Schizophrenia (/sktsfrni/ or /sktsfrini/) is a mental disorder characterized by

a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses.

[1]
Common symptoms include auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions,
ordisorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or
occupational dysfunction. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood,
with a global lifetime prevalence of about 0.30.7%.[2] Diagnosis is based on observed
behavior and the patient's reported experiences.
Genetics, early environment, neurobiology, and psychological and social processes
appear to be important contributory factors; some recreational and prescription drugs
appear to cause or worsen symptoms. Current research is focused on the role of
neurobiology, although no single isolated organic cause has been found. The many
possible combinations of symptoms have triggered debate about whether the diagnosis
represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. Despite the origin of
the term from the Greekroots skhizein (, "to split") and phrn, phren- (,
-; "mind"), schizophrenia does not imply a "split personality", or "multiple
personality disorder" (which is known these days as dissociative identity disorder)a
condition with which it is often confused in public perception. [3] Rather, the term means a
"splitting of mental functions", because of the symptomatic presentation of the illness. [4]
The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, which primarily
suppresses dopamine (and sometimes serotonin) receptoractivity. Psychotherapy and
vocational and social rehabilitation are also important in treatment. In more serious
caseswhere there is risk to self and othersinvoluntary hospitalization may be
necessary, although hospital stays are now shorter and less frequent than they once
were.[5]
The disorder is thought mainly to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to
chronic problems with behavior and emotion. People with schizophrenia are likely to
have additional (comorbid) conditions, including major depression and anxiety
disorders; the lifetime occurrence of substance use disorder is almost 50%.[6] Social
problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty, and homelessness are common.
The average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 12 to 15 years less than
those without, the result of increased physical health problems and a higher suicide rate
(about 5%).

Schizoid personality disorder (SPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of

interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness,

emotional coldness, and apathy. Affected individuals may simultaneously demonstrate a

rich, elaborate and exclusively internal fantasy world, although this is often more
suggestive of schizotypal personality disorder.
SPD is not the same as schizophrenia, although they share such similar characteristics
as detachment and blunted affect. There is, moreover, increased prevalence of the
disorder in families with schizophrenia.
Some psychologists argue that the definition of SPD is flawed due to cultural bias: "One
reason schizoid people are pathologized is because they are comparatively rare.
People in majorities tend to assume that their own psychology is normative and to
equate difference with inferiority". Therefore "[t]he so-called schizoid personality
disorder is one of the more blatant examples of the APAs pathologizing of normal
human differences.
Signs and symptoms
People with SPD are often aloof, cold and indifferent, which causes interpersonal
difficulty. Most individuals diagnosed with SPD have trouble establishing personal
relationships or expressing their feelings in a meaningful way. They may
remain passive in the face of unfavorable situations. Their communication with other
people may be indifferent and concise at times. Because of their lack of meaningful
communication with other people, those who are diagnosed with SPD are not able to
develop accurate images of how well they get along with others. [13]
Such images are believed to be important for a person's self-awareness and ability to
assess the impact of their own actions in social situations. R.D. Laing suggests that
when one is not enriched by injections of interpersonal reality, the self-image becomes
increasingly empty and volatilized, which leads the individual to feel unreal.[13]
When the individual's personal space is violated, they feel suffocated and feel the need
to free themselves and be independent. People who have SPD tend to be happiest
when they are in a relationship in which the partner places few emotional
or intimate demands on them. It is not people as such that they want to avoid, but
emotions both negative and positive, emotional intimacy, and self disclosure.
This means that it is possible for schizoid individuals to form relationships with others
based on intellectual, physical, familial, occupational, or recreational activities as long
as these modes of relating do not require or force the need for emotional intimacy,
which the affected individual will reject. Donald Winnicott explains this need to modulate
emotional interaction by saying that schizoid individuals "prefer to make relationships on

their own terms and not in terms of the impulses of other people." Failing to attain that,
they prefer isolation.
Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate
behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered to be
of a private nature.[1]
The principal characteristic of voyeurism is that the voyeur does not normally relate
directly with the subject of his/her interest, who is often unaware of being observed.
Voyeurism may involve the making of a secret photograph or video of the subject during
an intimate activity. When the interest in a particular subject is obsessive, the behavior
may be described as stalking.
The term comes from the French voyeur, "one who looks". A male voyeur is commonly
labeled "Peeping Tom", a term which originates from the Lady Godiva legend. However,
that term is usually applied to a male who observes somebody through her window, and
not in a public place.

Schizophrenia (/sktsfrni/ or /sktsfrini/) is a mental disorder characterized by

a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses.
[1]
Common symptoms include auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions,
ordisorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or
occupational dysfunction. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood,
with a global lifetime prevalence of about 0.30.7%.[2] Diagnosis is based on observed
behavior and the patient's reported experiences.
Genetics, early environment, neurobiology, and psychological and social processes
appear to be important contributory factors; some recreational and prescription drugs
appear to cause or worsen symptoms. Current research is focused on the role of
neurobiology, although no single isolated organic cause has been found. The many
possible combinations of symptoms have triggered debate about whether the diagnosis
represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. Despite the origin of
the term from the Greekroots skhizein (, "to split") and phrn, phren- (,
-; "mind"), schizophrenia does not imply a "split personality", or "multiple
personality disorder" (which is known these days as dissociative identity disorder)a
condition with which it is often confused in public perception. [3] Rather, the term means a
"splitting of mental functions", because of the symptomatic presentation of the illness. [4]

The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, which primarily

suppresses dopamine (and sometimes serotonin) receptoractivity. Psychotherapy and
vocational and social rehabilitation are also important in treatment. In more serious
caseswhere there is risk to self and othersinvoluntary hospitalization may be
necessary, although hospital stays are now shorter and less frequent than they once
were.[5]
The disorder is thought mainly to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to
chronic problems with behavior and emotion. People with schizophrenia are likely to
have additional (comorbid) conditions, including major depression and anxiety
disorders; the lifetime occurrence of substance use disorder is almost 50%.[6] Social
problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty, and homelessness are common.
The average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 12 to 15 years less than
those without, the result of increased physical health problems and a higher suicide rate
(about 5%).

Paranoia /prn/ (adjective: paranoid /prnd/) is a thought process believed

to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.
Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs, or beliefs
of conspiracyconcerning a perceived threat towards oneself. (e.g. "Everyone is out to
get me.")
Making false accusations and the general distrust of others also frequently accompany
paranoia. For example, an incident most people would view as
an accident or coincidence, a paranoid person might believe was intentional.