3/11/2014

H24SFE
Finite Element Formulation of Bar and Beam Elements

Contents

Finite Element formulation

stiffness matrices of bar element and a beam element.

The direct formulation is presented and then compared with that

following the Finite Element method.

Examples to demonstrate the use of the Finite Element Method for

trusses and frames.

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Bar Element

du X X FX ( X )
=
=
dX
E
EA
du X FX ( X )
=
dX
EA

X =

BC' s
uX

X =0

= u X 1 and u X

X =L

= uX 2

Capital letters are used to represent the local coordinates while small
letters are used for the global coordinates
The direct formulation results from solving the differential equation of a
bar element

Bar Element
Integrate
uX =

du X FX ( X )
=
and substitute FX ( X ) = FX 1
dX
EA

FX 1
X + C , where C is a constant
EA

Substitute for BC' s

uX

X =0

= uX1

FX 1
* (0) + C
EA
u X X =L = u X 2

uX1 =

uX 2 =

C = uX1

FX 1
* L + uX1
EA

FX 1 =

EA
(u X 1 u X 2 )
L

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Bar Element
From equilibrium :
FX 2 = FX 1
substitute in FX 1 =
FX 2 =

EA
(u X 1 u X 2 )
L

EA
(u X 1 u X 2 )
L

FX 1 EA 1 1 u X 1
F =

X 2 L 1 1 u X 2

EA 1 1
is the local stiffness matrix of a bar element.
L 1 1

Bar Element
Using the Finite Element formulation
Two degrees of freedom u X 1 and u X 2
the displacement at a distance X from its left end can be written using a polynomial
with number of unknowns equal to the number of degrees of freedom
u X = A1 + A2 X

The two unknowns can be written in terms of the two degrees of freedom
using the BC' s :
= u X 1 and u X X = L = u X 2
u uX1
uX = uX1 + ( X 2
)X
L
or
v
u X = Hu X

uX

X =0

where,
H = [1

X
L

X
v
] and u X = [u X 1 u X 2 ]T
L

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Bar Element
v
u X = Hu X
H = [1

X
L

X
v
] and u X = [u X 1 u X 2 ]T
L

The strain can be calculated as follows :

du
dH v
v
X = X =
u X = Bu X
dX
dX
1 1
1
where, B = [
] = [ 1 1]
L L
L
L

K L = BT CB ( AdX )
0

C=E

KL =

L
EA 1
EA 1 1
[ 1 1]dX =

2
L 01
L 1 1

Bar Element

Transform the local stiffness matrices from local to global coordinates

The relationship between the local displacements and the global
displacements are given by
u X 1 = u x1 cos + u y1 sin
and
u X 2 = u x 2 cos + u y 2 sin

In matrix form
u X 1 cos
u = 0
X2

sin

cos

u x1
u x1

u
0 u y1
u X 1
y1
T
or
=
[
]
u
u x 2
sin u x 2
X2


u
y 2
u y 2

Matrix T transform the global displacements to local displacements.

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Bar Element

The relationship between the global forces and the local forces are given
by
Fx1 = FX 1 cos ,
Fy1 = FX 1 sin ,
Fx 2 = FX 2 cos ,
Fy 2 = FX 2 sin

In matrix form :
Fx1 cos
F
y1 = sin
Fx 2 0

Fy 2 0

0
Fx1
F

0 FX 1
y1 = T T FX 1
or
F
Fx 2
cos FX 2
X2

sin
Fy 2

Bar Element

Now the relationship between the global forces and the global
displacements can be written as:
Fx1
F
y1 = [T ]T FX 1
F
Fx 2
X2

F
y 2

u x1
u
u X1
y1
u = [T ] u
x2
X2

u y 2

FX 1
L u X 1
F = [K ] u
X2
X2

[F ]G = [T ]T [K ]L [T ][u ]G
Fx1
cos
F

y1 = EA sin
Fx 2 L 0

0
Fy 2

0
0 1 1 cos
cos 1 1 0

sin

sin

cos

u x1

0 u y1
sin u x 2

u y 2

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Bar Element
Fx1
cos
F

y1 = EA sin
Fx 2 L 0

Fy 2
0

0
0 1 1 cos
cos 1 1 0

sin

sin

cos

u x1

0 u y1
sin u x 2

u y 2

Fx1
c2
cs c 2 cs u x1
F

s 2 cs s 2 u y1
y1 = EA cs
Fx 2 L c 2 cs c 2
cs u x 2

2
cs
s 2 u y 2
cs s
Fy 2

where, s = sin and c = cos

Bar Element
Example 1

4m

2N

2N

3m

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Bar Element - Example

We first need to calculate the member stiffness matrices in global
coordinates

[K ]G

c2
cs c 2 cs

s 2 cs s 2
EA cs
=
L c 2 cs c 2
cs

2
cs
s 2
cs s

2N

Bar Element Example (contd)

For Element 1 (nodes 1-2)

=0

y
X

1
x

2N

0.333
0
K1G = EA
0.333

0 0.333 0
0
0
0
0 0.333 0

0
0
0

1
2
3
4

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Bar Element Example (contd)

For Element 2 (nodes 2-3)

=2.2143

y
X

3
x

2N

0.072 0.096 0.072 0.096

0.096 0.128
0.096 0.128
K 2G = EA
0.072 0.096
0.072 0.096

0
.
096

0
.
128

0.096 0.128

3
4
5
6

Bar Element Example (contd)

The global stiffness matrix of the whole structure:

1

0.333
0
K1G = EA
0.333

0 0.333 0 1
0
0
0 2
0 0.333 0 3

0
0
0 4

1
0.333
0

0.333
G
K = EA
0
0

0.072 0.096 0.072 0.096

0.096 0.128
0.096 0.128
K 2G = EA
0.072 0.096
0.072 0.096

0.096 0.128 0.096 0.128

5
6

0 0.405 0.0960 0.072 0.096

0 0.096
0.128
0.096 0.128
0 0.072
0.096
0.072 0.096

0 0.096
0.128 0.096 0.128
0 0.333

3
4

3
4
5
6

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Bar Element Example (contd)

The global force-displacement relationship reads:

Fx1
0.333
F
0
y1

Fx 2
0.333
= EA
F
y2
0
Fx 3
0

F
0
y 3

u x1

0
0
0
0
0 u y1
0 0.405 0.0960 0.072 0.096 u x 2

0 0.096
0.128
0.096 0.128 u y 2
0 0.072
0.096
0.072 0.096 u x 3

0 0.096
0.128 0.096 0.128 u y 3
0 0.333

BC' s : u x1 = u y1 = u x 3 = u y 3 = 0
and
Fx 2 = 0 and Fy 2 = 2

Bar Element Example (contd)

BC' s : u x1 = u y1 = u x 3 = u y 3 = 0
and
Fx 2 = 0 and Fy 2 = 2
y

2N

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Bar Element Example (contd)

BC' s : u x1 = u y1 = u x 3 = u y 3 = 0

Fx1
0.333
F
0
y1

Fx 2
0.333
= EA
F
y2
0
Fx 3
0

Fy 3
0

u x1
u
y1
0 0.405 0.0960 0.072 0.096 u x 2

0 0.096
0.128
0.096 0.128 u y 2
0 0.072
0.096
0.072 0.096 u x 3

0 0.096
0.128 0.096 0.128 u y 3
0 0.333

Bar Element Example (contd)

BC' s : u x1 = u y1 = u x 3 = u y 3 = 0

Fx1
0.333
F
0
y1

Fx 2
0.333
= EA
F
y2
0
Fx 3
0

F
0
y 3

u x1

0
0
0
0
0 u y1
0 0.405 0.0960 0.072 0.096 u x 2

0 0.096
0.128
0.096 0.128 u y 2
0 0.072
0.096
0.072 0.096 u x 3

0 0.096
0.128 0.096 0.128 u y 3

0 0.333

Fx 2
0.405 0.0960 u x 2
F = EA

0.128 u y 2
0.096
y2
Fx 2 = 0 and Fy 2 = 2
1

u x 2 1 0.405 0.0960 0 1 4.5

=
u =

0.128 2 EA 19
y 2 EA 0.096

10

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Beam Element

EI

d 2uY
= M ( X ) = M 1 + FY 1 X
dX 2

BC' s
uY
uY

X =0

X =L

= uY 1 and
= uY 2 and

duY
dX

X =0

duY
dX

X =L

= 1
= 2

Beam element subjected to end forces and moments

The direct formulation results from solving the differential equation of a
beam element (also known as Euler-Bernoulli beam equation)

Beam Element

EI

d 2uY
= M ( X ) = M 1 + FY 1 X
dX 2

Integrate :
EI

duY
X2
= M 1 X + FY 1
+ C1
dX
2

duY
dX

= 1 C1 = EI1
X =0

duY
X2
= M 1 X + FY 1
EI1
dX
2
Integrate :
EI

EIuY = M 1
uY

X =0

X2
X3
+ FY 1
EI1 X + C2
2
6

BC' s
uY
uY

X =0

X =L

= uY 1 and
= uY 2 and

duY
dX
duY
dX

= 1
X =0

= 2
X =L

= uY 1

EIuY = M 1

X2
X3
+ FY 1
EI1 X + EIuY 1
2
6

11

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Beam Element
BC' s
uY
uY

X =0

X =L

= uY 1 and
= uY 2 and

duY
dX
duY
dX

== 1
X =0

== 2
X =L

Subsitute with BC' s at X = L :

duY
dX

= 2
X =L

EI2 = M 1 L + FY 1
uY

X =L

L2
EI
2

= uY 2

EIuY 2 = M 1

L2
L3
+ FY 1 EI1 L + EIuY 1
2
6

Beam Element
L2
EI
2
L2
L3
EIuY 2 = M 1 + FY 1 EI1 L + EIuY 1
2
6
Rearrange :
EI2 = M 1 L + FY 1

12 EI
12 EI
6 EI
6 EI
uY 1 3 uY 2 2 1 2 2
3
L
L
L
L
6 EI
6 EI
4 EI
2 EI
M 1 = 2 uY 1 + 2 uY 2 +
1 + 2 2
L
L
L
L

FY 1 =

12

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Beam Element

The vertical equilibrium of the beam in the Y directions and taking

moments around node 2 result in the following two equations:
FY 2 = FY 1
and
M 2 = M 1 FY 1 L

Beam Element

The end forces (including moments) can be written in terms of the end
degrees of freedom:

12 EI
6 EI 12 EI 6 EI

3
L2
L3
L2 u
FY 1 6LEI
Y1
4
EI
6
EI
2
EI

M
2
2

L
L
L
L 1
=
6 EI
12 EI
6 EI uY 2
FY 2 12 EI
L3
L2
L3
L2
M 2 6 EI
2 EI
6 EI
4 EI 2

L2 444L44244
L2 444L4
14
3

The local stiffness matrix

13

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Beam Element
Using the Finite Element formulation
Four degrees of freedom uY 1 , 1 , uY 2 and 2
the displacement at a distance X from its left end can be written using a polynomial
with number of unknowns equal to the number of degrees of freedom
uY = A1 + A2 x + A3 x 2 + A4 x 3
The angle of rotation (the slope) at a distance X can be calculated from

duY
= A2 2 A3 x 3 A4 x 2
dX

Substituti ng the four boundary conditions :

0
0 A1
uY 1 1 0
0 1
0
0 A2
1 =
uY 2 1 L
L2
L3 A3

2
2 0 1 2 L 3L A4

Beam Element
0
uY 1 1 0
0 1
0
1 =
uY 2 1 L
L2

2 0 1 2 L
1
A1
0
r A 3
A = 2 = 2
A3 L
2
A4 3
L

0 A1
0 A2
L3 A3

3L2 A4
0
1
2
L
1
L2

0
0
3
L2
2
L3

0
uY 1
0
1 1
L uY 2
1
2
L2
L

The stiffness matrix of a beam is calculated from K = B T CBdX

0

where, the matrices B and C are calculated from the following equations :
r
d
d
= Bu and M = EI
C = EI
dx
dx

14

3/11/2014

Beam Element
Deffrentiate = A2 2 A3 x 3 A4 x 2

r
d
= 2 A3 6 A4 x = [0 0 2 6 x]A
dx

1
A1
0
r A2 3

But A =
=
A3 L2
2
A4 3
L

0
0
uY 1
0
0
3
1 1

2
L
L uY 2
2 1
2
L3 L2
0
0
0
1
0 1 0
uY 1
0

3 2
d
3
1 1

= [0 0 2 6 x ] 2
dx
L
L2
L uY 2
L
2 1 2 1
L3 L2 L3 L2 2
0
1
2
L
1
L2

Beam Element
1
0
3
d
= [0 0 2 6 x ] 2
dx
L
2
L3

d 6 12 x
=

dx L2 L3

6 12 x
B= 2 3
L
L

0
1
2
L
1
L2

4 6x
+
L L2

4 6x
+
L L2

0
0
3
L2
2
L3

0
uY 1
0
1 1

L uY 2
1
2
L2

6 12 x
+ 3
L2
L

6 12 x
+ 3
L2
L

uY 1

2 6 x 1
+ 2
L L uY 2

2

2 6x
+
L L2

15

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Beam Element
L

K = BT CBdX

and C = EI

6 12 x
B= 2 3
L
L

4 6x
+
L L2

6 12 x
+ 3
L2
L

6 12 X
L2 L3
4 6X
L
+ 2
L EI 6 12 X
KL = L
2
6
12
X

L3

0
+ 3 L
2
L
L
2 6X
+ 2

L
L

2 6x
+
L L2

4 6X
+ 2
L
L

6 12 X
+ 3
L2
L

2 6X
+ 2 dX
L
L

Beam Element
6 12 X
L2 L3
4 6X
L
+ 2
L EI 6 12 X
KL = L
2
6
12
X

L3
0
+ 3 L

L2
L
2 6X
+

L
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI

2
KL = L
12 EI
L3
6 EI

L2

6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L

4 6X
+ 2
L
L

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 12 X
+ 3
L2
L

2 6X
+ 2 dX
L
L

6 EI
L2
2 EI

L
6 EI
L2
4 EI

16

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Beam Element

The stiffness matrix of a beam element subjected to both bending, shear

and axial forces is assembled from the stiffness matrices:
KL =

EA 1 1
L 1 1

and
12 EI
L3
6 EI

2
KL = L
12 EI
L3
6 EI

L2

6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI
L2
2 EI

L
6 EI
L2
4 EI

Beam Element

The global force-displacement relationship reads:

EA
L

FX 1 0
F
Y1
M1 0

= EA
FX 2
FY 2 L

M 2 0

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI
L2
4 EI
L

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI
L2
2 EI
L

EA
L
0
0
EA
L
0
0

0
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
0
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI u
X1
L2 u
2 EI Y 1
L 1

0 u X 2
u
6 EI Y 2

L2 2

4 EI

L
0

17

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Beam Element

To transform from local coordinates to global coordinates, the following

relationships are used, for end displacements and rotations :
u X 1 = u x1 cos + u y1 sin
uY 1 = u y1 cos u x1 sin

1 = 1
u X 2 = u x 2 cos + u y 2 sin
uY 2 = u y 2 cos u x 2 sin

2 = 2

Beam Element
r
r
u L = Tu G
c
s

0
T =
0
0

s
c
0
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
1 0
0 c
0 s
0 0

0
0
0
s
c
0

0
0
0

0
0

The relationship between the global and local forces are given by :
r
v
FG = TTFL
Finally the global stiffness matrix is given by :
K G = T T K LT

18

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Examples
Example 2
The 2D frame shown has two elements with the same axial stiffness (EA)
and bending stiffness (EI), calculate the displacements of all nodes.

20 N

3m

2m

Examples (contd)
Local stiffness matrix for a beam Element
A1
I L

K L = EI
A1

I L
0

0
12
L3
6
2
L

6
L2
4
L

12
L3
6
2
L

6
L2
2
L

A1
I L
0
0

A1
I L
0
0

0
12
L3
6
L2

0
12
L3
6
L2

0
6
2
L
2
L

6
L2
4

19

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Examples (contd)

For Element 1 (nodes 1-2)

=

K G = T T K LT
1
Y

y
X

0
0
25
0
0
25
0
1 .5
1 .5
0
1.5 1.5

0
1 .5 1 .0
1 .5
2
0
K1G = EI

0
0
25
0
0
25
0
1 .5 1 .5
0
1 .5 1 .5

1 .5
1
0
1 .5
2
0

1
2
3
4
5
6

Examples (contd)

For Element 2 (nodes 2-3)

3
=
2

K G = T T K LT
4

y
X

0
0.67 0.44
0
0.67
0.44
0
16
.
67
0
0

16
.
67
0

0.67
0
1.33
0.67
0
0.67
K 2G = EI

0
.
44
0
0
.
67
0
.
44
0
0
.67

0
16.67
0
0
16.67
0

0
0.67
0.67
0
1.33
0.67

4
5
6
7
8
9

20

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Examples (contd)

The global force-displacement relationship reads:

Fx1
F
y1
M1

Fx 2
Fy 2 = EI

M 2
F
x3
Fy 3
M
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0 u x1
25
25
0
1
.
5
1
.
5
0

1
.
5
1
.
5
0
0
0 u y1

0
1 .5
2
0
1 .0
0
0
0 1
1 .5

25
0
0
25
0
.
44
0
0
0
.
67
0
.
44
0
0
.67 u x 2

0
0
1.5 + 16.67 1.5 + 0
0
0 u y 2
1 .5 1 .5
16.67

1 .5
1
0 0.67
2 + 1.33 0.67
0
0.67 2
1 .5 + 0
0
0
0
0
0.44
0
0.67
0.44
0
0.67 u x 3

0
0
0
0
0
16.67
0 u y 3
16.67
0
0
0
0
0.67
0
0.67
0.67
0
1.33 3

BC' s : u x 3 = u y 3 = 3 = 0
and
Fx1 = 0, Fy1 = 20, M 1 = 0

20 N

3m

Fx 2 = 0, Fy 2 = 0, M 2 = 0
2m

Examples (contd)
BC' s : u x 3 = u y 3 = 3 = 0

Fx1
F
y1
M1

Fx 2
Fy 2 = EI

M 2
F
x3
Fy 3
M
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0 u x1
25
25
0
1 .5
1 .5
0
1 .5
1 .5
0
0
0 u y1

0
1 .5
2
0
1 .0
0
0
0 1
1 .5

25
0
0
25
+
0
.
44
0
0

0
.
67

0
.
44
0

0
.67 u x 2

0
1 .5 1 .5
0
1.5 + 16.67 1.5 + 0
0
16.67
0 u y 2

0
1
.
5
1
0

0
.
67

1
.
5
+
0
2
+
1
.
33
0
.
67
0
0
.
67 2

0
0
0
0.44
0
0.67
0.44
0
0.67 u x 3

0
0
0
0
0
16.67
0 u y 3
16.67
0
0
0
0
0.67
0
0.67
0.67
0
1.33 3

21

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Examples (contd)

Applying the same procedure followed in example 1, the global

displacements and forces of the frame are given by

uG =

1
[180 294.5 160 180 1.2 120 0 0 0]T
EI

F G = [0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 40]

Examples (contd)
Example 3
For a beam element, calculate the end forces resulting from a uniformly
distributed load with value

F L = H T dx = H T dx
1
0
L
L
L
3
F L = H T dx = H T dx = 2
0
0
0 L
2
L3

1
2
L
1
L2

0
3
L2
2
L3

0
0
1

L
1
L2

1
x
dx
x2
3
x

L
2
L2

F L = 12
L
2

2
L
12

22

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Examples (contd)
uY = A1 + A2 x + A3 x 2 + A4 x 3

uY = 1 x

x2

uY = 1 x

0
0
1
A1
A1
A
A 0 1 0
3 2
3
2
2
x 3 but = 2
A3
A3 L
L
L2

2 1 2
A4
A4 3
L2 L3
L
0
0
0
1
uY 1
0 1 0
0
3 2
3
1 1

x 2 x3 2
2
L
L
L uY 2
L
2 1 2 1
L3 L2 L3 L2 2

0
uY 1
0
1 1

L uY 2
1
2
L2

Examples (contd)

uY = 1 x

x2

1
0
3
HT = 2
L
2
L3

1
0

3 3
x 2
L
2
L3

1
2
L
1
L2

0
3
L2
2
L3

1
2
L
1
L2

0
3
L2
2
L3

0
0
1

L
1
L2

0
uY 1
0
1 1

L uY 2
1
2
L2

1
x

x2
3
x

23

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Examples (contd)
Example 4
Starting from the stiffness matrix subjected to both bending-shear and axial forces
(shown below), calculate the stiffness matrix of an element with zero moment on the
left hand side and then calculate the stiffness matrix when the right hand side
moment is equal to zero.

Examples (contd)
Separate out the influence of the rotational DoF at node 1:

If M1 = 0, then:

Then the remaining 5 equations are:

24

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Examples (contd)
Express 1 in terms of the other degrees of freedom and sub back in to the system of
equations

Stiffness
matrix
for
an
element with zero moment on
the left hand side

Examples (contd)
Repeating this process with zero moment on the right hand side yields,

Confirm this result yourself.

25

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Examples (contd)
Example 6
a) Using the Finite Element formulation of a beam element, show that the
equivalent force vector of the load shown in the figure is given by
F L = W[

(2 x1 + L)( x1 L) 2 x1 ( x1 L)2 x12 (2 x1 3L) x12 ( x1 L) T

,
,
,
]
L3
L2
L3
L2

Examples (contd)

b) Using the results in (a) calculate the vertical displacement and rotation of
nodes 1, 2, and 3 of the continuous beam shown

The beam has uniform cross-section with bending stiffness EI kN/m2.m4

26

3/11/2014

Examples (contd)
Hints to solve this example
v
v
FL = { [ H vT ]dv} + { [ H sT fs ]ds}
L

FL = H T ( x ) f ( x ) dx
0

Examples (contd)
How do we describe a single point load as a continuous function?
We utilise the helpful properties of the Delta Dirac function,
The function (x - a) equals zero for all values EXCEPT when x = a, so if we say..,

F ( x) = W ( x x1 )
we now have a continuous function that is zero at all locations except at x = x1,
where the function equals W.

27

3/11/2014

Examples (contd)
We will also need to know what the integral of the above function looks like, any
math text will tell us that

f ( x) ( x a)dx = f (a)

So the integral between the limits -infinity and +infinity, is simply the value of the
function at a, or x1 in our case. (The use of infinity is mathematically correct
however practically speaking were only integrating between 0 and L)

Examples (contd)
L

FL = H T ( x) f ( x) dx
0

f ( x) = W ( x x1 )
1
0
3
FL = 2
L
2
L3
1
0
3
FL = 2
L
2
L3

1
2
L
1
L2

0
3
L2
2
L3

1
2
L
1
L2

0
3
L2
2
L3

0
0
1

L
1
L2

0
0
1

L
1
L2

1
x
0 x 2 (W (x x1 ))dx
3
x
L

W ( x x1 )
xW ( x x )
1
0 x 2W (x x1 )dx
3

x W ( x x1 )
L

28

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Examples (contd)
Applying what we know about the Delta Dirac function:

1
0

FL = 23
L
2
L3

1
2
L
1
L2

0
3
L2
2
L3

0
0
1

L
1
L2

W
Wx
12
Wx1
3
Wx1

After multiplying out and simplifying, we have:

F L = W[

(2 x1 + L)( L x1 ) 2 x1 ( L x1 ) 2 x12 ( 2 x1 3L) x12 ( x1 L) T

,
,
,
]
L3
L2
L3
L2
Note the transpose

Examples (contd)
Part (b): Using the previous result, calculate displacements and rotations at all nodes

Constructing the element stiffness matrices for both elements

1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000
- 1.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000

K1G = EI
- 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000

- 1.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000

K 2G

0.1875 - 0.3750 - 0.1875 - 0.3750

- 0.3750 1.0000 0.3750 0.5000

= EI
- 0.1875 0.3750 0.1875 0.3750

- 0.3750 0.5000 0.3750 1.0000

29

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Examples (contd)
Construct the global stiffness matrix
0
0
1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000
- 1.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000
0
0

- 1.5000 1.5000 1.6875 1.1250 - 0.1875 - 0.3750

K G = EI

- 1.5000 1.0000 1.1250 3.0000 0.3750 0.5000

0
0
- 0.1875 0.3750 0.1875 0.3750

0
0
- 0.3750 0.5000 0.3750 1.0000

Examples (contd)
We need to account for the linear spring at node 2

The spring influences the vertical deflection at node 2, so we can easily see where
it needs to fit into our global stiffness matrix
0
0 u y1
Fy1
1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000
M
- 1.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000
0
0 1
1

Fy 2
- 1.5000 1.5000 1.6875 1.1250 - 0.1875 - 0.3750 u y 2
= EI

M
2
- 1.5000 1.0000 1.1250 3.0000 0.3750 0.5000 2
Fy 3

0
0
- 0.1875 0.3750 0.1875 0.3750 u y 3

0
0
- 0.3750 0.5000 0.3750 1.0000 3

M 3
+ Kspring = 0.25 EI

30

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Examples (contd)

0
0 u y1
Fy1
1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000
M
- 1.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000
0
0 1
1

Fy 2
- 1.5000 1.5000 1.9375 1.1250 - 0.1875 - 0.3750 u y 2
= EI

M
2
- 1.5000 1.0000 1.1250 3.0000 0.3750 0.5000 2
Fy 3

0
0
- 0.1875 0.3750 0.1875 0.3750 u y 3

0
0
- 0.3750 0.5000 0.3750 1.0000 3

M 3

Examples (contd)
Now simply set up the force vector
The equivalent force vector for a UDL is
L
2
Fy1 L2 - 2.0000

M
0.6667
F = 1 = 12 =
Fy 2 L - 2.0000
2

M 2
- 0.6667
2

12

where = -2 kN/m and L = 2 m

And weve also determined that the equivalent force vector for the point load
(2 x1 + L)( L x1 ) 2

L3

8
Fy 2
2

x
L

x
(
)
1
1

M
2
=8
L
F = 2 = W
2
x1 (2 x1 3L) 8
Fy 3

L3

8
M 3
2

x
x

L
(
)
1
1

where W = 16 kN and L = 4 m and x1 = 2 m

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Examples (contd)
Therefore the global force vector is:
Fy1 2 0 2
M 0.667 0 0.667
1

Fy 2 2 8 10
G
F = =
+ =

M 2 0.667 8 7.333
Fy 3 0 8 8

M 3 0 8 8

0
0 u y1
1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000
2.000
0.667
- 1.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000
0
0 1

10.000
- 1.5000 1.5000 1.9375 1.1250 - 0.1875 - 0.3750 u y 2

= EI

7
.
333
- 1.5000 1.0000 1.1250 3.0000 0.3750 0.5000 2

8.000

0
0
- 0.1875 0.3750 0.1875 0.3750 u y 3

0
0
- 0.3750 0.5000 0.3750 1.0000 3
8.000

Examples (contd)
Account for known displacements at supports:
0
0 u y1
2.000
1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000 - 1.5000
0.667
- 1.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000
0
0 1

10.000
- 1.5000 1.5000 1.9375 1.1250 - 0.1875 - 0.3750 u y 2

= EI

7
.
333

- 1.5000 1.0000 1.1250 3.0000 0.3750 0.5000 2

8.000

0
0
- 0.1875 0.3750 0.1875 0.3750 u y 3

8
.
000
0
0
- 0.3750 0.5000 0.3750 1.0000 3

0.667
2.000 1.500 1.000 1
10.000 = EI 1.500 1.9375 1.125 u

y2
7.333
1.000 1.1250 3.000 2

32

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Examples (contd)
Solve for unknown displacements:
1
9.2424
u = 1 15.2727
y
2
EI

5.0909
2

0
u y1

9.2424
1

u y 2 1 15.2727
G
u = =

2 EI 5.0909
u y 3

33