MODUL PERKULIAHAN

Teknologi
Pusat Data
Sistem Pendinginan Pusat
Data
Fakultas

Program Studi

Ilmu Komputer

Teknik Informatika

Tatap Muka

Kode MK

Disusun Oleh

11

A31157BA

Ida Nurhaida, ST. MT.

Abstract
Modul perkuliahan ini berisi
materi tentang cara pengukuran
ruang pusat data, konfigurasi,
penentuan lokasi, dan adaptasi
terhadap kebutuhan di masa
yang akan datang

Kompetensi

Mampu
memahami
konsep-konsep
dan
teknologi-teknologi pada
pusat data.
Mampu memahami siklus
perancangan
dan
pengelolaan pusat data.
Mampu merancang solusisolusi sederhana terhadap
persoalan-persoalan
di
pusat data

11. Air Conditioner Handler Keeping It Cool

This chapter will cover :

The features of a Data Center's environmental control and protection

systemscooling and fire suppression

Topics to be covered :

CoolingRequirements

Layout,Cabinets,andCooling

FireSuppression

CommonProblems

2014

Teknologi Pusat Data

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11.1. Cooling Requirements

The environmental controls within a building that regulate temperatures and

air circulation are referred to, collectively, as HVACheating, ventilation, and
air conditioning.

HVAC infrastructure has three jobs to do in a Data Center:

a) Keep temperatures low
b) Keep them constant
c) Diffuse hot spots created by clusters of equipment
d) Server environments are typically maintained somewhere between 65
and 75 Fahrenheit (18.3 and 23.9 Celsius)

There's a rule of thumb among electronics manufacturers that for every 18

Fahrenheit (10 Celsius) decrease in temperature doubles a device's reliability

Chilled Liquid Cooling System :

a) Air handlers: circulate air within the Data Center, drawing in warm air
from the space between the floor and ceiling and discharging cold air
into the room's plenum. Air is cooled within the handler by passing over
coils containing chilled liquid and then expelled into the Data Center.
b) Chillers: do the work of keeping the air handler coils cold. They contain
three componentsan evaporator, compressor, and condenser. The
evaporator transforms liquid refrigerant into gas and in the process
chills the water that circulates to and from the air handlers. The
compressor draws in this gas, changing it into high-pressure, hightemperature vapor that can be condensed easily. The condenser
transforms this vapor back into liquid, discharging heat, and then
returns the liquid refrigerant back to the evaporator.
c) Cooling towers: The processes that occur within the chiller generate a
significant amount of heat. It is the job of the cooling tower to dispose
of this heat and keep the chiller cool. Fans within the cooling tower
draw air across a series of filters, which cools the water inside, similar
to how the air handler functions.

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Fig. 11.1. DC Cooling Process

House Air: if you are constructing a very small server environmentsay, one
with just a few cabinetsit might be possible to cool the room using the same
air conditioning infrastructure that cools other spaces within the building. This
is known as house air.

Makeup Air: Just as makeup water must be added as part of the chiller
process to compensate for water that is lost to evaporation, so too must
makeup air be supplied into the Data Center. Makeup air is necessary to
prevent the server environment from becoming depressurized. Makeup air is
drawn from the outside and should be filtered to prevent contaminants from
entering the Data Center.

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Cooling Quantities and Temperature Ranges

a) A ton of cooling This term represents the amount of heat involved in
melting one ton2000 poundsof ice in a 24-hour period. Data
Center air handlers generally come in 20- and 30-ton capacities.
b) BTUs Cooling units are generally rated in British Thermal Units. This
term refers to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
pound of water by 1 Fahrenheit (.56 Celsius). One ton of cooling
equals 12,000 BTUs.
c) Watts per square footis watts per square foot or watts per square
meter depending. This refers to how much energy is used in the Data
Center. It is relevant to cooling because energy produces heat. So,
when someone says they want 100 watts per square foot of cooling,
they are asking for enough cooling to offset that amount of energy
usage in that space. One watt equals 3.41 BTUs.

Watts/sq m BTUs/sq
m
600
2046
800
2728
1000
3410
1250
4262.5
1500
5115
1750
5967.5
2000
6820

DC size
(sq m)
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

Total
BTUs
2,046,000
2,728,000
3,410,000
4,262,500
5,115,000
5,967,500
6,820,000

Tons
of Number of
cooling
air handlers
170.5
96
227.3
128
284.2
1510
354.4
1812
426.3
2214
497.3
2517
568.3
2919

Redundancy in Your Cooling Infrastructure :

a) At a minimum, provide at least one more air handler in your server
environment than is required to meet its cooling needs
b) Having a spare chiller and at least one spare air handler provides your
Data Center with N+1 cooling coverage
c) Providing an additional cooling tower with each chiller.

Cooling Distribution and Air Pressure:

a) The level of air pressure in your Data Center is called its static
pressure. This measurement, expressed in inches or centimeters of
water column or water gauge, refers to the resistance of air as it is

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pushed in to the room. Data Centers are typically designed to have a

static pressure between .2 and .5 in. wc. (.51 and 1.3 cm. wc.).
b) To maintain air pressure in the Data Center, properly seal all walls and
doors and carefully manage any openings in the plenumeither the
raised floor or space above the false ceiling, depending upon your
room's design. Fully open perforated floor tiles at cabinet locations that
are packed with equipment and close them near locations that aren't.
Also cover tile cutouts to prevent air from escaping.

Humidity
a) Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air
b) Adding or removing moisture from the air can be done by way of
properly equipped air handlers or through the use of separate
humidification units.
c) Aim for a relative humidity level in the Data Center of somewhere
between 45 and 55 percent.

11.2. Layout, Cabinets, and Cooling

The server rows and different types of floor tilesas well as what types of
cabinets you deploy can have a significant effect upon how air circulates and
where cooling is directed.
a) Space: evenly distribute equipment among your server rows, mixing
low-profile servers with larger ones and hotter devices with cooler
ones. This can help reduce the formation of hot spots.
b) Positioning Air Handlers: Keep the plenum space immediately in
front of the air handlers free of obstructions, so that air circulation is not
disrupted.

Layout, Cabinets, and Cooling Cont.

c) Hot and Cold Aisles: Design DC with heat sources occurring in

predictable locations. Cooling can then be more easily directed to deal
with them. This is most often done by creating what are called hot and
cold aisles.

2014

To do this, arrange the Data Center as follows:

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i.

Face consecutive server rows in alternating directions.

The front of each row faces the front of another, and the
backs of each row face one another.

ii.

Place perforated floor tiles in front of each server cabinet

location, opening their adjustable dampers so that air
flows into this aisle.

iii.

Install ducting in the ceiling than begins with a vent above

the aisle behind each server row and connects back to
the air handler's intake.

Cabinet Design:
a) The most obvious approach to dealing with servers that generate
tremendous heat is fans built directly into the cabinets that house them.
Cabinet fans can be used to draw cooler room air into a cabinet or to
expel warmer cabinet air out, or both. Some cabinets even contain
variable flow fans linked to their own temperature sensorsthe amount
of cooling applied to the servers within the cabinet varies as needed.
b) Another option is use of open cabinets, that is cabinets without any
door, wall, top, or bottom panels. This is a potential plus, although the

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same lack of doors and panels also means that server exhaust can't be
channeled as easily into hot and cold aisles.
c) Another approach is use of liquid-cooled cabinets. Though their
specific operations can vary, these cabinets generally draw server
exhaust from the back of the cabinet across a chilled coil or cooling
module and then recycle the air back to the front of the servers to cool
them.

11.3. Fire Suppression

Suppression Materials:
a) Inergen or IG-451 An inert gas composed of nitrogen (52 percent),
argon (40 percent), and carbon dioxide (8 percent). Inergen removes
oxygen from the air so that combustion can't occur. Inergen is a
preferred suppressant in many European countries and is considered
to have no environmental risk due to ozone depletion or global
warming.
b) Argonite or IG-55 An inert gas composed of argon (50 percent) and
nitrogen (50 percent). Argonite reduces the oxygen content of the air. It
is considered to have no environmental risk due to ozone depletion or
global warming.
c) FM-200 and HFC-227 Made by different manufacturers, but both
consisting of heptafluoropropane. Used in server environments around
the world, particularly in the United States, but prohibited in some
European countries due to its potential contribution to global warming.
FM-200 and HFC-227 are not considered toxic, but might break down
under intense heat and produce hydroflouric acid, which is toxic.
d) FE13 or HFC-23 Made of trifluromethane and originally developed as
a chemical refrigerant, it absorbs heat from a fire until combustion can
no longer occur. As with FM-200/HFC-227, this has global warming
potential and, though non-toxic itself, can produce toxic hydroflouric
acid as a byproduct.

2014

Sprinklers:
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a) Fire sprinklers are a system of pipes designed to discharge water in

specific areas where intense heat, presumably from a fire, is detected.
Each sprinkler head contains either a liquid-filled glass bulb or a solder
link that bursts at a certain temperature, causing water to be released.
b) There are multiple types of fire sprinkler systems. A so-called wet
system keeps pressurized water in the pipes at all times, while a dry
system uses compressed air to keep water out of the pipes and behind
control valves until a fire condition exists.
c) Install a dry or pre-action system into your server environment. This
reduces the risk of water being accidentally spilled into the room. If a
sprinkler pipe in the Data Center is somehow damaged, there is no
liquid to spill out of a dry or pre-action system.

Manual Controls: Although sprinklers are activated only by intense heat,

gaseous fire suppression systems typically include manual controls as well.
These controls consist of two push-buttonsone button resets the automatic
countdown-to-activation that occurs as fire suppressant is prepared to
discharge, and the other button bypasses the countdown and triggers an
immediate discharge. The automatic countdown typically lasts 30 seconds.

Design Details: Whatever combination of fire suppression infrastructure you

install in your Data Center, coordinate the design with the installer to make
sure that the system not only provides coverage throughout the entire server
environment but also strategically places fire suppression infrastructure
components.

Air Sampling and Smoke Detection

a) The most effective detection systems are those that continuously
sample the air. In these devices, air is drawn from the target areain
this case the server environmentby pipes, to a central unit that scans
the sample with a xenon lamp.
b) Be aware that these air sampling systems are much more sensitive
that conventional smoke detectorsby a factor of 1000 according to
some manufacturers. Due to this high sensitivity, adopt the following
practices for your server environment to avoid false alarms:

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Prohibit cardboard and other sources of dirt within the Data

Center. Although air sampling systems include filters designed
to screen out dirt particles, they are not infallible.

Prohibit smoking or the use of soldering equipment in the Data

Center, or in close proximity to it.

Shut off the air sampling system whenever major construction is

performed in the Data Center, or in close proximity. If a lab is
being built in a space adjacent to the Data Center, for instance,
it is possible for particles to be blown or tracked in to the room.

Fire Alarms: Regional fire and building codes are likely to spell out the proper
deployment of fire alarms at your building site, including within your Data
Center. In addition to those requirements, make sure that fire-related audio
alarms are loud enough to be heard in the Data Center.

In addition to room-wide fire suppression systems, install portable fire

extinguishers throughout the Data Center.
a) There are five classes of fire extinguisherseach is intended to
quench a different type of fire:

Class A is for basic fires involving wood or paper.

Class B is for fires involving inflammable liquids such as

gasoline or oil.

Class C is for electrical fires.

Class D is for inflammable metals.

Class K is for cooking oil and grease fires.

b) Suppression materials used by these extinguishers include:

Water (Class A)

Chemical foam (Class A and B)

Carbon dioxide (Class B and C)

Dry foam (Class B and C)

Dry powder (Class D)

Wet chemical (Class K)

Dry chemical (multipurpose)

c) Class C fire extinguishers are most appropriate for use in a Data

Center.
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11.4. Common Problems

Perforated tiles are indiscriminately left open or closed:

a) Despite the importance of floor tiles to cooling a Data Center, little
thought is usually given to these tiles after a contractor first installs the
raised floor system. Their adjustable plates are simply left in the
position in which they arrive at the site. This can defeat the design of
the Data Center's cooling infrastructure.

2014

Chilled water pipes are inadequately insulated

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Summary

A chilled liquid system is most commonly used to provide Data Center

cooling. Air handlers circulate air in the server environment. An external chiller
keeps the coils cold by changing refrigerant to gas, and then returns the vapor
back to liquid so that the process can be repeated. A cooling tower uses
similar evaporation cooling to then keep the chiller cool, replacing any
evaporated water by way of a municipal water supply.

Provide redundancy within your cooling system by installing at least one spare
air handler to provide full cooling coverage during maintenance or a unit
failure and a second chiller and cooling tower to avoid having a single point of
failure.

Maintain air pressure in the Data Center so that the cooling infrastructure
functions properly and efficiently.

Control the relative humidity within your Data Center to prevent corrosion from
too much moisture in the air or static from too little.

Enclosed cabinets containing fans, open cabinets that enable server exhaust
to escape, and liquid-cooled cabinets can all be used to improve spot cooling
in the Data Center.

Install a comprehensive fire suppression system in your Data Center to

protect against fire.

Equip the Data Center with an air sampling system to detect combustion as
early as possible.

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Daftar Pustaka
[1] Diah Eka Yulianti, Hafda Bayu Nanda (2008). Best Practice Perancangan Data
Center. OPenContent License
[2] Douglas Alger (2005), Build the Best Data Center Facility for Your Business,
Cisco Press, Indianapolis, USA.
[3] Mauricio Arregoces, Maurizio Portolani (2003), Data Center Fundamentals,
Cisco Press, USA.
[4] Michael A. Bell (2005), Use Best Practices to Design Data Center Facilities,
Gartner, USA.
[5] Dr. Natheer Khasawneh, Rafat A. Dasan, Keeping It Cool, 2012

2014

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