Computer Networks Prof.

Hema A Murthy

Access to the Shared Medium

• Different topologies
• Different multiplexing schemes
– Frequency Division Multiplexing
– Time Division Multiplexing
– Combination of both

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

A Telephone Network

SC Junction
box

SC SC
copper TP
fibre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

A Data Network

copper cable
TP
SC Junction
box

SC SC
multidrop cable
fibre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

SC

fibre

In urban areas – perhaps best solution is fibre

Trunks and multiplexing:

1 1
2 1 link, n channel 2
3 3

n n
n - input n - output
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
– Multiple conversation on the same link
• Frequency Division Multiplexing:
– Frequency spectrum divided among logical
channels
– each user has exclusive access to a logical
channel

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiplexing
• Time division multiplexing:
– User take turns in a round robin fashion
– each user periodically gets the entire bandwidth
for a little burst of time

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Frequency Division Multiplexing

c4 c5
c3
c
tim c1 2
e
f3 y
f
f1 2 uenc
r e q
f

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

FDM (Transmitter)

m1(t) carrier f1
mc(t)

m2(t) carrier f2 Σ Transmitter

fc
s(t) = FDM
mn(t) carrier fn

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Channel 1

300HZ 3100 HZ
Channel 2

300HZ 3100 HZ 60 64 68
Channel 3

300HZ 3100 HZ

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

FDM (Receiver)

BPF f1 Demod
m1(t)

s(t) rcvr BPF f2 Demod m2(t)

BPF fn Demod
mn(t)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Time Division Multiplexing

c6
c5
c4 c
3
c2
c1
tim c y
e e n
qu
fre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TDM (Transmitter)

Scan operation – empty buffer

Buffer before new data arrives
m1(t)

m2(t) Buffer mc(t) modem s(t)

mn(t) Buffer

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Time Division Multiplexing

• Generally digital data:
– interleave data from different channels
– interleave portion of each signal
• Example: Each channel capacity 9.6kbps
– To Multiplex 6 channels
• Channel capacity – 57.6kbps + overhead bits for
control

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Issues in TDM
• Transmission must be synchronous
• Data organised in frame
• frame Î a cycle of time slots
• a slot dedicated to each data source
• slot length – transmission buffer length

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Issues in TDM
– synchronous TDM – slots preassignd to sources
• time slots for each slot transmitted whether data is
present or absent
• Handle data source with different rates
– assign more slots/ channels and fast sources
• Data is digital
– Analog to digital conversion
• PCM, DPCM, ADPCM, DM

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Telephone Channel (T1 (DS1))

• Conversion of analog signal to digital
– PCM – 8 KHZ * 8 bit/ s
• 125 s / frame = 64 Kbps
• 24 voice channels multiplexed together
c1 c2 c24

1 2
193 bit frame
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

T1 Frame Format
• 101010 ……… pattern in odd frames –
signalling for every frames
• channel associated signalling:
– each channel has private signalling mechanism
– 8 bits in every 6th frame – used for signalling
– frames in each channel is eight bits wide
– Frames in 6th frame 7 bits wide

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

E1 Frame Format
• E1 - 2.048 Mbps
– 32 channels
– 32 - 8 bit data samples packetised into the
basic 125 µ sec frame
• 30 channels for information
• 2 channels for signaling

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Standards
• Leased lines:
• DS1 1.544 Mbps (24 channels) (T1)
• DS3 44.736 Mbps (30 DS1 links)
• STS-1 - Synchronous Transport Signal
• STS-1 – base link speed
• STS-N - also called OC-N (electrical signal)
• OC - optical carrier (optical signal)
• STS-48 - 2.488320 Gbps
• STS-3 - 155.250 Mbps
• STS-12 - 622.080 Mbps
• STS-24 - 1.244160 Gbps
• Telephone Network: primarily for voice and is circuit switched.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Standards
• Last Mile Links:
• POTS 28.8 – 56 Kbps
• ISDN 64 – 128 Kbps
• (Integrated Services Digital Network)
• xDSL 16 Kbps – 55.2 Mbps
• CATV 20 – 70 Mbps
• ADSL (asymmetric DSL)
• ADSL:
• - Different speeds from home to CO & CO to home.
• - Downstream (CO to subs) - 8.448 Mbps (9000 ft)
• 1.544 Mbps (depends on distance from CO to home)
• 16 Kbps - 640 Kbps
• (1800 ft) (9000 ft)
• VDSL – very high data rate (12.96 Mbps – 55.2 Mbps)
• (1000 – 4000 ft)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Asynchronous TDM

Asynchronous TDM: Intelligent TDM – allocate time slots on demand

- uses lower rate than required to multiplex n channels.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TDM and FDM

• Divide Frequency channel into a number
frequency bands using FDM
• In each channel
– Multiplex a number of channels using TDM
• Advent of Fibre
– Wavelength division multiplexing
– In each wavelength – multiplex number of
channels using TDM

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

fibre 1
fibre 3

fibre 4
shared fibre
fibre 2
WDM Switch
n fibre n output fibre
switch

Indian Institute of Technology Madras