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[ ]
3 6
2 4
, B=
1 7
8 4
[ ]
3 4
1 9
y C=
, verificar que :
(a)(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(b)(A + B) - C = A + (B - C)
Solucin:
Verificando la propiedad asociativa si (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
[ ]
[ ])
3 6
2 4
1 7
8 4
[ ]
3 4
1 9
[ ]
3 6
2 4
1 7
8 4
3 4
1 9
2 13
10 8
5 17
11 17
[ ]
3 4
1 9
5 17
11 17
[ ]
3 6
2 4
[ ]
2 11
9 13
( [ ]
3 6
2 4
[ ]
3 4
1 9
1 7
8 4
[ ]
3 4
1 9
[ ]
3 6
2 4
( [
1 7
8 4
2 13
10 8
1 9
9 1
[ ]
3 4
1 9
1 9
9 1
[ ]
3 6
2 4
4 3
7 5
[ ]
5
3
A=
4
2
[ ]
] [ ]
7 8
1 2
; B=
2 4
2
0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
5
3
4
2
7 8
1 2
7 8
1 2
[ ]
5
3
4
2
2 4
2 0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
5
3
4
2
7 8
1 2
; B=
2 4
2
0
5
3
4
2
7 8
1 2
[ ]
7 8
1 2
= -
[ ]
5
3
4
2
2 4
2
0
A=
[ ]
5 3
0 5
B=
8 0 7
1 3 2
[ ]
1 0
0 3
7 1
C=
Solucin:
(AB)C = A(BC)
[ ][
5 3 8 0 7
0 5 1 3 2
][
1 0
43 9 41
0 3
5
15 10
7 1
250 68
75 55
[ ]
1 0
0 3
7 1
[ ][
[ ]
5 3 41 7
0 5 15 11
250 68
75 55
5 3
0 5
][
1 0
8 0 7
0 3
1 3 2
7 1
A=
a11 a12
a21 a22
Verificando (a)
a11 a12
a21 a22
; B=
b11 b12
b21 b22
[ g a11 +ka11
= k
] [
+
a11 a12
a21 a22
kb 11 k b 12
k b21 kb22
+ k
b11 b12
b21 b22
11+ kb11
12+ kb12
21+ kb21
ka k a ka k a22+ kb
Verificando (b)
[(g+ k )a 11
ka11 ka 12
ka21 ka 22
22
[ a11
22
11+ kb11
12+ kb12
21+ kb21
ka k a ka k a22+ kb
(g + k)
k(A + B) = kA + kB
] [
11 + b11
12+ b12
21+ b21
a a a a22+b
b11 b12
b21 b22
a12 ]
22
(g + k)A = kA + kA
=g
(g+k )a12 ]
g a12 +k a12 ]
[ a11
=
a12 ]
+k
[ a11
a12 ]
[ g a11
ga 12]
[ k a11
[ g a11 + k a11
ka 12]
ga12 +k a12 ]
11 + b11
12+ b12
21+ b21
a a a a22+b
a11 a12
a21 a22
] [
+
b11 b12
b21 b22
)(
22
] )( [
11 + d 11
12+ d 12
21+ d 21
c c c c 22+d
c 11 c12
c21 c22
)
22
] [
+
d 11 d 12
d 21 d 22
11+ b11
11+ d 11
c
12+ b12
21+ d 21
c
11+ b11
12+ d 12
c
12+ b12
22+ d 22
c
21+ b 21
11+ d 11
c
22+ b 22
21+ d 21
c
21+ b 21
a
12+ d 12
c
22+ b 22
22+ d 22
c
a
a
[
( [
(
[
[
][
][
a11 a12 c 11 c 12
a21 a22 c 21 c 22
]
]
)+(
][
)+(
][
b11 b12 c 11 c 12
b21 b22 c 21 c 22
)+
] [
] [
+
]
]
( a11 c 11 +a12 c 21) + ( a11 d 11 + a12 d 21 ) + ( b11 c11 + b12 c 21 ) +(b11 d 11 +b 12 d 21) ( a11 c 12+a 12 c 22) + ( a11 d 12 +a12 d 22) + ( b11 c 12+ b12 c 22
( a21 c11 + a22 c21 ) + ( a 21 d 11 + a22 d 21 ) + ( b21 c 11 +b22 c 21) +(b21 d 11 +b22 d 21) ( a21 c 12+ a22 c22 ) + ( a21 d 12 +a22 d 22) + ( b21 c 12 +b22 c22
Para denotar si son iguales asignemos valores a las matrices A, B, C y D
A=
[ ]
2 3
5 2
; B=
[ ]
1 2
5 1
; C=
[ ]
7 6
8 3
; D=
[ ]
5 4
5 8
+ 1
+ 5
7
+ 2
+ 5
8
+ 1
+ 4
6
+ 8
3
+ 5
+ 5
7
+ 1
+ 5
8
+ 5
5
+ 4
6
+ 1
2
+ 8
3
2
8
2
5
1
8
(7)+(2)( )+(1)( 5)+(2)(5)
3
2
8
1
3
(6)+(2)()+(1)( 4)+(2)(8)
8
5
5
5
8
(7)+(1)( )+(5)(5)+(1)(5)
3
5
101 85
159 133
101 85
159 133
[]
x1
x2
y A=
a11 0
0 22
x=
[]
x1
x2
y A=
a11 a12
a21 a22
[ x1
x2]
[ x1
x2]
][ ]
a11 a12 x 1
a21 a22 x 2
a11 x 1+ a12 x 2
a21 x 1+ a22 x 2
( [ x1
x2]
[ x 1 a11 + x2 a21
a11 a12
a21 a22
] )[ ]
x 1 a12 + x 2 a22 ]
x1
x2
[]
x1
x2
1 8 7
0 2 4
,b=
[]
9
6
0
y x=
[]
x1
x2
Calcular: (a) AI
(b) IA
(c) Ix
(d) xI
Indicar la dimensin de la matriz identidad utilizada en cada caso.
Solucin:
(a) AI
][
1 0 0
1 8 7
0 1 0
0 2 4
0 0 1
1 8 7
0 2 4
La
matriz
[ ][
1 0 1 8 7
0 1 0 2 4
1 8 7
0 2 4
[ ][ ]
1 0 x1
0 1 x2
[]
x1
x2
[ ]
x2] 1 0
0 1
[ x1
[ x1
2 Calcular: (a) Ab
x2]
(b)
(c)
xIA
(d)
xA
Ab
1 8 7
0 2 4
(b)
[]
[ ][ ]
9
6
0
[ ]
39
12
AIb
1 8 7
0 2 4
1 0 0 9
0 1 0 6
0 0 1 0
1 8 7
0 2 4
[]
9
6
0
[ ]
39
12
(c) xIA
[ x1
[ ][
x 2 ] 1 0 1 8 7
0 1 0 2 4
[x 1
[ x1
x 2 ] 1 8 7
0 2 4
8 x 12 x 2 7 x 1+ 4 x 2 ]
(d) xA
=
[ x1
x2]
1 8 7
0 2 4
[x 1
8 x 12 x 2 7 x 1+ 4 x 2 ]
[ ][
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 8 7
0 0 2 4
0
[ ]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Resolviendo (b)
][
0 0 0 0
1 8 7
0 0 0 0
0 2 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Resolviendo (c)
[ ][ ] [ ]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Resolviendo (d)
[ ][
x1
0 0 0 0]
x2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
a11
0
0
a22
. .
0
0
. 0
. 0
. .
. ann
[ ][ ] [ ]
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
[ ][ ] [ ]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Por lo tanto una matriz identidad o una matriz nula multiplicado por n
veces te da la misma matriz los cuales son matrices idempotentes.
1 Dadas A=
2 4
1 3
B=
[ ]
3 8
0 1
C=
1 0 9
6 1 1
, hallar A, B y
C
Solucin:
Encontrando A
A=
2 4
1 3
A=
2 1
4 3
Encontrando B
B=
[ ]
3 8
0 1
B=
[ ]
3 0
8 1
Encontrando C
C=
1 0 9
6 1 1
C=
[ ]
1 6
0 1
9 1
(a) (A + B) = A + B
(b)
(AC) = CA
Solucin:
Comprobando (a)
( [
2 4
1 3
[ ]
3 8
0 1
5 12
1 4
5 1
12 4
2 1
4 3
5 1
12 4
2 4
1 3
[ ]
[ ]
3 8
0 1
3 0
8 1
Comprobando (b)
( [
(
][
2 4 1 0 9
1 3 6 1 1
1 0 9
6 1 1
[ ][
[ ] [ ]
[
26 4 22
17 3 6
26 17
4
3
22 6
1 6
2 1
0 1
4 3
9 1
2 4
1 3
26 17
4
3
22 6
tres
matrices
probando,
que
para
][ ][
[ ][
][
las
matrices
CA B C 1=C 1 . B1 . A 1
( A B C)1 =C1 . B1 . A 1
Comprobamos la propiedad,
1 6
2 4 3 8 1 0 9=
3 0 2 1
0 1
1 3 0 1 6 1 1
8 1 4 3
9 1
todas
[ ][
51 6
6 20 1 0 9 =
2 1
8 1
3 5 6 1 1
4 3
35 1
126 33
126 20 74 =
20 5
33 5 32
74 32
][
][
126 33 126 33
20 5 = 20 5
74 32
74
32
D=
[ ]
[ ]
4
1 4
1 12 E= 1 1 F=
1 G=
0
0 3
6 8
3
3
[ ] [ ]
D1=
1
2
1
2
1
. ADJ ( D)
det ( D)
[ ]
1 3 12 1 4
D =
=
1
0
3 0
1
3
E=
[ ]
1 1
6 8
E =
F =
1
DET ( E) . adj (e)
1
ADJ ( F)
DE T (F)
f=
[ ]
1 4
1
0
3
1 8 1
E =
2 6 1
1
F1=
[ ]
1
2
E1=
1
3
2
4
[ ]
1 1
3
1
0
3
4
1
[ ]
F1= 1 12
0 3
La inversa de la matriz
f
la inversa de la matriz
e es la matriz g.
matriz d"
Da como resultado la
[ ]
1
2
G=
1
3
2
4
G1=
1
ADJ (G)
DET ( G)
[ ]
G1= 1 1
6 8
A . X=B
A1 . AX=B . A1
X =B . A1
6 sea:
X
.
1
A=I X
X
1
( 1 X )? Y X ?
Idempotente A . A=A
X
1
X
X
X1
X
1
IX
IX ( 1 X 1 )
A . A=
X
1
X
X
X1
X
X 1 1
X
X1
A 2=I
X
1
X
X1
1 1 1
X X X X
A 2=I X
X
1 X 1 X 1
I X
A2 =
A 2= A SI CUMPLE LA MATIRZ A ES INDEMPOTENTE
A si debe ser cuadrada
x siempre es cuadrada
A= 1 8 LINEALMENTE INDEPENDIENTE
9 3
[ ]
[ ]
C=
] [
0 2
LINEALMENTE INDEPENDIENTE
3 2
][ ]
1
2 V 1=V 2
D= 1 4 , D= 1 4 = V
2 8
2 8
V 2 2 [ 12 ]=[ 28]
NO ES LINEALMENTE INDEPENDIENTE
D= 1 4
2 8
[ ][ ]
1
4
=
2
8
[ ]
4 0 2
b 6 0 3
8 2 3
[ ]
1 1
4
e 8 11 2
0 4 7
8 1 3
a 4 0 1
6 0 3
1 2 3
d 4 7 5
3 6 9
[ ]
[
[ ]
a b c
c b c a
c a b
SOLUCION:
Mtodo de la estrella:
a 0+6+ 0( 0+ 0+12 )=612=6
b 63+30+72( 63+30+72 )=165165=0
c abc+ abc+ abc( c 3 +b3 +c 3 ) =3 abca3 b3c3
d =77+ (8 )+56(8+56 )=77
e 0+ 0+24( +24 ) =0
x 5 0
f 3 y 2
9 1 8
] [
c 11 c 12 c 13
C 21 C22 C24
c 21 c 22 c 24 |M 11|= C 31 C32 C34 =X
c 41 c 42 c 44
C 41 C 42 C44
( 13 )=+|M 13|= X
C11 C 12 C 14
|M 23|= C31 C 32 C 34 =Y
C 41 C 42 C 44
1
|C 23|=
C11 C 12 C 14
|M 33|= C 21 C 22 C 24 =Z
C 41 C 42 C 44
|C 33|=(1)6|M 33|=Z
C12 C 13 C14
|M 41|= C 22 C 23 C24 =W
C32 C 33 C34
|c 41|=(1)5|m41|=w
C11 C 12 C 13
M
=
| 34| C21 C 22 C 23 = A
C41 C 42 C 43
|C 34|=(1)7|M 34|=A
3) dado:
| |
a b c
d e f y hallar los menores y los cofactores de los elementos a , b , f .
g h i
| |
e=|a11|= e f |m11|=eifh
h i
|c 11|=(1)2|m 11|=eifh
| |
b=|m12|= d f =difg
g i
c 12=(1)3|m12|=( difg )=fgdi
| |
f =|m23|= a b =(ahbg)
g h
c)
1 2
2 3
1 6
0 5
0
4
0
0
9
6
4
8
HALLANDO EL DETERMINANTE
b)
2 7
5 6
0 0
1 3
0
4
9
1
1
8
0
4
a)
1 2
2 3
1 6
0 5
0 9 1 2
4 6 2 3
0 1 1 6
0 8 0 5
0
4
0
0
b)
2 7
5 6
0 0
1 3
0
4
9
1
1
8
0
4
2 7
5 6
0 0
1 3
0
7
9
1
A=
1 2
2 3
1 6
0 5
0 9
4 6
0 1
0 8
2 3 4
|M 14|= 1 6 0 =0 C 14=(1)5|M 14|=0
0 5 0
2 0 1
1 1 7
3 3 9
| |
2 0 1
1 1 7
3 3 9
| A'|
2 1 3
0 1 3
=
1 7 9
=-24
=-24
=24
2 0 1
1 1 7
3 3 9
3 3 9
1 1 7
2 0 1
k 2 0 k
1 1 7
3 3 9
=k |24|
| |
2 0 1
1 1 7
3 3 9
2
0
1
1+2 k 1 7+ k
3
3
9
| A| .
a11 a1 n
A= =k n| A|
an 1 a nn
3.- Qu propiedades de los determinantes nos permiten escribir
lo siguiente?
| | |
9 18
27 56
| |
=18
9 27
4 2
9 18
0 2
| |
1 3
2 1
PROPIEDAD V
PROPIEDAD III
| |
4 0 1
19 1 3
5 4 7
=4
| | | |
1 3
4 7
19 3
5 7
-0
+1
| |
19 1
5 4
=51 0NO
SINGULAR
4 2 1
5 6 0
7
0 3
| | | |
2 1
6 0
=7
-0
4 1
5 0
+3
4 2
5 6
=140NO
SINGULAR
7 1 0
1
1
4
13 3 4
| |
7 9 5
3 0 1
10 8 6
=7
=7
1
4
3 4
+1
| | | |
0 1
8 6
-9
3 1
10 6
1
4
13 4
+5
+0=0SINGULAR
| |
3 0
10 8
=-80NO SINGULAR
| |
3
4 0 1
4
A= 19 1 3 19
5 4 7
5
7
| |
1
1
7
0 R ( A )=0
1
||
||
4 2 1
6 0 3
B= 5 6
4 0 11 9 R ( B )=0
7
0 4
12 5 1
7 1 0
7 1
0
C= 1
1
4
0
0
4 R ( C )=0
13 3 4
0 16 17
| ||
7 9 5
2 4
0
D= 3 0 1 0 3 2 R ( D )=0
10 8 6
0 2 4
6.-Pueden todos los conjuntos de los tres vectores siguientes
generar el tercer espacio? Razonar la respuesta.
[ 1 2 0 ][ 2 3 1 ] [ 3 4 2 ]
[ 8 1 3 ] [1 2 8 ][ 7 1 5 ]
Generarn un tercer espacio si son tridimensionales.
Y =C + I 0+G 0
C=a+bY
Y C=I 0 +G 0
bY + C=a
(a 0,0 b 1)
A=
1 1
b 1
[ ]
1 b
1 1
[ ]
1 1
b 1
Adj(A)=
A1=
[ ]
1
1 1 1
AdjA=
| A|
1b b 1
[ ][
[ ]
Y
C
1 1 1 I 0 +G0
= 1b b 1
a
I 0+G 0+ a
1
= 1b b ( I ++G )+ a
0
0
[ ]
5 2
0 1
A1=
B=
[ ]
1 0
9 2
][
][
[ ]
1
1 1 2
= 5
5 0 5
0
Adj ( A )= 1 0 = 1 2
2 5
0 5
| A|=5
|B|=2
2
5
1
Adj ( B )=
2 9
2 0
=
0 1
9 1
B1=
C=
][
1 2 0
= 2 0
2 9 1 9 1
7 7 |C|=28
3 1
7
28
7
28
[ ]
7 6 |D|=21
0 3
D=
][
Adj ( D )= 3 0 = 3 6
6 7
0 7
[ ]
3
1 3 6
21
D =
=
21 0 7
0
1
[ ]
1
1 1 7
18
C =
=
28 3 7
3
28
1
][
Adj ( C ) = 1 3 = 1 7
7 7
3 7
6
21
7
21
[ ] [
] [
3 2 0 1 0 2
1 0
2 3
1 3
como
| A|=2
[ ]
0
1 0 2
A =
= 1
2 1 3
2
1
1
3
2
[
[
4 2 1
E= 7 3 3 |E|=8
2 0 1
][
9 1 6 9 2 9
E= 2
2
4 = 1 2 5
9 5 26
6 4 26
[ ]
1
4
1
4
1
2
9
8
1 9 2 9
1
1
E = 1 2 5 =
8
8
6 4 26
3
4
1 1 2
F= 1 0 3 | F|=10
4 0 2
][
0 10 0
0
2 2
F= 2 6 4 = 10 6 1
2 1 12
0 4 12
[ ]
1
5
2 2
1 0
1
6
F =
10 6 1 = 1
10
10
0 4 12
2
0
5
[ ]
[ ][
1
5
1
10
6
5
1 0 0
G= 0 0 1 |G|=1
0 1 0
1 0
0
1 0
0
G= 0
1 1 = 0
1 1
0 1 0
0 1 0
9
8
5
8
13
4
G1=
][
1 0
0
1 0 0
1
0
1 1 = 0 1 1
1
0 1 0
0 1 0
[ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
1 0 0
H= 0 1 0 |H|=1
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 0
H= 0 1 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 0
1
H = 0 1 0=0 1 0
1
0 0 1
0 0 1
1
1
Adj( A)
| A|
A= A1 A=
( )
A= a b
c d
Sea :
| |
| A|= a b | A|=( a . db .c ) 0 A1
c d
Cof ( A )
d c
cof ( A )=
Adj ( A )=
b a
d
1
d b a b = (a . db . c )
a b =
c d (a . db .c ) c a
c d
c
(a . db . c )
( )
) ( )
b
(a . db . c)
a
(a . db . c)
a=
b=
d
(1)
(a .d b . c)
b
( a . db . c ) =1 . ..( 2)
(a . db . c )
a=
d
a=d a=d
1
A= A1 A= a b Lqqd .
c a
a)
3 x1 2 x 2=11
8 x 17 x2 =6
c)
2 x 1 + x 2=12
x 1+ x 2=3
x 1 +3 x 2=3
b)
d)
4 x 1x 2=12
7 x1 3 x 2=4
Solucin:
| |
| A|= 3 2 | A|=7
a)
| A1|= 11
12
6 x 1+ 9 x 2=15
2 A =35
| 1|
1
| A 1|
x 1=
| A|
35
=5
7
| A 2|
| |
| A2|= 32
b)
11 A =14
| 2|
12
14
=2
7
3 B =33
| 1|
1
3 B =0
| 2|
12
|B1|
x 1=
33
=3
|B| 11
=
|B1|
|B2|= 1
4
x 2=
|B| 11
=0
|C|= 8 7 |C|=15
1
|C 1|= 6
3
|c 2|= 81
d)
| A|
3 |B|=11
1
|B|= 1
|B1|= 3
12
c)
x 2=
|C1|
7 C =15
| 1|
1
x 1=
|C|
|C2|
6 C =30
| 2|
3
x 2=
|C|
15
=1
15
30
=2
15
| |
|D|= 6
9 |D|=81
7 3
|D1|= 15
4
| D1|
9 D =81
| 1|
3
x 1=
| D2|
| |
|D2|= 67
|D|
15 D =81
| 2|
4
x 2=
|D|
81
=1
81
81
=1
81
a)
x1
1
d
=
Adj ( A ) 1
x2
A
d2
( )||
()
X =A d
| |
| A|= 3 2 | A|=7
2
c of ( A)
1
2
cof ( A )=
Adj ( A )=
2 3
b)
x 1 1 1 2 11
=
x 2 7 2 3 12
() (
x1
1
d
= Adj ( B ) 1
x 2 |B|
d2
()
x1
=5
2
x2
( ) ()
)( )
()
(
cof ( B)
Adj ( B )=
cof ( B )= 1 4
3 1
c)
x1
1 1 3 3
=
x 2 11 4 1 12
()
x1
=3
0
x2
( ) ()
)( )
x1
1
d
=
Adj ( C ) 1
x2 C
d2
( )||
3 |B|=11
1
|B|= 1
()
|C|= 8 7 |C|=15
1
cof (C)
1 1
cof ( C ) =
Adj ( C )=
7 8
d)
()
x1
1 1 7 6
x
=
1=1
15
1
8
3
2
x2
x2
() (
)( ) ( ) ( )
()
|D|= 6
| |
x1
1
d
=
Adj ( D ) 1
x 2 |D|
d2
9 |D|=81
7 3
cof (D)
3
7
cof ( D )=
Adj ( D )=
9 6
() (
)( ) ( ) ( )
x1
1 3 9 15
x
=
1=1
81
7
6
4
1
x2
x2
8 x 1x 2=15
(a)
(c)
4 x +3 y2 z=7
x 2+5 x 3=4
x+ y=5
2 x 1 +3 x 3=4
3 x+ z=4
x 1 +3 x 2+2 x 3=24
(b)
x 1+ x 3=6
(d)
x + y + z=a
x y + z=b
5 x2 x3 =8
x+ yz=c
Solucion :
a)
b)
8 1 0
| A|= 0 1 5 =14
2 0 3
[ ]
| |
| |
| |
15 1 0
A
=
| 1| 4 1 5 =37
4
0 3
x 1=
8 15 0
A
=
| 2| 0 4 5 =86
2 4 3
x 2=
8 1 15
| A3|= 0 1 4 =6
2 0
4
x 3=
1 3 2
0 1 =18
0 5 1
|B|= 1
| A 1|
37
| A| 14
| A 2|
| A|
| A 3|
| A|
86 43
=
14 7
6 3
=
14
7
|B1|=
24 3 2
6 0 1 =18
8 5 1
1 24 2
B
=
| 2| 1 6 1 =10
0
8 1
|B1|
x 1=
18
=1
18
|B2|
x 2=
1 3 24
|B3|= 1 0 6 =126
0 5 8
c)
|B|
10
|B| 18
=
|B 3|
x 3=
|B|
126 64
=
18
9
4 3 2
|C|= 1 1 0 =7
3 0 1
7 3 2
1 0 =0
4 0 1
|C 1|= 5
|C1|
x 1=
4 7 2
C
=
| 2| 1 5 0 =35
3 4 1
x 2=
| |
x 3=
4 3 7
|C 3|= 1 1 5 =28
3 0 4
0
= =0
|C| 7
|C2|
|C|
|C3|
|C|
35
=5
7
28
=4
7