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Chapter Two
Psychrometrics of Air Condition Processes
2.1- Psychrometric Chart
Chapter Tw o
In a psychrometric chart, dry bulb temperature is taken as abscissa and specific heat i.e.
moisture content as ordinate, as shown in Fig.(2.1). Now the saturation cure is drawn by plotting the
various saturation points at corresponding dry bulb temperatures. The saturation curve represent
100% relative humidity at various dry bulb temperatures. It also represents the wet bulb and dew
point temperatures.
Though the psychrometric chart has a number of details, yet the following lines are important
from subject point of view:
1. Dry bulb temperature lines: The dry bulb temperature lines are vertical i.e. parallel to the
ordinate and uniformly spaced as shown in Fig.(2.2). Generally, the temperature range of these lines
on psychrometric chart is from -6C to 45C. The dry bulb temperature lines are drawn with
difference of every 5C and up to the saturation curve as shown in the figure. The values of dry bulb
temperatures are shown on the saturation curve.
2. Specific humidity or moisture content lines: The specific humidity (moisture content) lines are
horizontal i.e. parallel to the abscissa and are also uniformly spaced as shown in Fig.(2.3).
Generally, moisture content range of these lines on psychrometric chart is from 0 to 30 g / kg of dry
air (or from 0 to 0.030 kg / kg of dry air). The moisture content lines are drawn with a difference of
every 1 g (0.001 kg) and up to the saturation curve as shown in the figure.
3. Dew point temperature lines: The dew point temperature lines are horizontal i.e. parallel to the
abscissa and non-uniformly spaced as shown in Fig.(2.4). At any point on the saturation curve, the
dry bulb and dew point temperatures are equal.
The values of dew point temperatures are generally given along the saturation curve of the chart
as shown in the figure.
Chapter Tw o
4. Wet bulb temperature lines: The wet bulb temperature lines are inclined straight lines and nonuniformly spaced as shown in Fig.(2.5). At any point on the saturation curve, the dry bulb and wet
bulb temperatures are equal.
The values of wet bulb temperatures are generally given along the saturation curve of the chart
as shown in the figure.
5. Enthalpy (total heat) lines: The enthalpy (or total heat) lines are inclined straight lines and
uniformly spaced as shown in Fig.(2.6). These lines are parallel to the wet bulb temperature lines,
and are drawn up to the saturation curve. Some of these lines coincide with the wet bulb
temperature lines also.
The values of total enthalpy are given on a scale above the saturation curve as shown in the
figure.
6. Specific volume lines: The specific volume lines are obliquely inclined straight lines and
uniformly spaced as shown in Fig.(2.7). These lines are drawn up to the saturation curve.
The values of volume lines are generally given at the base of the chart.
7. Relative humidity lines: The relative humidity lines are curved and follow the saturation curve.
Generally, these lines are drawn with values of relative humidity 10%, 20%, 30% etc. and up to
100%. The saturation curve presents 100% relative humidity. The values of relative humidity lines
are generally given along the lines themselves as shown in Fig.(2.8).
Chapter Tw o
Example 2.1. For a sample of air having 22C DBT, relative humidity 30 percent at barometric
pressure of 760 mm of Hg, calculate: 1.Vapour pressure, 2. Humidity ratio, 3. Vapour density, and
4.Enthalpy.
Verify your result by psychrometric chart.
Solution: Given :td =22C ; =30%=0.3 ; pb=760 mm of Hg=760133.4= 101384N/m2=1.01384
bar
1.Vapour pressure
Let
pv=Vapour pressure
From steam tables (table 1.4), we find that the saturation pressure of vapour corresponding to
dry bulb temperature of 22C is
ps=0.026448 bar
We know that relative humidity ( ),
p
pv
0 .3 = v =
ps 0.026448
pv=0.30.02642=0.007934 bar
2.Humidity ratio
We know that humidity ratio,
pv
0.622 0.007934
W = 0.622
=
pb pv 1.01384 0.007934
= 0.0049 kg / kg of dry air
3.Vapour density
We know that vapour density,
W ( pb pv ) 0.0049(1.01384 0.007934 )10 5
v =
=
Ra Td
287(273 + 22)
3
= 0.00582 kg / m of dry air
4.Enthalpy
We know that enthalpy,
h = (1.007t d 0.026 ) + W (2501 + 1.84t d )
= (1.00722-0.026) + 0.0049 (2501+1.8422)
=34.58 kJ/kg dry air
Verification from psychrometric chart
The initial condition of air i.e. 22C dry bulb temperature and 30% relative humidity is marked
on the psychrometric chart at point A as shown in Fig.(2.9)
From point A, draw a horizontal line meeting the humidity ratio line at C. From the
psychrometric chart, we find that the humidity ratio at point C,
W5 g/kg of dry air 0.005 kg/kg of dry air
Fig.(2.9)
Chapter Tw o
We also find from psychrometric chart that the specific volume at point A is 0.843 m3/kg of dry
air.
Chapter Tw o
m2 h1 h3
=
(2.4)
m1 h3 h2
Or
h3 =
m1h1 + m2 h2
(2.5)
m1 + m2
Similarly, substituting the value of m3 from equation (2.1) in equation (2.3), we have
m2 W1 W3
=
(2.6)
m1 W3 W2
m W + m2W2
Or
W3 = 1 1
(2.7)
m1 + m2
Now from equations (2.4) and (2.6)
m2 h1 h3 W1 W3
=
=
(2.8)
m1 h3 h2 W3 W2
The adiabatic mixing process is represented on the psychrometric chart as shown in Fig.(2.10)
(b). The final condition of the mixture (point 3) lies on the straight line 1-2. The point 3 divides the
line 1-2 in the inverse ratio of the mixing masses.
Example 2.2. 300 m3/min of fresh air at 30 C (DBT) dry bulb temperature and 50% RH is to be
mixed with 800 m3/min of recirculated air at 22 C (DBT) dry bulb temperature and 10 C dew point
temperature. Determine the enthalpy, specific volume, humidity ratio, and dew point temperature of
the mixture.
Solution. Given: v1=300 m3/min; td1=30 C; 1 =50%; v2=800 m3/min; td2=22 C; tdp2=10 C
Enthalpy of the mixture
Let
h3= Enthalpy of the mixture
The condition of recirculated air at 22 C DBT and 10 C dew point temperatures is marked on
the psychrometric chart at point 2 as shown in Fig.(2.11). Now mark the condition of fresh air at 30
C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity at point 1 as shown in the figure. Join 1 and 2.
Chapter Tw o
h3
1
h2
W1
tdp3
W3
10 C
W2
0.876
m3/kg
vs3
0.846
m3/kg
22
30
Fig(2.11)
From the psychrometric chart, we find that enthalpy of air at point 1,
h1=64.6 kJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of air at point 2,
h2=41.8 kJ/kg of dry air
Specific humidity of air at point 1,
W1= 0.0134 kg/kg of dry air
Specific humidity of air at point 2,
W2= 0.0076 kg/kg of dry air
Specific volume at point 1,
vs1= 0.877 m3/kg of dry air
and Specific volume at point 2,
vs2= 0.846 m3/kg of dry air
We know that mass of fresh air at point 1,
v
300
m1 = 1 =
= 342.07 kg / min
v s1 0.877
and mass of recirculated air at point 2,
v
800
= 945.6 kg / min
m2 = 2 =
v s 2 0.846
We know that
m1 h3 h2
342.07 h3 41.8
=
or
=
m2 h1 h3
945.6 64.6 h3
h3=47.86 kJ/kg of dry air
Ans.
Specific volume, humidity ratio, and dew point temperature of the mixture
Plot point 3 on line joining the points 1 and 2 corresponding to enthalpy h3=47.86 kJ/kg of dry
air, as shown in Fig.(2.11).
From point 3 on psychrometric chart, we find that specific volume of the mixture at point 3,
vs3= 0.855 m3/kg of dry air
Ans.
Humidity ratio of the mixture at point 3,
W3= 0.0092 kg/kg of dry air
Ans.
And dew point temperature of the mixture at point 3,
tdp312.7 C
Ans.
Chapter Tw o
SHR
ht
hl
1
hs
Parallel
State point
2
Sensible heat ratio line
= (c pa + W c ps )(t d 2 t d 1 ) = c pm (t d 2 t d 1 )
Chapter Tw o
The term (c pa + W c ps ) is called humid specific heat (cpm) and its value is taken as 1.022 kJ/kg K.
Heat added
q = 1.022 (t d 2 t d 1 ) kJ / kg .(2.10)
q = h1 h2
= c pa (t d 1 t d 2 ) + W c ps (t d 1 t d 2 )
= (c pa + W c ps )(t d 1 t d 2 ) = c pm (t d 1 t d 2 )
Chapter Tw o
The term (c pa + W c ps ) is called humid specific heat (cpm) and its value is taken as 1.022 kJ/kg K.
q = 1.022 (t d 1 t d 2 ) kJ / kg
Heat rejected,
Generally, Heat rejected,
q = m (h1 h2 ) (2.11)
Notes: 1- For sensible cooling, the cooling coil may have refrigerant, cooling water or cool gas
flowing through it.
2- The sensible cooling can be done only upto the dew point temperature (tdp) as shown in
Fig.(2.14) b. The cooling below this temperature will result in the condensation of moisture.
x (t d 3 t d 1 ) = t d 3 t d 2
td 3 td 2
..(2.12)
t d 3 t d1
where x is called by-pass factor of the coil and is generally written as BPF. Therefore, by-pass
factor for heating coil,
x=
BPF =
td 3 td 2
td 3 td1
..(2.13)
Chapter Tw o
* Under ideal condition, the dry bulb temperature of the air leaving the apparatus ( t d 2 ) should be equal to that of the
coil ( t d 3 ). But it is not so, because of the inefficiency of the coil. This phenomenon is known as by-pass factor.
C = 1
t d 2 t d 3 t d1 t d 2
=
..(2.17)
t d1 t d 3 td1 t d 3
Example 2.3. In a heating application, moist air enters a steam heating coil at 10 C, 50% RH and
leaves at 30 C. Determine the sensible heat transfer, if mass flow rate of air is 100kg of dry air per
second. Also determine the steam mass flow rate if steam enters saturated at 100 C and condensate
leaves at 80 C.
Solution. Given: td1=10 C ; 1 =50% ; td2=30 C; ma=100kg/s ; ts= 100 C; tC= 80 C
Sensible heat transfer
First, mark the initial condition of air, i.e. 10 C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity on
the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.16). Draw a constant specific humidity line
from point 1 to intersect the vertical line drawn through 30 C dry bulb temperature at point 2. the
line 1-2 represents sensible heating of air.
From the psychrometric chart, we find that
enthalpy at point 1,
h1=19.5 kJ/kg of dry air
Fig(2.16)
and enthalpy at point 2,
h2=40 kJ/kg of dry air
We know that sensible heat transfer,
Q=ma(h2-h1)=100(40-19.5)=2050 kJ/s
Ans.
Chapter Tw o
Ans.
Example 2.3. The air enters a duct at 10 C and 80% RH at the rate of 150 m3/min and is heated to
30 C without adding or removing any moisture. The pressure remains constant at 1 atmosphere.
Determine the relative humidity of air at exit from the duct and the rate of heat transfer.
Solution. Given: td1=10 C; 1 =80%; v1=150 m3/min; td2=30 C; p=pb= 1 atm=101.325 kPa
Fig(2.17)
From the psychrometric chart, we find that the relative humidity of air exit i.e. at point 2,
2 23.5%
Rate of heat transfer
From the psychrometric chart, we also find that the specific volume of air at point 1,
1=0.81 m3/kg of dry air
enthalpy of air at point 1,
h1=26 kJ/kg of dry air
and enthalpy of air at point 2,
h2=45.5 kJ/kg of dry air
We know that amount of air supplied,
Chapter Tw o
ma =
v1
150
= 185.2 m 3 / min
0.81
(
pb pv1 )v1 (1.013 0.00982)10 5 150
ma =
=
= 185.2 m 3 / min
Ra Td 1
287 (273 + 10)
Ans.
Chapter Tw o
2. Absolute humidification and dehumidification processes are rarely found in practice. These
are always accompanied by heating and cooling processes.
3. In air conditioning, the latent heat load per minute is given as:
LH = ma h = ma h fg W = h fg ..(2.20)
where
Let
Chapter Tw o
shown by a point 2 on the straight line joining the points 1 and 4. The by-pass factor in this case is
given by
BPF =
td 2 td 4
t ADP
= d2
..(2.22)
td1 td 4
t d 1 ADP
W2 W4
h h2
= 4
..(2.23)
W1 W4
h1 h2
Actually, the cooling and dehumidification process follows the path as shown by a dotted curve
in Fig.(2.19) a, but for calculation of psychrometric properties, only end points are important. Thus
the cooling and dehumidification process shown by a line 1-2 may be assumed to have followed a
path 1-A (i.e. dehumidification) and (i.e. cooling) as shown in Fig.(2.19)a. We see that the total heat
removed from the air during the cooling and dehumidification process is
Also
BPF =
q = h1 h2 = (h1 hA ) + (hA h2 ) = LH + SH
where
LH = h1 hA = Latent heat removed due to condensation of vapour of
reduced moisture content (W1-W2), and
SH = hA h2 =Sensible heat removed.
We know that sensible heat factor,
SHF =
Sensible heat
SH
h h2
=
= A
..(2.24)
Total heat
SH + LH h1 h2
Note: The line 1-4 (i.e. the line joining the point of entering air and the apparatus dew point) in Fig.
(2.19) b is known as sensible heat factor line.
Example 2.4. The atmospheric air at 30 C dry bulb temperature and 75% relative humidity enters a
cooling coil at the rate 200 m3/min. the coil dew point temperature is 14 C and the by-pass factor of
the coil is 0.1. Determine: 1. the temperature of air leaving the cooling coil; 2. the capacity of the
cooling coil in tones of refrigeration and in kilowatt; 3. the amount of water vapour removed per
minute; and 4. the sensible heat factor for the process.
Solution. Given: td1=30 C ; 1 =75% ; v1=200 m3/min ; ADP= td4=14 C; BPF=0.1
1. Temperature of air leaving the cooling coil
Let
td2= Temperature of air leaving the cooling coil
First, mark the initial condition of the air, i.e. 30 C dry bulb temperature and 75% relative
humidity on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.20). From the psychrometric
chart, the dew point temperature of the entering air at point 1.
tdp1= 25.2 C
Since the coil dew point temperature (or ADP) is less than the dew point temperature of entering
air, therefore it a process of cooling and dehumidification.
We know that the by-pass factor,
Chapter Tw o
W1
t td 4
t ADP
BPF = d 2
= d2
td1 td 4
t d 1 ADP
0 .1 =
W2
t d 2 14
30 14
td2= 15.6
Ans.
Fig(2.20)
2. Capacity of the cooling coil
The resulting condition of air coming out of the coil is shown by point 2, on the line joining
the points 1 and 4, as shown in Fig.(2.20). The line 1-2 represent the cooling and dehumidification
process which may be assumed to have followed the path 1-A (i.e. dehumidification) and A-2 (i.e.
cooling). Now from psychrometric chart, we find that
Water vapour in the entering air or the specific humidity of entering air at point 1,
W1=0.0202 kg/kg of dry air
Water vapour in the leaving air or the specific humidity of leaving air at point 2,
W2=0.011 kg/kg of dry air
Specific volume of entering air at point 1,
1=0.886 m3/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of entering air at point 1,
h1=82 kJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy air at point A,
hA=58 kJ/kg of dry air
and enthalpy of leaving air at point 2
h2=43.5 kJ/kg of dry air
We know that mass of air flowing through the cooling coil,
v
200
ma = 1 =
= 225.7 kg / min
1 0.886
Capacity of cooling coil in tones of refrigeration
=ma(h1-h2)=225.7(82-43.5)=8690.7 kJ/min
=8690.7/210=41.38 TR
Ans.
(Q 1 TR=210 kJ/min)
and capacity of the cooling coil in kilowatt
=8690.7/60=144.845 kW
Ans.
3. Amount of water vapour removed per minute
We know that amount of water vapour removed
=ma(W1-W2)=225.7(0.0202-0.011)=2.076 kg/min
Ans.
4. Sensible heat factor for the process
We know that sensible heat factor,
hA h 2 58 43.5
SHF =
=
= 0.377
h1 h 2 82 43.5
Ans.
Chapter Tw o
Chapter Tw o
Thus, the droplets of water act as wetted surface, and both sensible and latent heat transfer take
place. Their directions depend on the temperature and vapour pressure potentials. The following
processes are possible:
Process 1-2A: Heating and humidification (tsurf. > td)
The mean surface temperature of water is greater than the dry bulb temperature of air. The water
is externally heated.
Process 1-2B: Humidification (tsurf. =td)
The mean surface temperature of water is equal to the dry bulb temperature of air. The enthalpy of
air increases. Hence the water is required to be externally heated.
Process 1-2C: Cooling and humidification (tw<tsurf. <td)
The mean surface temperature of water is less than the dry bulb temperature of air but greater
than the wet bulb temperature of air. Though the air is cooled, its enthalpy increases as a result of
humidification. The water is, therefore, required to be externally heated.
Process 1-2D: Adiabatic saturation (tsurf. =tw)
This is the case of pumped recirculation of water without any external heating or cooling as
discussed in Sec. 1.5. The recirculated water reaches the equilibrium temperature which is equal to
the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature of air.
Process 1-2E: Cooling and humidification (tdp<tsurf. <tw)
The process is similar to 1-2C with the difference that the enthalpy of air decreases in this case.
Accordingly, water is required to be externally cooled.
Process 1-2F: Cooling (tsurf. = tdp)
The temperature of water is equal to the dew point temperature of air. water is required to be
externally cooled.
Process 1-2G: Cooling and dehumidification (tsurf. < tdp)
The mean surface temperature of water is lower than the dew point temperature of air. Ai is
simultaneously cooled and dehumidified. The process is exactly similar to that of a cooling and
dehumidifying coil. Again, the limiting process is along the condition line tangent to the saturation
line drawn from initial state 1.
It is thus seen that the air washer affords means for a year-round air-conditioning system.
W1
tdp1
tw1
td1
Chapter Tw o
The effectiveness or humidifying efficiency of the air washer or spray chamber is given by
H =
m1
t1
W1
h1
m1h1 + mw h3 = m2 h2 ..(2.26)
For mass balance for dry air
m1=m2=m ..(2.27)
for water vapour
m1W1 + mw = m2W2 ..(2.28)
Or
mw = m(W2 W1 )
(2.29)
also
mw h3 = m(h2 h1 )
(2.30)
By dividing Equ.(2.30)on Equ.(2.29), we get:
h h
h
h3 = 2 1 =
..(2.31)
W2 W1 W
as shown in Fig.(2.24)
Humidification by water injection
(1-a) constant enthalpy humidification
(1-b) adiabatic humidification
(1-c) humidification with water at 100 C
Humidification by steam injection
(1-d) isothermal humidification with steam at 100 C
(1-e) humidification with steam at 234 C
and 30 bar and hs=2803 kJ/kg
as shown in Fig.(2.25)
h3
Chapter Tw o
Chapter Tw o
Example 2.6. Determine the final dry bulb temperature and relative humidity of air washer with
recirculated spray water if the air is initially at dry bulb temperature 35 C and 50% relative
humidity as it enters an air washer which has humidifying efficiency of 85 percent.
Solution. Given: td1=35 C ; 1 =50% ; H=85%=0.85
First, mark the initial condition of air at 35 C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity
on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.28). The wet bulb temperature of the
entering air as read from the psychrometric chart is
tw1=26.1 C
Final dry bulb temperature
Let td2 = final dry bulb temperature of the air
leaving the air washer
We know that humidifying efficiency of an air washer (H),
t t
35 t d 2
0.85 = d 1 d 2 =
t d 1 t d 3 35 26.1
td2 = 35-0.858.9=27.435 C
Ans.
Fig.(2.28)
Chapter Tw o
Let
Example 2.7. The atmospheric air at 25 C dry bulb temperature and 12 C wet bulb temperatures is
flowing at the rate of 100 m3/min through the duct. The dry saturated steam at 100 C is injected
into the air steam at the rate of 72 kg per hour. Calculate the specific humidity and enthalpy of the
leaving air. Also determine the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and relative humidity of
the leaving air.
Solution. Given: td1=25 C ; tw1=12 C v1=100 m3/min; ts=100 C; ms=72 kg/h = 1.2 kg/min
Specific humidity of the leaving air
Let
W2= Specific humidity of the leaving air.
First, mark the initial condition of air at 25 C dry bulb temperature and 12 C wet bulb
temperature on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.30). Now from the
psychrometric chart, we find that the specific volume of air at point 1,
1= 0.849 m3/kg of dry air
Specific humidity of air at point 1,
W1= 0.0034 kg/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of air at point 1,
h1= 34.2 kJ/kg of dry air
We know that mass of air flowing,
v
100
ma = 1 =
= 117.78 kg / min
1 0.849
Fig.(2.30)
We know that
m
1 .2
W2 = W1 + s = 0.0034 +
= 0.0135 kg / kg of dry air
Ans.
ma
117.78
Enthalpy of the leaving air
Let
h2= enthalpy of the leaving air.
From steam table (1.4), we find that enthalpy of dry-saturated steam corresponding to 100 C
hs= 2675.44 kJ/kg
m
1 .2
We know that h2 = h1 + s hs = 34.2 +
2675.44 = 61.45 kJ / kg of dry air
Ans.
ma
117.78
Dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and relative humidity of the leaving air.
Chapter Tw o
Mark the condition of leaving air on the psychrometric chart as point 2 corresponding to
W2= 0.0135 kg/kg of dry air and h2= 61.45 kJ/kg of dry air. Now from the psychrometric chart
corresponding to point 2,
Dry bulb temperature of the leaving air,
td2=26.1 C
Wet bulb temperature of the leaving air,
tw2=21.1 C
and relative humidity of the leaving air,
2 =64%
Ans.
Note: Solve this example by using the protractor
H =
Notes:
1. In actual practice, the process is accompanied with a release of heat called heat of adsorption,
which is very large. Thus the sensible heat gain of air exceeds the loss of latent heat and the process
is shown above the constant wet bulb temperature line in Fig.(2.31).
2. Two types of chemicals used for dehumidification are absorbents and absorbents. The
absorbents are substances which can take up moisture from air and during this process change it
chemically, physically or in both respects. This includes water solutions or brines of calcium
Chapter Tw o
chloride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide and ethylene glycol. These are used as air dehydrators
by spraying or otherwise exposing a large surface of the solution in the air stream.
The adsorbents are substances in the solid state which can take up moisture from the air and
during this process do not change it chemically or physically. These include silica gel (which is a
form of silicon dioxide prepared by mixing fused sodium silicate and sulphuric acid) and activated
alumina (which is a porous amorphous form of aluminium oxide).
Example 2.8. Saturated air at 21 C is passed through a drier so that its final relative humidity is
20%. The drier uses silica gel adsorbent. The air is then passed through a cooler until its final
temperature is 21 C without a change in specific humidity. Determine: 1. the temperature of air at
the end of the drying process; 2. The heat rejected during the cooling process; 3. the relative
humidity at the end of the cooling process; 4. the dew point temperature at the end of the drying
process; and 5.the moisture removed during the drying process.
Solution. Given: td1= td3=21 C; 2 =20%
1. Temperature of air at the end of the drying process
First, mark the initial condition of air at 21 C dry bulb temperature upto the saturation curve
(because the air is saturated) on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.32). Since the
drying process is a chemical dehumidification process, therefore, it follows a path along the
constant wet bulb temperature or the constant enthalpy line as shown by the line 1-2 in Fig.(2.32).
Now mark the point 2 at relative humidity of 20%.
From the psychrometric chart, the temperature at the end of drying process at point 2,
td2=38.5 C
2. Heat rejected during the cooling process
The cooling process is shown by the line 2-3 on the psychrometric chart as shown in Fig.(2.32).
From the psychrometric chart, we find that enthalpy of air at point 2,
h2=61 kJ/kg of dry air
Fig.(2.32)
3. Relative humidity at the end of the cooling process
From the psychrometric chart, we find that relative humidity at the end of the cooling process
(i.e. at point 3),
3 =55%
Ans.
4. Dew point temperature at the end of the drying process
From the psychrometric chart, we find that the dew point temperature at the end of the drying
process,
tdp2=11.6 C
Ans.
5. Moisture removed during the drying process.
Chapter Tw o
From the psychrometric chart, we find that the moisture in air before the drying process at
point 1,
W1=0.0157 kg/kg of dry air
And moisture in air after the drying process at point 2,
W2=0.0084 kg/kg of dry air
Moisture removed during the drying process
= W1- W2=0.0157-0.0084=0.0073 kg/kg of dry air
Ans.
Chapter Tw o
Wr=Wa
Wm=Ws
Fig.(2.35)
First, mark the ambient condition of air (outside air) at 40 C dry bulb temperature and 30 C wet
bulb temperature on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.36). Now mark the
condition of air in the auditorium at 27C dry bulb temperature and 60% relative humidity, as point
4.
Mark the calculated value of SHR=0.714 on the sensible heat factor scale on the protractor and
draw line from the center of the protractor to value of SHR as shown in Fig.(36). Now from point 4,
Chapter Tw o
draw a line 4-5(known as RSHF line) parallel to the line drawn in the protractor. Since the condition
of air leaving the cooling coil is at 18C, therefore, mark point 2 such that td2=18 C. Join points 1
and 2 and produce upto point 6 on the saturation curve. The line 1-2-6 is given that 60% of the air
from the auditorium is recirculated and mixed with 40% of the make-up air after the cooling.
RSHF
Fig.(2.36)
The condition of air entering the auditorium is given by point 3. From the psychrometric chart, we
find that at point 3,
ma , 4
m
Q
t3 = a , 2 t 2 +
t 4 = 0.4 18 + 0.6 27 = 23.4 oC
ma ,3
ma ,3
Wet bulb temperature
tw3=19.7 C
and relative humidity
3 =71%
3. Amount of make-up air
From the psychrometric chart, we find that enthalpy of air at point 4,
h4=61.5 kJ/kg of dry air
and enthalpy of air at point 3,
h3=56.5 kJ/kg of dry air
Room total heat RSH + RLH
ms =
=
h4 h3
h4 h3
100000 + 40000
=
= 28000 kg / h
61.5 56.5
Since the make-up air is 40% of supply air, therefore mass of make-up air
=0.428000=11200 kg/h
Ans.
4.Apparatus dew point
From the psychrometric chart, we find that the apparatus dew point of the cooling coil at
point 6 is
ADP= td6=13.3 C
Ans.
5. By pass factor of the cooling coil
We know that by-pass factor of the cooling coil,
t ADP 18 13.3
BPF = d 2
=
= 0.176
Ans.
t d 1 ADP 40 13.3
Chapter Tw o
Example 2.10.Air at 10C dry bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity is to be heated and
humidified to 35C dry bulb temperature and 22.5C wet bulb temperature. The air is pre-heated
sensibly before passing to the air washer in whish water is recalculated. The relative humidity of the
air coming out of the air washer is 90%. This air is again reheated sensibly to obtain the final
desired condition. Find : 1.The temperature to which the air should be preheated. 2. The total
heating required; 3.The make up water required in he air washer; and 4.the humidifying efficiency
of the air washer.
Solution. Given: td1=10 C; 1 =90% ; td2=35C; tw2=22.5C
First, mark the initial condition of air at 10 C dry bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity,
on the psychrometric chart at point 1, as shown in Fig.(2.37). Now mark the final condition of air at
35C dry bulb temperature and 22.5C wet bulb temperature at point 2.
From point 1, draw a horizontal line to represent sensible heating and from point 2 draw
horizontal line to intersect 90% relative humidity curve at point B. Now from point B, draw a
constant wet bulb temperature line, which intersects the horizontal line drawn through point 1 at
point A. The line 1-A represents preheating of air, line AB represents humidification and line B-2
represents reheating to final condition.
1.Temperature to which the air should be preheated
From the psychrometric chart, the temperature to which the air should be preheated
(corresponding to point A) is
tdA=32.6 C
Ans.
2.Total heating required
From the psychrometric chart,
we find that enthalpy of air at point 1,
h1=27.2 kJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of air at point A,
hA=51 kJ/kg of dry air
and enthalpy of air at point 2,
h2=68 kJ/kg of dry air
Chapter Tw o
Example 2.11. In order to compare the space conditions produced and the relative energy
requirements of bypass and reheat systems, consider a space that has a sensible load of Qs=205kW
and a latent load of QL=88kW when the space is maintained at a dry bulb temperature of 25C and
the outdoor condition are 35C dry bulb temperature and 40% relative humidity. The space dry bulb
condition is to be met by using either of the systems shown in Figs.(2.38) or (2.40). Supply air is to
be introduced to the space at a flow rate of 30kga/s.The flow rate of exhaust air is 4.5 kga/s. The exit
condition of the systems cooling coil are a dry bulb temperature of 10C and relative humidity of
95%. For by-pass system shown in fig. (2.38)determine:(a) the relative humidity in the space and
(b) the required system cooling capacity. For the reheat system shown in fig. (2.40)determine (c) the
relative humidity in the space , (d) the rate of heat required for the reheat coil, and (e) the required
system cooling capacity.
Solution. The nomenclature of Fig.(2.38) will be used for parts (a) and (b). Standard atmospheric
pressure is assumed and the solution carried out using psychrometric chart. States 4 and 6 can be
located from given information. States 6,7, and 2b fall on the mixing line connecting 6 and 2b. The
slope of this line is determined by observing that it is also the space-condition line from state 1 to
state 2. The sensible-heat ratio for the space-condition line is given by:
Qs
205
SHR =
=
= 0.7
Qs + Ql 205 + 88
(a) State 2 is located at the intersection of the line with an SHR=0.7 drawn through state 6 and
td2=25 C. The resulting point falls at 2 =50%. Thus using the system shown in Fig.(2.35), the
space conditions will be td2=25 C and 2 =50%.
(b) State 5 is on the mixing line connecting state 4 and 2a.(Note that states 2, 2a, 2b, and 3 are the
same) In order to determine the division of the return air between ma,2a and ma,2b, locate state 7,1.
Qs = m c p (t r t s )
205=301.02(25- td1)
td1=18.3 C
m2b h1 h6 t1 t 6
=
=
m6 h2 h1 t 2 t1
From Fig.(2.38) we observing that ma,2b= ma,1- ma,6 and that ma,5 = ma,6
Q
m5 h2 h1 t 2 t1 25 18.3
=
=
=
= 0.45
m1 h2 h6 t 2 t 6
25 10
Thus
ma,5 =0.4530=13.5 kg/s
ma,2b=30-13.5=16.5 kg/s
Also, from Fig.(2.38) it is seen that
ma,2a= ma,1- ma,3- ma,2b=30-4.5-16.5=9 kg/s
ma , 4t 4 ma , 2 a t 2 a
4.5 35 9 25
= 28.3 oC
ma ,5
13.5
Thus, state 5 is located at the intersection of the line connecting 2a and 4 and a dry bulb temperature
28.3 C.
from chart h5 = 57.8 kJ / kg dry air
The required system cooling capacity
Q
t5 =
Chapter Tw o
5
Q6 = mo 5 (h5 h6 )
=13.5(57.8-28.3)=398.25 kW
SHR
4
5
2,2a,2b,3
1,7
6
Fig.(2.38)
SHR
Fig.(2.39)
Chapter Tw o
5
Q6 = m o 5 (h5 h6 )
=30(50.2-28.3)=657 kW
SHR
4
5
2,3
6
1,7
SHR
Fig.(2.41)
Fig.(2.40)
The result of example are summarized in table
Result or Set point
Bypass System
Reheat System
25 C
50%
398.25kW
---398.25kW
25 C
45%
657 kW
264 kW
921 kW
Chapter Tw o
Example 2.13. The below figure show layout of winter system. Sensible load for the space 30 kW
and the space lose humidity at rate 8 kg/hr. Indoor design condition DBT=22 C and 30% Rh and
outdoor design condition DBT=5 C and WBT=2 C. The air supplied to the conditioned space at
rate 10200 m3/hr and the air humidified after supplied to the conditioned space by injection of
saturated steam at temperature 100 C. Rate of the outdoor ventilation air (fresh air) 2000 m3/hr.
Determine: 1. Condition of supply air to the conditioned space (DBT & RH); 2.Consumption rate of
steam in humidifier; 3. Load of heating load; 4. Draw the cycle on the psychrometric chart.
Exhaust
air
Supply
air
Humidifier
Conditioned
space
Return
air
Steam
at 100 C
Heating
coil
Outdoor
air
Fig.(2.42)
Solution:
QL = m o w h fg , hfg=2450 kJ/kg
QL=8/36002450=5.444 kW
Qs
30
=
= 0.846 0.85
Qs + QL 30 + 5.44
Qs = m c p (t s t r )
Where tr=td1 , ts=td5, and cp=1.02 kJ/kg .K
SHR =
Qs = 1.22 v o (t s t r )
30 =1.22(10200/3600)( td5-22)
td5 =30.67 C
from the psychrometric chart, 1=0.843 m3/kg dry air
2=0.792 m3/kg dry air
m1=m5-m2
v1=v5-v2
ma1 =
v1
v2
10200 2000
= 9727.16 kg / h
0.843
2000
= 2525.25 kg / h
2 0.792
m5= m1+m2=9727.16+2525.25= 12252.41kg/h=3.4 kg/s
m1t1 m2 t 2 9727.16 22 2525.25 5
Q
t3 =
=
= 18.494 oC 18.5o C
m1 + m2
9727.16 + 2525.25
From psychrometric chart
td4 =30.4 C, h4=43.5 kJ/kg d.a. , h5=47.1 kJ/kg d.a.
hs from table(1.4)(at t=100 C) = 2675.44 kJ/kg
ma 2 =
Chapter Tw o
SHR
SHR
hs
1
3
4
2
Humidifier
Fig.(2.43)