Design and Estimation of Dry Dock

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
GENERAL
Dry dock is a dock into which the ship floats. The dock gates are
closed behind it, the water is pumped out, and the ship rests on the docking blocks
ready for its hull to be repaired or cleaned. There are various types of dry docks as
follows,
GRAVING DOCKS
FLOATING DOCKS
SHIPLIFTS
SLIPWAYS
TRANSFER SYSTEMS
SMALL CRAFT LAUNCHING RAMPS
1.2
GRAVING DOCKS
Graving docks are large, fixed basins built into ground at waters
edge, separated from the water by a dock gate.
Its basic structure consists of a floor, sidewalls, head(front) wall and a
dock gate. Alter may be incorporated into the side walls for structural stability.
Fig 1.1
Fig 1.2
Fig 1.3
1.3
ADVANTAGES OF A BASIN DOCK

Long life expectancy of the basic structure.
Low maintenance costs. (Dock floor and walls can be built of granite
or concrete which last a very long time with little maintenance)
There is no limit to the size of the basin dock.
There is no need to worry about ship/dock stability, pumping plans or

longitudinal deflection of the dock while docking ships. (Ship stability
and block loading must still be addressed, however)
The basin can be equipped with an intermediate gate that allows
flooding of the aft half of the dock while the forward half remains dry.
1.4
DISADVANTAGES OF A BASIN DOCK

High initial construction cost.
The basin is a fixed structure, which cannot be moved. Makes it
harder to re-sell thus harder to get financing.
Routing of men and material is difficult since floor is below grade.
Ventilation and lighting are not good because one has to work in a
hole.
It is very difficult to enlarge a basin dock.
Transfer is not possible from a basin dock.
Usually slower to operate (Power is inversely proportional to size).
1.5
TYPES OF BASIN DOCKS

There are 3 basic types of basin docks:
1) Full Hydrostatic Dock - A full hydrostatic dock uses its weight or an anchorage
system to resist the full hydrostatic head at the maximum water table.
2) Fully Relieved Dock - A fully relieved dock uses a drainage system around the
entire dock to drain away the water before it can build hydrostatic pressure on the
walls and floor.
3) Partially Relieved Dock - A partially relieved dock uses a drainage system
under the dock floor to eliminate the hydrostatic pressure on the floor only. The
walls resist the full hydrostatic head.
1.6
ENTRANCE CLOSURES
All basin docks must, of course, have an entrance closure that keeps
water out of the dock once the ship is in and retracts out of the way for docking
and undocking operations.
The basic requirements of the entrance closure are:
Ease & speed of installation and removal
Water-tightness
Low maintenance
Feasibility of traffic movement across top
Cost
3
1.7
SLIDING OR ROLLING CAISSONS

These are built up box sections with a sliding or rolling surface at the
base. The gate slides or rolls into a notch built into the side of the dock.
1.8
ADVANTAGES
Fast operating
1.9
DISADVANTAGES
Cleaning and maintenance of rollers or slide paths is difficult.
Operating mechanism is expensive
Major repairs require removal of gate
Recesses must be built into walls.
1.10 GRAVING DRY DOCK OPERATION

Most basin docks flood entirely by gravity. A few docks have a super
flooding feature, which allows pumping the water inside the dock to a greater
elevation than the outside water although this greatly complicates the gate design.
There are 3 basic methods of flooding basin docks,
Through culverts built into the walls and connected to floor openings spaced
along the dock length.
Through culverts passing transversely under the dock floor near the entrance
and with openings leading up to the floor.
Through pipes in the entrance closures (gates).
Some common features that are usually incorporated into the basin
dock flooding systems are:
Trash racks are placed over inlet openings to prevent the intake of solid
matter. The racks should be removable for maintenance and replacement.
Vertical slots should be provided between the trash racks and the sluice gates
to accommodate stop logs to shut off water for sluice gate maintenance.
Sluice gates (one for each intake tunnel) control the dock flooding.
Basin docks usually have 2 separate dewatering systems.
The primary system, consisting of large high-capacity pumps, performs the
main portion of the docks deballasting.
The secondary system, consisting of smaller pumps, collects the last few
inches of water in the basin as well as rain water, flushing water and water
from the under drain system.
Sand sumps (settling basins) should be located in accessible areas of
the water collector channels. These allow abrasive materials such as sand, grit, etc.,
to settle out of the water before reaching the pump impellers.
In general, operation of a basin dock is easier than that of a floating
dock.
The operator does not have to be concerned with dock deflections,
ability or differentially deballasting different ballast tanks under the vessel to
provide proper lift as in a floating dock.
Ship stability, block loadings and loading of floor slab must be
considered, however. Because trim of the keel block line can not be easily adjusted
care must be taken to properly trim the vessel to reasonable match the keel block
trim or sue loads could develop. This could overload the blocks and affect the
stability of the vessel as she lands.
On some types of pressure-relieved docks, care must be taken not to
dewater the basin too quickly, since the water table in the surrounding soils must
be allowed to drop as the basin level drops. This can greatly increase the time
required for a docking or undocking evolution.
Prior to docking a vessel in a basin dock, the following minimum
calculations should be performed:
Stability of vessel afloat
Stability of the vessel at landing on blocks
Stability of the vessel at hauling of side blocks (if applicable)
Block/slab loading calculations
Hurricane/Earthquake overturning calculation.
1.11 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS
Our project involves analysis and design of dry dock using popular
designing software STAAD Pro. In the initial phase of our project we have done
calculations regarding loadings on dry dock. We have chosen STAAD Pro because
of its various advantages.
STAAD Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization
tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and
dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to
5
visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro is the professionals choice of

steel , concrete, timber, aluminums, and cold formed steel design of low and
high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much
more.
It is used to generate the model, which can than be analyzed using the
STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be used
to view the results.
1.12 OBJECTIVES
To design a dry dock for Chennai harbor using Indian Standard codal
provisions.
To draw and draft the layout using AutoCad software package.
To analyze the same using StaadPro software, to serve all types of ships.
1.13 NEED FOR STUDY

There is a British era slipway only present in our Chennai port for
maintenance of small ships weighting up to 1000tonnes. So a dry dock is to
be constructed in order for maintenance of ships up to 10000tonnes.
This will increase the standard of our Chennai port.
It provides various repair and maintenance processes for all types of ships
under the weight and dimensions limits.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS, FOURTEENTH NAVAL

DISTRICT(1940)
Design and construction as main contractor of dry dock, length 130m, width
27m, depth 10.80m
DESIGN
1. Organization
a. Bureau: The constructions of the dry dock were standard
construction, in accordance with plans supplied by the Bureau.
b. Station: Designs were not developed by the station.
c. Architect and Engineer: Assistance in design was given, as
consultants, by F.R. Harris, Inc., of New York, consulting engineers.
2. Criteria (General): Although the Robbins Dry Dock, at Erie Basin, New
York,has been designed and constructed using (in part) tremie concrete floor slab
(circa 1927), relatively few criteria existed, at the time that the work being
discussed was begun, for a structure of the magnitude of Dry Dock No. 2.
The conventional (circa 1910), braced, sheet-pile cofferdam method, employed in
the construction of Dry Dock No. 1, had failed, and thus necessitated
reconstruction, applying the costly laborious floating-caisson design which had
consumed some six years. A repetition of the experience was to be avoided.
Certain data as the "Robbins" and similar structures were available - and were
availed of. Briefly, the philosophy of the design assumed that, when the deck
was unwatered, the combined weights of (1) the floor slab and sidewalls; (2)
a small part of the frictional wedge of the backfill on the sidewalls; and (3)
U.S. NAVAL BASE, PEARL HARBOR, DRY DOCK No. 2 HAER HI-66 some
30% of the theoretical uplift value of the H-section steel piles; would resist the
hydrostatic upward pressure. The dock floor was designed as a beam to transmit
7
this upward pressure, or thrust, to the under sides of the walls. As will be elsewhere
noted in the text of this report, the construction methods stipulated in the plans and
specifications were supplemented, and to some extent modified, by the disclosures
reveled by experimental fieldwork. Several weeks before the Japanese attack of
December 7, 1941, (and less than twenty months after its construction was begun),
Dry Dock No. 2 had been brought to a stage of completion such that it could be and was - used to repair Navy craft affected by the "blitz." Criteria developed from
this dock's design and construction (and from those of Dry Dock No. 4,
Philadelphia Navy Yard, constructed concurrently) were of inestimable value in
facilitating (and thus expediting) "rush" completion of eight of the world's
largest dry docks, all built by the Navy under war-time pressure; one of them,
the recently completed Dry Dock No. 5, at Pearl Harbor.
DETAILS OF SITE
The dry docks' (Nos. 2 and 3) location is well suited to the function of
docking deep-drift ships, dry Dock No. 2 is on the northerly water frontage of the
Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, adjacent to the site of previously-constructed Dry Dock
No.1; repair and transportation facilities, power and water, were readily accessible,
and had been extensively developed for use by Dry Dock No. 1.
Core-boring tests had been made during 1938 and 1939. They showed
an overlay of adobe over (successively) volcanic tuff; volcanic sand (loose, strong,
hard);limestone, coral-reef formation (hard, coarse, and fine, silty); below the
elevation of the floor slab, compact clay (brown and gray); and, still lower, loose,
fragmentary limestone formations, extending indefinitely. Tests were run, too, to
determine the extent of the abrasive and corrosive effects of coral and salt water
on (structural) metal.
With the test results known, it was decided that the site was suitable for the
projects construction. Designs were developed and the work begun.
2.2
SOLETANCHE BACHY (2001) -CONCARNEAU DRY DOCK
Design and construction as main contractor of dry dock, length 130m, width
27m, depth 10.80m
DESIGN
The dry dock is 130m long, 27m wide and 10.80m deep, controlled on
the seaward side by trolley-mounted sliding gate. The remote end has a spiral
access ramp for more efficient operational use by the commercial companies
operating there.
A pump room is provided to control wash water and gate leakage.
Three pumps can discharge up to 4000 m3 per hour to dewater the dock in four
hours when a ship is being docked. There are all the usual fittings conventionally
found in harbors works such as bollards, capstans and winches.
WORKS
One of the challenges facing the consortium was how to deal with the
mud covering the lagoon bed to depths of up to 7 meters, considering that the
finished dock was to be surrounded by earth platforms for normal harbor
operations, with a specified bearing capacity of at least 3 tones per square meter.
Excavation of the mud would have been difficult and disposal even more
problematical, and it was decided to consolidate it in situ by preloading. Apart
from the excavation for the dock itself, therefore, all the mud has been left in place.
An interceptor channel was dug to divert the river around the lagoon, then the
lagoon was emptied to expose the mud. A geo-textile was laid over the whole area
and covered with the same thickness of free-draining gravel. Strip drains were sunk
from this platform down to bedrock in a 1-metre square array. The subsequent
weight of the fill gradually expelled the water from the mud through sumps
collecting the water in the free-draining layer. Settlement of approximately one
meter was observed before construction work proper could commence.
The dock sidewalls were built as diaphragm walls, tied back at the top
with passive anchors to sheet piling and fixed at the bottom by the concrete floor of
the dock.
9
The floor is a drained raft to prevent the build-up of uplift. Works on

the dock entrance proceeded behind a watertight cofferdam built in the port: pump
room, floor under the gate, gate recess (rock excavation with concrete and nail
support). The contract required a turnkey graving facility, and ancillary works
included a perimeter road around the dock, drinking water, electricity and gas
supply, fire-fighting system, two-storey control building and all fittings for ship
docking (keel blocks, winched cradles, etc.). One of the last operations was
assembly of the dock gate, by assembling four caissons to form a single unit 28m
long, 11m high and 4m thick, weighing 170 tonnes. The gate was launched by a
nearby boat hoist, towed to station and sunk onto its trolleys, standing ready on
their rail tracks.
Fig 2.1
10
2.3
MURRAYLANDS DRY DOCK(2009)
INTRODUCTION
Dynamic Project Delivery (DPD) was engaged by the Murray lands
Regional Development Board (MRDB) on behalf of the Murray lands Dry Dock
Working Party to undertake an evaluation to determine the viability of building a
dry dock facility in the Mid Murray Council region. DPD were also asked to define
the optimum site for construction.
The four key stages for the evaluation of the potential to establish a
Murray lands Dry Dock facility identified were:
1. To identify an ideal site for the construction of a dry dock
2. To obtain costs, timelines and parameters for the construction of the dry
dock
3. To identify potential funding or investors for the construction of the dry
dock
4. To recommend the ownership and management structure for the dry dock.
The Murray lands Dry Dock Working Party determined that firm
concept designs must be obtained and endorsed prior to lodging a Pre-Lodgment
Agreement / Development Application, and prior to funding being sought. The
development of conceptual designs will therefore form an interim stage between
this report and the pre-lodgment process.
DRY DOCK DESIGN
The Murray lands Dry Dock Working Party determined that firm
concept designs must be obtained and endorsed prior to lodging a Pre-Lodgment
Agreement / Development Application, and prior to funding being sought. The
development of conceptual designs will therefore form an interim stage between
this report and the pre-lodgment process.
EXAMPLES OF EXISTING DRY DOCKS WERE INVESTIGATED AND
STUDIED
Randell Dry Dock , Mannum, was installed in 1873 by William
11
Randell. The dry dock was actually built at Milang, by A.H. Landseer, and towed
across Lake Alexandrina by the steamer Nildesperandum. It was during the boomdays that the dock and wharf were used to their capacity due to a huge trading
enterprise built by J.G. Arnold. The dry dock now has a heritage listing.
South Brisbane Dry Dock was designed by William D Nesbit,
chief engineer for Harbours & Rivers, in 1875. It was constructed between 1876
and 1881 by J & A Overend. The busy Brisbane port required a substantial facility
for the maintenance, repair and refitting of commercial ships and Harbours &
Rivers dredges, barges and other vessels. The dock was originally 320 feet (97.54
metres) long, but was extended to 420 feet (12.81 metres). The width at the top is
24.08 metres and 16.15 metres at the bottom. The overall depth is 9.75 metres with
5.79 metres at the entrance sill. The caisson (dock gate) was manufactured by the
notable firm of RR Smellie & Co. of Brisbane. It is probably the largest locally
made wrought iron composition in Queensland. The dry dock site is incorporated
in the Queensland Maritime Museum which includes many moveable heritage
items, such as the HMAS Diamantina which resides in the dock.
Sutherland Dry Dock, Sydney, NSW, was constructed as a dry
dock between 1882 and 1890 under the supervision of the engineer Louis Samuel
to supplement the capacity of the smaller Fitzroy dock. Its gate or caisson was
originally operated by a steam-driven engine, but later changed to an electric motor
in 1915. The dock has been modified several times since then in 1913 to
accommodate the battle cruiser HMAS Australia and in 1927 for the docking of
the cruisers HMAS Australia and Canberra.
Entec Wallsend, Tyneside UK - The proposed dry dock replaces the existing
slipways, which are inclined and fall into the River Tyne. These are of reinforced
concrete construction, founded over significant areas on bearing piles of steel,
concrete and timber.
12
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
13
1CLRD
.AmEe
PDDiPs
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as
tRn
ni
dagTa
vnrtn
iaed
eowma
wf
ien
nta
ghl
soy
ds
s
i
t
i
Fig 3.1 FLOW CHART OF DRY DOCK DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1
LIMIT STATE METHOD

The design process of structural planning and design requires not only
imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of
structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent
design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and
14
judgement. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping
careful balance between economy and safety.
This design process includes the design of dry dock components
Manually. The components of dry dock designed in this process are as follows,
1. Staircase
2. Slab
3. Retaining wall
4. Steel section
5. pile
The analysis of the bending moment and deflection is done by the
STAAD Pro software.
3.1.1 STAIRCASE DESIGN
This design is based limit state method. Tread and rise is taken from
the book design and consruction of dry docks by b.k mazurkiewicz. Then using
the indiam standard codes IS 456:2000 to calculate its other dimensions and to
check whether the design is safe manually.
3.1.2 SLAB DESIGN
This design is based limit state method. Depth is taken from the book
design and consruction of dry docks by b.k mazurkiewicz. Based on Ly / Lx
Value all the slabs are designed in two way method.Then using the indiam standard
codes IS 456:2000 to calculate its other dimensions and to check whether the
design is safe manually.
A two way slab having aspect ratio Ly / Lx < 2 is generally
economical compared to one way slab because steel along the spans acts as main
steel and transfers the load to all its four supports. The two way action is
advantageous essentially for large spans and for live loads greater than 3kN/m^2. for
short spans and light loads, steel required for two way slab does not differ
appreciably as compared to steel for one way slab because of the requirement of
minimum steel.
3.1.3 CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL DESIGN

Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural
slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas
of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be
shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or
15
roadway overpasses.
This design is based limit state method. Depth is taken from the book
design and consruction of dry docks by b.k mazurkiewicz. Based on L y / Lx
Value all the slabs are designed in two way method.Then using the indiam standard
codes IS 456:2000 to calculate its other dimensions and to check whether the
design is safe manually.
3.1.4 GATE DESIGN
It is designed under the conditions of limit state method. Its
dimensions are assumed considering heavy loads. The design is processed by
considering a I section of steel. Its properties are taken from steel tables and the
calculations are made manually to calculate the load of the gate.
3.1.5 PILE DESIGN
It is designed considering the load to act on the foundation. Based on
the load the depth is decided and pile is designed using the Indian standard codes
in IS 6403:1981.then the check of the pile design is done manually.
3.2
CADD DRAWING
Its is an software used for drawing the different views of the
structures and reinforcement details. It helps the presentation easy and also in
correction of dimensions to make the design safe.
Chapter 4
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1
PILE DESIGN
16
4.1.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR PILE DESIGN
Types of soil layers

Thickness of various layers in soil
Standard penetration values (N)
Skin friction of soil
4.1.2 SOIL PROPERTIES

TABLE 4.1 SOIL PROPERTIES
DESCRIPTION OF
SOIL
Water
THICKNESS OF SOIL
SPT VALUE(N)
Silty clay (layer 1)
Clay sand
Silty clay (layer 2)
19
Silty sand
100
cemented sand(layer 1)
10
100
cemented sand(layer 2)
100
Hard rock
4.1.3 DESIGN OF PILE

GIVEN DATA
Diameter of pile (D) =1m
17
Length of pile (L) = 7m

Fcu
= 35N/mm2
Cross sectional area of pile (Ac) = (*D2)/ 4
= 0.785m2
Perimeter of pile = *D
= 3.14m
Structural capacity = 0.25* Fcu * Ac
= 0.25*35*0.785KN
= 6872.23KN
END BEARING CAPACITY
SPT (N) =100
qb
=14*N*(L/D)(KN/m2)
L
= 7m
D
=1m
qb
qb
=14*100*(7/1) KN/m2
= 9800 KN/m3
End bearing capacity = qb * Ac

= 9800*0.785
= 7693KN
Factor of safety
= 2.5
Allowable end bearing capacity = End bearing capacity / Factor of safety

=3077.2KN
SKIN FRICTION FOR PILE (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
QS
= 9*N**D*L
Skin friction =5145.92KN
Factor of safety =2.5
Factored skin friction= 2058.368KN
Total axial load allowed = end bearing + skin friction
= 3077.2+2058.368KN
Load bearing of pile = 5135.56KN
18
SKIN FRICTION FOR THE PILE (TOTAL SKIN FRICTION)

Total skin friction = 24937.95KN
Factor of safety = 2.5
Allowable skin friction = 9975.18KN
Weight of pile = area of pile * unit weight of concrete
= 0.785*25
= 19.63KN
4.2
RETAINING WALL DESIGN
4.2.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR RETAINING WALL DESIGN
Bulk density for each layer

Surcharge pressure
Hydraulic pressure
Dry soil density pressure
Soil pressure due each layer
Wave pressure
19
4.2.2 BULK DENSITY

TABLE 4.2 BULK DENSITY
Soil texture
Critical bulk density range (g/cc)
clay, silt loam
1.4-1.55
silty clay, silty clay loam, silt
1.4-1.45
clay loam
1.45-1.55
Loam
1.45-1.6
sandy clay
1.55-1.65
sandy clay loam
1.55-1.75
sandy loam
1.55-1.75
sandy loam
>1.75
Based on Harris 1990 and Morris and Lowery 1988
20
4.2.3 SOIL PRESSURE

TABLE 4.3.1 SOIL PRESSURE
Soil layer
Depth(z
)
Bulk
density(unsat
)
Cohesion(c
)
Angle of
friction(
)
Rankines
coefficient(ka
)
Void
ratio(e
)
Dry
density(d
)
Water
30
0.33
0.3
0.77
Silty
clay(layer 1)
Clayey sand
1.45
30
0.33
0.3
1.12
1.65
30
0.33
0.3
1.27
Silty
clay(later 2)
Silty sand
1.45
30
0.33
0.3
1.12
1.75
30
0.33
0.3
1.35
Concrete(laye
r 1)
Concrete(laye
r 2)
10
2.4
30
0.33
0.3
1.85
2.4
30
0.33
0.3
1.85
TABLE 4.3.2 SOIL PRESSURE

Soil layer
sat
sat
-10
K0
Surcharge
pressure
(q* K0)
Hydraulic
head
pressure(w*z)
Total
pressure
Cummalativ
e pressure
72.5
70
Dry soil
density
pressure(sat
-10)( q* K0)
-39.03
-32.59
Water
Silty
clay(layer 1)
Clayey sand
Silty
clay(later 2)
Silty sand
Concrete(laye
r 1)
Concrete(laye
r 2)
2.31
3.35
-7.69
-6.65
0.7
0.7
20
20
14
14
47.47
51.41
47.47
98.88
3.81
3.35
-6.19
-6.65
0.7
0.7
20
20
14
14
10
10
-4.33
-4.66
19.67
19.34
118.55
137.89
4.04
5.54
-5.96
-4.46
0.7
0.7
20
20
14
14
60
100
-25.03
-31.22
48.97
82.78
186.86
269.64
5.54
-4.46
0.7
20
14
10
-3.12
20.88
290.52
21
4.2.4 WAVE PRESSURE
Fig 4.1
GIVEN DATA
High sighted wave (ds)= 2.5m
wave length L @ D = 2.5m is 48.7m
D = 11m
h= 11m
R = 5m
r =5m
Hb =3m
A1 = 0.6 + 0.5 { [(4**D)/ L ] * (1/ [sinh(4**D)/48.7])}
=0.6 + 0.5 { [(4**11) / 48.7 ] * (1/ [sinh(4**11)/48.7])}
A1 = 0.82 m2
A2 = {(h-ds) / 3h } * {Hb / ds}2
= {(11-6) / 3*11 } * {3 / 6}2
A2 =0.038 m2
A3 = {1-(ds/D)} * {1- (1/cosh[2**D / L])}
= {1-(6/11)} * {1- (1/cos11[2**11 / 48.7])}
A3 =0.282 m2
22
P1 = (A1+A2)*W*Hb
=(0.82+0.038)*10*3
P1 =25.74 KN/m2
P2 = A3*P1
=0.282*25.74
P2 =7.26KN/m2
P3 ={1-(r /R)} P1
={1-(5/5)} 25.74
P3 =5.148 KN/m2
F = {0.5*(p1+p2)*ds } + { 0.5 (p1+p3)* (ds+hc)}
= {0.5*(25.74+7.26)*6 } + { 0.5 (25.74+5.148)* (6+2)}
=34.65 + 123.552
F =158.202KN
M =F* hc
=158.202*2
M =316.404KN.m
4.2.5 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

GIVEN DATE
Assume the following,
23
Safe bearing capacity(p) = 2000KN/m3

Height of embankment above ground level = 10m
Density of soil (w) =18 KN/m3
Angle of repose = 300
Friction between soil and concrete () = 0.5
Use M35 grade concerte and Fe500 steel bars
SOLUTION
Step 1
Dimensions of retaining wall
Minimum depth of foundation = ((p/w)*((1-sin) / (1+sin))0.5)
= ((2000/18)*(1/3)0.5)
= 12.35m
Overall depth (H) = 10+12.35 m
= 22.35m => 23m
Thickness of base slab = (H/12)
= (23/12)
= 1.92m => 2m
Thickness of stem at base = 2m
Height of stem(h) = H - 2
= 23- 2
= 21m
Width of base slab (b) = 0.5H to 0.6H
= 13m
Width of heel slab = (((2/3)*13) 2)
= 8.67 2
= 6.67 m
Width of toe slab = 4.35m
Step 2
Design of stem
Height of stem (h) = 21m
24
Maximum working moment in stem (M) = (Cp *w*h3) / 6

Where Cp = (1-sin) / (1+sin)
= (1/3)
M = ((1/3)*18*213) / 6
= 9261 KN.m
Factored bending moment (Mu) = 1.5*M
= 1.5*9261 KN.m
= 13891.5 KN.m
Limiting thickness of stem at base:
Mu = 0.138*fck*b*d2
13891.5 *106 = 0.138*35*1000*d2
d = 1695.9mm
adopt effective depth of stem(=2m) and at top(=1m)
Mu / (b*d2) = 13891.5*106 / (1000*20002)
= 3.47
Step 3
Main reinforcement
FROM SP 16, (From table 4)
Pt = 0.951
Ast = (Pt*b*d) / 100
= (0.951*1000*2000) / 100
= 19020 mm2
Provide 10 bars of 50mm diameter
Astpro = 10*(/4)*502 mm2
= 19634.9 mm2
Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro
= (1000 * ( / 4)*502) / 19634.9 mm
= 100 mm
Provide 10 bars of 50mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing
Distribution reinforcement
25
Ast = 0.12%*b*d
= (0.12 / 100)*1000*2000 mm2
= 2400 mm2
Astpro = 4* ( / 4)*302 mm2
= 2827.43 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*302) / 2827.43 mm
= 250 mm
Step 4
Stability calculations
Heel projection = ((2/3)*13) - 2
= 6.67 m
Load calculations
Load
W1=8.67*2*25
W2 = (4.23*2*25)
+ 459
W3 = 6.67*21*18
W4 = 5*4.33*25
Magnitude of
loads (KN)
440
675.5
Distance from a
(m)
(8.67 / 2) = 4.33
8.67 + (4.33/2)
= 10.8
(6.67 /2) = 3.35
10.84
2521.25
541.25
W = 4178
Earth pressure
P0 = K0**z
= 0.8*18*21
= 302.4 KN / m2
Z = M / W
= 5.67 m
26
Moment (KN.m)
1905.2
7319.04
8408.36
5864.44
M = 23496.72
Eccentricity (e) = ( z (b/2))

= 5.67 (13/2)
= -0.83
(b/6) = 13/6
= 2.17
Therefore , e < (b/6)
Maximum and minimum pressure at base
Pmin = (W / b)* ( 1 + (6e / b))
= (4178/13)* ( 1+(6(-0.83) / 13)
= 198.26 KN/m2
Pmax = (W / b)* ( 1 - (6e / b))
= (4178/13)* ( 1- (6(-0.83) / 13)
= 444.49KN/m
Fig 4.2
(318.15 / 6.23 ) = (x / 2)
x = 100.52 KN/m
(246.33 / 13) = (x / 6.67)
x = 126.33 KN/m2
Step 5
Design of heel slab
27
Load
W3 = 6.67*21*18
Self weight
= 6.67*2*25
Magnitude of
load(KN)
2521.261
333.5
Distance from
a(m)
6.67 / 2 = 3.33
6.67 / 2 = 3.33
Moment (KN.m)
8408.4
1112.22
M = 9520.62
Deduction
Uplift pressure
= 198*6.67
(ghi) =
0.5*6.67*126.33
1322.39
6.67 / 2 = 3.33
4410.17
421.3
6.67 / 2 = 3.33
1405.03
M = 5815.2
Maximum bending moment in heel slab (M)= 9520.62 - 5815.2 KN.m

= 3705.42 KN.m
Ultimate moment (Mu) =1.5*M
= 1.5*3705.42 KN.m
= 5558.13 KN.m
Mu / (b*d2) = 5558.13 *106 / (1000*20002)
= 1.39
Step 6
Main reinforcement
FROM SP 16, (From table 4)
Pt = 0.34
Ast = (Pt*b*d) / 100
= (0.34*1000*2000) / 100
= 6800 mm2
Astpro = 4*(/4)*502 mm2
= 7853.9 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*502) / 7853.9 mm
= 250 mm
Provide 4 bars of 50mm diameter at 250 mm centre to centre spacing
28
Ast = 0.12%*b*d
= (0.12 / 100)*1000*2000 mm2
= 2400 mm2
Astpro = 4* ( / 4)*302 mm2
= 2827.43
= (1000 * ( / 4)*302) / 2827.43 mm
= 250 mm
Step 7
Check for safety against sliding
Total horizontal earth pressure (P) = (Ka*w*H2) / 2
= ((1/3)*18*233) / 2
= 1587 KN
Maximum possible friction force (W) = 0.5*4178 KN
= 2039KN
Hence factor of safety against sliding =(W/ P)
= 2039 / 1587
= 1.31 < 1.5
Hence a shear key has to be deigned.
Step 8
Design of shear key
Passive force (Pp ) = Kp*P
Kp = (1+sin) / (1-sin)
=3
P = 1323 KN/m
Pp = 3*1323 KN/m2
29
= 3969 KN/m2
If a is depth of shear key = 2 m.
Total passive force (Pp) = Pp*a
= 3969*2
= 7938 KN
Factor of safety against sliding = (W+ Pp) / P
= (2039 + 7938)/ 1587
= 6.3 > 1.5
Step 9
Check for shear stress at junction of stem and base slab
Net working shear force (V) = (1.5*P) W
= (1.5*1587) 2089
= 291.5 KN
Factored shear force (Vu) = 1.5* 291.5 KN
= 437.25 KN
Nominal shear stress (v) = Vu / (b*d)
= (437.25*103 ) / (1000*200)
= 0.218 N/mm2
Pt = (100*Astpro) / (b*d)
= (100*19634.6) / (1000*2000)
= 0.98
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73)
Using Pt = 0.98, we get,
C = 0.84 N/mm2
C > v
Hence it is safe.
30
4.3 SLAB DESIGN

4.3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SLAB DESIGN:
Hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic gradient
Seepage flow
Uplift pressure
4.3.2 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (By Marsily 1986)

TABLE 4.4
MEDIUM
K (m/s)
Coarse gravel
10-1 - 10-2
Sand and gravel
10-1 - 10-5
Fine sand, silts, loess
10-5 - 10-9
Clay, shale, glacial till
10-9 - 10-13
4.3.3 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT

Water level (h1)
= 12m
Water table level(h2) = 7m
Length of dry dock(L) = 160m
Hydraulic gradient(i)
= (h1-h2)/l
31
= (12-7) / 160
= 0.03
4.3.4 SEEPAGE FLOW

BY DARCYS LAW,
Void ratio (e)
= 0.3
Porosity (n)
= 0.23
Hydraulic conductivity (k) = (1/109) (m/s)
Hydraulic gradient (i)
= 0.03
Seepage flow = K*i*A
= (1/109) *0.03 * 160 * 50
= 0.25cm/s
4.3.5 UPLIFT PRESSURE
32
Fig 4.3
4.3.6 DESIGN OF SLAB

4.3.6.1
DESIGN OF SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD
GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 5m
(Depth is taken from the book DESIGN AND CONSRUCTION OF DRY
DOCKS by B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )
Assume the following
Ly =10m
Lx =10m
M35 grade concrete with Fe500 steel bars is used
Ly / Lx = 10 / 10 => 1 < 2(FROM IS 456:2000, PAGE NO:90)
Therefore design two way slab
SOLUTION
33
Step 1
Effective span (lx) = (Lx + cover)
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Effective span (lx) = 10.15 m
Step 2
Load calculations
i.
Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 5*1*25 KN/m
= 125 KN/m
ii.
Dead load due to weight of staircase = 76.53 KN/m

Total dead load = 201.53 KN/m
iii.
Live load due to water = 10*(area excluding staircase area)

= 10*(100 11.22) KN/m
= 887.8 KN/m
Live load = 887.8 KN/m
iv.
Floor finished = 0.6 K N/m

Total load (W) = 1089.93 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5*total load
=1.5*1089.93 KN/m
= 1634.89 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu) = 1634.89 KN/m
Step 3
Moment and shear calculations
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 26 , PAGE NO:91)
Assume the condition => ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINOUS
And using Ly / Lx =1.0, we get ,
Negative moment at continuous span (x = 0.037)
Positive moment at mid-span (x = 0.028)
34
Bending moment
From IS 456:2000 , (CLAUSE D-1.1 , PAGE NO:91)
Mux (+ve) = x*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.028*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 4716.06 KN.m
Mux (-ve) = x*Wu*(lx)2
= 0.037*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 6231.94 KN.
Long span direction
= 0.028*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 4716.06 KN.m
= 0.037*1634.89*(10.15)2
= 6231.94 KN.m
Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*1634.89*10.15
= 8297.07 KN.
Step 4
Reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)
a)
M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

4716.06*106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
4716.06*106 = 2175000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 2181.89 mm2
Astpro = 8*( / 4)*202 mm2
= 2513.27 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*202) / 2513.27 mm
= 125 mm.
35

b ) M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))
6231.94*106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
6231.94*106 = 2175000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 2889.09 mm
Astpro = 10*( / 4)*202 mm2
= 3141.5 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*202) / 3141.5 mm
= 100 mm.
Step 5
a) Check for depth:
Mmax = 0.138*fck*b*d2
6231.94*106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.135 m < (depth (D) = 5 m)
hence it is safe.
b) Check for shear:
FROM IS 456:2000 (CLAUSE 31.6.2.1 , PAGE NO:57)
v = Vu / (b*d)
= (8297.07 *103) / (1000*5000)
= 1.7
= (100*3141.5) / (1000*5000)
= 0.1
Using Pt = 0, we get
C = 0.29
C < v
36

C max= 3.7
C max >v
hence it is safe
4.3.6.2 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH CEMENT MORTAR LOAD
GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 4m
(depth is taken from the book DESIGN AND CONSRUCTION OF DRY
Ly =10m
Lx =10m
SOLUTION
Step 1
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Step 2
Load calculations
i.
Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 4*1*25 KN/m
= 100 KN/m
ii.
Dead load due to weight of cement mortar = area of cement mortar* unit
Weight of concrete
= 0.5*10*1*25 KN/m
= 125 KN/m
Total dead load = 225 KN/m
iii.
Live load due to water = 10*area of slab

= 10*100 KN/m
37
= 1000 KN/m
Live load = 1000 KN/m
iv.
Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m

=1.5*1225.6 KN/m
= 1838.4 KN/m
Step 3
Assume the condition => ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
Bending moment
= 0.028*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 5303.1 KN.m
= 0.037*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 7007.67 KN.m
Long span direction
= 0.028*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 5303.1 KN.m
= 0.037*1838.4*(10.15)2
= 7007.67 KN.m
38
Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*1838.4*10.15
= 9329.88 KN.
Step 4
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)
a)

5303.1*106 = 087*500*Ast*4000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*4000*35)))
5303.1*106 = 1740000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 3081.65 mm2
Astpro = 10*( / 4)*222 mm2
= 3801.32 mm2

= (1000 * ( / 4)*222) / 3801.32 mm
= 100 mm.
b)

7007.67*106 = 087*500*Ast*4000 (1 ((500*Ast) /(1000*4000*35)))
7007.67*106 = 1740000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 4087 mm2
Astpro = 10*( / 4)*242 mm
= 4532.89 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*242) / 4532.89 mm
= 100 mm.
Step 5
Check for depth
39
7007.67*106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.204 m < (depth (D) = 4 m)
hence it is safe.
Check for shear
v = Vu / (b*d)
= (9329.88 *103) / (1000*4000)
= 2.3
= (100*4532.89) / (1000*4000)
= 0.11
Using Pt = 0.11, we get <
C = 0.29
C < v
C max= 3.7
C max >v
hence it is safe.
4.3.6.3 DESIGN OF SLAB WITH SHIP AND KEEL BLOCK LOAD
GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 5m
Weight of Keel block = 200KN/m
(depth and weight of keel block is taken from the book DESIGN AND
CONSRUCTION OF DRY DOCKS by B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )
Weight of ship = 10000 tonnes
Ly =10m
Lx =10m
40

SOLUTION
Step 1
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Step 2
Load calculations
1. Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete
= 5*1*25 KN/m
= 125 KN/m
2. Dead load due to weight of keel block = 200 KN/m
Total dead load = 325 KN/m
3. Live load due to water = 10*(area of slab)
= 10*(100) KN/m
= 1000 KN/m
4. Live load due to ship = 99640 / 140
= 711.7 KN/m
5. Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m
=1.5*2037.3KN/m
= 3055.95 KN/m
Step 3
41

Bending moment
= 0.028*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 8815.28 KN.m
= 0.037*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 11648.69 KN.m
Long span direction
= 0.028*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 8815.28 KN.m
= 0.037*3055.95 *(10.15)2
= 11648.69 KN.m
Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*3055.95 *10.15
= 15508.94 KN.
Step 4
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)
a)

8815.28 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
8815.28 *106 = 2175000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 4100.99 mm2
Astpro = 10*( / 4)*242 mm2
= 4523.19 mm2
42

= (1000 * ( / 4)*202) / 2513.27 mm
= 100 mm.
b)

11648.69 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
11648.69 *106 = 2175000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 5440.22 mm2
Astpro = 14*( / 4)*242 mm2
= 6333.45 mm2

= (1000 * ( / 4)*242) / 6333.45 mm
= 100 mm.
Step 5
Check for depth
11648.69 *106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.552 m < (depth (D) = 5 m)
hence it is safe.
Check for shear
v = Vu / (b*d)
= (15508.94 *103) / (1000*5000)
= 3.1
= (100*6333.45) / (1000*5000)
= 0.12
43
From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 19, PAGE NO:73

Using Pt = 0.12
C = 0.29
C < v
C max= 3.7
C max >v
hence it is safe.
4.3.6.4
DESIGN OF SLAB WITH GATE LOAD
GIVEN DATA
Depth (D) = 5m
(depth is taken from the book DESIGN AND CONSRUCTION OF DRY
Weight of gate = 5115.4 KN
Ly =10m
Lx =10m
Ly / Lx = 10 / 10 => 1 < 2
SOLUTION
Step 1
= (10 + 0.15) m
= 10.15 m
Step 2
Load calculations
a. Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete
= 5*1*25 KN/m
44
= 125 KN/m
b. Dead load due to weight of gate = 5115.4 / 30
= 170.5 KN/m
Total dead load = 295.51 KN/m
c. Live load due to water = 10*(area of slab)
= 10*(100) KN/m
= 1000 KN/m
Live load = 1000 KN/m
d. Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m
=1.5*1296.11 KN/m
= 1944.17 KN/m
Step 3
Moment and shear calculations:
Bending moment
= 0.028*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 5608.2 KN.m
= 0.037*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 7410.8 KN.m
Long span direction
45

= 0.028*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 5608.2 KN.m
= 0.037*1944.17 *(10.15)2
= 7410.8 KN.m
Shear force
Vux = 0.5*Wu*lx
= 0.5*1944.17 *10.15
= 9866.66 KN.
Step 4
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)
a)
5608.2 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
5608.2 *106 = 2175000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 2597.66 mm2
Astpro = 8*( / 4)*222 mm2
= 3041.06 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*222) / 3041.06 mm
= 125 mm.
b)
7410.8 *106 = 087*500*Ast*5000 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*5000*35)))
7410.8 *106 = 2175000Ast 6.21Ast2
Ast = 3440.7 mm2
Astpro = 10*( / 4)*222 mm2
= 3801.3 mm2
46
= (1000 * ( / 4)*222) / 3801.3 mm

= 100 mm.
Step 5
Check for depth
7410.8*106 = 0.138*35*1000* d2
d = 1.238 m < (depth (D) = 5 m)
hence it is safe.
Check for shear
v = Vu / (b*d)
= (9866.66 *103) / (1000*5000)
= 1.97
= (100*3801.3) / (1000*5000)
= 0.11
Using Pt = 0.11
C = 0.29
C < v
From IS 456:2000, (TABLE 20, PAGE NO:73)
C max= 3.7
C max >v
hence it is safe.
4.4
DESIGN OF GATE
Step 1
47
DETERMINATION OF FACTORED LOAD

Service load = 160 KN / m
Load factor =3
Factored load (w) = service load * load factor
= 160 * 3
Factored load (w) = 480 KN / m
Step 2
BENDING MOMENT
M = (W*L2) / 8
=(480*103*102) / 8
M = 6*106 N.m
SHEAR FORCE
V =(W*L) / 2
=(480*103*10) / 2
V =2.4 * 106 N
Step 3
PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS
ZP = MM / FY
= (6*106 * 1.1 ) / 500
ZP = 13.2*103mm3
Step 4
Consider a section ISMB 450
A=92.27cm2
D= 450mm
bf=150mm
tf=174mm
tw=9.4mm
rz=18.15cm
Zez=1350.7 cm3
Zpz = 1533.36cm3
Zpz / Zez = 1.15 (shape factor)
48
Step 5
To check
B / tf = 125 /17.4
= 7.18 < 10.5
From table 2, (IS 800 : 2007)
It is considered to be class 2 . Hence the section is compact.
Step 6
Check for shear
(i) Vd = {fy / (3*m)} * h*tw
={500 / (3*1.1)} * 10*103*9.4
=24.6*106 N
Vd > V
Hence safe
(ii) check for high / low shear case

= 0.6Vd
=0.6*24.6*106
=14.76*106
V <0.6 Vd
From IS 800 : 2007 , clause 8.2.1.3 , pg 53 ,
When the design shear force (factored) , V exceeds 0.6 Vd is the design shear
strength of the cross section.
Deflection
49
Fig 4.4.1
E =200*109N/mm2
I = 2*108mm4
1* = 0l (Mm / EI) ds
Fig 4.4.2
Mx = -160*x*(x/2)
= - (160*x2) / 2
50
Fig 4.5
Mx = -1x
= (1/ EI) 0l (-160x2 / 2) * (-1x)dx
= (1/ EI) 0l0 (160*x3 / 2) dx
=(1/ EI) [ 80x4 / 4 ]010
=(20*104) /EI
= 5*10-3mm
Deflection check
L / 300 = (10*103) / 300
=33.33
< L/300
Hence it is safe
4.5
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
51
Given data:
Tread (T) =0.27 m
Rise (R) =0.17m
Vertical height of staircase = 2m
(Tread and rise of the staircase is taken from the book DESIGN AND
CONSRUCTION OF DRY DOCKS by B.K MAZURKIEWICZ )
Assume the following ,
Width of landing beams =0.5m
SOLUTION
Step 1
Number of steps = vertical height / rise of step
= 2 / 0.17
=11.76 => 12 steps.
Number of steps = 12 steps.
Step 2
a) Effective span (l) = ((number of steps) * (tread)) + width of landing beams
= ((12)*(0.27)) + 0.5 m
= 3.74m.
Effective span(l) = 3.74m.
b) Thickness (t) = span / 20
= 3.74 / 20
=0.18m => 0.2m
Thickness (t) = 0.2m.
c) Effective depth (d) = D - cover
= 0.2-0.02 m
= 0.18m
Effective depth (d) = 0.18m.
Step 3
Load calculations
i.
Dead load on slab (slope) (ws ) = D*1*unit weight of concrete

= 0.2*1*25 KN/m
= 5 KN/m.
52
ii.
Dead load of slab (horizontal) (w) = (ws(R2+T2)0.5) / T

= (5 (0.172+0.272) 0.5) / 0.27 KN/m
= 5.9 KN/m
iii.
Dead load of one step = (1/2)*R*T*25

= 0.5*0.17*0.27*25 KN
= 0.57 KN
Dead load per metre length (w1 ) = dead load of one step / T
= 0.57 / 0.27 KN/m
= 2.12 KN/m
iv.
Dead load due to finishes (w2 ) = 0.6 KN/m

Total dead load = (5+5.9+0.57+2.12+0.6) KN/m
= 13.63 KN/m.
Dead load = 13.63 KN/m
v.
Live load = unit weight of water * area of staircase

= 10 KN/m3 * 3.74 m2
= 37.4 KN/m.
Total load (W) = dead load + live load

= (13.63+37.4) KN/m
= 51.03 KN/m
Ultimate load (Wu ) = 1.5 * total load
= (1.5 * 51.03 ) KN/m
= 76.54 KN/m.
Total ultimate load (Wu) = 76.54 KN/m.
Step 4
a) Bending moment (M) = (Wu * l2) / 8
= (76.54 * 3.742) / 8 KN.m
= 133.83 KN.m
Bending moment (M) = 133.83 KN.m
53
b) Shear force (V) = (Wu* l) / 2

= (76.54 * 3.74) / 2 KN
= 143.1 KN
Shear force (V) =143.1 KN.
Step 5
a) Main reinforcement details
FROM IS 456:2000 , (G-1.1.b, PAE NO:96)
M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck))
133.83*106 = 087*500*Ast*180 (1 ((500*Ast) / (1000*180*35)))
133.83*106 = 78300Ast 6.21 Ast2
Ast = 2038.7 mm2
Astpro = 16*( / 4)*162 mm2
= 3216.99 mm2
= (1000 * ( / 4)*162) / 3216.99 mm
= 62.5 mm => 100mm.
Provide 16 bars of 16mm diameter at 100mm centre to centre spacing.
b) Distribution reinforcement details
Ast = (0.3%) * b* d
= (0.3 / 100)*1000*180
= 540 mm2
Astpro = 8*( / 4)*102
= 628.31 mm2
= (1000*( / 4)*102 ) / 628.31
= 125 mm.
Provide 8 bars of 10mm diameter at 125mm centre to centre spacing.
Step 6
c) Check for depth
54
M = 0.138*fck*b*d2
133.82*106 = 0.13*35*1000* d2
d = 0.171m < (Effective depth (d) = 0.18m)
hence it is safe
d) Check for shear:
v = V / (b*d)
= (143*103) / (1000*180)
= 0.794
= (100*3216.99) / (1000*180)
= 1.78
Using Pt = 1.78 and from interpolation of 0.82 and 0.86
C = 0.84
C > v
Hence it is safe.
CADD DRAWINGS
55
Fig 4.6 PLAN
56
Fig 4.7 CROSS SECTION
57
Fig 4.8 RETAINING WALL

58
Fig 4.9 SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD
59
Fig 4.10 SLAB WITH CEMENT MORTAR LOAD

60
Fig 4.11 SLAB WITH SHIP AND KEEL BLOCK LOAD

61
Fig 4.12 SLAB WITH GATE LOAD

62
Fig 4.13 STAIRCASE

63
STAADPRO ANALYSIS
Fig 4.14 SIDE VIEW
Fig 4.15 FRONT VIEW

64
Fig 4.16 BOTTOM VIEW
Fig 4.17 WHOLE STRUCTURE

65
CHAPTER 5
ESTIMATION OF DRYDOCK
CONCRETE ESTIMATION
RATIO OF THE CONCRETE (1 : 2 : 3)
Cement
= 15.2 / 1+2+3 = 2.53 per Cu.m
Sand
= 2.53 x 2
= 5.067 per Cu.m
Ballast
= 2.53 x 3
= 7.59 per Cu.m
RATES ASSUMED
Cement
= 7650.00 per Cu.m
Sand
= 700.00 per Cu.m
Ballast
= 650.00 per Cu.m
ESTIMATION OF SLAB
DATAS
Lenght of Slab = 10 m
Breadth of Slab = 10 m
Depth of Slab = 5 m
ESTIMATION
Volume of Slab
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= lxbxh
= 10 x 10 x 5
= 500 Cu.m
= 2.53 x 500 = 1265 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 500 = 2533.5 Cu.m
= 7.59 x 500 = 3795 Cu.m
TOTAL COST FOR ONE SLAB

Cement
= Rs. 96,77,250
Sand
= Rs. 17,73,450
Ballast
= Rs. 24,66,750
TOTAL COST FOR 80 SLABS
Cement
= Rs. 77,41,80,000
Sand
= Rs. 14,18,76,000
Ballast
= Rs. 19,73,40,000
66
Total cost for slabs =Rs 111,33,96,000

ESTIMATION OF PILE
DATAS
No. Of Piles
= 80
Height of Pile
= 7m
Height of Cylinder = 5 m
Height of Cone
= 2m
ESTIMATION
FOR CYLINDER
Volume of Cylinder
r 2h
= x 0.5 x 2 x 5
= 3.925 Cu.m
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= 2.53 x 3.925 = 9.93 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 3.925 = 19.88 Cu.m
= 7.59 x 3.925 = 29.79 Cu.m
COST ESTIMATE
Cement
= Rs. 75,965
Sand
= Rs. 13,916
Ballast
= Rs. 19,364
FOR CONE
Volume of Cone
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= 1/3 r2 h
= 1/3 x x 0.5 x 2 x 2
= 0.523 Cu.m
= 2.53 x 0.523 = 1.323 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 0.523 = 2.65 Cu.m
= 7.59 x 0.523 = 3.969 Cu.m
COST ESTIMATE
Cement
= Rs. 10,120
Sand
= Rs. 1,855
Ballast
= Rs. 2,580
TOTAL COST OF THE PILE (CYLINDER + CONE)
67
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= Rs. 86,085
= Rs. 15,771
= Rs. 21,943
TOTAL COST FOR 80 PILES

Cement
= Rs. 68,86,916
Sand
= Rs. 12,61,680
Ballast
= Rs. 17,55,468
Total cost for piles =Rs 99,04,064
ESTIMATION OF RETAINING WALL
THE WALL IS TAKEN AS DIFFERENT SHAPES
1 Triangle
2 Rectangle in Stem
3 Rectangle in Base Slab
4 Square in Shear Key
1.TRIANGLE
Volume of Triangle = x l x b
= x 1 x 21
= 10.5 Cu.m
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= 2.53 x 10.5 = 26.565 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 10.5 = 53.20 Cu.m
= 7.59 x 10.5 = 79.69 Cu.m
COST ESTIMATE
Cement
= Rs. 2,03,222
Sand
= Rs. 37,240
Ballast
= Rs. 51,798
2.RECTANGLE IN STEM
Volume of Rectangle
= lxbxh
= 1 x 1 x 21
= 21 Cu.m
Cement
Sand
= 2.53 x 21 = 53.13 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 21 = 106.407 Cu.m
68
Ballast
= 7.59 x 21
= 159.39 Cu.m
COST ESTIMATE
Cement
= Rs. 4,06,444
Sand
= Rs. 74,485
Ballast
= Rs. 1,03,603
3.RECTANGLE IN BASE SLAB
Volume of Rectangle
= lxbxh
= 13 x 1 x 2
= 26 Cu.m
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= 2.53 x 26 = 65.78 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 26 = 131.742 Cu.m
= 7.59 x 26 = 197.3 Cum
COST ESTIMATE
Cement
= Rs. 5,03,217
Sand
= Rs. 92,220
Ballast
= Rs. 1,28,271
4.SQUARE IN SHEAR KEY

Volume of square = l x b x h
= 2x2x1
= 4 Cu.m
Cement
Sand
Ballast
= 2.53 x 4 = 10.12 Cu.m

= 5.067 x 4 = 20.26 Cu.m
= 7.59 x 4 = 30.36 Cu.m
COST ESTIMATE
Cement
= Rs. 77,418
Sand
= Rs. 14,182
Ballast
= Rs. 19,734
TOTAL COST OF RETAINING WALL PER CU.M (STEM + BASE SLAB +
SHEAR KEY)
Cement
= Rs. 11,90,301
69
Sand
Ballast
= Rs. 2,18,126
= Rs. 3,03,407
TOTAL COST FOR THE LENGTH OF 160 M (LEFT)

Cement
= Rs. 19,04,48,280
Sand
= Rs. 3,49,00,208
Ballast
= Rs. 4,85,45,120
TOTAL COST FOR THE LENGTH OF 160 M (RIGHT)
Cement
= Rs. 19,04,48,280
Sand
= Rs. 3,49,00,208
Ballast
= Rs. 4,85,45,120
TOTAL COST FOR THE LENGTH OF 50 M (REAR)
Cement
= Rs. 5,95,15,087
Sand
= Rs. 1,09,06,315
Ballast
= Rs. 1,51,70,350
TOTAL COST FOR THE WHOLE RETAINING WALL
Cement
= Rs. 44,04,11,647
Sand
= Rs. 8,07,06,731
Ballast
= Rs. 11,22,61,790
Total cost for retaining wall = Rs 63,33,80,168
TOTAL COST OF CONCRETE
Cement =Rs 122,14,78,563
Sand =Rs 22,38,44,411
Ballast =Rs 31,13,57,258
TOTAL COST OF CONCRETE FOR DRY DOCK= RS 175,66,80,232
STEEL ESTIMATION
SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD
Main reinforcement
20mm dia @ 2.47kg/m , straight bars @ 125mm c/c
No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars
70
Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.02) = 10.06m

Bent up bars @100mm c/c
= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars
Length = 10.06+0.03 = 10.09m
Total length = (98*10.06)+(97*10.09) =1964.61m
Weight = 1978.65*2.47 = 4852.59kg
20mm dia @ 2.47kg/m , 125mmc/c
No of bars =(10/0.125) + 1 = 81 bars
Length =10-0.3+(18*0.02) = 10.06m
Total length = 10.06*81 = 814.86m
Weight = 814.86*2.47kg= 2012.7 kg
Total weight = 6865.29kg
Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*6865.29 = Rs 4,11,917.4
Cost for 9 slabs =Rs 9*4,11,917.4 =Rs 37,07,256.6
SLAB WITH CEMENT MOTAR LOAD
Main reinforcement
No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars
Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.024) = 10.132m
71
= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars

Length = 10.132+0.03 = 10.162m
Total length = (98*10.132)+(97*10.162) =1978.65m
Weight = 1978.65*3.55= 7025 kg
No of bars =(10/0.1) + 1 = 101 bars
Length =10-0.3+(18*0.022) = 10.096m
Total length = 10.096*101 = 1019.696m
Weight = 1019.697*2.99 = 3048.89 kg
Total weight = 10073.89kg
Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*10073.89 = Rs 6,04,433.4
Cost for 26 slabs =Rs 26*6,04,433.4=Rs 157,15,368.4
SLAB WITH SHIP AND KEEL BLOCK LOAD
Main reinforcement
No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars
Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.024) = 10.132m
= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars
Length = 10.132+0.03 = 10.162m
72
Total length = (98*10.132)+(97*10.162) =1978.65m

Weight = 1978.65*3.55 = 7025 kg
No of bars =(10/0.1) + 1 = 101 bars
Length =10-0.3+(18*0.024) = 10.132m
Total length = 10.132*101=1023.33m
Weight = 1023.33*3.55= 3632.82 kg
Total weight = 10657.83 kg
Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*10073.89= Rs 6,39,469.8
SLAB WITH GATE LOAD
Main reinforcement
No of bars = {(10-0.3) / 0.1} + 1 = 98 bars
Length = 10-0.3+(18*0.022) = 10.096m
= {(10-0.3) / 0.1}= 97 bars
Length = 10.132+0.03 = 10.126m
Total length = (98*10.132)+(97*10.162)=1971.63m
Weight = 1971.63*2.99= 5895.514 kg
73
No of bars =(10/0.125) + 1 = 81 bars
Length =10-0.3+(18*0.022) = 10.096
Total length = 10.096*81=817.776m
Weight = 817.77*2.99= 2445.15 kg
Total weight = 8340.324 kg
Cost 1 slab =Rs 60*8340.324= Rs 5,00,419.44
Total cost for reinforcement of slabs=Rs 4,77,81,514.92
RETAINING WALL
STEM
Main reinforcement
50mm dia @ 15.432 kg/m @ 100mm c/c
No of bars = {(370-0.10) / 0.1} + 1 = 3700 bars
Length = 23-top cover-bottom cover+2 hooks
= 23-0.05-0.05+(18*0.05) = 23.8m
For both sides multiply by 2
=23.8*2+4m( shear key)=51.6m
Total lenght = 51.6*3700 = 190920m
Weight = 190920*15.432= 2946277.44kg
30mm dia @5.56kg/m @250 c/c
74
No of bars = {(25-0.05-0.05) / 0.250 } +1 = 101

Length = 370 2 covers + 6 hooks
= 370-0.1+(6*9*0.03)=371.52m
Total length = 371.52*101 = 37523.52m
Weight = 37523.52*5.56 = 208630.77kg
BASE SLAB
Main reinforcement
50mm dia @ 15.432 kg/m @ 250mm c/c (TOP AND BOTTOM)
No of bars = [{(370-0.10) / 0.25} + 1] * 2(TOP AND BOTTOM) = 2962 bars
Length = 13-0.05-0.05+(18*0.05)= 13.8m
Total length = 13.8*2962 = 40875.6 m
Weight = 40875.6 *15.432= 630792.26kg
30mm dia @5.56kg/m @250 c/c
No of bars = [{(13-0.05-0.05) / 0.250 } +1]*2 (TOP AND BOTTOM)= 106 bars
Length = 370-0.1+(18*0.03) =370.44m
Total length = 370.44*106 = 39266.64m
Weight = 39266.64m*5.56=218322.518kg
Total weight =4004023.348kg
Total cost for reinforcement of retaining wall= Rs 24,02,41,400.9
TOTAL COST FOR REINFORCEMENT OF DRY DOCK = Rs28,80,22,915
75
TOTAL COST OF DRY DOCK = RS204,47,03,148
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Dry dock components slab, retaining wall , staircase , and gate as
being designed and analysed by INIDAN STANDARD CODAL , B.K
Mazurkiewicz (dec 1981)- Design and consruction of dry docks AND STADD
PRO.
76
Finally the project reveals that structure of dry dock is adopted in

Indian climatic conditions for economical way of ship and boat under the limits of
dry dock designed for repairing and maintaining works.
Refernces
1. Soletanche bachy (2001) - CONCARNEAU DRY DOCK , Concarneau

France, journal on design of dry dock.
77
2. Francis wentworth-shields, john mowlem company& edmund nuttall sons

& company (july 1933) KING GEORGE V GRAVING DOCKSouthampton's Western , journal on on design of dry dock.
3. B.K Mazurkiewicz(dec 1981)- Design and consruction of dry docks
- Book on dry docks.
4. Krishnaraju. N (2003, third edition) Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures
5. Dock master training manual
6. INDIAN STANDARD CODE BOOKS:
IS 456:2000
IS 456:2007
IS 456:1978
IS 456 (PART 2):1989
IS 6403:1981
78

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CHAPTER 1

ADVANTAGES OF A BASIN DOCK

There is no need to worry about ship/dock stability, pumping plans or

DISADVANTAGES OF A BASIN DOCK

TYPES OF BASIN DOCKS

SLIDING OR ROLLING CAISSONS

1.10 GRAVING DRY DOCK OPERATION

visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro is the professionals choice of

1.13 NEED FOR STUDY

BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS, FOURTEENTH NAVAL

SOLETANCHE BACHY (2001) -CONCARNEAU DRY DOCK

The floor is a drained raft to prevent the build-up of uplift. Works on

MURRAYLANDS DRY DOCK(2009)

LIMIT STATE METHOD

3.1.3 CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL DESIGN

4.1.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR PILE DESIGN

Types of soil layers

4.1.2 SOIL PROPERTIES

Silty clay (layer 1)

Silty clay (layer 2)

4.1.3 DESIGN OF PILE

Length of pile (L) = 7m

End bearing capacity = qb * Ac

Allowable end bearing capacity = End bearing capacity / Factor of safety

SKIN FRICTION FOR THE PILE (TOTAL SKIN FRICTION)

RETAINING WALL DESIGN

4.2.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR RETAINING WALL DESIGN

Bulk density for each layer

4.2.2 BULK DENSITY

Critical bulk density range (g/cc)

clay, silt loam

silty clay, silty clay loam, silt

sandy clay loam

Based on Harris 1990 and Morris and Lowery 1988

4.2.3 SOIL PRESSURE

TABLE 4.3.2 SOIL PRESSURE

4.2.4 WAVE PRESSURE

4.2.5 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

Safe bearing capacity(p) = 2000KN/m3

Maximum working moment in stem (M) = (Cp *w*h3) / 6

Eccentricity (e) = ( z (b/2))

Maximum bending moment in heel slab (M)= 9520.62 - 5815.2 KN.m

4.3 SLAB DESIGN

4.3.2 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (By Marsily 1986)

Sand and gravel

Fine sand, silts, loess

Clay, shale, glacial till

4.3.3 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT

4.3.4 SEEPAGE FLOW

4.3.6 DESIGN OF SLAB

DESIGN OF SLAB WITH STAIRCASE LOAD

Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

Dead load due to weight of staircase = 76.53 KN/m

Live load due to water = 10*(area excluding staircase area)

Floor finished = 0.6 K N/m

M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

Provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter at 125mm centre to centre spacing

From IS 456:2000 , (TABLE 20, PAGE NO:73)

Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D*1*unit weight of concrete

Live load due to water = 10*area of slab

Floor finished = 0.6 KN/m

M = 0.87*fy*Ast*d (1 ((fy*Ast) / (b*d*fck)))

Spacing = (1000*ast) / Astpro

Maximum working moment in stem (M) = (Cp wh3) / 6

Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D1unit weight of concrete

M = 0.87fyAstd (1 ((fyAst) / (bdfck)))

Dead load due to self weight of concrete = D1unit weight of concrete

M = 0.87fyAstd (1 ((fyAst) / (bdfck)))

M = 0.87fyAstd (1 ((fyAst) / (bdfck)))

M = 0.87fyAstd (1 ((fyAst) / (bdfck)))

M = 0.87fyAstd (1 ((fyAst) / (bdfck)))

Mux (+ve) = xWu(lx)2

Dead load on slab (slope) (ws ) = D1unit weight of concrete

Dead load of one step = (1/2)RT*25

Total length = (9810.132)+(9710.162) =1978.65m