0,0360,045
XPS
0,0350,041
Isthereanyecologicaldeclarationofbuildingmaterials?
Yes,buttheiruseisnotobligatory.
In Poland ecological declarations of building materials are consistent with ISO14020[13] series norms, but
theyremainanoveltyinoutcountry.Threetypesofecologicaldeclarationsweredistinguished:
TYPE I signs (labels) confirming concordance with ecological criteria, awarded by independent units after
carrying out research and analysis of
compatibilitywithaseriesof
detailedcriteria.
TYPEIIinformationprovidedwiththe
the basis of their own ecological
number of characteristics of the
Biodegradability,recyckling.
product by the producer on

standards concerned with a
product,
eg.
TYPE III ecological declarations

units. The aim of preparing a
informationaboutecologicalaspectsof
approved by independent
declaration is providing
the product or service.
432
Enclosedinformationarebasedonresultsfromthelifecycleassessment(LCA),andtherulesofplacingthem
in a document are uniform, which facilitates comparison of similar products and services. They are mostly
used in communications between producers, but they can also be used in producerconsumer
communication.
1.4.5 Whatcriteriaareinvolvedinthisdeclaration?(healthrisks,potentialstoaccumulateortoabolish
Independencefromthetypeofthedeclaration.
ForspecificinformationlookatISO14020[13],ISO14021[33],ISO14024[34],ISO14025[35].
ISO14020
EnvironmentalLabelling:GeneralPrinciples
Sets out nine general principles that apply not only
tolabellingschemesbuttoallenvironmentalclaims,
designed to promote accurate, verifiable and
relevantinformation.
ISO14021
Environmental Labels and Declarations: Self

Declaration Environmental Claims, Terms and
Definitions
Sets out requirements for Type II labels, i.e.
environmental claims made for goods and services
bytheproducer.
ISO14024
Environmental
Labels
and
Declarations:
Environmental Labelling Type I, Guiding Principles
andProcedures
Provides guidance on developing programmes that
verifytheenvironmentalattributesofaproductviaa
sealofapproval.
ISO14025
Environmental labels and declarations Type III

environmental declarations Principles and
procedures
Establishes the principles and specifies the
procedures for developing Type III environmental
declaration programmes and Type III environmental
declarations.
Type III environmental declarations as described in
ISO 14025:2006 are primarily intended for use in
businesstobusinesscommunication,buttheirusein
businesstoconsumer communication under certain
conditionsisnotprecluded.
1.4.6
TheActdated27April2001onrefuseOfficialno.62position628withlaterchanges.[14]
433
Itdefinestherulesofconductconcerningrefuseinawayensuringthesafetyofthelivesandhealthofpeople
and environmental protection in accordance with the rule of balanced development, and in particular with
theruleofpreventingthecreationofwasteorlimitationoftheamountofwasteanditsnegativeinfluence
ontheenvironment,aswellasrecyclingorneutralizingwaste.
434
BuildingphysicsPolandPP5
1.5
Foracomplete(finished?)construction:
HeatpenetrationcoefficientU[W/K*m2]
Temperature (thermal?) coefficient fRsi [], (the risk of fungus emergence on the interior surface of
barriersandtheriskofcondensationofwatervapourontheinsideofthebarrier)
Foranonbuiltinmaterial:
Specificheatc[J/kg*K],
Humidityw[%]
Materialdensity[kg/m3]
Heatconductivitycoefficient[W/m*K]
Vaporpermeabilitycoefficient[g/m*h*Pa]
Anormexists,butitisnotcompulsory:
PN85/N08013 Ergonomics. Moderate thermal environment. Definition of the PMV, PPD index and the
requirementsconcerningthermalcomfort.[15]
1.5.3
Onlymaximumvaluesofnoisearegiven.Residentialfacilitiesinaresidentialbuilding:
40dBduringtheday
30dBatnight
Kitchenandsanitaryareas:
45dBduringtheday
40dBatnight
Allregulationsconcerningacousticscanbefoundin:"TechnicalConditions,whichbuildingsandtheirlocation
shouldmeet,DecreeOfTheMinisterOfInfrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges.[2]
Theforgoingordinancereferstothefollowingnorms:
PN87/B02151.02Constructionacoustics.Protectionfromnoiseinbuildingfacilities.[16]
Acceptablelevelsofnoiseinrooms.
PNB021513:1999Constructionacoustics.Protectionfromnoiseinbuildingfacilities.Acousticinsulationof
buildingbarriersandacousticinsulationofconstructionelements.[17]
435
thecode?
Norequirements.
1.5.5
SectionVIIIHealthandhygiene.
309.Buildingsshouldbedesignedandconstructedusingsuchmaterialsandproducts,aswellasinsucha
way,soasnottoconstituteahazardtothehygieneandhealthofusersortheirneighbours,especiallydueto:
emanationoftoxicgases
presenceofharmfuldustsandgasesintheair
dangerousradiation
contaminationorpoisoningofwaterorsoil
incorrectremovalofsmokeandfumesaswellaswasteandrefuseinsolidorliquidform
occurenceofmoistureinconstructionelementsorontheirsurfaces
uncontrolledinfiltrationofoutsideair
penetrationoftheinsidebyrodents
limitationofnaturallightandinsolation.
Moreovercertainrequirementsconcerningtheprotectionofairpurityandpreventionfromraisingdampand
biologicalcorrosion,amongothers:
321. 1. There can be no condensation of water vapour enabling growth of mould fungus on the internal
surfaceofanontransparentexternalbarrier
2.Ontheinsideofthebarrier,mentionedinsection1,therecanbenoraisingdampcausedbycondensation
ofwatervapour.
3.Conditionsdefinedinparagraph1and2arefulfilled,ifbarriersmeetrequirementsdefinedinpoint2.2.4.
ofenclosureNo.2ofdecree.
322.1.Materialconstructionsolutionsofexternalbarriersofabuilding,heathumidityconditions,aswellas
theintensityofairexchangeinrooms,shouldpreventtheformationoffungus.
1.5.6
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges:Annexno.2[12]
2.3.Airtightness.
2.3.1.Inresidentialbuilding,collectiveresidencebuilding,buildingofpublicusefulnessandalsoinproduction
buildingtheexternalnontransparentbarriers,connectionsbetweenbarriersandpartsofbarriersaswellas
connectionsofwindowswithjambsshouldbedesignedandexecutedinordertoachievetheirtotaltightness
onpenetrationair.
436
2.3.2. . In residential building, collective residence building, building of public usefulness the coefficient of
infiltration of air for openable windows and balcony doors should come to not more than 0,3
m3/(mhdaPa2/3),withtheexceptionof155section3and4ofthedecree.
Itisrecommendedtoexecutetheverificationofairtightnessofbuilding.Requiredtightnessis:
1)buildingswithgravitationalventilationn503,0h1;
2)buildingswithmechanicalventilationn501,5h1.
ThereisablowerdoortestingmethodbeingperformedaccordingtoISO9972[36](Thermalperformanceof
buildingsDeterminationofairpermeabilityofbuildingsFanpressurizationmethod).
ISO9972:2006[37]isintendedforthemeasurementoftheairpermeabilityofbuildingsorpartsofbuildings
in the field. It specifies the use of mechanical pressurization or depressurization of a building or part of a
building. It describes the measurement ofthe resulting air flow rates over a range of indooroutdoor static
pressuredifferences.(source:www.iso.org)
Energyefficiency:
Thethermalisolationofbarriersandfloorsonground.
Values of coefficient of warmth penetration of walls, ceilings and flat roofs, counted according to Polish
Standards,cannotbegreaterthanU(max)valuedefinedintablesinresidentialbuildings:
No. Barriertypeandroomtemperature
U(max)
2
[W/(m *K)]
1
Externalwalls(adjoiningwithexternalair,independentlyfrom
thetypeofwall):
ti>16C
ti16C
0,30
0,80
Internalwallsbetweenheatedandunheatedrooms,staircases
orcorridors
1,00
Wallsadjoiningtodilatationgapswithawidthof:
to 5 cm , fixedly closed and filled with thermal insulation at

least20cmdeep
1,00
above5cm,independentlyfromclosingwayandgapisolation
0,70
Wallsofunheatedundergroundstoreys
norequirements
Slantedandflatroofs,ceilingsunderunheatedatticsorabove
passages:
ti>16C
8C<ti16C
6
Ceilingsaboveunheatedcellars,groundfloors
0,25
0,50
0,45
437
7
Ceilingsaboveheatedundergroundstoreys
norequirements
Internalwallsseparatingheatedroomfromunheatedroom
1,00
ticomputationaltemperatureinroomaccordingto134section2ofthedecree.
Besides:
329.3.MaximumvaluesofEPannualcoefficientofcomputationaldemandonunrenewableprimalenergy
forheating,ventilationandpreparationofwarmwateraswellasthecooling,independencefromtheratio
ofshapeofbuildingA/Ve,amountto:
1)inresidentialbuildingstoheatingandventilationaswellaspreparationofwarmwater
(EP)annual:
forA/Ve0,2;EP=73+EP;[kWh/ma)],
for0,2A/Ve1,05;EP=55+90(A/V)+EP;[kWh/(ma)],
dlaA/Ve1,05;EP=149,5+EP;[kWh/ma)]
where:
EP = EPw the addition for elementary demand on unrenewable primal energy for preparation of warm
waterduringayear,
EPw=7800/(300+0,1A);[kWh/(m2a)],
isthesumofareasofallbarriersinthebuildingwhichseparateheatedsectionofthebuildingwithexternal
air,groundandadjoiningunheatedrooms,calculatedalongexternalcontour,
A is the sum of areas of all barriers in the building which separate heated section of the building with
externalair,groundandadjoiningunheatedrooms,calculatedalongexternalcontour,
Ve is the cubature of heated section of building, diminished by arcades, balconies, loggias, galleries etc.,
calculatedonexternalcontour,
Aftheareaofheatedsectionofabuilding(oraflat)
2)inresidentialbuildingsforheating,ventilationandcoolingaswellaspreparationofwarmwater(EPHC+W)
duringayear:
EPHC+W=EPH+W+(5+15Aw,e/Af)(10,2A/Ve)Af,c/Af;[kWh/(m2a)]
where:
EPH+Wvalueaccordingtothedependencepresentedinpoint1,
Aw,etheareaofexternalwallsofabuilding,calculatedalongexternalcontour,
Af,ctheareaofcooledsectionofabuilding(oraflat)
Aftheareaofheatedsectionofabuilding(oraflat)
Ve is the cubature of heated section of building, diminished by arcades, balconies, loggias, galleries etc.,
calculatedonexternalcontour,
Moistureresistance:
321.1.Ontheinternalsurfaceofuntransparentexternalbarrier
cannotbeanycondensationofwatersteamwhatleadstomouldfungusspread.
438
2.Intheinteriorofabarrier,whichismentionedinsection1,cannotbemoisturegrowingannuallycausedby
thecondensationofwatersteam.
3.Conditionsdefinedinsection1and2aremet,whenbarriersmeetrequirementsdefinedinpoint2.2.4of
annexno.2ofthedecree.
Annexno.2:
2.2.Conditionsrelatingsurfacemoisturecondensation
2.2.1. In order to fulfil the condition, which is mentioned in 321 section 1 of the decree, in reference to
external barriers of residential buildings, collective residence buildings, buildings of public usefulness and
production buildings, solutions of external barriers and their construction assemblies should have
temperature coefficient with minimum value which is described in specific Polish Standards relating to the
methodofcalculatingthetemperatureofinternalsurfacesofwalls.
2.2.4.Theverificationofthecondition,whichismentionedin321section3ofthedecree,shouldbedone
accordingtochapter6ofPolishStandardmentionedin2.2.1.
This do not take effect if the practise has showed that the risk of moisture condensation in the interior of
barriersdoesnotexist,forexamplelikeinsinglelayermasonrywalls.
1.5.7
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges:
Annexno.2[12]
SectionVIFirePrevention
Fireresistanceclassofpartsofaresidentialbuilding
The number
of
storeys/height
4 /
12m
4-9 /
12-25m
10-18 /
25-55m
>55m
Load
bearing
structure
Roof
structure
Ceiling
External
wall
Internal
wall
Roofing
R30
no req.
REI 30
EI 30
no req.
no req.
R60
R15
REI 60
EI 30
EI 15
E 15
R 120
R30
REI 60
EI 60
EI 30
E 30
R 120
R30
REI 60
EI 60
EI 30
E 30
Symbols used according to the annex of European Commission Decision of 3 May 2000 (2000/367/EC)
implementing Council Directive 89/106/EEC [38] as regards the classification of the resistance to fire
performanceofconstructionproducts,constructionworksandpartsthereof.
REIfire protection rating related to load bearing / integrity / insulation (in minutes)
439
1.5.8
Norequirementsaredefined.
1.5.9
440
EP(coefficientexplainedinthequestion1.5.6)
Uvalue
TechnicalfacilitiesandservicesPolandPP5
1.6
1.6.1
Coal,naturalgas,biogas,biofuels,biomass,solarenergy,geothermalenergy,electricity[1]
16,4%
3,6%
20,1%
coal
59,9%
naturalgas
oil
othersources
Typesofheatingsystem
Thecentralheatingsystem
Heat provided by thermalelectric power station or local boiler house using the heating network
transmissionformorethanoneresidentialbuilding
Heatprovidedbylocalboilerhouseforresidentialunitsonlyinonebuilding
Localcentralheatingsystemcoveringonefloororzone
Heatingfurnaceusingcoal,firewoodorelectricity
Otherslikesmallradiatorsusingnaturalgasorelectricty
441
1%
21%
centralheating
heatingfurnace
78%
others
[1]
Classificationofheatingsystemsthrough:
locationoftheheatgenerator:
individualheating,centralheating,districtheating
Standardboiler,lowtemperatureboiler,condensingboiler,heatpumpheating
artofenergy:
coalheating,gasheating,oilheating,electricalheating,solarheating(collectors,storagewithheat
exchanger,controlofthepumpfunction,photovoltaic),
heatcarrier:hotwaterheating,steamheater,airheating
heatdistribution:
radiators,convectors,heatsurfaceplates,special(e.g.floorheating)
artofheatemission:convectionheating,radiationheating,airheating,combinedheating
heatingboilers:
condensingboiler
lowtemperatureboiler
woodpelletboiler
electricheatpump
solarheatingsystem
1.6.3
airconditioning,coolingsystem
1.6.4
gravityventilation,
442
mechanicalventilation
mechanicalventilationwithsingleventilators
mechanicalventilationwithinandoutleadingairelementsandafunctionofheatrecovery
airconditioning
ventilationsystems)
FollowingtherequirementofDirective2002/91/EC,theGovernmentofPolandimplementedtheregulations
onmaintenanceandcleaningaheating,coolingandventilationsystem.[18]
Thefrequencyofinspectionsofboilers,heatingandairconditioningsystemshasbeendefinedin:
TheActof19thSeptember2007onamendingtheactConstructionlaw(J.O.No.191,item1373).[19]
Art.62.1.Allthebuildingsshallbecarriedoutaninspectionbytheownersandadministratorsduringtheir
usage:
5)
6)
Periodically,includingboilerfunctionalitycheck,anassessmentoftheboilerefficiencyandtheboiler
sizingcomparedtotheheatingrequirementsofthebuilding:
At least every two years for boilers fired by nonrenewable liquid or solid fuel of an
effectiveratedoutputofmorethan100kW,
At least every four years for boilers fired by nonrenewable liquid or solid fuel of an
effectiveratedoutputof20kWto100kWandforgasboilers;
Periodically,atleasteveryfiveyears,includinganassessmentoftheairconditioningefficiencyand
thesizingcomparedtothecoolingrequirementsofthebuildingofaneffectiveratedoutputofmore
than12kW.
1b
All the heating installations with boilers of an effective rated output of more than 20 kW
which are older tha 15 years, shall be carried out a oneoff inspection of whole heating
installation.Thisinspectionshallincludeanassessmentoftheboilerefficiencyandtheboiler
sizingcomparedtotheheatingrequirementsofthebuilding.
Art. 62. 5. The inspection of functionality of electricity system, lightningconductor system and gas system,
whichismentionedinsection1.:point1subsectionc,point2,andsection1b.,shallbecarriedoutbyperson
withsuitablequalificationsrequiredforsupervisionoffacilities,gasandelectricitysystemsexploitation.
TherequirementsofmaintenanceandcleaningofsystemsarealsodefinedintheOrdinanceoftheMinistryof
Infrastructureof12thMarch2009onamendingtheordinancetechnicalconditionsforbuildingsandtheir
location.[20]
153. 5. All the air ducts shall be equipped with inspection holes authorized by The Polish Norm on the
elementsofductsfacilitatingthemaintenanceandcleaning.Theseinspectionholesshallenabletocleanthe
ducts and technical facilities in case of no other possibilities of cleaning. It is important not to locate these
inspectionholesinroomswithhighhygienestandard.
443
1.6.6
The requirements for water supply and domestic sewage are expressed in the Act of 7th June 2001 on
collectivewatersupplyanddomesticsewage.[21]
Art. 5. 1. All the watersupply and sewerage companies are obligated to ensure a capacity of technical
facilities to provide required amount and pressure of water. Water supply and sewage disposal shall be
realizedinaconstantandreliablewaywithaviewtofinalquality.
Art. 9. 3. All the watersupply and sewerage companies are obligated to carry out a regular inspection of
amountandqualityofcommunityandindustrialsewage.Theyarealsoexpectedtocarryoutaninspectionof
sewagedrainingconditionsintoseweragesystem.
Art.12.1.Thesupervisionoverthequalityofwaterdestinedtoconsumptionbyhumanshallbecarriedoutby
TheGovernmentSanitaryonthebasisofsanitarylaw.
Thereisnodataavailableforthewaterdemandpersquaremeter.
Further on, consumption of water in households per person 19902006 is presented: In order to estimate
the water consumption per person, It is recommendedtouseparametersdefinedintheOrdinanceofthe
MinistryofInfrastructureof14thJanuary2002onthequantificationofaveragewaterconsumption.[22]
averageconsumptionofwaterinhouseholdspercapita
dm3/24h
m3/month
140160*
4,25,4*
*relatedtoresidentialbuildingswithaconnectiontothesewagesystem.
Therearenostatisticalinformationaboutdomesticsewageconsumptionperpersoninresidentialbuildings.It
isassumedthatdomesticsewageconsumptionisonthesamelevelaswaterconsumption.Theexceptionto
therulearestandaloneandfarmbuildingswhereapartoftotalwaterconsumptionisintendedforwatering
etc.Inthiscasealevelofwaterconsumptionishigherthandomesticsewageconsumption.Moreoverwater
consumptioninsuchbuildingsisabout510%biggerthaninresidentialbuildings.
lperday
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
183,6
169,3
128,8
113,7
112,3
444
Waterconsumptionpercapitain2007
1.6.8
The renewable energy sources are used instead of fossil fuels to heat, cool and ventilate buildings. Their
percentagecontributiontototalenergydemandispresented:
6,9%
other
sources
93,1%
renewable
energy
sources
445
Energysupplyingsystemsofresidentialbuildingsusesuchrenewableheatsourcesas
biogas
biofuel
biomass
wastecombustio
solarenergy
geothermalenergy.
Percentagecontributiontousageofeachrenewableheatsourceinresidentialhousesispresented:
biomass96,1%
biofuels2,3%
biogas1,4%
geothermalenergy0,2%
solarenergy0,018%
wastecombustion0,007%
Descriptionofeachsource:
Biomassitisusedmainlybylocalcentralheatingsystemsandbysmallinstallationscogeneratingelectricity
andheat,aswellasbyindividualheatinginstallations.Thebiomassfuelsaretheproductscultivationspecial
plantsforbiomassandwastesfromagricultureandforestry
Solar energy is not a significant source in electricity production. Significance of solar energy for heat
productionisalsosmall.Thisenergyissporadicallyusedforheatingwaterforgeneralpurposes
Biogasfromwastedump,sewagetreatmentplantandfromfarmsisusedforheatproduction(inasmall
scale).
Biofuelsmainlyusedasanadditivetotransportfuels,inasmallscaleusedforheatproduction
Wastecombustionisneitherasignificantsourceinelectricityproductionnorinheatproduction(usedina
smallscale)
Geothermalenergyisusedinlocalheatingsystems.Itisalsousedinelectricityproduction(inasmallscale)
446
There is no data available for the energy demand per person. Further on, consumption of energy in
householdspersquaremeter19902006ispresented:
Theenergydemandinresidentialbuildingsispresented:
1person
2persons
3persons
4persons
5persons
kWhperyear
1950
3100
3500
4500
5700
kWhperday
5,3
8,5
9,6
12,3
15,6
There are no energy efficient requirements on fans, pumps and temperature efficiency of heat
recovery.
447
QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsPolandPP5
1.7
QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsPolandPP5
The Act of 19th September 2007 on amending the act Construction law (J. O. No. 191, item 1373). The
Ordinance of the Ministry of Infrastructure of 21st January 2008 on training and examination for licence to
preparetheenergyperformancecertificatesforbuildingsandresidentialunit.TheOrdinanceoftheMinistry
ofInfrastructureof6thNovember2008onmethodologyofcalculationoftheenergyperformanceofbuildings
andresidentialunitaswellaswayofpreparingandpatternsoftheirenergyperformancecertificates.[19]
Thesestandardsspecifies:
overall indicators to express the energy performance of whole buildings, including heating,
ventilation,airconditioning,domestichotwaterandlightningsystems.
Information about training and examination for licence to prepare the energy performance
certificatesforbuildingsandresidentialunit
waystoexpressenergyrequirementsforthedesignofnewbuildings
procedurestodefinereferencevalues
waystodesignaprocedureforbuildingenergycertification.
thesecertificates?
TherearenoregulationsreferredtoGreenBuildingCertificates.
1.7.3
There are no specified regulations referred to these terms. However there are regulations which define an
energy performance factor EP, whose value determines the energy class of the building or residential unit.
TheseregulationsareexpressedintheOrdinanceoftheMinistryofInfrastructureof6thNovember2008on
amendingtheordinancetechnicalconditionsforbuildingsandtheirlocation.[23]
1.7.4
448
DefinitionofqualitystandardsPolandPP5
1.8
DefinitionofqualitystandardsPolandPP5
Thereisnounifiedsystemoflegalruleswhichdefinessustainabilityaspartofpreparationandplanningofthe
project.Itispartlyregulatedby:
Actof19thSeptember2007onamendingtheactconstructionlaw(J.O.No.191,item1373).[19]
TheActof27thApril2001onenvironmentalprotectionlaw(J.O.No.62,item627asamended)[24]
Art. 71. 1. The rules of sustainability and environmental protection form the basis for preparing and
amendmentoflanduseplanningconceptionofthecountry,thedevelopmentstrategyoftheprovinces,land
useplanningconceptionoftheprovinces,theresearchonconditioningsanddirectionoflanduseplanningof
theboroughsandlocallanduseplanningconception.
andplacing?
Therequirementswhichdemandtheconfirmationofsustainabilityintenderingandplacingareexpressedin
theActof27thApril2001onenvironmentalprotectionlaw(J.O.No.62,item627asamended)[24]
Art.76.1.Allthenewandmodernizedbuildings,complexofbuildingsorsystemscannotbeusediftheydo
notcomplywithrequirementsmentionedinsection2.
Art. 76. 2. The requirements of environmental protection for new and modernized buildings, complex of
buildingsorsystemsare:
Theimplementationoftechnicalmeansrequiredbythelawtoprotecttheenvironment
Theusageofpropertechnicalsolutionsresultedfromtheactsandregulations
Theobtainingofrequiredregulationsaboutthescopeandconditionsofusingtheenvironment
The execution of tests and verifications, complying with standards and conditions of atmospheric
emissionrequiredbytheLaw.
There are requirements which define sustainability as part of the construction process but only in
considerationofenergydemand.FromlegalpointofviewitisregulatedbytheOrdinanceoftheMinistryof
Infrastructureof6thNovember2008[23]onamendingtheordinancetechnicalconditionsforbuildingsand
their location. The quality assurance of the execution is expressed in the form of the energy performance
certificateforbuildingsandresidentialunitwhichiscarriedoutonthebasisoftheOrdinanceoftheMinistry
ofInfrastructureof6thNovember2008onmethodologyofcalculationoftheenergyperformanceofbuildings
andresidentialunitaswellaswayofpreparingandpatternsoftheirenergyperformancecertificates.
449
ReferencesPolandPP5
1.9
ReferencesPolandPP5
[1]
CentralStatisticalOffice
[2]
Infrastructureof12April2002r.withlaterchanges.
[3]
Climate dates of the last 30 years in Polish: http://www.mi.gov.pl/248203f1e24e2f1787735
p_1.htm
[4]
MapoffloodhazardsinEurope:http://www.preventionweb.net/files/3827_Floodhazard8702N3.jpg
[5]
PN80/B02010LoadsInStaticCalculationsSnowLoads
[6]
PN77/B02011LoadsInStaticCalculationsWindLoads
[7]
PN82/B02001BuildingloadsPermanentloads
[8]
PN87/B02013BuildingloadsEnvironmentalloadsicingloads
[9]
PN86/B02014BuildingloadsEnvironmentalloadstemperatureloads
[10]
PN82/B02003BuildingloadsChangeabletechnologicalloadsBasictechnologicalloads
[11]
PN88/B02014BuildingloadsSoilloads
[12]
Infrastructureof 12April 2002 r. with later changes. Section IX Energy saving and heat insulation
Annex No.2Heatinsulationrequirementsandotherrequirementsconnectedwithenergysaving
[13]
ISO14020seriesnorms
[14]
ActonrefuseOfficialno.62position628withlaterchanges.27April2001.
[15]
PN85/N08013Ergonomics.Moderatethermalenvironment.DefinitionofthePMV,PPDindexand
therequirementsconcerningthermalcomfort.
[16]
PN87/B02151.02Constructionacoustics.Protectionfromnoiseinbuildingfacilities.
[17]
PNB021513:1999 Construction acoustics. Protection from noise in building facilities. Acoustic

insulationofbuildingbarriersandacousticinsulationofconstructionelements.
[18]
Following the requirement of Directive 2002/91/EC, the Government of Poland implemented the
regulationsonmaintenanceandcleaningaheating,coolingandventilationsystem.
[19]
Act of 19th September 2007 on amending the act Construction law (J. O. No. 191, item 1373).
Frequencyofinspectionsofboilers,heatingandairconditioningsystems
[20]
Ordinance of the Ministry of Infrastructure of 12th March 2009 on amending the ordinance
technical conditions for buildings and their location. Requirements of maintenance and cleaning of
systems.
[21]
Actof7thJune2001oncollectivewatersupplyanddomesticsewage.
[22]
Ordinance of the Ministry of Infrastructure of 14th January 2002 on the quantification of average
waterconsumption.
450
ReferencesPolandPP5
[23]
Ordinance of the Ministry of Infrastructure of 6th November 2008 on amending the ordinance
technicalconditionsforbuildingsandtheirlocation.
[24]
Actof27thApril2001onenvironmentalprotectionlaw(J.O.No.62,item627asamended),Art.71.
[25]
PNEN13116:2004CurtainwallingResistancetowindloadPerformancerequirements
[26]
PNEN199111:2004Eurocode1:ActionsonstructuresPart11:GeneralactionsDensities,self
weight,imposedloadsforbuildings
[27]
PNEN 199112:2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 12: General actions Actions on
structuresexposedtofire
[28]
PNEN199113:2005Eurocode1ActionsonstructuresPart13:GeneralactionsSnowloads
[29]
PNEN199114:2005Eurocode1:ActionsonstructuresPart14:GeneralactionsWindactions
[30]
PNEN199115:2005Eurocode1:ActionsonstructuresPart15:GeneralactionsThermalactions
[31]
PNEN199116:2007Eurocode 1 Actions on structures Part 16: General actions Actions during

execution
[32]
"Energy profile calculation methodology of buildings and flats", Decree of The Minister Of
Infrastructureof6November2008
[33]
ISO14021
[34]
ISO14024
[35]
ISO14025
[36]
ISO9972:ThermalperformanceofbuildingsDeterminationofairpermeabilityofbuildingsFan
pressurizationmethod
[37]
ISO9972:2006
[38]
EuropeanCouncilDirective89/106/EEC
451
ReferencesPolandPP5
452
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsPolandPP6
2.1
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsPolandPP6
2.1.1
Urbanplanninginthecitiesandmunicipalitiesisbasedessentiallyontwostagesofplanning:thepreparatory
landuseplan(Studiumuwarunkowaikierunkwrozwoju)[1]andthevariouslegallybindinglanduseplans
(Miejscowyplanzagospodarowaniaprzestrzennego).[2]
2.1.2
InPolandexistBuildingCode[3]andLocalplanninglaws[4].Thelegallybindinglanduseplan(Miejscowyplan
zagospodarowania przestrzennego), [2] as a local law, contains the legally bindng designations to control
orderlyurbandevelopmentwithinaspecificarea.
2.1.3
Required are electricity, water and sanitary fittings. Fittings of drainage, heating and hot water preparing
couldbedetermine.
2.1.4
Entitled to the planning is everyone, who have suitable building power and is a member of the polish
engineers,urban'sorarchitect'schamber.
Inplanningprocesstakepartarchitects,structuralengineersandsanitaryfittingsengineers.Architectplans
thebuildingandcoordinatesalltrade.Heis(afterauthorization)arepresentativeofinvestorinbureau.
453
BuildingpermitrulesPolandPP6
2.2
BuildingpermitrulesPolandPP6
2.2.1
Theinvestorsubmitsanapplicationforbuildingpermittothebureauofthecounty.Withtheapplicationmust
heattachtheprojectwithagreements.Aftermax.65daysbureaugivebuildingpermit.
Withapplicationmustbeattachedobject'sprojectwithagreementsandenergyperformance.
2.2.3
The Building Code (Ustawa Prawo Budowlane) establishes planning principles and procedural rules. Urban
planninginthecitiesandmunicipalitiesisbasedessentiallyontwostagesofplanning:thepreparatoryland
use plan (Studium uwarunkowa i kierunkw rozwoju) and the various legally binding landuse plans
(Miejscowyplanzagospodarowaniaprzestrzennego).Eachmunicipalityisresponsibleforpreparingtheurban
landuseplansfortheterritoryunderitscontrol.Whentheurbanlanduseplannotexist,municipalitypublish
decisionofdevelopment'sconditions(Decyzjaowarunkachzabudowy).
foreigncountries?
Toapplyforabuildingpermitisentitledowner,coowner,leaseholder(withownerspermit),andperpetual
user(withownerspermit).
In the building permit procedure take part investor, owner, coowner, perpetual users and developer's
managerininfluenceterritory.
2.2.6
Inspection(NadzrBudowlany)cancheckbuildingsiteaccordpermissionofconstruction.
2.2.7
The administration has 65 days to finish procedure, according to the Building Code (Ustawa Prawo
Budowlane).
2.2.8
Treasuryfeeamountto47PLN(10Euro).Housesarereleased.
454
TenderingrulesandlawsPolandPP6
2.3
TenderingrulesandlawsPolandPP6
2.3.1
Investorsubmitsanapplicationforbuildingpermittothebureauofthecounty.Withtheapplicationmusthe
attachtheprojectwithagreements.
After30days,whenbureauhavenothingagainst,constructioncanbegin.Investormusttenderthebeginning
ofbuildingsconstructionininspectionsbureau(PowiatowyNadzrBudowlany)
2.3.2
TenderingprocedureisconductingaccordingBuildingCode.[3]Buildingsmustallowforlanduseplan[2]or
decisionofdevelopment'sconditions.
2.3.3
To tendering procedure belongs to object, for example: farming building to 35 m and construction span
4,80m;domesticopenswimmingpoolto30m.
2.3.4
2.3.5
Bureauhas30daystopublishobjections.
andplacing?
No.
455
ConstructionprocessPolandPP6
2.4
ConstructionprocessPolandPP6
2.4.1
TheconstructionmustbeleadaccordingBuildingCode[3]andsafetyregulations(BHP).
2.4.2
No.
countries?
Buildingconstructioncanmanageperson,whohavesuitablebuildingpowerandisamemberofthepolish
engineerschamber.Foreignersmustbememberofthepolishengineerschamber,too.
2.4.4
No.
countries?
Foreignersmusthaveasuitablebuildingpowerandbeamemberofthepolishengineerschamber.
Beforethebuildingcanbeinhabited,requiredispermissionforuse.Arerequired:EnergyPass(wiadectwo
charakterystykienergetycznej)[5],Announcementconstruction'ssitemanageraboutaccordingconstruction
to project (Announcement about the end of the works), other permissions (fire department, sanitary
departments).
456
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementPolandPP6
2.5
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementPolandPP6
building?
No.
2.5.2
Averagecostofconstructionsamounts3.895PLNperm(866europerm).
457
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydata,urbaninfrastructureandhousing
situationPolandPP6
2.6 Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydata,urban
infrastructureandhousingsituationPolandPP6
2.6.1
No.It'sonlysubsidizedthermomodernization.
458
ReferencesPolandPP6
2.7
ReferencesPolandPP6
[1]
Studiumuwarunkowaikierunkwrozwoju:preparatorylanduseplan
[2]
Miejscowyplanzagospodarowaniaprzestrzennego:legallybindinglanduseplans
[3]
UstawaPrawoBudowlane:BuildingCode
[4]
Localplanninglaws
[5]
wiadectwocharakterystykienergetycznej:EnergyPass
459
ReferencesPolandPP6
460
DemographicanalysisofhousingneedsandthetargetgroupofpopulationPolandPP7
populationPolandPP7
3.1.1
Privateownershiprateisapproximately48,6%.
associations?
Thetotalnumberofresidentialbuildingsincitiesisapproximately1780000.16,8%ofthemwerebuiltafter
1988.Anaveragenumberofflatsinabuildingis4,6.
122 habitants per km2. Present living space per person: 23,8m2. Present space per person will increase to
26m2.ItisestimatedthatthePolishpopulationwilldecreaseby12%till2050.
domesticproduct?
Age:01721,9%;1864(workingage)62,9%;olderthan60(women)/65(men):15,2%.Theaveragenet
incomeperhousehold:~1040.Theaveragerentalcostis9persquaremeter.(450fo50m2apartment).
Howevertheaveragehousingcostforprivateownersisapp.88foroneapartment.
3.1.5
All Polish regions have similar climatic conditions. Considerable differences are only in mountain regions at
the south (wind and snow loads, average temperatures). The average sun radiation is almost the same in
everyregion.
maintenance.
Constructioncostforsinglefamilyhouse:630/m.Maintenancecosts:see3.4.5operatingcosts:see3.4.1
461
SustainabilityaspectsPolandPP7
3.2
SustainabilityaspectsPolandPP7
financialsupport?
Constructioncostforsinglefamilyhouse:630/m.Maintenancecosts:see3.4.5
Operatingcosts:see3.4.1
3.2.2
Therearenocapitalallowancesregardingsustainabilitybuildingpractice.
462
EconomicalenergysupplyPolandPP7
3.3
EconomicalenergysupplyPolandPP7
3.3.1
Inthelast10yearstheenergyconsumptionfellform162to146kWh/m2.Averageheatingpriceequalsto
8.70/m2
years?
The energy prices increased in the last years. Average cost of heating in 1998 0,04/kWh , in 2007
0,07/kWh
periodandlifetime).
Districtheating:0,38kg/kWh,Oil:0,29kg/kWh,Naturalgas:0,2kg/kWh
463
EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsPolandPP7
3.4
EvaluationofcurrentmaintenanceandoperatingcostsPolandPP7
3.4.1
Operatingcostsinclude:commonmaintenance,sanitation,plannedandperiodicreplacement.
3.4.2
Therearenoperformancebenchmarks.
3.4.3
Operatingcostsinclude:
taxes,
watersupply,
sewage,
operating,cleaning,maintenanceoffacilitiestowaterandheatingsupply.
operatingofelevators
streetcleaningandwastedisposal,
housecleaning,
gardenmaintenance,
lighting
3.4.4
3.4.5
Thecostofmaintenancedependsontheageofthebuildingandthestructuretype.
3.4.6
Nodataavailable.
464
HousingdevelopmentprogrammesoftheparticipatingcountriesPolandPP7
PolandPP7
Themajorityofresidentialbuildingsaremanagedbyhomeowners'associations,whichcanhireaprofessional
manager/administrator.
3.5.2
Thetargetgroupareowners.
465
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresPolandPP7
3.6
Managementmodels,ownersstructuresPolandPP7
Accordingtosomeexpertestimates50%ofthenewconstructedhousesinMoscowandSt.Petersburgisused
asayieldorientedhousesfortherent.
3.6.2
Thedecisionismadebythemajorityofvotes.Votesaredistributedbetweenmemberseitherproportionally
totheirshareinthepropertyoraccordinglytotheprinciple1member=1vote.
466
ConditionofrealestatemanagementPolandPP7
3.7
ConditionofrealestatemanagementPolandPP7
3.7.1
ThetenancyinPolandisregulatedbyCivilCode[1].
3.7.2
Thepricesincreasedby20%from2006to2008dependingonthetypeofdwelling.
467
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsPolandPP7
3.8
BenefitanalysesforownersandinvestorsPolandPP7
3.8.1
Static and dynamic methods of calculations: accouting Rate of Return, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of
Return,ModifiedInternalRateofReturn,ProfitabilityIndex.
468
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismPolandPP7
3.9
FinancingandfundinginstrumentsandmechanismPolandPP7
3.9.2
Bankloans/credits,subsidies,grants,PPP
validly?
Investment decisions are preceded by the profitability calculations. The chosen calculation method and
analyzedtimeperioddependsonthetypeofinvestition.
469
ReferencesPolandPP7
3.10 ReferencesPolandPP7
[1]CivilCode
470
Annexes
13.5 DetailsRussia
Engineering and building technology standards in Russia
Method of planning, permit and tendering procedures in Russia
Economical and financial basis, industry and quality in Russia
471
Annexes
472
ArchitecturalandUrbanDesignRussiaass.PP13
1.1
In the city the usual typology of the residential building is multistorey multifamily building, in the
countryside and suburbia private single family houses. There are also block houses, townhouses,
dormitories and other typologies, but they amount insignificant number in comparison to the bulk of
Buildings most parts of St. Petersburg (with the exception of the central historical areas of the city) are
representedmainlybymassiveseriesofhousebuildingplantbuilt60x(5storied)and7080iesofthelast
century.Constructionofnewdwellingsactivelybeganinthesecondhalfofthe90iesandisrepresentedby
newbrickmonolithicpanelhouseswith1216floors.Theshareofothertypesofdwellingsisrelativelysmall.
Multistoreymultifamilybuilding.Thedwellingscanbeprivatepropertyofowners(privatized)orbetheState
property; also they can be rent to the residents. The most residents try to privatize the dwellings. The
servicing company of multistorey buildings is enlisted by the owners of apartments and provided by the
State.Singlefamilyhousesareprivatepropertyoftheowners.
view)?
ArchitectureofthehousesinRussiaisverydifferent.Lowstorehousesaretypicallysinglefamilydetached
housesormultifamilyhousesbuiltwithbrick,woodorconcrete.Intherecenttimestherehavebeen
developedsocialbuildings,builtmostlywithwoodstructures.
livingspaces)
Accordingtothenationalcode((SNiP)Buildingstandardsandrules[1]therehavetobe18sqmofthe
total living area per person. In the real life it depends on the solvency of the owner. Traditionally there is
somekindofhall(likelobby)intheentranceoftheapartment.Itconnectslivingroom,kitchenandbathroom.
Kitchenandbathroomcanbeseparateroomsandalsotheycanbeconnectedtocommonroom,itdepends
on the owners wishes. It is preferably for each member of the family to have own sleeping room. Married
couples have their general sleeping room. The second bathroom in the apartment is an indicator of a high
levelofcomfort.Inthelasttimethesecondbathroomin3andmoreroomapartmentbecameobligatoryfor
newresidentialbuildings.Itiscommonlythatapartmentshaveloggiaglazedbalconyandsinglefamilyhouses
have terrace. The builtin closets and small pantries have to be built in according to the norms. In the big
apartmentsandhousestherearealsoadditionalrooms:officeroom,sauna,terraceandpool
473
1.1.5
Building standards for the residential buildings have a numerous and demanding requirements. They
determine size and orientation of the windows of residential buildings, thermal conductivity and fire
resistance of the wall materials, number of elevators, type of stairs. The rules have a lot of specific
requirements and restrictions. There are some regulations for insolation, that consider the window surface
area,orientationofthebuildingandetc.Windowsurfaceareahastobegenearallybetween12and30%of
floorarea.
1.1.6 Arethereanyspecificstandards(e.g.elevator,cellar,entrance,etc.)?
Therearebuildingnormsandregulations,especiallytheurbanplanningdocumentationintheseparate
subjectsofRussianFederation.
Singlefamilyhouseshavemostlypitchedroof,upperfloorasmansard.Ifhydrologicalconditionspermit,the
ownerstrytomakeacellarorbasement,usedasagarageorforhouseholdneeds.Usuallythehousehas2
livingfloors.Thefirstoneforgeneralrooms:entrancehall,mainlivingroom,kitchen,bathroom,terraceand
sometimesonesleepingroom.Inthesecondfloortherearesleepingroomsandbathrooms.
Multistoreymultifamilybuilding.Residentialbuildingofthe20thcenturyhavealmostalwaysflatroof,older
buildingspitchedroof.Intheentrancethereiscommonlyroomforconcierge.Almostallresidentialbuildings
haveintercom.Elevatorsarerequiredincasethebuildingishigherthan4floors.Inthestairstherehavetobe
windows and exit to the street. In the buildings, which have more than 9 floors there are used stairs with
smokeprotection.
Sometimesthemansard(relay)storeysarebuiltoverthemultistoreymultipledwellingbuildingsofthe19th
century.Themostmultistoreymultifamilybuildingsofthe19,20thcenturydonthavegaragesinside.Cellars
and attics of buildings were used for technical purposes. New houses are built only with parking in the
basementandgroundfloor.
1.1.7
SNIPII2676:"Roofs".
Slopesofroofs:generallybetween1:1and1:5(ratiooflengthfromapextoeavesandheight);
rolledstriproofing:slopeof02,5;
asbestoscementroofing:1033;
concretepanelwithimbrex:510
comfort)?
SNIP31012003:"Multicomapartmentresidentalbuildings".
1.1.9
Existingstandardsdefinetheheightandmajorityofthebuilding;theydontincludeartanddesign.Aesthetic
qualityofthebuildinginthecitydeterminesthegovernmentalofficialresponsibleforthearchitectureinthis
areaorcity.
474
Therearenosuchkindofrequirements..
OnlytheUrbandevelopmentcodeofRussianFederation.
Regulationconcernsthegeneralconceptofurbandevelopmentofthecity.Thatistakenintoaccountinthe
provisionofbuildingplots.Therearesomerestrictionsgenerallyconcernedwithsolvingthemasterplan,the
ratiooftypesofapartments,thebalanceoftheareaatthediscretionoftheinvestors.
Availabilityofdwellingaccordingtothecosts,distancetothemetro,convenienttransportlinks,availabilityof
recreationareas,parks,squares.
475
StructuralDesignRussiaass.PP13
1.2
1.2.1
Russia belongs to the temperate climate zone and is divided into 4 constructionclimatic regions. Sankt
Petersburgischaracterizedbywet,closetothemaritimeclimatewithwarmsummersandrelativelylongcold
winters. Average temperature in summer is +18 C, average winter temperature is 8 C. In summer,
temperaturecanreachmax.+25Ctill+30C.Inwinterasignificantcoolinghappens:upto25C...30C.
Thereisrainfallof634mmperyear.Theaveragetemperatureinwinterabout10C,+3.5Cinspring,
and+4.5Cinautumn.St.PetersburgappliestoIIVconstructionclimaticregionwithtemperatureofthe
coldestfivedayssuppliedby0.9226C(SNiP2.01.0182)[3],IIwindareawiththestandardwindpressure
0.3 kPa, and III area of snow with snow regulatory burden 1.3 kPa (SNIP 2.01.0785 *) [4]. In St. Petersburg
therearefloods,buttheconstructionworksaremoreinfluencedbyhighgroundwaterlevels,frequentrains
andfrostywinter.Numberofheatingdayscanbecalculatedwithformula,whicharedescribedinSNIP2301
99*"BUILDINGCLIMATOLOGY"
1.2.2
Pitchedroofwoodenrafterwithawoodencrate,metalrafterwithwoodandmetalcrate.
Flatroofsmonolithicreinforcedconcreteandprefabricatedcoverings.
1.2.3
In modern multiresidential buildings there is used monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton of the interior
walls,pillarsandceilings.Exteriorwallsnotloadbearing,areoftenfromthegas(porous)blockwithexterior
finish of brick. In single family houses the walls are from the gas blocks or bricks, floors prefabricated
reinforcedconcreteorreinforcedconcrete,coatingwoodenrafter.
1.2.4
ConstructionsarecalculatedaccordingtoSNiPBuildingstandardsandrules:12012004SNIP[5]SNIP5201
2003 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures [6], SNIP 2.01.0785 * Pressures and impacts [7] SNIP
2.02.0183*Foundationsofbuildingsandstructures[8],SNIPPilefoundations2.02.0385[9],SNIPII2281
Stoneandarmaturestonedesign[10],SNIPII2381*Steelstructures[11],etc.
1.2.5
Constructionofmultistorybuildingsofreinforcedconcretepanelsisused,buttheirshareisinsignificant.
1.2.6 Howistheproportionbetweenhandcraftbuildingmethodandindustrialisedbuilding?
The proportion of manual and industrial labors approximately half to half. Shuttering used to be set
manually,accessorieshavetobeknit,concretehavetobebroughtbycars,gasconcreteblocksareusedto
beplacedbyhand,etc.Constructioncompaniestendtoperformmostworkontheirown,ifitdoesnotaffect
thequalityofwork.Glazingandfinishingfacadesordertospecializedfirms.
476
1.2.7
Criteriafortheselectionofconstruction:
Reliability,durability,efficiency,fireresistance.
477
EnergystandardsRussiaass.PP13
1.3
1.3.1
ThemainnationalcodeforenergyefficiencyofbuildinginourcountryisBuildingstandardsandrule(C
23022003) THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDINGS [12]. In designing we also use Residential and
public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures ( 3049496) [13]. In practice two
des
differentwaysareusedusually:specificheatconsumption h ,kW/2KandrequiredheattransferR.
1.3.2
des
Specific heat consumption qh

des
space. qh
for residential buildings depends on number building storey and heating
iscalculatedas:
des
qh
Qhv / Ah C
hear Qh need thermal energy for building during heating period,
Ah building heating surface, m2, C
variablequantityisdependedongeographicareaandhygienicrequirements:
C
(t t ) z
hear t , t typicalindoorandoutdoortemperature;Zdaysofheatingperiod.
Forexample,St.PetersburgCisC=(181.8)220=4796
des
Valuesof qh
areshownintab.1and2(kJoule/m2oKday)
Tab.1
buildingheatingsurface,
numberbuildingstorey
100
125
135
150
110
120
130
478
250
100
105
110
115
400
90
95
100
600
80
85
90
70
75
80
1000
Tab.2
Typeofbuilding
numberbuildingstorey
13
4,5
6,7
8,9
10,11
12and>
80[29]
76[27,5]
72[26]
70[25]
1 storey [42]; 2
storey [38]; 3 [32]
storey[36]
[31]
[29,5]
[28]
Living,hotels
Tab1
2Public
85[31]
des
Commentary:Valuesin[*]are h
volume,m3.
1.3.3
Qhv / Vh C ,(kJoule/m3oKday),whereVh buildingheating
NeedthermalinsulationofexternalconstructionfordifferentbuildingsareregulatedinBuildingstandards
andrule(C23022003)THERMALPERFORMANCEOFTHEBUILDINGS.[12]
1.3.4
Nocertificatedmethod.
479
BuildingmaterialsRussiaass.PP13
1.4
BuildingmaterialsRussiaass.PP13
roofstructure:ceramictile,platetile,cementtile;Flatroofs:membrane
loadbearingstructure:wallsofbrickandbuildingstoneandreinforcedconcrete
foundation:reinforcedconcrete
externalwall:brick,masonryblocks,reinforcedconcrete,wood
internalwall:constructionbuiltwithwood,steelandbrick
floor:wood,floortiles,carpet,stoneplates
ceiling:reinforcedconcreteandsuspendedcelling
faade:brick,varioustypesofstone,ceramicplates,woodenandsaidingpanels
windows:woodenandplasticwindows
thermalinsulation:mineralandglasswool,polystyreneextrudedfoamandstyrofoam
1.4.2
Thereasonsofthematerialusagearetechnical,economical,ecological,regulations.
New composite materials are being actively introduced, frame house constructions are being developed,
foreign technologies in the construction of lowrise buildings are being tested. "Energysaving housing
constructioninMoscowforthe20102014.Andwiththeperspectiveupto2020"lawhasbeenadoptedand
passesafinalreading.
1.4.4
Isthereanyecologicaldeclarationofbuildingmaterials
AllbuildingmaterialsbeingusedinRussiahaveecologicaldeclarations.
1.4.5 Whatcriteriaareinvolvedinthisdeclaration??(healthrisks,potentialstoaccumulateortoabolish
Criteriainvolvedinthisdeclarationarehealthrisksandfirerisk.
1.4.6
TherearenotsuchkinddeclarationsorcodesinRussia.
480
BuildingphysicsRussiaass.PP13
1.5
BuildingphysicsRussiaass.PP13
Thermalconductivitycoefficient,(thermaltransmission),W/(m2*);
vaporpenetration,mg/(m*h*Pa)
Residentialandpublicbuildings.Microclimateparametersforindoorenclosures(3049496).[13]
Inwinterindoorairtemperaturehavetoequal18or20C.Insummerindoorairtemperatureisstandardized
onlyforpublicbuilding.
1.5.3
Projectionofsoundinsulationofseparatingconstructionsindomesticandpublicbuilding(C231032003).
[14]
BuildingstandardsandruleSOUNDPROTECTION(23032003).[15]
Thesecodedefine:indoorandoutdoorsound(pressure)level(dB,dBA)andsoundinsulationofwindows,
balconydoors,indoorconstruction.
thecode?
Norequirements.
1.5.5
Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures ( 3049496) defines
criteriaforindoorairtemperature,airhumidityandconcentrationaircontamination.[13]
1.5.6
Airtightness,moistureproofing,soundinsulationofwindows,balconydoors,heattransmission
1.5.7
AllrequirementsareinSNIP2.01.0285*"Fireproofnorms",SNIP210197*"Firesafetyofbuildings
andworks".
1.5.8
RulesandratesEniP():CollectionE8Issue1,2,3;EniP()CollectionE11.
1.5.9
AllcriterionsandrequirementswritteninSNIP23022003"Thermalperformanceofthebuildings"
481
TechnicalfacilitiesandservicesRussiaass.PP13
1.6
1.6.1
Coal,wood(firewood),electricityandnaturalgasareusedasheatingenergysources.
Predominately central heating (district heating plant) is used; also dwellers of village detached houses use
localheatingsystems.
Heatinggeneratorsaremostlygasboilers,oilboilersandelectricheatpumps.
1.6.3
airconditioning
coolingsystem
1.6.4
Mechanical,automaticandcombinedextractandinputventilation
ventilationsystems)
AllrequirementscanbefoundinSNIP2.08.0189*"Livinghouses"andreferenceguidesformaintenanceand
cleaningofHVACsystems.[16]
1.6.6
GOSTR5123298"Drinkingwater,Generalrequirementsfororganizationandqualitycontrolmethods";
Sanitaryhygienicrulesandnorms[17]
SanPiN2.1.4.107401"Drinkingwater.Hygienicrequirementstoqualityofwaterofthecentralisedsystemsof
drinkingwatersupply.Qualitycontrol".[18]
1.6.8
Theuseofrenewableenergyisn'tspreadinRussia.Therearecheaptechnologiesforusesolar,windandbio
massenergy,buttheyhavenotfoundtheirconsumeramongthepopulation.
482
Renewableheatsourcesarenotusedinenergysupplysystemsofresidentialbuildings.
Nodataforresidentialbuilding.
Itisdefinedbythestandardsforconsumptionofelectricalenergywithinthelivingquartersonthebasisof
differentiationdependingonthenumberofroomsandnumberofpeople,whichareestablishedbytheOffice
ofHousing,CommunalServicesandotherauthorizedinstitutions.
Therearenotsuchkindofenergyefficientrequirements.
483
QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsRussiaass.PP13
1.7 QualityofprocessandintegrationofsustainableaspectsRussiaass.
PP13
Therearenotsuchkindofcertificates.
1.7.2 IfthereexistGreenBuildingCertificatesforhousesinyourcountrywhichstandardssignifiesthese
certificates?
Therearenotsuchkindofcertificates.
1.7.3
Therearenotstandardsforthesetypesofhouses.
1.7.4
484
DefinitionofqualitystandardsRussiaass.PP13
1.8
DefinitionofqualitystandardsRussiaass.PP13
Urbandevelopmentcodeandlocalurbandevelopmentregulations.
andplacing?
1.8.3 Arethereanycodesorrequirementswhichdefinesustainabilityaspartoftheconstructionprocess?
Isthereaqualityassuranceoftheexecution?
Onlyinrecenttimessomeoflocalplansincludeguidelinesforsustainableurbandevelopment.
485
ReferencesRussiaass.PP13
1.9
[1]
((SNiP)Buildingstandardsandrules
[2]
UrbanPlanningCodeoftheRussianFederation
[3]
SNiP2.01.0182
[4]
SNIP2.01.0785
[5]
SNiPBuildingstandardsandrules:12012004SNIP
[6]
SNIP52012003Concreteandreinforcedconcretestructures
[7]
SNIP2.01.0785*Pressuresandimpacts
[8]
SNIP2.02.0183*Foundationsofbuildingsandstructures
[9]
SNIPPilefoundations2.02.0385
[10]
SNIPII2281Stoneandarmaturestonedesign
[11]
SNIPII2381*Steelstructures
[12]
C23022003THERMALPERFORMANCEOFTHEBUILDINGS
[13]
3049496Residentialandpublicbuildings.Microclimateparametersforindoorenclosures
[14]
C 231032003 Projection of sound insulation of separating constructions in domestic and public

building
[15]
23032003SOUNDPROTECTION
[16]
SNIP2.08.0189*"Livinghouses"
[17]
GOSTR5123298"Drinkingwater,Generalrequirementsfororganizationandqualitycontrolmethods"
[18]
SanPiN 2.1.4.107401 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements to quality of water of the centralised
systemsofdrinkingwatersupply.Qualitycontrol"
486
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsRussiaass.PP14
2.1
CurrentlyappliedplanningmethodsRussiaass.PP14
2.1.1
Committee of urban development planning and architecture approves urban development plans. District
architects oversee the observance of the regulations and produce urban plans for the separate plots and
define the boundaries of the design planning in accordance to the future development of the site. They
control the observance of sanitary zones. The third level are inhabitants, developers, investors, architects
andetc.,tocomplyandconformtotheregulationssetbytheStategovernmentandmunicipalities.
2.1.2
UrbandevelopmentcodeofRussianFederation[1]andnormsofthesubjectsofRussianFederation.
2.1.3
Therearenoenergyandsustainablerequirementsaccordingtotheplanninglaw.
2.1.4
Only legal entities licensed to perform the respective types of works with subsequent examination of the
documentsbytheStateArchitecturalandConstructionSupervision.
Theleadarchitectoftheproject,theleadengineeroftheproject.
487
BuildingpermitrulesRussiaass.PP14
2.2
BuildingpermitrulesRussiaass.PP14
2.2.1
Buildingpermitsareissuedbymunicipalityofthefirstlevelinthepresenceoftheprojectdocumentation,
which passed the state examination. Building permit is valid during the time established in the project
documentation.Passageofthestateexpertise:allprojectdocumentationhavetobepassedinGASN,aswell
as the land lease contract, charter documents of customer and designer, license of the designer and
technical conditions for the connection to the utilities, with the agreement of the network holders of the
relevant sections of the project. Customer pays for the contract for examination. The official date of the
examination1month.Inpractice,theexaminationtakeslongerbecauseoftheeliminationofthecomments.
Landleasecontract,expertopinion.
2.2.3
Urbandevelopmentcode[1]andlocalurbandevelopmentregulations[2].
foreigncountries?
Onlycustomerofthebuilding(legalorprivateperson).
Administrationtakesastatementandasetofdocumentsfromthelandleasecontracttotheconclusionof
theStateArchitecturalandConstructionSupervision(GASN).
2.2.6
StateArchitecturalandConstructionSupervision(GASN).
2.2.7
Applicationprocessingtimeis10days.
2.2.8
Buildingpermitisissuedfreeofcharge.Thecostofthestateexaminationhastobecalculatedbyaspecial
technique.
488
TenderingrulesandlawsRussiaass.PP14
2.3
TenderingrulesandlawsRussiaass.PP14
2.3.1
Tenderingprocedurehastotakeplaceinaccordancewiththeurbanplanningcode.Themainproceduresare
opentenderingorauction.Announcementoftenderarepublishedinthemedia30daysbeforethetendering
takesplace.
2.3.2
see2.3.1
2.3.3
see2.3.1
2.3.4
OnlyjointventureswithRussiascapitalcanacquirelandinprivateownership.Foreigncompaniescanonly
obtainlandonlease.
2.3.5
Thirtydaysbeforetendering,theresultisonthedayoftenderingandinaccordancewithprotocol.
andplacing?
Definedbytermsoftenderinginaccordancewithurbanplanningcodeandlocalregulations.
489
ConstructionprocessRussiaass.PP14
2.4
ConstructionprocessRussiaass.PP14
2.4.1
Buildingcodesandregulations,technicalregulationsadoptedatthefederallevel.
2.4.2
Yes. Current control inspection by the State Architectural and Construction Supervision in the process of
productionworks.
countries?
Construction management is carried out in a general manner by the Service Chief Engineer and Technical
Supervision Service, a licensed building organisation. The license is federal. From the first January2010 the
licenses will be cancelled. Qualifying of the organisations will be confirmed by the Regional selfregulatory
organisationsofthebuildingcomplex.
2.4.4
StateArchitecturalandConstructionSupervision(GASN)[3].
countries?
There are no special laws for foreign experts. Construction management is engaged by the Service Chief
Engineergeneralcontractor.
Buildingpermit,statementsofcommissioningofengineeringsystemsandthestatementofcommissioningof
thefacilityofthecompletedconstruction.
490
Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementRussiaass.PP14
2.5 Conditionsandhabitsofoperating/facilitymanagementRussiaass.
PP14
building?
Yes,thereistheLawofRussianFederation"Thelawaboutassociationsofthehomeowners"[4],"Housing
CodeoftheRF"[5],Rulesofprovidingfacilityservices,Rulesandstandardsofformaintenanceofhousing
resourcesandothers.
2.5.2
Pricesforconstructiondependonmanyfactorsfromthemarketvalueofthelandtilltheclimaticconditions
oftheareaoftheconstruction.Averagefiguresareincorrect.
491
Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydataandhousingsituationRussiaass.PP14
2.6 Commercialparameters,housingindustrykeydataandhousing
situationRussiaass.PP14
2.6.1
Therearenorulestosupportadecisice(ecological)constructionprocesseconomically.
492
2.7
[1]
UrbandevelopmentcodeofRussianFederation
[2]
localurbandevelopmentregulations
[3]
StateArchitecturalandConstructionSupervision
[4]
"Thelawaboutassociationsofthehomeowners"
[5]
"HousingCodeoftheRussioanFederation"
493

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1

Keywords: Energy efficiency, sustainability, resource saving, life cycle costs,

kologische Belange sind im Begriff zu einem Hauptaspekt im Entwerfen von modernen,

Wzgldy rodowiskowe staj si kluczowe podczas projektowania nowoczesnych budynkw

privateorpublicowner Detachedhouseshave97% InGermanytherearemore 199142%private,58% 92%privateowners,8%

Requirementsaredefined Flatratefor1personnot Averagevalues:

Bathroomwithshoweror Bathroom,kitchen,living Averageapartmentarea: Entrancehall,kitchenand Bathroom(toilet,shower

Generallybetween20and Minimum1/8ofthefloor Indoornaturallight

STR2.05.02:2008Building Slantedroofspredominate Singlefamilyhouseshave

Conciergeservicedontbe Conciergeserviceisrather Intheentrancethereis

Therearenotanybicycle Forbuildingsofbuilding Storageroomisneeded, Therearenotanybicycle Therearenotanybicycle Therearenotanybicycle

Anumberofguidelinesdo FlatRoofGuidelinesgives STR2.05.02:2008Building Distancemeasured

Nogeneralrequirement, Negativedesignlimitation LawofConstruction;

Thesocialguidelinesare prEN15643:Sustainability Duringtheworkof

Industrializedbuildingwas Theproportionofmanual Handcraftbuildingisstill

Valueofnewconstruction: Specificheatconsumption Theaverageheat

Concrete,woodenprefab Wood,floortiles,linoleum, Wood,floortiles,tarcet,

Timberframeconstruction Woodandtiles,reinforced Multistoryhouses

2layerlowenergy,3layer Aluminiumwithinsulation Plasticorwooden

Implementationofunion Newcompositematerials Almostallcountrieshavea

Allbuildingmaterialsbeing Ecologicaldeclarationsdo Newobligatoryecological

EuropeanWasteCatalogue Management,VZ,1998, TheActdated27April

Whatrequirementsare DanishBuildingRegulation DIN41082Thermal

Whatrequirementsare Theairleakagemustnot Structuralstability(DIN

Finalenergydemand,U EP(coefficientexplainedin Allcriterionsand

Whatkindofheating 62%ofallresidentialunits 48,6%naturalgas;30,2% Theheatingenergy

Showthedevelopment Targetinhousehold:100 From1995to2004the

Solarheatingfordomestic About350000heatpumps Nodataforresidential

Biomassindistrictheating. Thereareuseddistinctive Renewableheatsources

1.6.12 Showthedevelopment Energyconsumptionfor

Inplanningprocesstake Theleadarchitectofthe Specilists:architects,

Withapplicationmustbe Landleasecontract,expert Theapplicationhastobe

Whatkindofnational TendersformorethanDKK Forpublictendersofpublic RepublicofLithuaniaLaw

Therulesaredetermined EssentialRequirementsfor Theconstructionmustbe

Requireddocumentations Managerofconstructionof Buildingconstructioncan Constructionmanagement InPolandandGermanythe Showthepossibilitiesto

Therearenosuchkindof Therearenosuchkindof NormativeTechnical

3.1.2 Whatcanbegenerally Dwellingswith23rooms Themajorityofallhousing

3.1.3 Whatstatementscan Thepopulationdensityin

7300habitantperkmin Incomparisontotheother Thediscrepancybetween

Theworkingagepersonsin Age:01721,9%;1864 Nodataavailable.

3.1.5 Arethereanyregional InDenmarkwegenerally Therearenosignificant

3.2.2 Arethereanyexisting Therearenotanyexisting InGermanyyoucangeta

Theheatingrequirements Theenergyconsumptionis Theterm"energy"hasto

3.3.1 Whatis(howhigh)the Theheatingrequirements Theconsumptionofthe

3.3.3 WhatistherateofCO2 Districtheating:36kg.pr.

Thecostsofoperatingon Operatingcostsinclude:1. Operationcosts:

Maintenance:17.50/m. Costsofmaintenanceand Maintenancecosts

3.4.6 Whatcanbesaidabout Thegeneralpictureis:

3.5.2 Whoisthetargetgroup Thetenants.

3.8 Benefit analyses for owners and investors

3.9.1 Whatarethefinancing Specialloansareavailable.

http://www.bauingenieur24.de/fachbeitraege/massivbau/2058.htm Schck Isokorb XT mit

DIN 4109 Sound insulation in buildings Part 1: Requirements of Sound insulation in

DIN19466 Ventilationandair conditioningPart 6:Ventilationforresidentialbuildings

DIN EN 15217 Energy performance of buildings Methods for expressing energy

DIN EN 15643 (Draft) Sustainability of construction workSustainability assessment of

Behrends, Sylvia/Kott, Kristina (2009): Zuhause in Deutschland. Ausstattung und

BBU (2009), Betriebskosten 2007. Auswertung der BBUBetriebskostendatenbank.

Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Prognose Nachfrage Neubau Ein und

Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Prognose Nachfrage Neubau

Bundesministerium fr Wirtschaft und Technologie (2009): Energiekosten der privaten

Bundesministerium fr Wirtschaft und Technologie (2009): Entwicklung von

Bundesregierung (2004): Verordnung ber die Aufstellung von Betriebskosten.