Development of Nepal Road Safety Management System

EZ^D^

ThisBIGPICTUREproposalispreparedtoprovideanoverviewonthedevelopmentofNepal
RoadSafetyManagementSystem(NRSMS)

Dr.KaliPrasadNepal
SeniorLecturerinCivilEngineering(TrafficandTransportation)
DeakinUniversity,Australia

Dr.ParthaManiParajuli
PrincipalEngineer
QueenslandDepartmentofTransport&MainRoads,Australia

K.P.NepalandP.M.Parajuli

ii
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Whatisthecontext?
In Nepal every day on average, 5 people were killed 11 were seriously injured and 22
sustained minor injuries in about 25 road

InNepaleverydayonaverage,5peoplewere
crashesbasedonthereporteddataoverthe killed11wereseriouslyinjuredand22sustained
threeyearssince2010/2011.Moreover,this minorinjuriesinabout25roadcrashesoverthe
reported
data
may
be
grossly
reportedthreeyearssince2010/2011.
underestimated due to lack of formal
mechanismtocollectroadcrashdataNepal.WHO(2013)hasestimatedthatNepalsroad
fatalitywasashighas4,787(4,2065,367at95%confidenceinterval)in2010.Untilrecently,
inspiteofrepeatedalarmsraisedbyseveralsectorsofsociety,areductioninroadtrauma
has not been a key national objective. Road safety has not been considered as a major
strategic component of Nepals road sector development programme. Interest in the road
safetyepidemichashoweverincreasedsignificantlyduringthelastfewyearsinaccordwith
the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020. MoPIT (2013) has developed Nepal
Road Safety Action Plan (20132020) and National Road Safety Council (NRSC) has been
recentlyestablishedinNepalandactionsarebeingtakenonseveralfronts,albeitinisolated
andfragmentedways.
Whythisproposal?
Roadsafetyisacomplex,integrated,dynamicandmultidimensionalproblem.Improvement
inroadsafetyrequiresactionsonseveralfronts:engineeringandsocialscience,education
andpublicawareness,lawandenforcement,healthandemergencyservices,andmediaand
publicity campaigns, to name just a few. Actions on
Roadsafetyisasharedresponsibility.
multiplefrontsarerequiredinacomplexenvironment
Everymemberofsocietycan
oftenwithconflictingandcompetinginterests.Awell
contributetoimproveroadsafety.
coordinated and concerted effort from all agencies
working on these fronts is essential. This is possible only by implementing a holistic Road
SafetyManagementSystem(RSMS)withvision.
Thereisnosuchathingasabsolutesafety.Thereisalwaysariskinanytransportsystem.
Roadsafetyisallaboutreducingthelevelofrisk;itisnottodevelopcrashfreeroadorroad
network.Auniversalobjectiveistoreducethenumberandseverityofthecrasheswithin
thelimitsofavailableresources,science,technology,andlegislativelymandatedpriorities.
This preliminary BIG PICTURE proposal is prepared to provide an overview on the
development of the Nepal Road Safety Management System (NRSMS). It is expected that
thiswillcontributetowidespreaddiscussionsandinterestsforpossiblecontributionstohelp
develop this holistic system. A Safe System approach, which makes allowance for human
error and minimises the consequences, especially the risk of death and serious injury, has
iii
been accepted internationally as an approach to manage road safety. This proposal is
developedmakingthisapproachacoreprinciple.
Whatdoesitcontain?
Thisproposalcoversawiderangeofissuesrelated
Thisproposalcontainsprojectsfor
to road safety. It contains a project for every
everyorganisationandataskto
organisation and a task to each member of the
eachmemberofthesociety.
society! After the review of existing information
andinternationalbestpractices,itisproposedtodevelopNRSMSwiththefollowingsix(6)
principalsystemcomponents:
Component 1 (C1) Nepal Road Safety Information Management (NRSIM) and

Database System: population, vehicle, drivers, traffic, road and summary crash
statistics
Component 2 (C2) Governance and Planning: leadership and commitment,

institutional framework (organisational structure, resources, roles and
responsibilities), funding framework (funding model), legal frameworks (acts and
regulations) and technical frameworks (road safety documents); road safety
countermeasures; road safety evaluation and improvement process; and road
safety planning, policy and strategy (policy, vision, mission/targets, strategy and
actionplansandactivities)
Component 3 (C3) Precrash (Crash Prevention) Systems: crash prevention and

roadriskmanagementsystem:roadusers,speeds,vehiclesandroads
x Subcomponent 3.1 (C3.1) Safer Road Users: road use rules, driver licensing
system, public education and awareness, law enforcement, competence and
training
x Subcomponent3.2(C3.2)SaferSpeeds:speedmanagementsystem,speedlimits
x Subcomponent 3.3 (C3.3) Safer Vehicles: roadworthiness national car
assessment program, vehicle standards compliance, vehicle inspection and
maintenancesystem
x Subcomponent 3.4 (C3.4) Safer Roads: road design and maintenance, traffic
controldevices,roadsafetyaudit,roadsidehazardmanagement
Component4(C4)Postcrash(PostcrashResponseandManagement)System:
postcrash response and management system such as emergency preparedness,
responseandtreatments
Component 5 (C5) Crash Investigation and Database System: road crash

investigation,datacoding,datacollection,datarecordingandcreationofroadcrash
database
Component 6 (C6) Road Safety Research and Development: road safety

monitoring,measurement,investigationandanalysis
iv
Whataretheindicativeprojects?
AlistofindicativeprojectsundereachcomponentthathelpdevelopacomprehensiveNepal
RoadSafetyManagementSystem(NRSMS)islistedonPagexiv.Thelistisnotexhaustivebut
only indicative to demonstrate typical projects. These projects are neither exclusive nor
sequential. There is a need additionally to source information from other projects and
programmes.
AsthisdocumentisaBIGPICTUREproposal,thedetailsoftheprojectsarenotpresentedat
this stage. Only an expanded summary covering objectives, short description, references
with national and international initiatives, information sources and expected outcomes of
eachprojectispresentedinsubsequentchaptersofthisproposaltodemonstratetheextent
andnatureofworksrequired.Oncetheexistinginformationisfurtheranalysedandpossible
interests and contributions from relevant stakeholders become clearer, these projects can
bescopedandundertakenasandwhenfundsbecomeavailable.
Howwillthesystembedeveloped?
Thesystemwillbedevelopedinstages:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Stage1Consultationswithrelevantstakeholders
Stage2DevelopmentofBIGPICTUREproposal
Stage3Consolidationofexistingprojectsandactivities
Stage4Scoping,fundinganddeliveryofshorttermprojects
Stage6Scoping,fundinganddeliveryofmediumtermprojects
Stage7Scoping,fundinganddeliveryoflongtermprojects
Stage8DevelopmentoffullNRSMS
Stage9Systemimprovementandupgrade(ongoing)
Whataretheindicativeshorttermprojects?
A list of indicative shortterm projects under each component that help kickstart a
comprehensive Nepal Road Safety Management System (NRSMS) is listed on Pages xvxxi.
The list is not exhaustive but only indicative to demonstrate typical projects. The list is
neithercompletenorsequential.
Whatarethefinancialcontributionsources?
Financial contributions are essential to develop the system. Funding supports need to be
sought from interested funding agencies and from the government on projectbyproject
basis.

v
Whattimeframearewelookingattodeliverthesystem?
Itisnotexpectedthatallroadsafetysystemcomponentsdiscussedinthisproposalcanbe
completedwithintheimmediatefuture.Rather,itwillprovidestrategicdirectionandhelp
build the system stepbystep. Thefollowing tentative timelines are proposed to complete
projectsanddevelopafullsystem:
x
x
x
x
x
Shorttermprojects:05years
Mediumtermprojects:510years
Longtermprojects:1015years
Fullsystemdevelopment:20years
Systemimprovement:ongoing
Even though it may take up to 20 years to develop the system and to make it fully
operational, the proposed system development model is a building block approach where
shorttermprojectsareexpectedtoresultsafetyoutcomesandassociatedoperationallevel
management system in near future. Projects in subsequent stages are meant to establish
robust and sustainable management system. The system needs to becontinuously refined
andimprovedwiththeadditionofnewerandmorecomplexresearchtypeprojects.
Whocangetinvolved?
Allstakeholders,whohaveinterestsinroadsafetyinNepalcanbeinvolvedinoneormore
componentsorprojectsofthesystem.Contributionsfromallstakeholderssuchasnational
andinternationalinstitutions,andbilateralandmultilateralfundingagenciesareneededin
order to initiate, conduct and complete the road safety project activities identified in this
proposal.Thecontributionscanbeprojectfundingandinkindsupport(donations,timeand
ideas).ItisexpectedthatafullscaleNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem(NRSMS)will
beinstitutionalised,implementedandsustainedoncetheseprojectactivitiesarecompleted,
updatedandmonitored.
vi
ABOUTUS
Weareateamofpeoplespreadaroundtheworldhavingdesiretocontributesomethingto
thecommunitytowhichwebelong.Havingdevelopedexpertiseinvariedsectors(mainlyin
traffic, transport and allied fields) nationally and internationally, we know the problems,
peoplesandplacesonbothsidesoftheworldandweareabletoseeclearlyprospectsfor
practicalsolutions.WeareawarethatwhatworksoverseasmightnotworkinNepal.Also,
what is required in Nepal may not be available overseas. But when we blend the basic
principles and policies required for solutions available overseas with the real needs and
environmentinNepal,theinefficienciesinreinventinganentirelynewwheelfordeveloping
potentialsolutionsforproblemsdominatingthecountrycanbesignificantlyreduced.Oneof
the potential problems, which has been well recognised nationally and globally, is how to
reduce the burden of road crashes on public health and resulting negative impacts on
Nepalseconomy.
ThousandsofpeoplearegettingkilledinNepalfornofaultoftheirown.Withtheexpansion
ofroadnetworkandincreaseinthenumberofvehiclesacrossthecountry,theproblemof
roadsafetyhasbeenclearlyfeltbyeveryoneconcerned.Roadsbuiltforthesakeofnational
development using the scarce aid resources from around the world are becoming death
traps. The dangers and potential risks can be removed or reduced by applying simple but
sustainable and practical solutions. We are a team of likeminded people, who have the
similar feelings and common interests to contribute to develop such solutions. The team
movesforwardwiththevisionthatnooneshouldbekilledorseriouslyinjuredontheroads
inNepal.TheteamaimstoworktogetherwithNationalRoadSafetyCouncil(NRSC)which
advises solutions to the Government of Nepal. It will collaborate with all relevant
governmentandnongovernmentagenciesaswellasmultilateralandbilateralaidagencies,
overseas and local road safety research agencies, local and international businesses and
industrieswhohaveastakeinroadsafety.
Thefollowingmembershaveexpressedtheirinteresttoworkasateamandcontributeto
thisworkatthetimeofdevelopingthisconceptproposal.Theteamcanbeexpandedasand
when more interest to contribute is received. In fact, contributions are open to everyone.
Each team member identified below is expected to lead a key strategy area for potential
solutions.Overtime,moreprofessionalscanbeincludedintheprojectteamattachedtoone
or more of the relevant components. This is a loose and flexible association of individual
professionals,whoareboundtogetherwiththedesiretocollaborateanddelivermeaningful
outcomes, which will help to reduce road trauma and the burden on the public health
systemandeconomyofNepal.Keyteammembersinclude:

vii
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Dr.KaliPrasadNepal(SeniorLecturer,DeakinUniversity,Australia)
Dr.ParthaParajuli(PrincipalEngineer,QueenslandDept.ofTransport&MainRoads,Australia)
Dr.ChandraShrestha(NepalTransportationandDevelopmentResearchCentre,Nepal)
Dr.PremChhetri(Professor,RMITUniversity,Australia)
Dr.PrakashRanjitkar(SeniorLecturer,UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand)
Dr.NirajanShiwakoti(SeniorLecturer,RMITUniversity,Australia)
Dr.ShyamSharma(RegionTrafficEngineeringManager,OregonDept.ofTransportation,USA)
Dr.GaneshKarkee(SeniorOperationsEngineer,MetropolitanTransportationCommission,USA)
Dr.ShovakarDhakal(AssociateProfessor,AsianInstituteofTechnology,Thailand)

In order to establish a robust and long lasting institutional framework under which this
holisticworkcanbeprogressed,itistheintentiontoregisteranindependentnotforprofit
business entity SustainableTransport and Traffic Solutions (STTS) (separate to team
memberscurrentaffiliations)inAustraliatosecureitslegalstatusfordoingbusiness.This
willbedoneafterthepresentationoftheproposaltotheGovernmentandotherinterested
agencies in Nepal. Local support is expected to be provided by Nepal Transportation &
DevelopmentResearchCentre(NTDRC).Alocalprojectpartner,separatetoNTDRC,maybe
nominated for each individual project identified under this proposal based on the actual
need,interest,fundingandnatureoftheproject.Interestshavealsobeenreceivedfroma
numberofreputedtransportandtrafficconsultantsoperatinginAustraliaandinNepalto
contributetothisinitiative.
One option of team structure with indicative responsibility areas and sample of CVs are
includedinAppendixA.
viii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ExecutiveSummary...........................................................................................................iii
AboutUs............................................................................................................................vii
TableofContents................................................................................................................ix
ListofFigures....................................................................................................................xiii
ListofTables.....................................................................................................................xiii
ListofIndicativeProjects..................................................................................................xiv
ListofIndicativeShorttermProjects.................................................................................xv
Acronyms.........................................................................................................................xxii
Chapter1DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem..................................1
1.1
RoadSafetySituationinNepal....................................................................................1
1.2
RoadSafetyManagementSystem..............................................................................3
1.3
NecessityofNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem................................................3
1.4
PrincipalComponentsofNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem...........................4
1.5
NepalRoadSafetyManagementSystemDevelopmentProcess................................5
1.6
Timeframe...................................................................................................................7
1.7
InvolvementofStakeholders.......................................................................................7
Chapter2NepalRoadSafetyInformationManagementandDatabaseSystem..................8
2.1
Objectives....................................................................................................................8
2.2
NepalRoadSafetyDivisions........................................................................................8
2.3
PopulationGrowthandTrends.................................................................................10
2.4
ExpansionofNepalRoadNetwork............................................................................11
2.5
VehicleRegistration,OwnershipandDriverLicenceRecords..................................15
2.6
CrashStatistics...........................................................................................................18
2.7
NumberofCrashes....................................................................................................19
2.8
Casualty......................................................................................................................20
2.9
FatalityRates.............................................................................................................22
2.10
ContributingFactorsofRoadCrashesinNepal.....................................................23
2.11
MonitoringRoadSafetyProgress:TrendsandComparisons................................25
2.12
RoadSafetySituationinNepal:Facts,IssuesandChallenges...............................26

ix
Chapter3Institutional,Funding,LegalandTechnicalFrameworks...................................30
3.1
Objectives..................................................................................................................30
3.2
ExistingRoadSafetyFrameworksinNepal...............................................................31
3.3
InstitutionalArrangementsforRoadSafetyinNepal...............................................32
3.4
BudgetAllocationforRoadSafety.............................................................................35
3.5
LegalAspects:RoadSafetyLegislations....................................................................37
3.6
RoadSafetyTechnicalDocuments............................................................................40
Chapter4PreCrash(CrashPrevention)Systems..............................................................43
4.1
Objective....................................................................................................................43
4.2
ExamplesofSomeCrashandInjuryReductionMeasures........................................43
4.3
DevelopmentofNepalRoadRules............................................................................44
4.4
HumanFactor(Licensing,EducationandEnforcement)...........................................44
4.5
DevelopmentofSpeedLimitsandSpeedManagementSystem..............................51
4.6
VehicularFactor(VehicleInspection)........................................................................53
4.7
RoadEnvironmentFactor(RoadDesignandStandards)..........................................56
4.8
NepalRoadSafetyAudit............................................................................................62
4.9
RoadsideHazardManagement.................................................................................64
Chapter5PostCrash(ResponseandManagement)System.............................................66
5.1
Objectives..................................................................................................................66
5.2
FactorsforPostCrashManagementSystem............................................................66
5.3
PostCrashResponseActivities..................................................................................67
5.4
ExistingPostCrashManagementSysteminNepal...................................................68
5.4.1
MedicalandEmergencyManagementSystem.............................................................70
5.4.2
SalvagingandTowingAwayDamagedVehicles............................................................70
5.4.3
Restorationofroadsandtrafficcontroldevices...........................................................70
Chapter6CrashInvestigationandReportingSystem........................................................71
6.1
Objective....................................................................................................................71
6.2
CrashRisk...................................................................................................................71
6.3
ContributingFactorsofCrashes................................................................................71
6.4
CrashInvolvement.....................................................................................................72
6.5
CrashInvestigation:Who,Where,How,What,When,PLUSWhy?.........................72
6.6
TrainingandPreparingCrashInvestigators(AuthorisedInvestigators)...................73
x
6.7
LocationofaCrash....................................................................................................73
6.8
DevelopmentofCrashDataCollectionSystem.........................................................75
6.9
DevelopmentofCrashDataCodingandClassificationSystem................................75
6.10
Developmentofcrashdatacollectionforms........................................................76
6.11
CrashTypesandSeverity.......................................................................................77
6.12
MinimumDatasetandReportingRequirements...................................................77
6.13
DataCodingSystem...............................................................................................77
6.14
UseofAdvancedTechnologies..............................................................................79
6.15
UnderReportingofCrashData..............................................................................79
6.16
BiasinDataCollection...........................................................................................80
Chapter7NepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystem..................................................................81
7.1
Objective....................................................................................................................81
7.2
ExistingCrashDataManagementSysteminNepal...................................................81
7.3
DevelopmentofRoadInventoryandTrafficStream(Exposure)Database..............82
7.4
SourcesofCrashData................................................................................................82
7.5
Unified(Electronic)NepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystem..........................................84
Chapter8NepalRoadSafetyMeasuresorTreatments.....................................................85
8.1
Introduction...............................................................................................................85
8.2
AnExampleofProjectSpecificRoadSafetyMeasures.............................................88
8.3
ExamplesofRoadSafetyMeasures...........................................................................88
8.3.1
RoadSafetyMeasuresI(RoadFactors).........................................................................88
8.3.2
RoadSafetyMeasuresII(VehicleFactors)....................................................................89
8.3.3
RoadSafetyMeasuresIII(HumanFactors)...................................................................90
8.3.4
RoadSafetyMeasuresIV(PolicyInstruments).............................................................91
Chapter9NepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovementProcess.................................94
9.1
Objectives..................................................................................................................94
9.2
ComponentsoftheProcess.......................................................................................94
9.3
DataRequirementfortheProcess............................................................................96
Chapter10NepalRoadSafetyPlanning,PolicyandStrategy............................................97
10.1
RoadSafetyasaPartofNationalPlanningObjectives..........................................97
10.2
RoadSafetyStrategyasaPartofRoadSafetyManagement................................98
10.3
NepalRoadSafetyStrategy...................................................................................98
xi
10.3.1
Objectives...................................................................................................................... 99
10.3.2
Benefits.......................................................................................................................... 99
10.3.3
ApproachandGuidingPrinciples................................................................................100
10.3.4
VisionStrategyPlanTarget.........................................................................................100
10.3.5
NepalRoadSafetyVision.............................................................................................100
10.3.6
NepalRoadSafetyMissionsandTargets....................................................................101
10.3.7
NepalRoadSafetyStrategies......................................................................................102
10.3.8
NepalRoadSafetyActionPlansandActivities............................................................104
10.4
IndirectRoadSafetyStrategies............................................................................107
Chapter11NepalRoadSafetyResearchandDevelopment..............................................109
11.1
RoadSafetyResearch..........................................................................................109
11.2
CrashDataRequirementforResearch................................................................109
11.3
DevelopmentofRoadSafetyPerformanceStatistics..........................................109
11.4
DevelopmentofCrashCosts................................................................................110
References.......................................................................................................................113
AppendixATentativeTeamStructureandResponsibilities.............................................116
xii
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure1NepalsPopulation(EstimatedfromPopulationCensus)..........................................10
Figure2StrategicRoadNetwork(SRN)inNepal.....................................................................12
Figure3GrowthofStrategicRoadNetwork(SRN)inNepal....................................................13
Figure4LocalRoadNetwork(LRN)inNepal...........................................................................13
Figure5VehicleRegistrationandGrowth...............................................................................15
Figure6GrowthofMotorVehiclesbyType............................................................................16
Figure7AnnualGrowth(%)ofMotorVehiclesinNepal.........................................................16
Figure8RoadTrafficCompositionsinNepal(2012/2013)......................................................17
Figure9RegisteredVehiclesper1,000Population.................................................................17
Figure10NumberofCrashes,VehiclesInvolvedandPeopleInvolved...................................19
Figure11RoadFatalitiesinNepal............................................................................................20
Figure12NumberofPeopleKilledorInjuredinRoadCrashes...............................................21
Figure13TrendofPeopleInvolvedinRoadCrashesinNepal................................................21
Figure14PeopleInvolvedinRoadCrashesper100,000PopulationinNepal........................22
Figure15FatalityRates............................................................................................................22
Figure16FatalityRates(OtherIndicators)..............................................................................23
Figure17CausesofCrashesinNepal......................................................................................24
Figure18DevelopmentofRoadSafetyStrategy...................................................................102

LISTOFTABLES
Table1StagesofNRSMSDevelopment.....................................................................................6
Table2DesignSpeedsofSRN..................................................................................................51
Table3SpeedLimitsonNepaleseRoads.................................................................................52

xiii
LISTOFINDICATIVEPROJECTS
ComponentC1:NepalRoadSafetyInformationManagement(NRSIM)andDatabaseSystem
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Project2.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)

Project2.2DevelopmentofPopulationDatabase

Project2.3DevelopmentofRoadInventoryandTrafficStreamDatabase
Project2.4DevelopmentofRoadVehicleandDriverDatabase
Project2.5DevelopmentofNepalRoadCrashSummaryStatisticsforPublicUse
Project2.6InternationalComparisonsandBenchmarking

Project2.7StrengtheningandPrivatisationofNRSIMSystem
ComponentC2:GovernanceandPlanning
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Project3.1DevelopmentofInstitutionalFrameworkforRoadSafetyManagementinNepal
Project3.2DevelopmentofFundingFrameworkforRoadSafetyinNepal
Project3.3DevelopmentofLegalFramework:RoadSafetyActs,RulesandRegulations

Project3.4DevelopmentofTechnicalFramework:RoadSafetyDocuments&Resources
Project8.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)orTreatments
Project8.2DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)orTreatmentsDocuments
Project9.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement(NRSEI)Process
Project10.1IncorporationofRoadSafetyinNationalPlanningandPolicy
Project10.2DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyStrategy(NRSS)

Project10.3DevelopmentofIndirectStrategiestoEnhanceRoadSafetyOutcomes
ComponentC3:PreCrashSystems
x
SubComponentC3.1SaferRoadUsers
o Project4.1CrashPreventionSystem:DevelopmentofNepalRoadRules

o Project4.2CrashPreventionSystem:GraduatedLicencingSystem
o Project4.3CrashPreventionSystem:PublicEducationandAwareness

o Project4.4CrashPreventionSystem:LawEnforcement

x SubComponentC3.2SaferSpeeds
o Project4.5CrashPreventionSystem:DevelopmentofSpeedLimitsandSpeedManagementSystem
x SubComponentC3.3SaferVehicles
o Project4.6CrashPreventionSystem:VehicleInspectionandRoadworthiness
x SubComponentC3.4SaferRoads
o Project4.7CrashPreventionSystem:RoadDesignandMaintenance
o Project4.8CrashPreventionSystem:TrafficControlDevices

o Project4.9CrashPreventionSystem:DevelopmentofRoadSafetyAuditSystem
o Project4.10CrashPreventionSystem:RoadsideHazardManagement
ComponentC4:PostCrashSystem
Project5.1DevelopmentofRobustNepalPostCrashManagementSystem(NPCMS)
ComponentC5:CrashInvestigationandDatabaseSystem
x
x
x
Project6.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadCrashInvestigationSystem(NRCIS)
Project6.2NepalRoadCrashDataCollection,CodingandRecordingSystem
Project7.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystem(NRCDS)
ComponentC6:RoadSafetyResearchandDevelopment
x
Project11.1RoadSafetyResearchandDevelopment
xiv

LISTOFINDICATIVESHORTTERMPROJECTS
ComponentC1:NepalRoadSafetyInformationManagement(NRSIM)andDatabaseSystem
x
x

x
x
ProjectC1/P2.1.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementNRSD
ProjectC1/P2.1.2Develop(electronic)databaseofNRSD
ProjectC1/P2.2.1Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)populationdatabase
Project C1/P2.2.2 Collect and incorporate personal and socioeconomic variables required for road
safetyanalysisinthe(electronic)populationdatabasesystem

x ProjectC1/P2.3.1Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)roadinventorydatabase
x ProjectC1/P2.3.2Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)trafficstreamdatabase
x ProjectC1/P2.3.3Plan,developandimplementautomaticsystemofcollectingdynamictrafficstream
(volume,composition,speed,axleloadsetc.)data

x ProjectC1/P2.4.1Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)roadvehicledatabase
x ProjectC1/P2.4.2Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)driverlicencedatabase

x ProjectC1/P2.5.1DevelopasummaryofNepalroadcrashstatistics
x ProjectC1/P2.5.2DevelopNepalroadcrashfactsheets
xv
ComponentC2:GovernanceandPlanning
x Project C2/P3.1.1 Review and develop an institutional framework (organisational structure) that
connects national, regional and local road safety authorities (MoPIT/DoR/DoTM, MoFALD/DoLIDAR,
MoHP,TrafficPolice,Municipalities,VDCs)andstakeholders
x Project C2/P3.1.2 Establish dedicated road safety organisational units within various government
departmentsandothernongovernmentorganisations
x ProjectC2/P3.1.3DevelopinstitutionalcapabilityandresourcesofDoTM
x ProjectC2/P3.1.4Developdocumentsoutliningtheroles,responsibilities,accountabilitiesanddutyof
careofalllevelsofroadsafetyorganisationalstructure
x Project C2/P3.1.5 Establish sound vertical and horizontal coordination mechanism across road safety
authorities
x ProjectC2/P3.1.6Trainroadsafetyauthoritiesandstakeholders
x ProjectC2/P3.1.7Developroadsafetyportfolio/program/projectgovernanceframework

x ProjectC2/P3.2.1DevelopNepalroadsafetyfundingframeworkandmodel
x ProjectC2/P3.2.2Establishacommitteetoreviewandimplementroadsafetyfundingmodel

x ProjectC2/P3.3.1ReviewandupdateMotorVehiclesandTransportManagementAct,2049(1993)
x Project C2/P3.3.2 Review and update Motor Vehicle and Transport Management Regulations, 2055
(1999)
x ProjectC2/P3.3.3ReviewandupdateMotorVehiclesandTransportManagementRules,2054(1997)
x Project C2/P3.3.4 Review and update Motor Vehicle and Transport Management Ordinance, 2050
(1993)
x ProjectC2/P3.3.5ReviewandupdateLocalSelfGovernanceAct,2055(1999)
x ProjectC2/P3.3.6DevelopNepalRoadSafetyAct

x Project C2/P3.4.1 Review and update or develop road safety technical documents (standards,
strategies,policy,actionplans,manuals,guidelines,reports,formsandchecklistsetc.)
x ProjectC2/P3.4.2Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)libraryofroadsafetytechnicaldocuments
x Project C2/P3.4.3 Review and update or develop documents (strategy, policy, manual, guidelines,
forms,checklistsetc.)forinsurancesystem(driver,passengers,vehiclesetc.)

x ProjectC2/P8.1.1DevelopNepalroadsafetymeasuresofkeycrashtypes
x ProjectC2/P8.1.2DevelopNepalroadsafetymeasuresofallcrashtypes
x ProjectC2/P8.1.3Implementpilot/trialforatleasttwoselectedlowcosthighbenefittreatments
x Project C6/P8.2.1 Develop documents (framework, policy, manuals, guidelines) for Nepal road safety
measures

x Project C2/P9.1.1 Develop documents (strategy, policy, action plan, manuals, guidelines, forms,
checklists)forNepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement(NRSEI)process
x ProjectC2/P9.1.2Developnetworkscreeningmodalities
x ProjectC2/P9.1.3Developprojectprioritisationsmodalities
x ProjectC2/P9.1.4Developsafetyeffectivenessmonitoringandevaluationsystem

x ProjectC2/P10.1.1Reviewandupdateorincorporateroadsafetyasapartofnationalandroadsector
policyandprogrammes
x Project C2/P10.1.2 Review and update or incorporate road safety as amajor strategic component of
Nepalsroadsectorprogrammes
x ProjectC2/P10.2.1DevelopNepalSafetyStrategy(NRSS)
x ProjectC2/P10.2.2DevelopmechanismtomonitorimplementationofNRSS
x Project C2/P10.3.1 Introduce roadsafety impact assessment and controls in all major land
developmentprogramsandprojects
x ProjectC2/P10.3.2 Developsafetyorientedtraveldemandmanagementstrategiesandguidelinesfor
transportplanners
xvi
ComponentC3:PreCrash(CrashPrevention)Systems
x SubComponentC3.1SaferRoadUsers
ProjectC3.1/P4.1.1ReviewandupdateordevelopNepalRoadRules
ProjectC3.1/P4.1.2DevelopsimplifiedversionsofNepalRoadRulesfordrivertrainingandeducation
o
o

o
o
ProjectC3.1/P4.2.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementGraduatedLicencingSystem
ProjectC3.1/P4.2.2Reviewandupdateordevelopdocuments(strategy,policy,manuals,guidelines,
forms,checklists)forGraduatedLicencingSystem
o Project C3.1/P4.2.3 Develop a network of adequate, modern and stateofthearts driver training
areasorcentres
o ProjectC3.1/P4.2.4Traindrivingschoolinstructorsanddrivinginspectors

o ProjectC3.1/P4.3.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementroadsafetyadvertisingmaterialsand
resources(posters,printmedia,TV/Radio)
o Project C3.1/P4.2.2 Review, update or develop and implement regular roadsafety education
programmesforprofessionaldrivers
o Project C3.1/P4.2.3 Conduct roadsafety awareness campaigns for vulnerable road users (school
children,elderly,disabledandalcoholanddrugaffectedpersons)
o ProjectC3.1/P4.3.4Traindriversandotherroadusers
o ProjectC3.1/P4.3.5Developacomprehensivecodeofconductforallroadusers(drivers,passengers,
pedestrians,streetvendors)
o Project C3.1/P4.3.6 Review, update or develop and implement road safety education in school
curriculumwithregularrevisions
o ProjectC3.1/P4.3.7Review,updateordevelopandimplementroadsafetycoursesattheuniversities
o ProjectC3.1/P4.3.8Developroadsafetyresearchcentresattheuniversities

o Project C3.1/P4.4.1 Review, update or develop and implement a system of enforcing Nepal Road
Rules
o ProjectC3.1/P4.4.2Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemofprosecutingruleoffenders
o ProjectC3.1/P4.4.3Trainlawenforcementofficersandundertaketrialsforenforcingrules
o Project C3.1/P4.4.4 Review, update or develop and implement random roadside checking system
(registration,drivinglicence,drinkdriving,seatbelts,helmet,childrestraints,vehicleroadworthiness,
passengerlimits,loadlimits,dimensions,modifications)forcompliance
o Project C3.1/P4.4.5 Review, update or develop and implement strict safety rules for public and
commercialvehicles
o Project C3.1/P4.4.6 Develop measures (engineering + others) and provide logistic supports for
monitoringroadusersbehaviour(CCTVcameras,radarguns,vehicles)
x SubComponentC3.2SaferSpeeds
o ProjectC3.2/P4.5.1Reviewandupdateordeveloppostedspeedlimitsystem
o Project C3.2/P4.5.2 Develop documents (strategy, policy, framework, action plan, manuals,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forpostedspeedlimitsystem
o ProjectC3.2/P4.5.3Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemforenforcingspeedlimits
o Project C3.2/P4.5.4 Review, update or develop and implement pedestrianfriendly zones (school
zones,marketzones)
o ProjectC3.2/P4.5.5Reviewandupdateordevelopspeedlimitsystematpedestrianfriendlyzones
o Project C3.1/P4.4.6 Develop measures (engineering + others) and provide logistic supports for
monitoringspeedlimits(speedcameras,radarguns,vehicles)
xvii
x SubcomponentC3.3SaferVehicles
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementNepalSafeVehicleStandards(NSVS)
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.2Review,updateordevelopdocuments(policy,manuals,guidelines,forms,checklists)
forNSVS
o Project C3.3/P4.6.3 Review and update or develop modern, scientific vehicle testing system with strict
enforcements
o Project C3.3/P4.6.4 Review, update or develop and implement periodic vehicle inspection &
roadworthinesssystem
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.5Review,updateordevelopdocuments(policy,manuals,guidelines,forms,checklists)
forvehicleinspection&roadworthinesssystem
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.6Trainvehicleroadworthinesscertificationprofessionals
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.7Franchisevehiclefitnesstestsatprivateautoworkshopsandestablishanetworkof
professionals
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.8Review,updateordevelopandimplementscientificroutepermitsystem
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.9Developasystemtoprovidefinancialincentivestopromoteinvehiclesafetydevices
o ProjectC3.3/P4.6.10Providebasicrepairandmaintenancetrainingforpublicvehicles
SubComponentC3.4SaferRoads
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.1ReviewandupdateNepalRoadDesignStandards
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.2ReviewandupdateNepalRoadMaintenanceStandards
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.3Trainengineersforsafetyretrofitandtrialprojects
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.4Reviewandupdateordeveloproadmaintenanceprioritysystem
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.5Developdesignguidelineforsaferroadsandconstructrequiredinfrastructures
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.6Developandimplementasystemofreportingroadsafetyprogressesbyresponsible
roadsafetyauthorities
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.7Developandimplementasystemofprosecutingroadauthoritiesforfailingtoprovide
asaferoadenvironment

Project C3.4/P4.8.1 Review and update or develop documents (policy, manual, guidelines, forms,
checklists)fortrafficcontroldevices
ProjectC3.4/P4.8.2Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemofmandatoryworkzonesafety
planning
Project C3.4/P4.8.3 Develop a system to monitor compliance and to enforce laws to regarding traffic
controldevices
ProjectC3.4/P4.8.4Review,updateordesignandimplementpedestriancrossingsatspecifiedlocations
ProjectC3.4/P4.8.5ReviewandupdateordevelopAssetsManagementPlanfortrafficcontroldevices

ProjectC3.4/P4.9.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementNepalRoadSafetyAudit(NRSA)System
ProjectC3.4/P4.9.2Reviewandupdateordevelopdocuments(strategy,policy,manual,guidelines,forms,
checklists)forNepalRoadSafetyAudit(NRSA)System
ProjectC3.4/P4.9.3PilottheNepalRoadSafetyAudittosamplesofSRN
ProjectC3.4/P4.9.4Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemofmodifyingexistingunsaferoads
identifiedbyNepalroadsafetyaudit(NRSA)
ProjectC3.4/P4.9.5Trainroadsafetyauthoritiesandstakeholdersonsaferoadsandsafetyaudits

Project C3.4/P4.10.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal roadside hazard management
system
Project C3.4/P4.10.2 Review and update or develop documents (strategy, policy, action plan, manual,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forNepalroadsidehazardmanagementsystem
Project C3.4/P4.10.3 Review, update or develop and implement adequate delineation measures on all
roads
ProjectC3.4/P4.10.4Reviewexistingpracticeofinstallingguardrails
Project C3.4/P4.10.5 Review, update or develop documents (design standards, specifications, manuals,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forguardrailsandotherroadsidebarriers
xviii
ComponentC4:PostCrash(ResponseandManagement)System
o ProjectC4/P5.1.1Reviewandupdateordeveloppostcrashresponseandmanagementsystem
o ProjectC4/P5.1.2Reviewandupdateordevelopdocuments(framework,strategy,policy,directives,
manual,guidelines,forms,checklists)forpostcrashresponseandmanagementsystem
o ProjectC4/P5.1.3Reviewandupdateordeveloppostcrashemergencycommunicationsystems(toll
freetelephonenumber,telephonebooths,SMS,email,websiteetc.)
o Project C4/P5.1.4 Setupanoptimal (response time and/or cost minimising)networkof ambulance
services(onroad,helicopters,paramedics)throughoutNepal
o ProjectC4/P5.1.5Developpostcashfacilitysitemaps
o ProjectC4/P5.1.6Developanationalambulancemanagementdocuments(strategy,policy,directives,
manual,guidelines,forms,checklists)
o ProjectC4/P5.1.7Developcodeofconductformanagingcrashscenes
o Project C4/P5.1.8 Train emergency agencies (e.g. Traffic Police, Civilian Police, Army, Firebrigade,
Paramedicsetc.)forimprovingpostcrashresponseandformanagingcrashscenes
o ProjectC4/P5.1.9OpentraumacarecentresacrossNepal
o ProjectC4/P5.1.10Trainmedicalpersonnelfortraumacareservicesatalllevels(primary,secondary,
tertiary)withexpertiseontreatmentofroadcrashvictims
o ProjectC4/P5.1.11Developaprioritysystemforcaringmajorcrashvictimsattraumacentres
o Project C4/P5.1.12 Investigate funding sources and develop a funding model to assist medical
rehabilitationanddisabilityofcrashvictims
o Project C4/P5.1.13 Develop documents (strategy and policy) to fund medical rehabilitation and
disabilityofcrashvictims
o ProjectC4/P5.1.14Developpolicyforemploymentopportunitiesforpeoplewithcrashdisabilities
o Project C4/P5.1.15 Develop and maintain a comprehensive postcrash injury surveillance system in
hospitals and healthcare centres (uniform/standard entry in trauma registry and improved crash
reporting)
xix
ComponentC5:CrashInvestigationandDatabaseSystem
o ProjectC5/P6.1.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementNepalroadcrashinvestigationsystem
(NRCIS)
o Project C5/P6.1.2 Review and update or develop documents (policy, manual, guidelines, forms,
checklists)forNRCIS
o ProjectC5/P6.1.3ReviewandupdateordevelopTermsofReference(ToR)forcrashinvestigators
o ProjectC5/P6.1.4Traincrashinvestigatorsanddevelopanetworkofauthorisedcrashinvestigators
o Project C5/P6.2.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal Road Crash and Severity
Classification(NRCSC)system
o Project C5/P6.2.2 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal Road Crash Data Coding,
CollectionandRecordingSystem
o Project C5/P6.2.3 Review and update or develop documents (policy, legal requirements, manual,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forNepalRoadCrashDataCoding,CollectionandRecordingSystem
o ProjectC5/P6.2.4Review,updateordevelopandimplementNepalcrashcodingsystem
o ProjectC5/P6.2.5Reviewandupdateordevelopalistofcrashcontributingfactors
o ProjectC5/P6.2.6ReviewandupdateNepalRoadCrashRecord
o ProjectC5/P6.2.7Review,developandutilisemoderntechnologiestocollectcrashdata
xx
ComponentC6:RoadSafetyResearchandDevelopment
ProjectC6/P11.1.1Developroadsafetyperformancestatistics
ProjectC6/P11.1.2Investigateblackspotsanddevelopcountermeasures
ProjectC6/P11.1.3Reviewanddevelopcrashcost(humancapitalapproach)
ProjectC6/P11.1.4Reviewanddevelopcrashcost(willingnesstopayapproach)
ProjectC6/P11.1.5Develop(base)crashmodificationfactors(CMFs)
ProjectC6/P11.1.6Developsafetyperformancefunctions(SPFs)
ProjectC6/P11.1.7Investigatekeycrashtypesanddevelopcountermeasures
Project C6/P11.1.8 Undertake KAP (knowledgeattitudepractice) study on risk acceptance (both
providersandusersofroadtransportservice)
o ProjectC6/P11.1.9Undertakeneedsassessment/feasibilityofdevelopingNRAM/NRAP
o ProjectC6/P11.1.10Establishstrategic/optimal(responsetimeminimising,costminimising)location
ofpostcrashresponsefacilities
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
xxi
ACRONYMS
AADT
AverageAnnualDailyTraffic
ABS
AntilockBrakingSystems
ADB
AsianDevelopmentBank
ANRAM
AustralianNationalRoadAssessmentModel
AusRAP
AustraliaRoadAssessmentProgram
CMF
CrashModificationFactor
DCA
DefinitionofCodingAccidents
DoLIDAR
DepartmentofLocalInfrastructureDevelopmentandAgriculturalRoads
DoR
DepartmentofRoads
DoTM
DepartmentofTransportManagement
DTO
DistrictTransportOffice
DUDBC
DepartmentofUrbanDevelopmentandBuildingConstriction
DUI
DrivingUnderInfluence
ESC
ElectronicStabilityControl
EuroRAP
EuropeanRoadAssessmentProgram
FSI
FatalandSevereInjury
GDP
GrossDomesticProduct
GIS
GeographicalInformationSystem
GLS
GraduatedLicensingSystem
GPS
GlobalPositioningSystem
ICC
IntelligentCruiseControl
KVDA
KathmanduValleyUrbanDevelopmentAuthority
LRN
LocalRoadNetwork
LSGA
LocalSelfGovernanceAct
MoFALD
MinistryofFederalAffairsandLocalDevelopment
MoHP
MinistryofHealthandPopulation
MoPIT
MinistryofPhysicalInfrastructureandTransport
MoUD
MinistryofUrbanDevelopment
NCC
NepalCrashCoding
NCSC
NepalCrashandSeverityClassification
NepRAM
NepalRoadAssessmentModel
xxii
NepRAP
NepalRoadAssessmentProgram
NFRDT
NepalForumforRuralTransportandDevelopment
NPCMS
NepalPostCrashManagementSystem
NPR
NepaleseRupees
NRAM
NepalRiskAssessmentModel
NRAP
NepalRoadAssessmentProgramme
NRCDS
NepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystem
NRCIS
NepalRoadCrashInvestigationSystem
NRCSC
NepalRoadCrashandSeverityClassification
NRSEI
NepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement
NRSIM
NepalRoadSafetyInformationManagement
NRSM
NepalRoadSafetyMeasures
NRSMS
NepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem
NRSS
NepalRoadSafetyStrategy
NRUIM
NepalRoadUseManagementInformation
NSVS
NepalSafeVehiclesStandards
NTDRC
NepalTransportation&DevelopmentResearchCentre
NTP
NepalTrafficPolice
OECD
OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment
OSR
OfficeofStatisticalResearch
PDO
PropertyDamageOnly
QLD
Queensland
RAR
RoadAccidentRecord
RBN
RoadsBoardNepal
RSDP
RoadSectorDevelopmentProject
RSEI
RoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement
RSSN
RoadSafetySocietyNepal
RTA
RoadTrafficAccidents
RTU
RoadTrafficUnit
SI
SeverityIndex
SPF
SafetyPerformanceFunction
SRN
StrategicRoadNetwork
TD
TravelDistance
xxiii
TESU
TrafficEngineeringandSafetyUnit
TMC
TransportManagementCommittee
TMR
TransportandMainRoads
ToR
TermsofReference
TP
TrafficPolice
TSU
TrafficSafetyUnit
UN
UnitedNations
UNRSC
UnitedNationsRoadSafetyCollaboration
VDC
VillageDevelopmentCommittee
VKT
VehicleKilometreofTravel
VTMA
VehicleandTransportManagementAct
VTMR
VehicleandTransportManagementRegulations
WB
WorldBank
WHO
WorldHealthOrganisation
xxiv
CHAPTER1DEVELOPMENTOFNEPALROADSAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
1.1
RoadSafetySituationinNepal
The road safety situation in Nepal is alarming. Limited reported data shows that, over the
lastthreeyearssince2010/11,approximately5peoplewerekilled,11peoplewereseriously
injuredand22peoplewereslightlyinjuredinabout25roadcrashes(1:2:4:5ratios)everyday
onNepaleseroads.Moreover,thisdatamaybegrosslyunderestimatedasWHO(2013)has
estimatedNepalsroadfatalitywasashighas4,787(4,2065,367at95%confidenceinterval)
in2010.
The fatality rates of about 10.0 to 30.0 per 10,000 registered vehicles and 6.0 to 16.0 per
100,000 population are extremely disturbing figures for a low income country with only
about45registeredvehiclesper1,000people(38carsandmotorcyclesper1,000people)in
2011. Similar figures for Australia are 0.79 deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles and 6.00
deathsper100,000populationwith760registeredvehiclesper1,000people(580passenger
vehicles per 1,000 people) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). This shows that fatality
rateper10,000registeredvehiclesinNepalwas12to38timeshigherthaninAustraliain
2011.Althoughthefatalityratesper100,000populationwereonlyabout1to3timeshigher
in Nepal than in Australia in 2011, passenger vehicle ownership rate in Australia was 15
timeshigherthaninNepal(17timeshigherintermstotalregisteredvehicles).Inaddition,
these figures are on the rise in Nepal whereas they are decreasing in Australia. With the
expansionofroadnetworksandnumbersofvehicles,thenumberofcrashesandfatalities
has been increasing alarmingly. These statistics warrant an urgent need for improving the
safetyofNepalsroads.
NDLEAInc.etal.(2008)estimatedthatroadtrafficcrashescostNepalbetween0.4%and
0.8%ofGDPannually(approximatelyNRs2.70billionor$30million).Recently,WHO(2013)
estimated that road crashes in Nepal has resulted an estimated GDP loss of 0.8% in 2011.
Consideringtheheavylossoflivesandwealthinroadcrashestheconcernedroadandtraffic
managementagencieshavestartedtoincorporateroadsafetyissuesintheirprogramsbutit
seemstheactivitiescurrentlybeingimplementedareinadequateasthelossesoflivesand
propertyfromroadcrashesareincreasing.ThisisreallyunaffordableinNepalscontextand
demandsseriouseffortstobemadetowardsroadsafetymanagementsysteminNepal.Such
adisturbingtrendinroadsafetystatisticsinNepalistheresultofthelackofcomprehensive
roadsafetymanagementsysteminplace.Absenceoftheroadsafetymanagementsystem
couldhaveattributed,butnotlimited,to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
primarynationalfocusonexpandingroadaccesstoagreaternumberofdistricts,
lackofadequateinstitutionalarrangementsandlegalframeworksforroadsafety,
lackofpropersafetyrelatedtechnicalframeworksandpolicydocuments,
lackofcooperationandcoordinationamongfragmentedroadsafetyorganisations,
insufficientfundingandinefficientfundingarrangementsforroadsafety,
1
6. inadequate national standards for transport infrastructure design, construction and

maintenance,
7. lackofproperactionsoncrashpreventionsystem(driverlicensing,publiceducation,vehicle
testing,lawenforcementetc),
8. lackofproperpostcrashmanagementandresponsesystem,
9. inadequatedatacollection,management,analysisandreportingsystem,
10. lackofproperscientificresearchonroadsafetycountermeasures,and
11. lack of proper national planning, policy and strategy: formulation, implementation and
evaluation
The adverse impacts resulting from the lack of these essential components of road safety
managementsystemhavebeencompoundedduetopoorimplementation,monitoringand
evaluationpractices.
Many developed and developing countries have focused their attention to road safety
duringthelastthreetofourdecadesandroadsafetyhasbeenamajorstrategicarea.UN
Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020 (United Nations, 2011) is an example of such
globalinitiativethathassetfivepillarstoguidenationalroadsafetyplansandactivities:

Untilrecently,inspiteofrepeatedalarmsraisedbyseveralsectorsofsociety,areductionin
road trauma has not been a key national objective in Nepal. Road safety has not been
consideredasamajorstrategiccomponentofNepalsroadsectordevelopmentprogramme.
Interestintheroadsafetyepidemichashoweverincreasedsignificantlyduringthelastfew
years inaccord with the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020 (United Nations,
2011). Nepal has participated in this global initiative, albeit very slow pace and years late,
and has developed a document outlining its road safety action plans to achieve its safety
targetsinNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)(MoPIT,2013).ANationalRoadSafety
Council(NRSC)hasbeenrecentlyestablishedandactionsarebeingtakenonseveralfronts,
albeitonisolatedandfragmentedways.
Implementationofseveralactivitiesinthisactionplanremainssketchyinitsearlystagesand
theGovernmentofNepalislookingtoacceleratetheprogress.Tohelptheprogress,World
Bank has recently contributed $7.863 million for Nepal Road Safety Support Project for (i)
capacitystrengtheningthatincludesestablishingNepalRoadSafetyCouncilandSecretariat;
legislation and capacity strengthening; and small scale safety pilots and (ii) improved
physical safety of RSDP road, for example crash barriers (World Bank, 2014). The recent
progressesofthisprojectandotherprojectsinthisregardarestillunknown.
2
At this rate of progress, it is almost impossible to achieve road safety outcomes listed in
Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (20132020) (MoPIT, 2013) due to lack of fundamental
starting basics for road safety. There is a high risk that this action plan will eventually be
another attempted but unsuccessful national plan unless a serious effort towards road
safetyismadethroughacomprehensiveroadsafetymanagementsysteminplace.
1.2
RoadSafetyManagementSystem
Roadsafetyisacomplex,integrated,dynamicandmultidimensionalproblem.Improvement
inroadsafetyrequiresactionsonseveralfronts:engineeringandsocialscience,education
andpublicawareness,lawandenforcement,healthandemergencyservices,andmediaand
publicitycampaigns,tonamejustafew.Actionsonmultiplefrontsarerequiredinacomplex
environment often with conflicting and competing interests. A wellcoordinated and
concertedeffortfromallagenciesworkingonthesefrontsisessential.Thisispossibleonly
byimplementingaholisticmanagementsystem.
Road safety is produced just like other goods and services and the production process is
viewed as a management system with three levels: institutional management functions
produceinterventions,whichinturnproduceresults(BlissandBreen2008,SafetyNet2009).
Consideration of all elements of the road safety management system and the linkages
betweenthembecomescriticalforanycountryseekingtoidentifyandimproveitscurrent
performancelevel(BlissandBreen2008,OECD2008).
Aroadsafetymanagementsystemisanintegratedsystemthatlinksawiderangeofroad
safetyaspectsinaunifiedframeworkinordertoachievepositiveroadsafetyoutcomes.
RSMS has evolved over the last few decades in developed countries. A Safe System
approach, which makes allowance for human error and minimises the consequences,
especially the risk of death and serious injury, has been accepted internationally as an
approachtomanageroadsafety.Itisseenasthemostappropriateapproachinguidingthe
managementofroadsafety.InaSafeSystemapproach,roadsafetyproblemsaretypically
treatedbyconsideringtheinteractionofseveralcomponentsofthetransportsystem,rather
thanbyimplementingindividualcountermeasuresinrelativeisolation.Thismeansthatthe
fullrangeofroadsafetyaspectssuchasgovernanceandplanning,crashpreventionsystems,
postcrash management systems, crash investigation and database systems, research and
developments need to be linked together. Safe System is the best option to manage road
safetyinNepal.
1.3
NecessityofNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem
As discussed previously, in Nepal every day on average, 5 persons were killed 11 were
seriously injured and 22 sustained minor injuries in about 25 road crashes over the three
yearperiodsince2010/2011.Moreover,thisdatamayhavebeengrosslyunderreportedin
3
theabsenceofformalmechanismtocollectroadcrashdatainNepal.Untilrecently,inspite
ofrepeatedalarmsraisedbyseveralsectorsofsociety,areductioninroadtraumahasnot
been a key national objective. Road safety has not been considered as a major strategic
component of Nepals road sector development programme. Interest in the road safety
epidemichashoweverincreasedsignificantlyduringthelastfewyearsinaccordwiththeUN
Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020. A National Road Safety Council (NRSC) has
beenrecentlyestablishedinNepalandactionsarebeingtakenonseveralfronts,albeiton
isolatedandfragmentedways.AcomprehensiveRoadSafetyManagementSysteminNepal
(NRSMS)isessentialinorderto:
x
x
x
1.4
controlandreducelargelypreventableroadcrashtraumaonNepaleseroads,
minimiseroadcrashcoststoNepalesesociety,and
achievesustainableNepalroadsafetyoutcomes.
PrincipalComponentsofNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem
After the review of existing information and international best practices, it is proposed to
developNRSMSwiththefollowingsixprincipalcomponents:
1. Component 1 (C1) Nepal Road Safety Information Management (NRSIM) and
Database System: population, vehicle, drivers, traffic, road and summary crash
statistics
2. Component 2 (C2) Governance and Planning: leadership and commitment,
institutionalframework(organisationalstructure,resources,rolesandresponsibilities),
funding framework (funding model), legal frameworks (acts and regulations) and
technical frameworks (road safety documents); road safety countermeasures; road
safety evaluation and improvement process; and road safety planning, policy and
strategy(policy,vision,mission/targets,strategyandactionplansandactivities)
3. Component 3 (C3) Precrash (Crash Prevention) Systems: crash prevention and
roadriskmanagementsystem:roadusers,speeds,vehiclesandroads
3.1 Subcomponent 3.1 (C3.1) Safer Road Users: road use rules, driver licensing
system,publiceducationandawareness,lawenforcement,competenceandtraining
3.2Subcomponent3.2(C3.2)SaferSpeeds:speedmanagementsystem,speedlimits
3.3 Subcomponent 3.3 (C3.3) Safer Vehicles: roadworthiness national car
assessment program, vehicle standards compliance, vehicle inspection and
maintenancesystem
3.4 Subcomponent 3.4 (C3.4) Safer Roads: road design and maintenance, traffic
controldevices,roadsafetyaudit,roadsidehazardmanagement
4. Component4(C4)Postcrash(PostcrashResponseandManagement)System:
postcrash response and management system such as emergency preparedness,
responseandtreatments
4
5. Component5(C5)CrashInvestigationandDatabaseSystem:crashinvestigation,
datacoding,datacollection,datarecordingandcreationofroadcrashdatabase
6. Component 6 (C6) Road Safety Research and Development: road safety
monitoring,measurement,investigationandanalysis
It is considered that the current road safety activities in Nepal do not capture all these
components in a unified framework. The first step of this comprehensive approach is to
bringtogetherallthesecomponentsintoonemanagementsystemtakingintoaccountboth
national and international practices, supported by scientific research. The best practices
around the world will be used as far as possible. However, site and contextspecific
informationmustalsobecollected,analysedandutilised.
AlistofindicativeprojectsundereachcomponentthathelpdevelopacomprehensiveNepal
RoadSafetyManagementSystem(NRSMS)islistedonPagexiv.Thelistisnotexhaustivebut
only indicative to demonstrate typical projects. These projects are not exclusive and
sequential. There is a need additionally to source information from other projects and
programmes.
AsthisdocumentisaBIGPICTUREproposal,thedetailsofeachprojectarenotpresentedat
this stage. Only an expanded summary covering objectives, short description, references
with national and international initiatives, information sources and expected outcomes of
eachprojectispresentedinsubsequentchaptersofthisproposaltodemonstratetheextent
andnatureofworksrequired.Oncetheexistinginformationisfurtheranalysedandpossible
interestsandcontributionsfromrelevantstakeholdersbecomesclearer,theseprojectscan
be scoped and undertaken as and when funds become available. A list of potential short
termprojectsisprovidedonPagesxvxxi.
1.5
NepalRoadSafetyManagementSystemDevelopmentProcess
It is better to develop the system in stages. It is essentially a building block approach
involving several components, subcomponents, projects and activities. Each part of the
systemcanbedevelopedconcurrentlyandmostlyindependently.Whenallthecomponents,
subcomponents,projectsandactivitiesaredeliveredafullscalesafetymanagementsystem
will eventually be established. For example, crash database system needed for safety
management will have to be developed in the first stage. This system uses data collected
fromtheindividualcrashinvestigationsystemwhichwouldcontaindatafromcrashesduly
coded using an acceptable crash coding system by severity and by type. Crash data
obtainedfromawellmaintainedcentralcrashdatabasesystemwillthenbeusedtoidentify
blackspotsandcorrespondingtypesoftreatment.Targetedroadsafetyinitiativescanthen
be suggested to reduce road crashes on that particular location. Five year crash data are
generallyusedinternationallytoidentifyblackspotsinaformalsense.Thedevelopmentof
the crash database system will be a oneoff project with periodic improvement but
populatingthedatabasewithdataisanongoingimplementationactivityforNRSMS.
5
Table1StagesofNRSMSDevelopment
Stage1:Consultations
Consultationwithrelevantstakeholders(continuousprocess)
Stage 2: BIG PICTURE DevelopmentofBIGPICTUREproposal(thisdocument)

Proposal
Stage3:Consolidationof Itisrecognisedthatsomeoftheprojectsidentifiedinthisproposalare
existing projects and alreadyintheprocessofimplementationbutinisolationandwithout
activities
considering the BIG PICTURE. These projects are reviewed and
improved if required and consolidated within unified management
system. It is important to work together with these agencies so that
projectsalreadystartedwouldalignwiththeproposedsystem.Expert
advicewouldneedtobeprovidedtoaligntheongoinginitiativeswith
theproposedmanagementsystem,wherenecessary.
Stage4:Scoping,funding A number of shortterm projects (lowcost highbenefit) are scoped,
and delivery of short methodologiesdeveloped,costedanddeliveredwithfundingsupport
frominterestedfundingagenciesorfromthegovernmentonproject
termprojects
byproject basis. Individual agency can select the development of
entiremanagementsystem,oraspecificcomponentofit,oranumber
ofrelatedsubcomponentsorprojectsofinterest,forfunding.
Stage5:Scoping,funding A number of mediumterm projects (mediumcost, medium
and delivery of medium timeframe) are scoped, methodologies developed, costed and
delivered with funding support from interested funding agencies or
termprojects
from the government on projectbyproject basis. Individual agency
can select the development of entire management system
development, or a specific component of it, or a number of related
subcomponentsorprojectsofinterest,forfunding.
Stage6:Scoping,funding A number of longterm projects (highcost, longtimeframe) are
anddeliveryoflongterm scoped,methodologiesdeveloped,costedanddeliveredwithfunding
supportfrominterestedfundingagenciesorfromthegovernmenton
projects
projectbyprojectbasis.Individualagencycanselectthedevelopment
ofentiremanagementsystemdevelopment,oraspecificcomponent
ofit,oranumberofrelatedsubcomponentsorprojectsofinterest,
forfunding.
Stage 7: Development of All completed projects (short, medium and longterm) are
fullNRSMS
consolidatedcollectivelytocontributetofullNRSMS
Stage
8:
System Thesystemiscontinuallymonitored,evaluatedandimproved.Priority
improvement
and is given to the missing part or parts of the system. It is important to
recognise that works on road safety improvement do not stop with
upgrade(ongoing)
the completion of the development of NRSMS. The system is only a
tooltomanageroadsafetybetter.Itisimportanttocontinuethework
toreduceroadtraumaonanongoingbasis.NRSMSisawaytoprovide
aframeworkfordeliveringimprovedroadsafetyinNepal.Itworksin
thefashionsimilartotheroadassetmanagementsystemwithwhich
mostengineers,plannersandpolicymakersareaware.
6
The above is an example of one component/subcomponent. Each component/subsystem
willbedevelopedwiththesameapproach.AwellplannedlongtermvisionforNRSMShelps
achievesustainableroadsafetysolutions.Aprerequisitetorealisethisvisionanddeliverthe
systemisarobustinstitutional,legal,fundingandtechnicalframework.Thisisproposedasa
part of governance and planning component. This framework needs to be developed in
tandeminordertosustaintheabovesystemandcomponents.Table1liststhestagesofthe
systemdevelopmentalthoughdifferentstagescanbestartedconcurrently.
1.6
Timeframe
It is not expected that all components in this proposal would be completed within the
immediatefuture.Rather,itwillprovidestrategicdirectionandhelpbuildthesystemstep
bystep.Whilesomelowcosthighbenefitprojectactivitiescanbeinitiatedsoonafterthe
finalisationofthisproposal,theestablishmentoffullscaleRoadSafetyManagementSystem
can be materialised only in the medium (510 years) to longterm (1015 years) horizon
dependingonfundingandresourcesavailable.
ThefulldevelopmentofaNepalRoadSafetyManagementSystem(NRSMS)asenvisionedin
this proposal may take up to 20 years. But the immediate and short to medium term
projects under the system umbrella will start giving results for incremental benefits while
buildingthemanagementsystemoverseveralyears.
1.7
InvolvementofStakeholders
Allstakeholders,whohaveinterestsinroadsafetyinNepalcanbeinvolvedatoneormore
partsofthesystem.Contributionsfromallstakeholderssuchasnationalandinternational
institutions,andbilateralandmultilateralfundingagenciesareneededinordertoinitiate,
conduct and complete the road safety project activities identified in this proposal. It is
expected that a fullscale Nepal Road Safety Management System (NRSMS) will be
institutionalised, implemented and sustained once these project activities are completed,
updatedandmonitored.
***
7
CHAPTER2NEPALROADSAFETYINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTAND
DATABASESYSTEM
(Roadsafetyinformationanddatabase)
2.1
Objectives
Road safety information management and database system helps to understand the real
reasons of crashes and to develop countermeasures to combat them. Global Plan for the
Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020 (United Nations, 2011) have emphasised the
importanceofdatasystemsforongoingmonitoringandevaluationinPillar1:RoadSafety
Management:
x
Activity 6: Establish and support data systems for ongoing monitoring and
evaluationtoincludeanumberofprocessandoutcomemeasures,including:
o establishing and supporting national and local systems to measure and
monitorroadtrafficdeaths,injuriesandcrashes
monitor intermediate outcomes, such as average speed, helmetwearing
rates,seatbeltwearingrates,etc
monitoroutputsofroadsafetyinterventions;
monitortheeconomicimpactofroadtrafficinjuries;and
monitorexposuretoroadtrafficinjuries
ThereisnomentionofdatasystemsinNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)prepared
by MoPIT (2013). To start with, it is important to develop and update databases aimed
specificallyforroadsafetywithalongtermvisioninmind.
2.2
NepalRoadSafetyDivisions
Thechallengesposedbyroadsafetyaredifferentfordifferentregions,fordifferenttypesof
roadsandfordifferentassociatedroadsafetyauthoritiesinNepal.Whileroughly50%ofall
crashes occur in the Kathmandu Valley, it is important to note that these tend to be less
severe than crashesinregions outside of Kathmandu. For example, in FY09/10 the rate of
fatalitiesper10,000registeredvehiclesinregionsoutsideKathmandurangedfrom7to33
times higher than the rate of fatalities observed in the valley. One explanation for this
8
disparity is masscasualty events that result when a single multipassenger vehicle (e.g. a
bus)losescontrolandplummetsfromsteephillormountainroads.Buscrashesalonglong
distanceroutesaccountforroughly13%ofallfatalitiesand31%ofseriousinjuriessuffered
asaresultofroadtrafficcrashesinNepal(WorldBank,2014).Sincethereisnoroadsafety
divisions specifically zoned for road safety in Nepal, the first step of comprehensive road
safetymanagementistodevelopNepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)andtheir(electronic)
database.
Project2.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)
[ComponentC1:NepalRoadSafetyInformationManagement(NRSIM)and
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopNepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
ReviewanddevelopNRSD
Develop(electronic)spatialdatabase(suchasGISmaps)systemwithanumberof
divisions(tobecalledNepalRoadSafetyDivisionsorNRSD)forthepurposeof
collating and consolidating all relevant data required for undertaking targeted
roadsafetyanalysis
Thesafetydivisionscanbebasedongeography(e.g.,existingregional,zonaland
districtboundariesorareducedsimilar)ortypesofroads(SRNorLRN)ortraffic
volume(low,mediumorhigh)oracombinationofthem
Roadbaseddatabasesystemispreferredwhenseparateroadsafetyauthorities
areresponsiblefordifferenttypesofroads
Basemapsofthesedivisionsaretobedeveloped
3. ReferencetoUNDecadeofActionforRoadSafety20112020
x Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity6:Datasystems)
4. ReferencetoNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(notdirectlylistedasactivity)
5. InformationSource:
x
x
x
x
x
Populationcensusandadministrativeboundaries
Roadtypes:SRNorLRN
Governmentdepartments:DoTM,DoRandDoLIDAR
TrafficPolice(TP)andotherinformationsources
Internationalbestpractices
6. Outcome:
x
SpatialNepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)and(electronic)databasesystem
9
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 2.1 Nepal Road Safety Divisions may
include:
x ProjectC1/P2.1.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementNRSD
x ProjectC1/P2.1.2Develop(electronic)databaseofNRSD

2.3
PopulationGrowthandTrends
Figure1showsthepopulationgrowthinNepal.Thepopulationofthecountrywas26.495
million(2010/11)withgrowthrateof1.35%perannum(CentralBureauofStatistics,2011).
The time series and disaggregated population statistics and distributions (personal and
socioeconomiccharacteristics)includinghistoricalgrowthsandfutureprojectionswouldbe
anaddedbenefitforroadsafetymanagement.Thesearerequiredtoassesstheroadsafety
anddevelopstrategiesandprogramstargetedatreducingtheroadsafetyriskonparticular
roadsorregions.
Figure1NepalsPopulation(EstimatedfromPopulationCensus)
DataSource:CentralBureauofStatistics(2011)
10
Project2.2DevelopmentofPopulationDatabase
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
TodeveloppopulationdatabasebyNepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)
2. Description:
x
Develop computerised database (such as GIS maps) system that collate
populationdatabyNepalRoadSafety Divisions(NRSD)(CreateBasePopulation
Data).
Time series and disaggregated (personal and socioeconomic characteristics)
population data showing historical growths and future projections would be an
addedbenefit.
x
x
x
x
NepalRoadSafetyDivisions(NRSD)
AdministrativeBoundaries
PopulationCensus
6. Outcome:
x
Spatialanddisaggregated(electronic)populationdatabase
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject2.2PopulationDatabasemayinclude:
x ProjectC1/P2.2.1Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)populationdatabase
x Project C1/P2.2.2 Collect and incorporate personal and socioeconomic variables
requiredforroadsafetyanalysisinthe(electronic)populationdatabasesystem

2.4
ExpansionofNepalRoadNetwork
TheroadconstructioninNepalisverydifficultandcostlyduetotheruggedtopographyand
poorgeologybutistheprincipaltransportmode.EventhoughtheroaddensityinNepalis
verylow,theroadnetworkisexpandingrapidlyinrecentyears.Itisestimatedthatthetotal
road networks have crossed 60,000km. The total road network was 376km in 1951 and
5,925kmin1985(Thapa,2013).
11
Figure2StrategicRoadNetwork(SRN)inNepal

Source:DepartmentofRoads(online)
From the national road network perspective, Nepalese roads are classified into two broad
categories:strategicroadnetworkorSRNandlocalroadnetworkorLRN.Nepalsstrategic
road network (SRN) comprises the National Highways, Feeder Roads and strategically
importantUrbanRoads(MoPIT,2013).TheDepartmentofRoads(DoR),functioningunder
the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport (MoPIT), is responsible for the
constructionandmaintenanceoftheSRN.TheSRN,backboneofthenationalroadnetwork,
is the mainnational arteries providing interregional connections and links to regional and
districtheadquarters,internationalborders,keyeconomiccentres,touristiccentresandthe
majorurbanroads.
NationalmapofSRNinNepalisshowninFigure2.Figure3showsthegrowthofSRNover
the last decade. SRN consists of 21 National Highways and 208 Feeder Roads totalling
11,636.58kmasofyear2011/12.
12
Figure3GrowthofStrategicRoadNetwork(SRN)inNepal
Figure4LocalRoadNetwork(LRN)inNepal
Thelocalroadnetwork(LRN)areconstructedandmaintainedbylocalgovernments(district
and village development committees, municipalities) and comprise the District Roads that
includesVillageandAgricultureRoadsandnonstrategicUrbanRoadsandarecoordinated
by the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR)
functioning under the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD). There
arenohistoricalinventoriesoftheseroads.Itwasthoughttobeapproximately22,000kmof
village roads in 2010. Recently, DoLIDAR (2013) conducted an inventory of LRN and found
outtobemorethan50,000km.Figure4showsmorethandoublethelengthofroadsexisted
thanpreviouslythought.TheLRNwasconstructedtoopenupaccesstoremote/ruralareas
13
as quickly as possible but without giving due consideration to the operability and
sustainabilityofroads.Thegeometryoftheseroadsispoorandsomeseriousenvironmental
problems are created by these roads. Only about 40% of the network is serviceable.
However, the DoR also looks after approximately 10,000km of main roads of this local
networkwhicharemostlyserviceable(Thapa,2013).
Project2.3DevelopmentofRoadInventoryandTrafficStream
Database
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
Todevelop(electronic)roadinventoryandtrafficstreamdatabase
2. Description:
x
Road inventory database: Develop (electronic) database (GIS maps) that

collate/consolidatestrategicandlocalroadnetwork(SRNandLRN).Createbase
road network map starting from strategic roads of national, then regional and
local significance gradually incorporating entire road network. Time series and
disaggregated (posted speed limits, curves, grades, pavement types, lanes,
shoulder, sight distance, road signs, line markings, safety barriers and other
roadsidefurnitureetc.thathaveimpactonroadsafetyoutcomes)datashowing
historical changes and future projections would be an added benefit. Where
speed limits are not sign posted, implement the system of doing so and keep
recordsoftheseasandwhenimplemented.
Traffic stream database: Develop and implement the system of traffic volume
(AADT, composition, intersection turning movements, pedestrian movements)
and speeds (posted speed limits, spot speeds, space speeds) collection and
storage (GIS maps) system (permanent counters at strategic locations and
temporarycountersasperspecificneed)tocreatetrafficstreamdatabaseusing
appropriate vehicle detection technologies (loop, video, P2P vehicle detection).
Commencefrombasicinformationandgraduallyexpandtoallroadelements.
x Activity1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity6:Datasystems)
x
x
x
x
x
NepalroadsafetydivisionsorNRSD
Someinventorydatamayneedtobecollected,asandwhennecessary
6. Outcome:
x
Disaggregatedandspatial(electronic)roadinventoryandtrafficstreamdatabase
14
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 2.3 Road Inventory and Traffic Stream
Databasemayinclude:
x ProjectC1/P2.3.1Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)roadinventorydatabase
x ProjectC1/P2.3.2Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)trafficstreamdatabase
x Project C1/P2.3.3 Plan, develop and implement automatic system of collecting
dynamictrafficstream(volume,composition,speed,axleloadsetc.)data

2.5
VehicleRegistration,OwnershipandDriverLicenceRecords
Figure 5 shows the total cumulative registered vehicles and annual growth in Nepal. The
annualgrowthrateofvehicleregistrationsrangesfrom9%to25%.Bytheendof2012/13,it
wasestimatedthatthenumberofvehiclesreachedto1,557,478(DepartmentofTransport
Management,2013).Thereis,however,nosystemofwritingofftheagedvehicleswhichare
phasedoutorscrapped(MoPIT,2013).

Figure5VehicleRegistrationandGrowth

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenhighgrowthrateformotorcyclesandlightvehicles(car/jeep)
asshowninFigure6.Inurbanareas,thistrendistheimpactfromanexpandingeconomyin
anenvironmentwhereefficientmasstransportationsarelacking(MoPIT,2013).
15
Figure6GrowthofMotorVehiclesbyType
Annual growth rates are fluctuating over the years but motorcycles growth rate is
consistentlyhigherthanothermodesasshowninFigure7.
Figure7AnnualGrowth(%)ofMotorVehiclesinNepal
16
Theshareofmotorcycles(77.51%)intheroadtrafficcompositionin2012/2013isveryhigh
followedbycar/jeep(8.91%)andtractorasshowninFigure8.
Figure8RoadTrafficCompositionsinNepal(2012/2013)
Figure9showsvehicleownership(totalregisteredvehicles)trendinNepal.Therehasbeen
anincreaseinvehicleownershipinrecentyears.Withinthelast20years,vehicleownership
hasincreasedbyabout10folds.However,car/jeepownershipisextremelylow(5carsper
1,000 people compared to 33 motorcycles per 1,000 people in 2010/2011). There is no
publiclyavailableinformationregardingdrivinglicences,registrationsandotherdetails.
Figure9RegisteredVehiclesper1,000Population
17
Project2.4DevelopmentofRoadVehicleandDriverDatabase
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
Todevelop(electronic)vehicleanddriverdatabasesystem
2. Description:
x
x
x
Vehicle registration and maintenance database: Develop (electronic) database

systemthatcollatesuptodaterecordsofvehicleregistration(types,purchases,
transfers,inspections,maintenanceandwriteoffsetc)(itisbeingdevelopedby
DoTMwithfundingfromWB/ADBprovideinternationalbestpracticeadvicefor
ongoingmaintenanceofthesystembeingdeveloped)
Driver database: Develop (or improve) drivers licensing database system
(registration,cancellations,infringementsetc)
Note:Someofthesedatarequirementsshouldbemadecompulsorybylawand
shouldbeconsistentwiththeinternationallyacceptedstandards
x Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(notdirectlylistedasactivity)
x
x
Governmentdepartments(DoTM)
TrafficPolice
6. Outcome:
x
Detailed(electronic)roadvehicleanddriverdatabase
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject2.4RoadVehicleandDriverDatabasemay
include:
x ProjectC1/P2.4.1Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)roadvehicledatabase
x ProjectC1/P2.4.2Reviewandupdateordevelop(electronic)driverlicencedatabase
2.6
CrashStatistics
RoadcrashesareincreasinginNepalduetoincreasedvehiclefleetandspeed.Mostofthe
crasheshavinganyhumaninjuryarereportedtothePolice.Crasheswithminorinjuryand
small damages to the vehicles may be settledat thecrash site withmutual understanding
and may not be reported to the Police. Also, deaths resulting from the injuries after the
crash(saywithin30days)inthehospitalmaynothavebeenreportedbyPoliceasfatal.A
fairlylargenumberofcrashesareneverreportedtothePolice,mainlybecausetheinvolved
parties want to settle the matter between them. Generally, only those crashes with high
18
injuryorpropertydamageorwithdisputesarereportedandrecordedinthePoliceoffice.
Thisunderrepresentationisassumedtobelesspronouncedforseverecrashes.Hence,the
availabledatadonotgivethefullcrashpicture(Thapa,2013).Theabsenceofscientificand
unified approach to defining road crashes and strong legal requirements to report the
crashesmayalsohavetriggeredtheunderreporting.
Becauseofabsenceofadedicatedagencyforroadsafetyandscientificandunifiedapproach
to defining crashes, crash database system is poor in Nepal. Generally DoR through its
divisionofficesrecordthelocationsofcrashes.Consideringapropercrashdatabasesystem
tobethebackboneofroadsafetyengineering,collectionofroadcrashinformationstarted
in July 1995 with help of Traffic Police (TP). The DoR helped the TP to design their own
simple Road Crash Data System for nationwide crash database, which basically provides
crash statistics but do not provide the necessary detailed information for crash analysis
(Thapa,2013).
2.7
NumberofCrashes
There seems to be discrepancies across different data sources regarding the number of
crashes, number of vehicles involved in the crashes and number of people involved in the
crashes. Nonetheless, Figure 10 shows the total number of crashes, number of vehicles
involved and number of people involved in crashes in Nepal (Data source: collected and
refinedfromanumberofsources,mainlyfromTrafficDirectoratebutdataaccuracycannot
beascertained)
Figure10NumberofCrashes,VehiclesInvolvedandPeopleInvolved
19
2.8
Casualty
AsperthePolicestatistics(TrafficPolice,2015),therewere8,803roadtrafficcrashesinthe
fiscal year 2010/11 resulting in 1,689 fatalities, 4,071 serious injuries and 8,509 minor or
slight injuries. This accounts for a total of 14,893 road related casualties in 2010/11.
However, these figures may not truly reflect the actual number of casualties occurring in
Nepalasroadtrafficcrashesareunderreported,particularly,theminororslightinjuries.It
isdifficulttobeaccurateaboutthesefiguresasmanycrashes,includingoneswherepeople
areinjured,arenotreportedtothePolice.Generally,onlythosecrasheswithhighinjuryor
propertydamageorwithdisputesarereportedandrecordedinthePoliceoffice.
Figure11andFigure12showthenumberofpeoplekilledandinjuredfromroadcrashesin
Nepal over the years. From the road safety perspective, year 2007/08 was the worst year
whentheroadfatalitiesincreasedbymorethan50%onannualincrementbasisandnumber
of crashes on the rise since then, even though annual increase has been down since
2010/11.
Figure11RoadFatalitiesinNepal
20
Figure12NumberofPeopleKilledorInjuredinRoadCrashes
The latest crash statistic shows that Nepalese roads claimed 1,816 peoples lives and
injured about 12,000 people inyear 2012/13. Figure 13 shows the trend of number of
peopleinvolvedinroadcrashesinNepal.
Figure13TrendofPeopleInvolvedinRoadCrashesinNepal
21
2.9
FatalityRates
Figure14,Figure15andFigure16showtheroadcasualtytrendsinNepal.Majorityofthese
indicators are opposite to what the western world are achieving through comprehensive
roadsafetymanagementsystem.
Figure14PeopleInvolvedinRoadCrashesper100,000PopulationinNepal
Figure15FatalityRates
22
Figure15showsthatthefatalityratesper10,000cumulativenumbersofregisteredvehicles
havebeendecreasingoveralongtermbutremainedexcessivelyhigh.Thefatalityratesof
14.33 deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles and 6.37 deaths per 100,000 population in
2010/11isextremelydisturbingfiguresforalowincomecountrywithonly44.5registered
vehiclesper1,000people(38carsandmotorcyclesper1,000people).Thefatalityratesare
actually higher than these values if the number of vehicles phased out or scrapped and
underreporting are taken into consideration (MoPIT, 2013). Injury to fatality ratios
remainedinbetween6.00to12.00overtheyearsasshowninFigure16.
Figure16FatalityRates(OtherIndicators)
2.10 ContributingFactorsofRoadCrashesinNepal
In the case of the SRN, the majority of fatalities occur outside the Kathmandu valley and
involvetrucksandbusses,withmanyfatalitiesbeingpedestriansandcrashesoftencaused
byrecklessdriving.IntheLRNitappearsthatroadandterrainconditionsalsoplayamajor
role in rural road crashes, especially in the Hills where many deaths are due to vehicles
veering off the road and falling down the hillside. A detailed analysis of LRN crash data is
requiredtoidentifytheprominentcausesofcrashes(WorldBank,2013).Figure17provides
23
thegeneralstatisticsregardingthecausesoftrafficcrashesinNepalwherethedriversfault
remainsthetopcauseanditisalsoincreasingovertheyears.Itisnotclearwhythedrivers
fault and overtaking are separated (it may be because of the limited sight distances on
roadsoralsobecauseitissimplyeasytoblamedrivers).
Figure17CausesofCrashesinNepal

24
Project2.5DevelopmentofNepalRoadCrashSummaryStatisticsfor
PublicUse
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
Todevelopsummaryroadcrashstatisticsand(electronic)databaseforpublicuse
2. Description:
x
x
x
Develop (electronic) crash database (preferably interactive online) system for

public use. The system should contain summary information (limited but valid)
that help general public to have an overall knowledge on road safety and help
decidesafecoursesofactions.
DevelopfactsheetssuchasFatalFiveFact
Usethesefactsforpubliceducationandroadsafetycampaigns
x
x
x
TrafficPolice
Otherinformationsources
6. Outcome:
x
SummaryNepalroadcrashstatisticsand(electronic)databasesystem
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 2.5 Nepal Road Crash Statistics may
include:
x ProjectC1/P2.5.1DevelopasummaryofNepalroadcrashstatistics
x ProjectC1/P2.5.2DevelopNepalroadcrashfactsheets
2.11 MonitoringRoadSafetyProgress:TrendsandComparisons
In order to evaluate the road safety situation, it is important to compare the road safety
statisticswithothercountries(highincome,middleincomeandlowincomeeconomies).In
comparisontodevelopedeconomicssuchasOECDcountries,roadsafetyindicatorsinNepal
are pointing towards opposite directions. In comparison with the developing and poor
economies,Nepalsroadsafetyindicatorsaresimilar.Thecomparisonwouldbemorerobust
oncereliablestatisticsofroadsafetyinNepalisobtained.
25
Project2.6InternationalComparisonsandBenchmarking
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
To compare available road safety indicators with other highincome, middle
incomeandlowincomecountries
2. Description:
x
Perform a thorough analysis of available road safety indicators in Nepal and
compare them with international statistics to clearly identify the state of art of
roadsafetysituationinNepal
ThishelpsdevelopNepalroadsafetystrategies,policiesandprograms
x
Nationaldatasources
x Internationaldatasources
6. Outcome:
x
Nepalroadsafetystandinggloballyforplanning
2.12 RoadSafetySituationinNepal:Facts,IssuesandChallenges
MoPIT (2013) has listed the following statements as facts regarding the road safety
situation in Nepal. However, with the absence of valid information (data) and scientific
analysis,truthsofsomethesestatementscannotbeascertained:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bothroadcrashfatalitiesandinjuriesareincreasing
RoadusersaremostexposedtoroadcrashesintheKathmanduValleybutcasualtiesareless
severecomparedtootherregions
Roadcrashesareunderreportedandanalysisinadequate
Lightvehicles,especiallymotorcycles,dominatethevehiclefleetwhilemasstransportationis
lacking
Pedestrianpopulationwithin1540yearsaremostvulnerableusers
Thereisahighnumberofmotorcyclecrashesintheurbanareas
Singlebuscrashesrepresenttheroadcrasheswiththemostseverityintheruralareas
Road crashes are mainly caused by reckless driving and pedestrian recklessly crossing the
streets
Safepedestrianaccessislackingaggravatingpedestriansafety
26
x
x
Safedesign(forgivingroad)islacking
Stakeholdersinteractionsareadhocandresponsibilitiesareoftenduplicated
MoPIT(2013)havelistedthefollowingissuesandchallengesinNepaleseRoadswithrespect
toroadsafety.Thelistmostlycoversissuesassociatedwithcoordinationandroadfactor
andhencedoesnotcoverotheraspectsofroadsafetyinNepal.
x
Horizontalcoordinationamongstthestakeholderstomanageroadsafetyhasbeenpoor,ad
hoc, often hampered with duplication of activities from parallel committees set up under
differentagencieswhileinterventionsbeenarbitrarilyimplemented.
There are numerous safety issues on the Nepalese hill roads (which form a substantial
portion of the road network) such as poor visibility at blind corners; poor shoulders;
unforgiving sidedrains, inadequate safety barriers at steep vertical drops; unscientific
locationofpassingbaysinsinglelaneroads;lackofclimbinglanes;verysteepgradientsat
numeroussections,narrowsectionsatbuiltupareas,etc.
Along the roads in the plains (Terai), unforgiving drains, inadequate pedestrian provisions,
inadequate delineation at bridge/culvert crossings, narrow carriageway at buildup areas,
etc.,arethepredominantsafetyissues.
Thapa(2013)hasincludedadditionalchallengesandissuesfacingroadsafetymanagement
inNepal:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Lack of required autonomy and authority to effectively operate the National Road Safety
Council
PossibilityofinadequatebudgetandmanpowerresourcestotheCouncil
Inadequatebudgetprovisionforeverytrainingofallstakeholders
Targetedindividualsexcludedinthetrainings
OmissionsoftheprovisionsrequiredintheamendedActs
DifficultiesencounteredinenforcingtheamendmentsofActsandRegulations
Required provisions omitted in National Road Safety strategy and strategy lacking legal
standing
Lackoflongtermhorizontalcoordinationbetweenagencies
Roadsafetyauditmanualfornonstrategicroadsnotformulated
Safetyauditsnotenforceableinallroadslackinglegalmandate
Compliancepolicyforsafetyauditsrecommendationsmaylacklegalmandate
RoadSafetyAuditrecommendationnotcompliedinabsenceoflegalmandate
Lackofauthorityanddifficultyenforcingworkzonesafety
Standardsforsafevehicles,sparesinadequatelyprepared,failuretoenforceordifficultyor
deficiencyinmonitoring
Delayordifficultyinamendingacts,regulations
Omissionofrequiredsafetyprovisionsintheamendedact,regulation
Omissionofrequiredsafetyissuesinthenationaltransportpolicy
Difficultyincludingintheschoolcurriculumorinadequatepreparation
Weakcoordinationbetweenhospitals,healthcentresandagencies
27
x
x
Databasesystemineffective,unscientific
Databaseinaccessible,nontransparent
In summary, all road system components (human factors, vehicles and roadside
environment) have collectively contributed to road crashes in Nepal. The following real
world examples and scenes on Nepalese roads portrait the clear picture of current road
safetysituationinNepal:
x
Human factors (drivers, pedestrians & law enforcement officers): The drivers are often
neitherproperlylicensednortrained:
o Drivernegligence
o Drinkdriving
o Performunsafemanoeuvringoncriticalroadsectionssuchasovertakingonbends
o Driversdonotobeytrafficrulesandregulations
o Corruptlawenforcementofficers
o Randomroadsideparking
o Recklesspedestriancrossing
o Traffic is poorly regulated, and the volume of vehicles on the roads continues to
increasefasterthanimprovementsininfrastructure
o Thereislittleawarenessorinformationabouttrafficrulesandroadsafety
o RoadsintheKathmanduValleyarecongestedwithlittleregardforanykindoftraffic
legislation
Vehiclesarenotregulatedandpoorlymaintainedthatfrequentlybreakdownonroads:
o Vehiclesarepoorlymaintained,andpublicvehiclesareoftenoverloaded
o Passengerbusesareoverloadedwithpassengers(inside,hangingoutsideoronthe
roof)
o Passengerscanbethrownoutofbusesasthevehicleploughsthroughpotholesand
take note of upturned trucks on hairpin bends and holy cows that loom out of
nowhere
o Truckscarrydangerousloads(overloadedandpoorlyloaded)
o There are lots of mopeds carrying families or boxes of chickens and crash helmets
areunheardof
o Longdistance buses often drive recklessly and bus crashes involving multiple
fatalitiesarenotuncommon
Roads in Nepal are badly designed (in some LRN cases, not designed at all), inadequately
constructedandpoorlymaintained:
o Roadsandbridgeswithoutwalkwaysandotherrequiredroadsafetyfeatures
o Narrowbridgeapproaches
o Poorvisibilityatblindcorners
o Poorshoulders
o Unforgivingsidedrains
o Inadequatepedestrianprovisions
o Inadequatesafetybarriersatsteepverticaldrops
o Unscientificlocationofpassingbaysinsinglelaneroads
o Lackofclimbinglanes
28
Verysteepgradientsatnumeroussections
Narrowsectionsatbuiltup
Poorroadconditions
Trafficcontroldevicesareeithernonexistentorpedestriansdonothavepriority
Road geometry includes winding roads, hairpin bends and steep grades with no
safetybarriers
o NostreetlightinginruralareasandinareasofKathmandu
o Along the roads in the plains (Terai), unforgiving drains, inadequate pedestrian
provisions,inadequatedelineationatbridge/culvertcrossings,narrowcarriagewayat
buildupareas,etc.,arethepredominantsafetyissues.
o Sidewalksarenonexistentinmanyareasandmanydriversdonotyieldtherightof
waytopedestriansinmarkedcrosswalks
o RoadsinNepalareinpoorconditionandlackbasicsafetyfeatures
o
o
o
o
o
Project2.7StrengtheningandPrivatisationofNRSIMSystem
DatabaseSystem]
1. Objective:
x
ToexploreoptionstostrengthenNRSIManddatabasesystem
2. Description:
x
Based on the outcome and level of success on creating individual database
system for each element of road use management, develop and implement a
comprehensive Nepal Road Use Information Management (can be branded as
NRUIM) system or revamp existing NRSIM to include roads of lower
significance/urbanroads)foruseincomprehensiveNRSMS.
Explore options for privatisation of NRUIM system and develop business model
forsustainablemanagementofNRUIMsystem.Eachagencyinternalorexternal
to the department to purchase road use management data for research and
consultingworks.Governmenttocontribute/topup.
x
x
Existingnationalsystem
6. Outcome:
x
ArobustNRSIMorNRUIMsystems
***
29

CHAPTER3INSTITUTIONAL,FUNDING,LEGALANDTECHNICALFRAMEWORKS
(Roadsafetyframeworks)
3.1
Objectives
Institutional, funding, legal and technical frameworks are the backbones for achieving
sustainable road safety goals. Development of road safety management in Nepal is not
possiblewithouttheseframeworksasprerequisites.
UnitedNations(2011)initsGlobalPlanfortheDecadeofActionforRoadSafety20112020
hasemphasisedtheimportanceofroadsafetyframeworksforpropermanagementofroad
safetyinPillar1:RoadSafetyManagement.
x
Activity 1: Adhere to and/or fully implement the major United Nations road safety related
agreements and conventions; and encourage the creation of new regional instruments
similar to the European Agreement concerning the Work of Crews of Vehicles engaged in
InternationalRoadTransport(AETR),asrequired,including:
o ConventiononRoadTraffic,of8November1968,aimingatfacilitatinginternational
road traffic and at increasing road safety through the adoption of uniform road
trafficrules;
o Convention on Road Signs and Signals, of 8 November 1968, setting up a set of
commonlyagreedroadsignsandsignals;
o AETR, of 1 July 1970, to be used as a model the creation of regional legal
instruments.
Activity2:Establishaleadagency(andassociatedcoordinationmechanisms)onroadsafety
involvingpartnersfromarangeofsectorsthrough:
o designatingaleadagencyandestablishingrelatedsecretariat;
o encouragingtheestablishmentofcoordinationgroups;and
o developingcoreworkprogrammes
Activity5:Worktoensurethatfundingissufficientforactivitiestobeimplementedthrough:
o building business cases for sustained funding based on the costs and benefits of
proveninvestmentperformance;
o recommendingcoreannualandmediumtermbudgetarytargets;
o encouraging the establishment of procedures for the efficient and effective
allocationofresourcesacrosssafetyprograms;
o utilizing10%ofinfrastructureinvestmentsforroadsafety;and
o identifyingandimplementinginnovativefundingmechanisms
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)haslistedthefollowingmain
activitiesregardingroadsafetyframeworksmixedintodifferentpillars:
x
Activity(A1):EstablishtheNationalRoadSafetyCouncilwithsweepingauthority
30
x
x
x
x
x
3.2
ActivityD(7):Establishroadsafetyunitsin theDoTMandinstitutionaldevelopmentofthe
TrafficPolice
ActivityE(7):EstablishroadsafetyunitintheMoHPandinstitutionallyenhanceit
Activity(A2):Trainstakeholders
Activity(A3):AmendtheVehicle&TransportManagementAct1993(VTMA1993),LocalSelf
GovernanceAct1999(LSGA1999)anddevelopvariousguidelines.
Activity C(2): Amend VTMA 1993 andVTMR 1997 and develop national transport policy to
reinforcesafervehicles
ActivityD(1):AmendVTMA1993andVTMR1997toinvigoratesaferroadusers
ExistingRoadSafetyFrameworksinNepal
WorldBank(2013)hassummarisedtheexistingsituationregardingtheseframeworksas:
x
Roadsafetymanagementisweak,withresponsibilitiesspreadover4differentministriesand
thelocalbodies.Resourcesandcapacitiesarelimitedinallagenciesinvolvedinroadsafety,
and need to be improved. Coordination is a major problem, as no lead agency has been
identified and current legislation fails to provide a coordinated approach to the different
road safety aspects and actors involved. For the LRN, Transport Management Committees
(TMC) have been formed, but these do not include the District Transport Office (DTO)
engineerswhoareresponsibleforsafetyengineering.Itishighlyrecommendedtotransform
the Motor Vehicle and Transport Management Act (1993) into a Road Traffic Safety Act to
regulateandcoordinatedifferentaspectsofroadsafetymanagementforboththeSRNand
LRN (taking into account the specific characteristics of both networks) and identifying the
lead agency responsible for coordination. Although the DoR recently developed a Road
Safety Business Plan (2010), it is not clear to which extent the DoTM and TP have been
involved, and this document does not provide a concrete action plan, nor does it set any
targets for improving road safety. It is therefore recommended to develop a multiannual
RoadSafetyPlanwithachievabletargetsandaconcreteactionplan.
The improvement of road safety engineering is not properly regulated anywhere, and
responsibilityisnotclearlyallocated,althoughinpracticeDoRappearstoberesponsiblein
the case of the SRN. In the late nineties, several guidelines and manuals on road safety
engineering were developed by DoR, although it appears they are not properly applied as
safetyengineeringcontinuestobelackinginmostSRNprojects.FortheLRNnoroadsafety
guidelinesormanualsexist.TheseneedtobedevelopedbyDoLIDAR,andshouldtakeinto
account the specific characteristics of rural roads, many of which are unpaved, in poor
condition, and susceptible to damage due to inappropriate drainage facilities. Funding for
SRN safety engineering comes from RBN (Roads Board Nepal), DoR (Department of Road)
and donors, but is very limited, while for the LRN donorfunded projects are only now
starting to pay attention to safety issues. Improved maintenance is also likely to have a
positiveimpactonroadsafetyinboththeLRNandSRN.
WorldBank(2013)hassuggestedthefollowingactivities/actionswithrespectstotheseframeworks:
x
DevelopaRoadSafetyActandRoadSafetyPlanandincludespecificLRNsafetymeasures
31
x
x
x
x
3.3
DefinealeadagencyforcoordinatingroadsafetyintheSRNandLRNandinvolveamixof
privateandpublicsectorstakeholdersinimplementingroadsafetyactivities
Improvecapacitiesandresourcesofallthoseresponsibleforroadsafety
Carry out regular collection and analysis of crash data on SRN and LRN and respond to
commoncausesofcrashes
Requireroadprojectstoincluderoadsafetymeasuresintheirdesignsandmakeroadsafety
auditsmandatoryforSRNandLRN,includingthemaspartofroadconditionsurveys
InstitutionalArrangementsforRoadSafetyinNepal
ANationalRoadSafetyCouncil(NRSC)wassetupinNepalduringtheninetiesbutthisbody
was defunct until recently. There had been calls for reviving such a council while some
quartershadsuggesteddesignatingastakeholderastheleadagency.Inbothoptions,there
had been calls for expanded jurisdiction and resources (MoPIT, 2013). There seems to be
some progresses towards Nepal road safety in late 1990s. During that time, a number of
roadsafetynotes(DepartmentofRoads,1996a,1996b,1997a,1997b,1997c,1997d)were
produced by the Traffic Engineering and Safety Unit (TESU) of the Department of Roads
(DoR) as a means of increasing road safety awareness amongst highway engineers and
others.
At the legislative level, the Parliamentary State Affairs and the Financial Labour Relation
Committees within the countrys then Legislative Assembly had recently monitored road
safety issues. Under the Interim Constitution, technical committees can be formed to
specificallyaddressroadsafetyaspertheprovisionsoftheAssembly.However,roadsafety
didnotreceivetheduepriorityitdemandedasthethenAssemblywasconcentratedinthe
drafting of the Constitution and the country is in transition phase. Nevertheless, the
provisionsfortechnicalcommitteeswillmostlikelybeinplaceintheConstitution(MoPIT,
2013)
Recently, lawmakers, senior bureaucrats and Traffic Police have mooted for the
establishmentofahighlevelroadmanagementboardtoimprovetrafficmanagementinthe
Kathmandu Valley. While the first emphasis of such body is traffic management, such
measures do enhance roadsafety as well and encourage horizontal coordination (MoPIT,
2013).Lackofcoordination,comprehensivenessandisolationofactionsarecitedasmain
issuesofroadtrafficmanagementinNepal.
Efforts from all stakeholders are the most to improve and manage road safety in an
integrated manner. It is important to implement several facets of activities to achieve the
desiredgoalsofreducingroadtrafficinjuriesandresultanteconomiclosslossesinNepal.
The NRSC has been recently reestablished and actions are being taken on several fronts,
albeit on isolated and fragmented ways. The following additional Nepal Government
Departmentsaredirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedinroadsafety:
32
x
x
x
MinistryofPhysicalInfrastructureandTransport(MoPIT)
o DepartmentofRoads(DoR)forStrategicRoadNetwork(SRN)
o DepartmentofTransportManagement(DoTM)
MinistryofFederalAffairsandLocalDevelopment(MoFALD)
o Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
(DoLIDAR)forLocalRoadNetwork(LRN)
RoadsBoardNepal(RBN)(note:doesnotspecifycategoriesofroads)
o Maintenanceandrepair&tollcollections
MinistryofHealthandPopulation(MoHP)
o NationalTraumaCentre
LawEnforcement
o TrafficPolice(TP)
Ideally,roadsafetyissuesaretobeconsideredrightfromtheurbanandregionaltransport
planning process. In order to achieve the safety oriented planning outcomes, additional
governmentagenciesthatcouldcontributetoroadsafetyinclude:
x
x
x
MinistryofUrbanDevelopment(MoUD)
DepartmentofUrbanDevelopmentandBuildingConstriction(DUDBC)
KathmanduValleyUrbanDevelopmentAuthority(KVDA)
OtherorganisationsinvolvedinroadsafetyinNepalinclude:
x
x
x
x
InternationalorganisationssuchasWorldBank,AsianDevelopmentBank,JICAetc.
NepalTransportation&DevelopmentResearchCentre(NTDRC)
NepalForumforRuralTransportandDevelopment(NFRTD)
RoadSafetySocietyNepal(RSSN)
Hence, the Government of Nepal is found to be not silent in road safety, road safety
initiativesareon,butnotknownwidely.NepalGovernmenthasmechanismsresponsiblefor
road safety, but hardly active in response to promoting safer roads. Road Safety Action is
considered as Traffic Action, thus become punitive, legalistic rather than a social change
action.CivilSocietyInitiativesarealsonotstrongenoughasmainlyfocusedoneventsand
fragmentedactions.Lackofcoordination,comprehensivenessandisolationoftheseactions
aremainissues(Dharel,2015).Horizontalcoordinationamongstthestakeholderstomanage
roadsafety has been poor, adhoc, often hampered with duplication of activities from
parallel committees set up under different agencies while interventions been arbitrarily
implemented(MoPIT,2013).

33
Project3.1DevelopmentofInstitutionalFrameworkforRoadSafety
ManagementinNepal
(ComponentC2:GovernanceandPlanning)
1. Objective:
x
x
TodevelopacomprehensiveorganisationalstructureforroadsafetyinNepal
To ensure that there is a robust institutional framework to support the
development and sustained implementation of the proposed Road Safety
ManagementSystem
TodevelopleadershipandcommitmenttoroadsafetyinNepal
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
Undertake review of existing institutional arrangements for road safety

managementsystemwiththeobjectiveofidentifyinginstitutionalvacuum
Develop an effective and efficient institutional framework and organisational
structure (national, regional and local levels) for road safety management in
Nepalconsideringbothexistingsystemandinternationalbestpractices
Thesystemshouldspecifyresponsibilities,accountabilities,liabilitiesanddutyof
careofalllevelsoftheorganisationalstructure
EstablishmentofanindependentandallpowerfulNepalRoadSafetyCommission
which brings together all parties and activities being done and expected to be
doneinroadsafetyareasinNepalmaybeanoption.Legalprovisionsshouldbe
made to inform the Commission of any road safety activities in Nepal.
CompositionoftheCommissionneedstobecarefullyworkedout.
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity2:LeadAgency)
x
x
x
Pillar 1: Road Safety Management [Activity A(1): Establish the National Road
SafetyCouncilwithsweepingauthority,ActivityA(2):Trainstakeholders]
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers[ActivityD(7):EstablishroadsafetyunitsintheDoTM
andinstitutionaldevelopmentoftheTrafficPolice]
Pillar 5: Postcrash Response [Activity E(7): Establish road safety unit in the
MoHPandinstitutionallyenhanceit]
x
x
Nationalexistingarrangements
6. Outcome:
x
RobustinstitutionalarrangementsforroadsafetyinNepal
34
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject3.1InstitutionalFrameworkmayinclude:
x Project C2/P3.1.1 Review and develop an institutional framework (organisational
structure) that connects national, regional and local road safety authorities
(MoPIT/DoR/DoTM, MoFALD/DoLIDAR, MoHP, TP, municipalities, VDCs) and
stakeholders
x ProjectC2/P3.1.2Establishdedicatedroadsafetyorganisationalunitswithinvarious
governmentdepartmentsandothernongovernmentorganisations
x ProjectC2/P3.1.3DevelopinstitutionalcapabilityandresourcesofDoTM
x Project C2/P3.1.4 Develop documents outlining the roles, responsibilities,
accountabilitiesanddutyofcareofalllevelsofroadsafetyorganisationalstructure
x Project C2/P3.1.5 Establish sound vertical and horizontal coordination mechanism
acrossroadsafetyauthorities
x ProjectC2/P3.1.6Trainroadsafetyauthoritiesandstakeholders
x Project C2/P3.1.7 Develop road safety portfolio/program/project governance
framework

ThecurrentorganisationalstructuralandinstitutionalarrangementsforroadsafetyinNepal
are not effective and efficient. Hierarchical organisational structure (national, regional and
local levels) is widely adopted for developing and implementing road safety measures.
However, an extensive division of responsibility can make it difficult to implement road
safetymeasuresinthemostcosteffectiveway.Hence,itisimportanttodevelopagoodand
internationallypractisedmodelofinstitutionalframework.
3.4
BudgetAllocationforRoadSafety
Everyroaddivisionisallocatedsomefundstoimproveroadsafetymeasuresandtorepair
theexistingtrafficsigns,delineatorposts,roadmarkingsandotherroadsafetyrelatedworks
(Department of Roads, 2007). These funds are quite inadequate or are not sufficient for
comprehensiveroadsafetyactivitiesinNepal.
35
Project3.2DevelopmentofFundingFrameworkforRoadSafetyin
Nepal
1. Objective:
x
x
Todevelopafundingframework(model)forcomprehensiveroadsafety
Toensurethatthereisarobustfundingframeworktosupportthedevelopment
andsustainedimplementationoftheproposedRoadSafetyManagementSystem
inNepal
2. Description:
x
x
x
Undertake review of existing funding arrangements (revenue and expenditure

streams) for implementing road safety measures with a view to identifying
funding gaps and develop potential options for generating road safety funds to
support the implementation of engineering (infrastructure based) and non
engineering (noninfrastructure based) measures for improving road safety in
Nepal.
Forexample,finesfromspeedingtickets,parkingticketsandothertraffic,traffic
infringements(drinkdriving,hooningandviolationofanyotherroadrulessuch
asredlightrunning)cangodirectlytoRoadSafetyFundcreatedforthepurpose
ofimprovingroadsafety.
Red light cameras, permanent cameras, point topoint speed cameras; portable
cameras(cameradetectedoffenceprogram,anonengineeringbasedroadsafety
measures) can be installed and used to improve road safety by detecting
speeding motorists which will also provide much needed fund dedicated to
improvingroadsafety.
Develop a detailed funding framework and its institutional arrangements for
comprehensiveroadsafetyinitiatives
Fundingsystemshouldbebasedonroadsafetyfactsandfigures.
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity5:Funding)
x
x
x Internationalbestpractices
6. Outcome:
x
Robust funding model for road safetyand defined allocation ofexpenditure for
roadsafetyprogrammes

36
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject3.2FundingFrameworkmayinclude:
x ProjectC2/P3.2.1DevelopNepalroadsafetyfundingframeworkandmodel
x Project C2/P3.2.2 Establish a committee to review and implement road safety funding
model
3.5
LegalAspects:RoadSafetyLegislations
RoadsafetyisregulatedbytheMotorVehicleandTransportManagementAct,2049(1993)
andRegulations2055(1999),whichregulatethebehaviourofroadusersandthecondition
ofvehicles.Theissuanceofdriverslicences,roadworthinesscertificatesandroutepermits
by the Department of Traffic Management (DoTM) is fraught with problems ranging from
insufficient resources and testing equipment to rampant corruption. The enforcement of
trafficrulesbytheNepalTrafficPolice(TP)ishamperedbylowfines(NPR200orless)and
insufficient resources, while many traffic rules are inadequate or lacking. In the LRN the
situation is even worse due to the limited resources available at local level to enforce
existingregulations(WorldBank,2013).
The following list provides general Acts and Regulations (note: most of the following legal
documents are not specific to road safety but the transportation management in general.
Thelistneedstobeupdatedandrefined).
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
MotorVehicleTaxAct,2018(1961)
RailwayAct,2020(1963)
TransportationManagementAct,2027(1970)
MotorVehicleTaxAct,2031(1974)
PublicRoadsAct,2031(1975)
MotorVehicleAct,2020(1975)
MotorVehicle(FirstAmendment)Act,2033(1977)
LandAcquisitionAct,2034(1977)
PublicRoads(FirstAmendment)Act,2035(1979)
MotorVehicleTax(FirstAmendment)Act,2041(1985)
PublicRoads(SecondAmendment)Act,2046(1990)
MotorVehicleandTransportManagementAct,2049(1993)
MotorVehicleandTransportManagement(FirstAmendment)Act,2050(1993)
Motor Vehicle and Transport Management (First Amendment) Ordinance, 2050
(1993)
PublicRoadsMaintenanceTariffFundAct,2052(1995)
MotorVehiclesandTransportManagementRules,2054(1997)
LocalSelfgovernanceAct,2055(1999)
MotorVehicleandTransportManagementRegulations,2055(1999)
RoadsBoardAct,2059(2002)
37
MultimodalTransportationofGoodsAct,2063(2006)
It is important to set rules to regulate traffic behaviour (Note: rules must be developed
based on local research and international experiences). It is equally important to enforce
these rules to all road users. Violation of the rules can be sanctioned with fines or
imprisonment among other things. Road traffic legislations should not only cover human
factors but also vehicular and road factors. Road authorities should be legally responsible
for keeping roads in a safe condition. Liability for compensation gives road authorities a
financial incentive to maintain the road in a safe condition (sometimes will have adverse
impacts).
Project3.3DevelopmentofLegalFramework:RoadSafetyActs,
RulesandRegulations
1. Objective:
x
x
Toamend,redevelopandproposeroadsafetyActs,RulesandRegulations
Toensurethatthereisarobustlegalframeworktosupportthedevelopmentand
sustainedimplementationoftheproposedRoadSafetyManagementSystem.
2. Description:
x
x
Undertake review of existing legal framework for road safety management
systemwiththeobjectiveofidentifyinglegislativevacuum
Developrobustlegalframeworkconsideringprevailingactsrulesandregulations
andinternationalbestpractices.
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity1:Agreementsandconventions)
x
x
x
Pillar 1: Road Safety Management [Activity A(3): Amend Motor Vehicles and
TransportManagementAct2049(1993),LocalSelfGovernanceAct,2055(1999)
anddevelopvariousguidelines]
Pillar 3: Safer Vehicles [Activity C(2): Amend VTMA 1993 and VTMR 1997 and
developnationaltransportpolicytoreinforcesafervehicles]
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers[ActivityD(1):AmendVTMA1993andVTMR1997to
invigoratesaferroadusers]
x
x Internationalbestpractices
6. Outcome:
x
NepalRoadSafetyLegalDocuments(Acts,RulesandRegulationsofInternational
Standards

38
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject3.3LegalFrameworkmayinclude:
x Project C2/P3.3.1 Review and update Motor Vehicles and Transport Management
Act,2049(1993)
x Project C2/P3.3.2 Review and update Motor Vehicle and Transport Management
Regulations,2055(1999)
x Project C2/P3.3.3 Review and update Motor Vehicles and Transport Management
Rules,2054(1997)
x Project C2/P3.3.4 Review and update Motor Vehicle and Transport Management
Ordinance,2050(1993)
x ProjectC2/P3.3.5ReviewandupdateLocalSelfGovernanceAct,2055(1999)
x ProjectC2/P3.3.6DevelopNepalRoadSafetyAct

MotorVehiclesandTransportManagementAct,2049(1993)isthelegaldocumentthatsets
therulesinNepal.Itcovers:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Classificationofmotorvehicles
o heavymotorvehicle
o mediummotorvehicle
o lightmotorvehicle
o publicmotorvehicle
o touristmotorvehicle
o privatemotorvehicle
o governmentmotorvehicle
o corporationmotorvehicle
o motorvehiclewithdiplomaticfacility
Vehicleregistration:
o buyingandsellingrequirementsofusedvehicles
Licensingofdriversanddriversrecords
Routepermit
Farerates
Trafficcontrol
Speedlimit,weight,seatcapacities,parking
Trafficoffenses:alcoholanddrugs
Infringements(violationsandfines)
CommercialandHeavyvehicles(regulatingcommercialtransport)
Helmetsandsafetygears
Motorvehicletaxation
Roadpricing
Theregulationsarefairlywelldevelopedbutimplementationoftheseregulationsarerarely
followed. This is primarily because of (i) corrupt law enforcement officers (ii) no laws and
39
rules for powerful violators and (iii) very low level of fines. It is recommended to update
Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 2049 (1993) to include several missing
elements.
3.6
RoadSafetyTechnicalDocuments
A number of design standards, design guides, manuals, strategies, policies, action plans,
reports,formsandchecklistsaredevelopedovertheyearbydifferentRoadandTransport
Authorities in Nepal (Note: these resources need to be reviewed, evaluated and updated
andmostimportantlycheckedforconsistencywithlegislativerequirements).Someofthese
documentsaretargetedtowardstheroadsafetybutmostofthemareverygenerictoroad
networkdevelopment/managementingeneral.
x
GovernmentofNepal(Ministries)
o LocalInfrastructureDevelopmentPolicy,2061
o NationalTransportPolicy,2058(20012002)
o NepalRoadSafetyActionPlan20132020(2013)
DepartmentofTransportManagement
o Drivercurriculum
o Driverlicencedirective
o Drivingschoolcurriculum
o Driverlicencesystem
DepartmentofRoads(DOR)
o NepalRoadStandards,2027(SecondRevision2070)
o NepalRoadStandards,2027(FirstRevision2045)
o NepalUrbanRoadStandards,2068(draft)
o StandardSpecificationsforRoadsandBridgeWorks
o NepalTrafficSignsManualVolume1&2
o RoadSafetyNotes1to8(19961997)
o 20YearRoadPlan(1958)
o BusinessPlan201013(2010)
o PriorityInvestmentPlan(2007)
o RoadClassificationsandRoadResponsibilities(2001)DiscussionPaper
o RoadSafetyBusinessPlan(draft2010)
o RoadUserCosts(2001)
o TheDORStrategy(1995)
DepartmentofLocalInfrastructureDevelopmentandAgriculturalRoads(DoLIDAR)
o NepalRuralRoadStandards,2055FirstRevision2069(2012)
o RuralRoadStandard,2055(1998)
o NepalRuralRoadStandard,2067(2010)
o TechnicalSpecificationsforAgriculturalandRuralRoads(1998)
o WorkNormsforAgriculturalandRuralRoads(1998)
40
x
x
o RuralRoadMaintenanceTechnicalHandbook(2009)
o RuralRoadMaintenanceDirective(2008)
o RuralInfrastructureDevelopmentStrategicActionPlan(20072010)
o NationalPlanforRuralRoadMaintenance,2056(2001)
o InterimGuidelineforDistrictTransportMasterPlan(2010)
o ApproachManualfortheDevelopmentofRuralandAgriculturalRoads(1999)
o AgriculturalandLocalLevelRoadImplementationGuidelines(2007)
RoadsBoardNepal
TrafficPolice
[ form
o RoadAccidentReportor

Project3.4DevelopmentofTechnicalFramework:RoadSafety
Documents&Resources
(ComponentC.2:GovernanceandPlanning)
1. Objective:
x
x
Todevelopacomprehensivesetofroadsafetydocumentsandresources
Toensurethatthereisarobusttechnicalframeworktosupportthedevelopment
andsustainedimplementationoftheproposedRoadSafetyManagementSystem
2. Description:
x
Undertake review of reference materials and publications available in

fragmentedformsusedinNepal(researchreports,manual,guidelines,policyand
planning documents, acts, rules regulations, directives) with the objective of
consolidatingintoasingledatabaseorlibraryofroadsafetyreference/resource
materialsforuseinmanagingroadsafetysysteminNepal.
IdentifygapsinthestudiesandproposesuchstudiesasapartoftheRoadSafety
Management System. It is recognised that not all studies could be done at the
beginning. Studies can be identified, prioritised and a programmed in a holistic
manner with forward planning and programming to include in the short to
mediumtolongtermroadsafetymanagementplans.
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity6:Datasystems)
x
x
x
Nationalexistingdocuments
6. Outcome:
x
A comprehensive (electronic) database or library of road safety documents and
resources

41
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject3.4TechnicalFrameworkmayinclude:
x Project C2/P3.4.1 Review and update or develop road safety technical documents
(standards, strategies, policy, action plans, manuals, guidelines, reports, forms and
checklistsetc.)
x Project C2/P3.4.2 Review and update or develop (electronic) library of road safety
technicaldocuments
x Project C2/P3.4.3 Review and update or develop documents (strategy, policy,
manual, guidelines, forms, checklists etc.) for insurance system (driver, passengers,
vehiclesetc.)
***
42
CHAPTER4PRECRASH(CRASHPREVENTION)SYSTEMS
(Crashpreventionsystem)
4.1
Objective
Theobjectiveofprecrash(crashprevention)systemsistoreducetheriskofcrashoccurring
(mustbebasedonscientificcrashinvestigation,analysisandresearch:refertoChapters6
and Chapter 11). The systems should not be seen as cart before the horse. Crash
prevention measures cannot be developed without knowing the contributing factors of
crashes.Dataisneededtoidentifyissues,contributingfactorsandthendeveloprulesthat
will have the best possible result of reducing injury or death. However, antidotal evidence
suggestssomeimmediateactionsthatwillreduceinjuryanddeathnow.Afterthereviewof
existing situation and basic known causes of crashes, crash prevention measures must be
developed,implemented,monitoredandevaluated.
4.2
ExamplesofSomeCrashandInjuryReductionMeasures
x
x
x
x
Helmets should be made mandatory for drivers and passengers on all 2 and 3
wheeled open vehicles. More than 3/4th of the vehicles in Nepal are of 2 or 3
wheeled. These vehicles are less stable and lack of head protection gears leads to
moreseriousinjuries.Thisiswidelypractisedinseveralcountriesandhasprovento
reduceheadinjuries.
Regulationshouldbestrictlyenforcedforthelicensednumberofpassengersallowed
tocarryinallvehicles.Thegrossoverloadingofbusesandothervehicles(sometimes
onthetop)significantlyincreasestheriskofdeathandinjury.Inmanycases,these
passengersarenotrecordedresultinganunderreportingoffatalitiesandsometimes
neveridentifiedastheirbodiesareneverrecoveredfromtheriverorhillslopes.
Itisimportanttoincreasetherightsofpedestriansontheroadnetwork.Thiswill
not only require to restrict vehicles in some areas (such as Thamel), but also to
enforcepenaltiesforfailuretogivewaytopedestrians.Aspreviouslycommentedon,
pedestrians are commonly seen risking their lives when crossing at marked road
crossingsasvehiclesdonotyieldtothem.Thisneedschange.
Severepenaltiesmustbeenforcedfortrafficruleviolatorssuchasdrinkdriving,give
waystopedestrians,givewaystovehicles,seatbelts,dangerousdrivingetc.
Itisimportanttodevelopregulationsonloadlimitationsontrucksandsafeloading
requirement.Violatorsshouldbeseverelypunishedbylaw.
Speedingisyetanotherkilleronroads,thatisproveninternationally,butposted(or
default speed limits) are not currently practised in Nepal. This needs sweeping
change legislatively and publicly (wide spread campaign supported by adequate
enforcement).Nosingleeffortcanbeaseffectiveasmoreconcertedefforts.
43
4.3
DevelopmentofNepalRoadRules
Road Users Guide ( [ ) is available. This guide needs to be revised and
updated.Itshouldgivelegalteethtobiteoffenders!
Project4.1CrashPreventionSystem:DevelopmentofNepalRoad
Rules
(ComponentC:PrecrashSystems)
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopNepalRoadRules
2. Description:
x
Review the existing Road Users Guide and enhance it based on local and
international experiences (rename it as Nepal Road Rules as term guide does
notseemtobestrongenough)
Developseveralsimplifiedversionsoftherulesbothforpublicawarenessandfor
driverseducation,trainingandlicencing
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(Activity2Activity6:Laws,RegulationsandRules)
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(notspecificallylistedasanactivity)
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
AcomprehensivesetofNepalRoadRulesanditssimplifiedversionsforseveral
purposes
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject4.1NepalRoadRulesmayinclude:
x ProjectC3.1/P4.1.1ReviewandupdateordevelopNepalRoadRules
x Project C3.1/P4.1.2 Develop simplified versions of Nepal Road Rules for driver
trainingandeducation
4.4
HumanFactor(Licensing,EducationandEnforcement)
Human factors (drivers, passengers and pedestrians) contribute to crashes due to
inexperience, alcohol and drug use, distraction, fatigue, inattention, negligence, poor
judgement,age,gender,seatbeltsandhelmetsanddeficientdrivinghabits(about9095%):
x
x
Inexperience(learner,provisionalandfulllicences)
Alcoholanddrugs
44
x
x
x
x
x
x
Driver distractions (mobile use (calling, text messaging, hands free), passenger influences,
useofotherelectronicdevices,externaldistractions,kidsincar)
Age(olddriversvsyoungdrivers)
Gender(maleorfemale)
Seatbeltsandhelmets
Deficientdrivinghabits
Vulnerableroadusers
United Nations (2011) in its Global Plan for the Decades of Actions for Road Safety (2011
2020)hasidentifiedhumanfactorasoneofthefivepillarsforroadsafetyPillar4:Safer
Road Users. It suggests to develop comprehensive programmes to improve road user
behaviour by sustained or increased enforcement of laws and standards, combined with
publicawareness/educationcampaignstoincreaseseatbeltandhelmetwearingrates,and
to reduce drinkdriving, speed and other risk factors. The activities listed under this pillar
are:
x
x
x
x
x
x
Activity 1: Increase awareness of road safety risk factors and prevention measures and
implementsocialmarketingcampaignstohelpinfluenceattitudesandopinionsontheneed
forroadrafficsafetyprogrammes.
Activity 2: Set and seek compliance with speed limits and evidencebased standards and
rulestoreducespeedrelatedcrashesandinjuries.
Activity 3: Set and seek compliance with drinkdriving laws and evidencebased standards
andrulestoreducealcoholrelatedcrashesandinjuries.
Activity 4: Set and seek compliance with laws and evidencebased standards and rules for
motorcyclehelmetstoreduceheadinjuries.
Activity 5: Set and seek compliance with laws and evidencebased standards and rules for
seatbeltsandchildrestraintstoreducecrashinjuries.
Activity 6: Set and seek compliance with transport, occupational health and safety laws,
standards and rules for safe operation of commercial freight and transport vehicles,
passengerroadtransportservicesandotherpublicandprivatevehiclefleetstoreducecrash
injuries.
Activity 7: Research, develop and promote comprehensive policies and practices to reduce
workrelated road traffic injuries in the public, private and informal sectors, in support of
internationallyrecognizedstandardsforroadsafetymanagementsystemsandoccupational
healthandsafety.
Activity8:PromoteestablishmentofGraduatedDriverLicensingsystemsfornovicedrivers.
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)hasspecifiedtheobjectiveof
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsersas:todevelopcomprehensiveprogrammestoimproveroaduser
behaviourthroughthefollowingactivities:
x
x
x
Sustained,strongerenforcementoftrafficrules
Sustainedroadsafetyawarenesscampaigns
Increasedeffortstoimprovetheuseofseatbeltsandhelmets
45
x
x
x
Reducedrunkdrivingandotherriskybehaviours
Introducebetterspeedcontrol
Heavypenaltytoundisciplinedroadusersincludingpedestrians
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)haslistedthefollowingmain
activitieswithrespecttoPillar4:SaferRoadUsers:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ActivityD(1):AmendVTMA1993,VTMR1997toinvigoratesaferoadusers
ActivityD(2):Strictlyenforcetherulesontheseatbelts,helmetsuse,publictransportsafety
anddevelopcomprehensivecodeofconductforallroadusers
ActivityD(3):Publicawarenesscampaignandresearchforallroadusers
ActivityD(4):Includeroadsafetyeducationinschoolcurriculumwithregularrevisions
ActivityD(5):Traindriversandotherroadusers
ActivityD(6):Improvedrivinglicenceprocedurescientifically
Activity D(7): Establish roadsafety units in the Department of Transport Management and
institutionaldevelopmentoftheTrafficPolice
ActivityD(8):Constructmoderndrivingtrainingcentresandcapacityenhancement
Vehicle and Transportation Management Act (1993) and related regulations have various
provisionsonroadssafetyaspects,someofthemare(Thapa,2013):
x
x
x
x
x
x
Itismandatorytowearaseatbelt;TrafficPolicemonitorsandenforcesitscompliances
Motorcycledaytimeheadlightisnotmandatory
Useofmotorcyclehelmetstotheriderismandatorybutthereisnostandardofhelmets
Useofchildseatrestraintsincarsandchildhelmetsformotorcycleisnotmandatoryhence
notinusewidely
Roadsafetyeducationinschoolsismadecompulsorybyintroducingroadsafetychaptersin
schoolleveltextbooks
Drinking and driving is prohibited by law and strong monitoring is being made by Traffic
Policeespeciallyatnighttime
Observationtestand/orbreathalysertestsarebeingappliedtocheckdrinkinganddriving.
TrafficPoliceconductsthesetestsrandomlyespeciallyintheeveningandatnighttime.Non
complianceofthisprovisionwillresultincashfinetocessationofthedrivinglicenceorroute
permit.Buscrashesalongthelongroutesareamajorproblemonhighwaysastheyaccount
formasskillingsandseriousinjuries.Inmostoftheroadcrashesonhighwayspoorroaduser
behavioursuchasbaddriving,drinkinganddriving,parkingatroadside,carelesscrossingby
pedestrians,overtakingatsectionswithinadequatesightdistance(sharpbendswithnoor
low visibility) are the main factors. Crashes are found to cluster at road intersections in
urban area. In highways crash cluster are concentrated in near bridge approaches,
intersections,sharpbendsandroadsidebuiltuparea(Thapa,2013).
MoPIT(2013)hassummarisedtheexistingsystemas:
46
x
x
As per the Vehicle & Transport Management Act 1992 (VTMA 1992), the drivers and the
passengers at frontseat of four wheeled vehicles must wear seatbelts. In motorcycles,
helmetsarenecessaryforboththedriverandthepillionrider.Manyvehicledriversdonot
abide theseatbeltruleandnor thepillionriderof motorcycle abide thehelmetrule.The
motorcycledrivershowever,wearhelmetsprevalentlywithfewexceptionsinNepal.
Road safety awareness and education campaigns are conducted on adhoc basis by the
TrafficPolice,DoR,DoTMandMoHPwithouthorizontalcoordinationandareoftenproject
led. These types of awareness campaigns should invariably be built up as part of the
contractsofroadprojects.
TrafficPoliceareexperiencedinconductingroadsafetyawarenesscampaignsatschools,to
othertargetgroupsandveryoftencollaboratewiththeprivatesponsorsindeliveringthese
campaigns. In the Kathmandu Valley, Traffic Police coordinates its awareness campaigns
through its RoadSafety Cell in the Kathmandu Metropolitan Traffic Police Division. Traffic
PolicetargetsallroadusersandconductsTRAFFICWEEKforschoolchildrenandpublictwice
annually.However,Policesuffersfromlackofbudgettorunmorecampaignonasustainable
basis.
DoR has conducted roadsafety campaigns for roadside schools, commercial drivers under
variousprojectsorasitsregularprogrammeundertheRTU.However,thesecampaignsare
notrunconsistentlytoeffectthechangeintheusersbehaviourtowardsroadsafety.
During the late nineties under DoR, RMP had conducted roadsafety awareness campaigns
on a comprehensive basis and developed educational materials for primary schools in
collaborationwiththeMinistryofEducation.AtrainingmanualfortheTrafficPoliceonroad
safetyawarenesscampaignwasalsodevelopedthen.
TheMoHPhasconductedaseriesofpostercampaignonroadsafetyindependently.
DrunkdrivingisoneofthecausesofroadcrashesandPolicehaveconductedonthespotthe
breathalyser tests to nab violators, albeit on adhoc basis. Though the Traffic Police has
recentlyacquiredradarguns,speedmanagementusingthisequipmentisstillnotregularly
pursued.
The ongoing installations of mobile GPS devises in patrol vehicles in the Kathmandu Valley
can provide an opportunity to improve crash response and better referencing of the crash
locations.
Itisimportanttofocuson:
x
x
x
x
x
Drivertraining:graduatedlicensingsystem
Drivereducation:trainingandseminars
Driver behaviour modification and control: rewards for good drivers and punishments for
notobeyingNepalRoadRules(demeritpoints)
Conspicuousclothingonvulnerableroadusers:pedestriansandcyclists
EnforcementofNepalRoadRules
o Randombreathtesting(alcoholanddrugs)
o Randomroadsideinspection(seatbelts,helmets,mobilephoneuseetc.)
Introduction of Road Safety Management Plan in every major road construction
rehabilitationandmaintenanceprojectssimilartothemandatoryrequirementsbyADB,WB
and other funding agencies to implement Environmental Management Plan, Social Action
47
Plan,GenderandGrievanceRedressMechanism(RoadSafetyAuditaloneisnotenoughto
addresssafetyissuesasitcapturesonlyoneSaferRoadsaspectsofthesystem).
Project4.2CrashPreventionSystem:GraduatedLicensingSystem
(ComponentC3.1:PrecrashSystems:SaferRoadUsers)
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopandimplementgraduatedlicensingsysteminNepal
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Reviewtheexistinglicensingsystem
Developagraduatedlicensingsystem(L,PandO)
Specify durations of formal training (through authorised trainers) and
experiencesatvariousstagesofthelicensing
Writtentests,computerisedsimulationtests,openspacemanoeuvringtestsand
practical onroad tests should cover extensive knowledge and skills a driver
requiretodriveonNepaleseroads(NepalRoadRules)
Thelicensingsystemforpublicandcommercialvehiclesshouldbetougher.
The driving tests should be run through government departments (not through
lawenforcementbodies).
DevelopprogramsforLplatersandPplaters
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(Activity8:GraduatedLicensingSystem)
x
Pillar 4: Safer Road Users [Activity D(6): Improve driving licence procedure
scientifically, Activity D(8): Construct modern driving training centres and
capacityenhancement]
x
x
Nationalexistingsystem
6. Outcome:
x
Arobustdriverlicensingsystem
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 4.2 Graduated Licensing System may
include:
x Project C3.1/P4.2.1 Review, update or develop and implement Graduated Licensing
System
x Project C3.1/P4.2.2 Review and update or develop documents (strategy, policy,
manuals,guidelines,forms,checklists)forGraduatedLicencingSystem
x Project C3.1/P4.2.3 Develop a network of adequate, modern and stateofthearts
drivertrainingareasorcentres
x ProjectC3.1/P4.2.4Traindrivingschoolinstructorsanddrivinginspectors
48
Public awareness and education are essential for behavioural change of road users.
Examplesofthesecampaignsinclude:
x
x
x
Partnershipswithmedia,corporatesectors,educationalinstitutions(schools)andartists(for
producingroadsafety,drama,songsandvideoclips)
InvolvementofyouthsandwomeninRoadSafetyCampaigns
UseofsocialmediasuchasFacebookandTwitter
Project4.3CrashPreventionSystem:PublicEducationand
Awareness
1. Objective:
x
To develop and implement a set of public education and awareness campaigns
onroadsafety
2. Description:
x
Projects related to education, awareness, behavioural change, road rules to
controlfatalfive(DUIdrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholordrug,speeding,
drivingwithoutwearingseatbelts,detracteddriving,drivingwhilefatigueetc).
startwithsloganssuchasTiredDriversDieitisaboutstoppinganarchieson
roadstosavelives
Examples: slogans, TV advertisement and debate, social media campaigning,
school campaigns, onroad safety demonstrations, road safety training facilities
forkidsonparksandschoolsetc.
Conductresearchoncommunityattitudestowardsroadsafety
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(Activity1:AwarenessandPublicEducation)
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers[ActivityD(3):Publiceducationcampaignandresearch
for all road users, Activity D(4): Introduce road safety education in school
curriculum with regular revisions, Activity D(5): Train drivers and other road
users]
x
x
Internationalbestexamples
6. Outcome:
x
Asetofeffectivepubliceducationandawarenesscampaignsonroadsafety

49
Examples of shortterm projects within Project 4.3 Public Education and Awareness
include:
x Project C3.1/P4.3.1 Review, update or develop and implement road safety
advertisingmaterialsandresources(posters,printmedia,TV/Radio)
x Project C3.1/P4.2.2 Review, update or develop and implement regular roadsafety
educationprogrammesforprofessionaldrivers
x Project C3.1/P4.2.3 Conduct roadsafety awareness campaigns for vulnerable road
users(schoolchildren,elderly,disabledandalcoholanddrugaffectedpersons)
x ProjectC3.1/P4.3.4Traindriversandotherroadusers
x Project C3.1/P4.3.5 Develop a comprehensive codeofconduct for all roadusers
(drivers,passengers,pedestrians,streetvendors)
x ProjectC3.1/P4.3.6Review,updateordevelopandimplementroadsafetyeducation
inschoolcurriculumwithregularrevisions
x ProjectC3.1/P4.3.7Review,updateordevelopandimplementroadsafetycoursesat
theuniversities
x ProjectC3.1/P4.3.8Developroadsafetyresearchcentresattheuniversities
Enforcement of the laws and regulations is also essential for behavioural change of road
users. A rigorous system to enforce road traffic laws is required. It should be backed by
penalties(higherfinesandcumulativedemeritpoints)leadingtothelossofdrivinglicence.
Project4.4CrashPreventionSystem:LawEnforcement
1. Objective:
x
TodeveloparigorousNepalroadtrafficlawsenforcementsystem
2. Description:
x
DeveloparigorousNepalroadtrafficlawsenforcementsystem
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(Activity4Activity6)
x
Pillar 4: Safer Road Users [Activity D(2): Strictly enforce the rules on the
seatbelts,helmetsuse,publictransportsafetyanddevelopcomprehensivecode
ofconductforallroadusers]
x
x
x
TrafficPolice
6. Outcome:
x
ArigorousNepalroadtrafficlawsenforcementsystem

50
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject4.4LawEnforcementmayinclude:
x ProjectC3.1/P4.4.1Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemofenforcing
NepalRoadRules
x Project C3.1/P4.4.2 Review, update or develop and implement a system of
prosecutingruleoffenders
x ProjectC3.1/P4.4.3Trainlawenforcementofficersandundertaketrialsforenforcing
rules
x Project C3.1/P4.4.4 Review, update or develop and implement random roadside
checkingsystem(registration,drivinglicence,drinkdriving,seatbelts,helmet,child
restraints, vehicle roadworthiness, passenger limits, load limits, dimensions,
modifications)forcompliance
x ProjectC3.1/P4.4.5Review,updateordevelopandimplementstrictsafetyrulesfor
publicandcommercialvehicles
x Project C3.1/P4.4.6 Develop measures (engineering + others) and provide logistic
supportsformonitoringroadusersbehaviour(CCTVcameras,radarguns,vehicles)
4.5
DevelopmentofSpeedLimitsandSpeedManagementSystem
NepalRoadStandard,2070(DepartmentofRoads,2013)hasspecifiedthedesignspeedsfor
various types of roads as shown in Table 2. Design speed is suggested based on the
importanceoftheroad(roadclass)andthetypeofterrain.
Table2DesignSpeedsofSRN

However, from the speed management perspective, there are no detailed guidelines on
speed limits signage on roads. Speed limits have been specified in Motor Vehicles and
TransportManagementRules(1997)as:
x
x
x
x
x
Bus,MiniBus,Truck:50km/hrforhillroadsand70km/hrforplain
Car,Jeep,VanPickup:80km/hr
Tempo,Tractor,Scooter:40km/hr
Motorbike:50km/hr
40km/hrforallkindsofvehicleinsettlementarea
Even though speed limits provisions are legally binding in Nepal, the compliance of these
provisionsarerarelyfoundinpractice.TrafficPolice(TP)hasstartedcheckingcompliances
ofspeedlimitsusingradarguninspecificlocationhavinghighrateofcrash(Thapa,2013).
51
Road Users Guide ( [ ) provides very brief and vague information

regardingspeedlimitsonNepaleseroadsandleavetodriverstodecidetheirdesiredspeeds
aslistedinTable3.
Table3SpeedLimitsonNepaleseRoads
Project4.5CrashPreventionSystem:DevelopmentofSpeedLimits
andSpeedManagementSystem
(ComponentC3.2:PrecrashSystems:SaferSpeeds)
1. Objective:
x
Developandimplementspeedlimitsandspeedmanagementsystem
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
ReviewtheexistingSpeedLimitsandSpeedManagementSystem
Utiliseroadinventory,trafficstreamandRoadSafetyAudit(Project#3.9)results
todevelopacomprehensivespeedmanagementsystemandspeedlimitsonall
roadsinNepalbasedonlocalpracticesandinternationalexperiences.
Establish an institutional framework to implement and monitor motorists
compliancetospeedlimitsandspeedmanagementsystem
Developprojectsandprogramsrelatedtospeedmanagementandcontrol
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(Activity2:SpeedLimits)
x
Pillar4:SaferRoadUsers(notspecificallylistedasanactivity)
x
x
x
x
Roadsafetyauditresults
TrafficPolice
6. Outcome:
x
Acomprehensivenationalspeedlimitsandspeedmanagementsystem
52
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject4.5SpeedManagementmayinclude:
x ProjectC3.2/P4.5.1Reviewandupdateordeveloppostedspeedlimitsystem
x Project C3.2/P4.5.2 Develop documents (strategy, policy, framework, action plan,
manuals,guidelines,forms,checklists)forpostedspeedlimitsystem
x ProjectC3.2/P4.5.3Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemforenforcing
speedlimits
x Project C3.2/P4.5.4 Review, update or develop and implement pedestrianfriendly
zones(schoolzones,marketzones)
x ProjectC3.2/P4.5.5Reviewandupdateordevelopspeedlimitsystematpedestrian
friendlyzones
x Project C3.1/P4.4.6 Develop measures (engineering + others) and provide logistic
supportsformonitoringspeedlimits(speedcameras,radarguns,vehicles)
The following items are to be taken into account to develop comprehensive speed
managementsysteminNepal:
x
x
x
x
x
4.6
Speedlimitsandspeedzones
Vehicleactivatedchangeablespeedmessagesigns
Speedcameras(mixedandmobile)
Speedalertingandcruisecontrol
Publicperceptiononspeedenforcements
VehicularFactor(VehicleInspection)
Vehiclefactorcontributestocrashesduetounsafevehicles,worntyresandbrakes(about5
15%).Initialandperiodicvehicleinspectionshelptoreduceroadcrashes.Theseinspections
include:
x
x
Roadworthiness: development of vehicular safety checking and rating system

(brakes,lights,tires,crashavoidancesystems:ESC,ABS,alertingsystems)
Massandsize:singlevehicle,twovehiclesandmultivehiclecrashes
UnitedNations(2011)initsGlobalPlanfortheDecadeofActionforRoadSafety(20112020)
has identified vehicular factor as one of the five pillars for road safety Pillar 3 Safer
Vehicles. It suggests to encourage universal deployment of improved vehicle safety
technologiesforbothpassiveandactivesafetythroughacombinationofharmonizationof
relevantglobalstandards,consumerinformationschemesandincentivestoacceleratethe
uptakeofnewtechnologies.Theactivitieslistedunderthispillarare:
x
Activity 1: Encourage Member States to apply and promulgate motor vehicle safety
regulations as developed by the United Nations World Forum for the Harmonization of
VehicleRegulations.
Activity 2: Encourage implementation of new car assessment programmes in all regions of
the world in order to increase the availability of consumer information about the safety
performanceofmotorvehicles.
53
x
x
Activity 3: Encourage agreement to ensure that all new motor vehicles are equipped with
seatbeltsandanchoragesthatmeetregulatoryrequirementsandpassapplicablecrashtest
standards(asminimumsafetyfeatures).
Activity 4: Encourage universal deployment of crash avoidance technologies with proven
effectiveness such as Electronic Stability Control and AntiLock Braking Systems in
motorcycles.
Activity5:Encouragethe useoffiscalandotherincentivesformotorvehiclesthatprovide
high levels of road user protection and discourage import and export of new or used cars
thathavereducedsafetystandards.
Activity 6: Encourage application of pedestrian protection regulations and increased
researchintosafetytechnologiesdesignedtoreduceriskstovulnerableroadusers.
Activity 7: Encourage managers of governments and private sector fleets to purchase,
operate and maintain vehicles that offer advanced safety technologies and high levels of
occupantprotection.
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)hasspecifiedtheobjectiveof
Pillar4:SaferVehiclesas:topromotetheuniversaladoptionofboththeactiveandpassive
technologiesthatareavailableforsafevehiclesthroughtheharmonizationwiththeglobal
standards,publicityandincentivesfortheconsumersintheiradoption.
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan20132020haslistedthefollowingmain
activitieswithrespecttoPillar4:SaferVehicles:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ActivityC(1):Developandintroducestandardsforsafevehicles,spares
Activity C(2): Amend VTMA 1993, VTMR 1997 and develop national transport policy to
reinforcesafervehicles
ActivityC(3):Reviewroutepermitprocedure
ActivityC(4):DoTMinstitutionaldevelopment
ActivityC(5):Financialincentivestopromoteinvehiclesafetydevices
ActivityC(6):Improvevehicleinspectionprocedure
Activity C(7): Research major public vehicle accidents, school bus safety and initiate
mitigation
ActivityC(8):Basicrepairandmaintenancetrainingforpublicvehicles
MoPIT(2013)hassummarisedtheexistingsystemwithrespecttosafervehiclesinNepal
as:
x
Invehicle safety features such as rear parking assistance, vehicle stability management,
electronicstabilityprogramme,airbags,automaticbrakingsystem,etc.,havebeenusedin
thehigherendmodelsofcarsavailableinNepal.However,useofsafetyfeaturesinpublic
vehiclesisuncommoninNepalandnoristhereanyhistoryinthecountryoftaxdiscounts
beingofferedasincentiveintheuseofsuchsafetyfeatures.
Lateststudiesshowthatonly4%oftheroadcrashesinKathmanduValleyareattributedto
the poor roadworthiness of the vehicle fleet, particularly public vehicles. However, poor
conditionofthepublicvehiclesisoneofthemaincausesresultingincrashesinthehillroads
54
ofNepal.Therefore,therearealotofroomsforimprovementsintheroadsafetysituation
along Nepalese roads if the safety of the vehicles is enhanced and vehicles are strictly
inspectedregularly.
VehicleandTransportationManagementAct(1993)hasprovisionforfrequentandperiodic
inspectionofvehicles.InitialandperiodicinspectionsofvehiclesareprovisionedinVehicle
andTransportationManagementRules(1998)asfollows(Thapa,2013);
x
x
x
Bus: 5 years driving permission after initial inspection then additional 3 years
permissionifitmeetstherequirementinyearlyperiodicinspections.
Minibus: 8 years driving permission after initial inspection then additional 7 years
Microbus: 5 years driving permission after initial inspection then additional 3 years
Project4.6CrashPreventionSystem:VehicleInspectionand
Roadworthiness
(ComponentC3.3:PrecrashSystems:SaferVehicles)
1. Objective:
x
Todevelopandimplementasystemforvehicleinspectionandroadworthiness
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
Develop and implement a comprehensive testing and inspection system for all
vehicles for their roadworthiness, mass and sizes and capacity to carry
passengersandgoods.Thesystemshouldbetougherforpublicandcommercial
vehicles
DevelopandimplementNCAP(NewCarAssessment)programmes
Enforce laws that prohibit the use of unsafe vehicles/manufacture vehicles
withoutspecificsafetyfeaturesControlandAntiLockBrakingSystems
Developprojectsrelatedtovehicleinspection,control,technology,whatkindof
vehiclesseatbelts,airbags,conditioncheck,regularcheck
x Pillar4:SaferVehicles(Activity1Activity7)
x
Pillar4:SaferVehicles[ActivityC(1)C(8)]
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
Acomprehensivevehicletestingandinspectionsystem
55
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 4.6 Vehicle Inspection & Roadworthiness
mayinclude:
x Project C3.3/P4.6.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal Safe Vehicle
Standards(NSVS)
x Project C3.3/P4.6.2 Review, update or develop documents (policy, manuals,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forNSVS
x ProjectC3.3/P4.6.3Reviewandupdateordevelopmodern,scientificvehicletesting
systemwithstrictenforcements
x Project C3.3/P4.6.4 Review, update or develop and implement periodic vehicle
inspection&roadworthinesssystem
x Project C3.3/P4.6.5 Review, update or develop documents (policy, manuals,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forvehicleinspection&roadworthinesssystem
x ProjectC3.3/P4.6.6Trainvehicleroadworthinesscertificationprofessionals
x Project C3.3/P4.6.7 Franchise vehicle fitness tests at private autoworkshops and
establishanetworkofprofessionals
x ProjectC3.3/P4.6.8Review,updateordevelopandimplementscientificroutepermit
system
x ProjectC3.3/P4.6.9Developasystemtoprovidefinancialincentivestopromotein
vehiclesafetydevices
x Project C3.3/P4.6.10 Provide basic repair and maintenance training for public
vehicles

4.7
RoadEnvironmentFactor(RoadDesignandStandards)
Road factor contributes to crashes due to poor delineation, unsafe and substandard road
geometry (steep downgrade, severe curves), poor pavement surface condition (polished
aggregate,wetpavement)andvisibility(poorsightdistance,lightingconditions)(about25
35%).Thecontributingfactorsinclude:
x
x
x
x
x
Weather:rain,snow
Lightingcondition
Day/night
Rural/Urban
Road design and standards: Road design and layout, highfriction pavement, speed
calming,pedestrianseparation,safetypolicyandgoals
Road design standards play a major role in making roads safe. DoR and DoLIDAR have
developed Nepal Road Standards, 2027 (Second Revision, 2070), Nepal Urban Road
Standards(2069)andRuralRoadStandard(2055).Thesestandardsneedtoberevisedand
updatedkeepingroadsafetyasoneofthekeydesignoutcomes.
56
UnitedNations(2011)initsGlobalPlanfortheDecadeofActionforRoadSafety(20112020)
has identified road environment factor as one of the five pillars for road safety Pillar 2:
Safer Roads and Mobility. It suggests to raise the inherent safetyand protective quality of
road networks for the benefit of all road users, especially the most vulnerable (e.g.
pedestrians,bicyclistsandmotorcyclists).Thiswillbeachievedthroughtheimplementation
of various road infrastructure agreements under the UN framework, road infrastructure
assessmentandimprovedsafetyconsciousplanning,design,constructionandoperationof
roads.Theactivitieslistedunderthispillarare:
x
Activity1:Promoteroadsafetyownershipandaccountabilityamongroadauthorities,road
engineersandurbanplannersby:
o encouraginggovernmentsandroadauthoritiestosetatargettoeliminatehighrisk
roadsby2020;
o encouraging road authorities to commit a minimum of 10% of road budgets to
dedicatedsaferroadinfrastructureprogrammes;
o making road authorities legally responsible for improving road safety on their
networks through costeffective measures and for reporting annually on the safety
situation,trendsandremedialworkundertaken;
o establishingaspecialistroadsafetyortrafficunittomonitorandimprovethesafety
oftheroadnetwork:
o promoting the safe system approach and the role of selfexplaining and forgiving
roadinfrastructure;
o Adhere to and/or fully implement the regional road infrastructure Agreements
developed under the auspices of the United Nations regional commissions and
encouragethecreationofsimilarregionalinstruments,asrequired;and
o monitoringthesafetyperformanceofinvestmentsinroadinfrastructurebynational
roadauthorities,developmentbanksandotheragencies
Activity 2: Promoting the needs of all road users as part of sustainable urban planning,
transportdemandmanagementandlandusemanagementby:
o planning land use to respond to the safe mobility needs of all, including travel
demand management, access needs, market requirements, geographic and
demographicconditions;
o including safety impact assessments as part of all planning and development
decisions;and
o putting effective access and development control procedures in place to prevent
unsafedevelopments
Activity 3: Promote safe operation, maintenance and improvement of existing road
infrastructurebyrequiringroadauthoritiesto:
o identifythe numberand locationofdeathsand injuriesbyroadusertype,andthe
keyinfrastructurefactorsthatinfluenceriskforeachusergroup;
o identifyhazardousroadlocationsorsectionswhereexcessivenumbersorseverityof
crashesoccurandtakecorrectivemeasuresaccordingly;
o conduct safety assessments of existing road infrastructure and implement proven
engineeringtreatmentstoimprovesafetyperformance;
57
takealeadershiproleinrelationtospeedmanagementandspeedsensitivedesign
andoperationoftheroadnetwork;and
o ensureworkzonesafety
Activity4:Promotethedevelopmentofsafenewinfrastructurethatmeetsthemobilityand
accessneedsofallusersbyencouragingrelevantauthoritiesto:
o takeintoconsiderationallmodesoftransportwhenbuildingnewinfrastructure;
o set minimum safety ratings for new designs and road investments that ensure the
safetyneedsofallroadusersareincludedinthespecificationofnewprojects;
o use independent road safety impact assessment and safety audit findings in the
planning,design,construction,operationandmaintenanceofnewroadprojects,and
o ensuretheauditrecommendationsaredulyimplemented
Activity5:Encouragecapacitybuildingandknowledgetransferinsafeinfrastructureby:
o creating partnerships with development banks, national authorities, civil society,
education providers and the private sector to ensure safe infrastructure design
principlesarewellunderstoodandapplied;
o promotingroadsafetytrainingandeducationinlowcostsafetyengineering,safety
auditingandroadassessment;and
o developing and promoting standards for safe road design and operation that
recognizeandintegratewithhumanfactorsandvehicledesign
Activity6:Encourageresearchanddevelopmentinsaferroadsandmobilityby:
o completing and sharing research on the business case for safer road infrastructure
andtheinvestmentlevelsneededtomeettheDecadeofActiontargets;
o promoting research and development into infrastructure safety improvements for
roadnetworksinlowincomeandmiddleincomecountries;and
o promoting demonstration projects to evaluate safety improvement innovations,
especiallyforvulnerableroadusers
o
MoPIT(2013)hasspecifiedtheobjectiveofthispillaras:toimprovetheinherentsafetyof
theroadnetworksforallroadusers,especiallythemostvulnerablegroups(e.g.pedestrians,
bicyclistsandmotorcyclists).Thiswillbeachievedthrough:
x
x
x
AdoptionofUNandinternationalstandardsforthedesignofsaferoads.
Roadsafetyauditsandassessment
Incorporatingsafedesignpracticeduringdesign,constructionandoperationofroads.
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan20132020haslistedthefollowingmain
activitieswithrespecttoPillar3:SaferRoadsandMobility:
x
x
x
Activity(B1):Developroadsafetyauditmanualfornonstrategicroadsandgradually
enforcesafetyauditsinallroads(strategicandnonstrategic)
Activity (B2): Introduce compliance policy for safety audits recommendations
(strategicandnonstrategicroads)
Activity (B3): Develop design guideline for safer roads and construct required
infrastructures
58
x
x
x
x
Activity (B4): Investigate accident black spots for all road types and construct
appropriatecountermeasures
Activity(B5):Enforceworkzonesafetyfromconstructiontodefectliabilityperiodin
allroadprojectcontracts
Activity(B6):EstablishroadsafetyunitsinDoLIDARandvalleymunicipalities
Activity(B7):Trainstakeholdersonsaferoadsandsafetyaudits
MoPIT(2013)hassummarisedtheexistingsystemas:
x
x
x
Since1995,roadsafetyauditsaremandatoryforallnewconstructions,majormaintenance
andrehabilitationprojectsinvolvingthenationalhighwaysandfeederroads(strategicroad
networkofNepal).Aroadsafetyauditmanualisavailabletoguideconcernedengineersand
experts about conducting roadsafety audits. Though safety audits are prescribed at all
stagesoftheproject(feasibility,detaildesign,constructioncompletionandpriortoopening
totraffic),DoRhasnotstrictlyenforcedthisrequirementalongthestrategicroadnetworkof
Nepal.
In addition to the audit requirement, there is no formal procedure for the DoR and the
design team of a road project to commit or respond to the audit recommendations. For
example,thereisnoformalrequirementforDoRtoissueanexemptionletterexplainingwhy
certain audit recommendations cannot be met. Safety audits are often conducted at the
advanced stage of the road project when there is limited option for any countermeasures
andcoordinationbetweentheprojectandtheDoRRTU(whichisresponsibleforroadsafety)
isoftenverypoor.
There is no system of safety audits for the local road network, which falls under the
responsibilityoftheDepartmentofLocalInfrastructureandAgriculturalRoads(DoLIDAR)or
localbodies
Thereisnoperformancetargetsassignedduringtheprojectcycleoftheroadprojectsinthe
absenceofnationalsafetytargets.
A number of DoR manuals covering drainage, safety barriers, delineation, traffic signs,
remedialmeasuresatcrashsites,etc.,arealsoavailableforsafedesigns.Thesemanualsare
takenasbasisforevaluatingthesafetyworthinessofroadstructuresinNepal.
59
Project4.7CrashPreventionSystem:RoadDesignandMaintenance
(ComponentC3.4:PrecrashSystems:SaferRoads)
1. Objective:
x
Toupdateandreviseroaddesignandmaintenancestandards
2. Description:
x
x
x
Review and update existing road design standards through road safety
perspectives
Developandimplementroadmaintenancestandards
Developasystemtocontinuouslyreviewroaddesignandmaintenancestandards
utilising local practices and international evidences. The road maintenance
should be of topmost priority. Road and traffic authorities should be made
punishablebylawfornonstandarddesignsandfornotmaintainingtheroadsto
asafelevel.
x
Pillar 2: Safer Roads and Mobility (Activity 3 and Activity 4: Standards for New
andExistingRoads)
x
Pillar 2: Safer Roads and Mobility [Activity B(3): Develop design guideline for
saferroadsandconstructrequiredinfrastructures]
x
x
Nationalexistingstandards
6. Outcome:
x
Nepalroaddesignandmaintenancestandardsandmonitoringsystem
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 4.7 Road Design and Maintenance may
include:
x
x
x
x
x
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.1ReviewandupdateNepalRoadDesignStandards
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.2ReviewandupdateNepalRoadMaintenanceStandards
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.3Trainengineersforsafetyretrofitandtrialprojects
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.4Reviewandupdateordeveloproadmaintenanceprioritysystem
ProjectC3.4/P4.7.5Developdesignguidelineforsaferroadsandconstructrequired
infrastructures
x Project C3.4/P4.7.6 Develop and implement a system of reporting road safety
progressesbyresponsibleroadsafetyauthorities
x ProjectC3.4/P4.7.7Developandimplementasystemofprosecutingroadauthorities
forfailingtoprovideasaferoadenvironment

For standardisation of traffic sign and road marking system, Department of Roads (1997e)
preparedTrafficSignManual1&2andwasapprovedin1997.TheManualisinlinewiththe
60
internationalpracticesthatsetoutinInternationalConventiononRoadTraffic,Genevaand
RoadSignsandSignals,Vienna.Besides,fullcolourpostersillustratingthetrafficsignswere
alsopreparedforroadsafetyeducationpurpose(Thapa,2013).
Project4.8CrashPreventionSystem:TrafficControlDevices
1. Objective:
x
x
TodevelopManualofTrafficControlDevices
Todevelopasystemtoenforcelawstoimplementtrafficcontroldevices
2. Description:
x
x
x
ReviewandupdateexistingTrafficSignsManual(1997)
o Priority1:Regulatorydevices(signs/signals/marking)forregulatingflows
o Priority2:Warningdevices
o Priority3:Informationorguidancedevices
Developasystemtoenforcelawstoimplementtrafficcontroldevices
Develop a system to continually review Manual of Traffic Control Devices
utilising local practices and international evidences. Road and traffic authorities
should be made punishable by law for not using or for incorrectly using traffic
controldevices.
x
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility (Activity3andActivity4:ControlDevicesfor
NewandExistingRoads)
x
Pillar 2: Safer Roads and Mobility [Activity B(5): Enforce work zone safety from
constructiontodefectliabilityperiodinallroadprojectcontracts]
x
x
Nationalexistingmanualsandlaws
6. Outcome:
x
NepalManualofUniformTrafficControlDevicesandenforcementsystem
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject4.8TrafficControlDevicesmayinclude:
x Project C3.4/P4.8.1 Review and update or develop documents (policy, manual,
guidelines,forms,checklists)fortrafficcontroldevices
x Project C3.4/P4.8.2 Review, update or develop and implement a system of
mandatoryworkzonesafetyplanning
x ProjectC3.4/P4.8.3Developasystemtomonitorcomplianceandtoenforcelawsto
regardingtrafficcontroldevices
x ProjectC3.4/P4.8.4Review,updateordesignandimplementpedestriancrossingsat
specifiedlocations
x Project C3.4/P4.8.5 Review and update or develop Assets Management Plan for
trafficcontroldevices
61
4.8
NepalRoadSafetyAudit
Two government departments (DoR and DoLIDAR) are the main institutions which are
involved in engineering design and construction of roads. In DoR, Road Safety Audit was
introducedin1995withthefollowingkeyprinciples(Thapa,2013)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Designofroadforallroadusers,
Provideaclearandconsistentmessagetothedriverandotherroadusers,
Encourageappropriatespeedsandbehaviourthroughdesignandtrafficsigns,
Reduceconflictingpointsintheroadjunctionsandintersections,
Makeallowanceindesignforbadorimpaireddriving,and
Createaforgivingroad.
Department of Roads (1997a) have developed Road Safety Audit Manual that outlines the
RoadSafetyAuditprocessbutitdoesnotsaywhetherthismanualhasbeenimplementedin
practice. Road safety audit was considered to be a compulsory activity for all roads under
constructionorrehabilitation.DoR,TrafficEngineeringandSafetyUnit(TESU)withthehelp
fromconcernedprojectpersonnel,auditedmajorstrategicroadsincludingabout1,200km
ofNationalHighways.Theroadsafetyauditcontributedveryfruitfulsafetyimprovements,
especially in road sections with higher rate of crashes. Based on the road safety audit
experiences, performance evaluation, and feedback from the field results a detailed Road
SafetyAuditManualwaspublishedinApril1997.Roadsafetyauditatdesignstagehasbeen
made mandatory for new projects. However, there is lack of periodic evaluation of road
safetyinhighways(Thapa,2013).
62
Project4.9CrashPreventionSystem:DevelopmentofRoadSafety
AuditSystem
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopandimplementRoadSafetyAuditprocess
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
Develop a compulsory comprehensive road safety auditing process for both

existing and new roads. Develop road safety tools/checklists to be used for
auditingprocess.Developasystemtotrainexpertroadsafetyauditors.
RoadSafetyAuditprojects:
o DevelopRoadSafetyAuditPolicy
o DevelopManualofRoadSafetyAuditreviewexistingandimprove
o Developtrainingmanualsandtrainingprogramsforauditors
o Developauditorslicencingsystem
Systematic safety audit, safety impact and/or road assessment policies and
practicesinplace
DeveloptoolssuchasNepRAP(similartoAusRAP,EuroRAP)
DeveloptoolssuchasNepRAM(similartoANRAM)
x
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility(Activity3Activity5:AuditingSystemforNew
andExistingRoads)
x
Pillar 2: Safer Roads and Mobility [Activity B(1): Develop road safety audit
manual for nonstrategic roads and gradually enforce safety audits in all roads
(strategicandnonstrategicroads),ActivityB(2):Introducecompliancepolicyfor
safetyauditsrecommendations(strategicandnonstrategicroads)]
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
NepalRoadSafetyAuditingSystem
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject4.9NepalRoadSafetyAuditmayinclude:
x Project C3.4/P4.9.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal Road Safety
Audit(NRSA)System
manual,guidelines,forms,checklists)forNepalRoadSafetyAudit(NRSA)System
x ProjectC3.4/P4.9.3PilottheNepalRoadSafetyAudittosamplesofSRN
x ProjectC3.4/P4.9.4Review,updateordevelopandimplementasystemofmodifying
existingunsaferoadsidentifiedbyNepalroadsafetyaudit(NRSA)
x ProjectC3.4/P4.9.5Trainroadsafetyauthoritiesandstakeholdersonsaferoadsand
safetyaudits
63
4.9
RoadsideHazardManagement
A particular type of crash, in particular its severity, can be reduced by managing roadside
hazards(forexample,runoffroadcrashes).Accesscontrol,delineationmeasures,roadside
safetybarriersaresomeofthemeasuresthathelpreducerunoffroadcrashes.
x
x
x
Delineation:signs,lanemarkings,guideposts.Existinginformationcanbefoundon
Traffic Sign Manual Volume 1 & 2 (Department of Roads, 1997e) and Road Safety
Note5DelineationMeasures(DepartmentofRoads,1996b)
Roaddesign:alignments,crosssections,sightdistances.Existinginformationcanbe
foundinNepalRoadStandards2070(DepartmentofRoads,2013)
Roadside safety barriers: Existing information can be found on Road Safety Note 6
SafetyBarriers(DepartmentofRoads,1997b)
Project4.10CrashPreventionSystem:RoadsideHazardManagement
1. Objective:
x
Todevelopandimplementroadsidehazardmanagementsystem
2. Description:
x
Develop and implement roadside hazard management system utilising road

safety auditing results and utilising guidelines for Nepal road safety measures.
Research on using local materials and resources should be given the top most
priority.
Developaccesscontrolandrationalisationstrategyforimplementationalongthe
existing and future road corridors. Develop policy to strictly enforce access
controlmeasurestoandfromarterialroads,
x
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility(Activity3:HazardManagementSystem)
x
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility(notdirectlylistedasanactivity)
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
NepalRoadsideHazardManagementSystem

64
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 4.10 Roadside Hazard Management may
include:
x Project C3.4/P4.10.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal roadside
hazardmanagementsystem
action plan, manual, guidelines, forms, checklists) for Nepal roadside hazard
managementsystem
x Project C3.4/P4.10.3 Review, update or develop and implement adequate
delineationmeasuresonallroads
x ProjectC3.4/P4.10.4Reviewexistingpracticeofinstallingguardrails
x Project C3.4/P4.10.5 Review, update or develop documents (design standards,
specifications, manuals, guidelines, forms, checklists) for guard rails and other road
sidebarriers

***
65
CHAPTER5POSTCRASH(RESPONSEANDMANAGEMENT)SYSTEM
(Postcrashresponseandmanagement)
5.1
Objectives
The objective of developing a robust postcrash response and management system is to
reduce further deterioration of injury through timely improved postcrash response,
improvedemergencytreatmentsandhealthcaresystems,savelivesandprovidelongterm
rehabilitationofcrashvictims.Manyseverelyinjuredpersonsatcrashescanbeprevented
fromdyingiftheycouldgettreatmentsonsitetimely.Theotherobjectivesincludeproper
handling of crash scenes with dignity and respect for crash victims and affected family
members. Further congestion on roads impacting other road users can be reduced by
sendingcrashclearancefacilities(towtrucks,crane)intime.Alltheseobjectivescanbemet
by formulating and implementing a robust postcrash research and management system.
Thesystemshoulduseadvancedtechnologiesandhealthcaresystem,whichinclude:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
5.2
Automaticcrashnotifications
Automaticincidentdetectionsystem
Nationwideemergencycommunicationsystems:telephone,internet
Responsetime
Prehospital care systems: rescue helicopters, ambulances and emergency
medicalservices
Hospitaltraumacaresystems
Effective legal response to road deaths and injuries including insurance
schemes
Longtermrehabilitationforcrashvictims
Salvagingandtowingawaydamagedvehicles
Restorationofroadsandtrafficcontroldevices
FactorsforPostCrashManagementSystem
Consideration should be given to various factors in the development of postcrash
managementsystem.Someoftheseinclude:
x
x
x
Human factors: age, gender (medical treatment and evacuation, treatment

procedures)
Vehicle factors: ease of removal of injured passengers (ease of extraction, fire
prevention)
Road factors: the time and quality of emergency response, subsequent medical
treatments (rescue facilities, evacuation lanes, and recognised traffic control
proceduresincongestion)
66
5.3
PostCrashResponseActivities
UnitedNations(2011)initsGlobalPlanfortheDecadeofActionforRoadSafety20112020
has identified postcrash response as one of the five pillars for road safety Pillar 5: Post
crash Response. It suggests to increase responsiveness to postcrash emergencies and
improving the ability of health and other systems to provide appropriate emergency
treatment and longerterm rehabilitation for crash victims. The activities listed under this
pillarare:
x
x
x
Activity 1: Develop prehospital care systems, including the extraction of a victim
from a vehicle after a crash, and implementation of a single nationwide telephone
numberforemergencies,throughtheimplementationofexistinggoodpractices.
Activity 2: Develop hospital trauma care systems and evaluate the quality of care
through the implementation of good practices on trauma care systems and quality
assurance.
Activity 3: Provide early rehabilitation and support to injured patients and those
bereaved by road traffic crashes, to minimize both physical and psychological
trauma.
Activity4:Encouragetheestablishmentofappropriateroaduserinsuranceschemes
tofinancerehabilitationservicesforcrashvictimsthrough:
o Introductionofmandatorythirdpartyliability;and
o Internationalmutualrecognitionofinsurance,e.g.greencardsystem.
Activity5:Encourageathoroughinvestigationintothecrashandtheapplicationof
aneffectivelegalresponsetoroaddeathsandinjuriesandthereforeencouragefair
settlementsandjusticeforthebereavedandinjuries.
Activity 6: Provide encouragement and incentives for employers to hire and retain
peoplewithdisabilities.
Activity7:Encourageresearchanddevelopmentintoimprovingpostcrashresponse.
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)haslistedfollowingactivities
underPillar5:PostcrashResponse:
x
x
x
x
x
x
ActivityE(1):IntroducetollfreetelephonenumberforRTAemergencies
ActivityE(2):Developambulancepolicyforpostaccidenttreatmentsandemergency
treatmenttraining
Activity E(3): Develop strategy and introduce revolving fund for RTA victims and
disabled
ActivityE(4):OpenTraumaCareCentresandtrainforRTAinjured
ActivityE(5):ResearchandprioritisetreatmentsforseriousinjuriesfromRTAs
Activity E(6): Develop, introduce comprehensive injury surveillance system in
hospitals,healthcentres
67
x
x
5.4
ActivityE(7):EstablishroadsafetyunitintheMinistryofhealthandPopulationand
institutionallyenhanceit
ActivityE(8):Developambulancenetworkalongthemajorhighways,urbanandrural
roads
ExistingPostCrashManagementSysteminNepal
MoPIT(2013)hasdiscussedthefollowinginformationwithrespecttotheexistingpostcrash
managementsysteminNepal:
x
Todate,thereisnodataontheresponsetimetothepostcrashvictimsinNepal.Therearea
limitednumberofambulancesrunbythehospitals,privatesectorsandsocialclubs.Priorto
the launch of WHO 2004 initiatives to monitor roadsafety injuries globally, there was no
systematic reporting requirement on the part of the Ministry of Health to make it
accountabletowardsroadsafety.
Data management in hospitals and health care centres regarding road crashes is poor.
However,therehavebeensomelimitedprojectledinitiativesinthisareaintherecentpast
todeveloproadcrashstatisticswithintheparticipatinghospitals.TheMinistryofHealthand
Population(MOHP)isplanningtointroduceinjurysurveillancestorecordroadcrashcases.
Theministryisalsocontemplatingdevelopingthreelevelsofcareforcrashvictims(primary,
secondaryandtertiary).Nevertheless,priorityforroadcrashcasesremainlowcomparedto
other injuries as the former is still not the most predominant form of morbidity in the
Country.
ThehealthcentresthroughoutthecountryarelinkedtothecentrethroughGPS.Inaddition,
theKathmanduMetropolitanTrafficPoliceplanstoinstallGPSdevisesonitspatrolvehicles
provide opportunities to improve emergency response within the Kathmandu Valley and
otherareasifthesystemislinkedwiththeaimofenhancingpostcrashresponse.
Thapa(2013)hassummarisedtheexistingpostcrashresponsesysteminNepalas:
There is no exact division of geographical coverage for crash rescue activity. Generally the local
TrafficPoliceandhighwayPoliceprovidesrescueservicetotheeventofcrash.Butlocalpeopleand
armymanalsocarryouttherescueservice.AverageresponsetimeforthecrashesinNepaldepends
upontheproximityofPolicepostfromthecrashsite.Generallyitis15to30minutesinplainsections
ofhighwaysandfeederroadsand30minutestoonehourforhillanddistrictroads.Urbancrashes
couldberespondedimmediately
Asseeninthesediscussions,itisunclearofwhatthesystemis,whoisresponsibleforthese
activitiesandhowitisimplemented.
68
Project5.1DevelopmentofNepalPostCrashManagementSystem
(NPCMS)
(ComponentC4:PostcrashSystem)
1.
Objective:
x
2.
Description:
x
x
3.
Pillar5:PostCrashResponse[ActivityE(1)ActivityE(8)]
InformationSource:
x
x
6.
Pillar5:PostCrashResponse[Activity1Activity7]
ReferencetoNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)
x
5.
Review and update or develop an effective and efficient emergency response
andmanagementsystemaftertheroadcrash
Review and update or develop documents (strategy, policy, directives, manual,
guidelines, forms, checklists) for Nepal Postcrash Response and Management
System
This should include emergency communication systems, rescue management,
prehospital and hospital care systems, longterm care systems, salvaging and
towingawaydamagedvehicleandrestorationofroadsandtrafficcontroldevices
Establishment of postcrash response units at strategic locations along SRN,
helicopter/flying doctors, ambulance, tow truck, emergency vehicles, trauma
centres,roadrulesregardingdutyofdriversincaseofcrashes(witnessordirect
involvement)aresomeimportantcomponentsofthesystem.
ReferencetoUN5PillarsofGlobalActionsforRoadSafety
x
4.
To review and update or develop a robust Nepal Postcrash Response and
ManagementSystemtotreatinjuriesandsavelives
Nationalexistingsystems
Outcome:
x
ArobustNepalPostCrashManagementSystem(NPCMS)

ExamplesofshorttermprojectswithinProject5.1PostcrashSystemmayinclude:

x Project C4/P5.1.1 Review and update or develop postcrash response and
managementsystem
x Project C4/P5.1.2 Review and update or develop documents (framework, strategy,
policy, directives, manual, guidelines, forms, checklists) for postcrash response and
managementsystem
x Project C4/P5.1.3 Review and update or develop postcrash emergency
communicationsystems(tollfreetelephonenumber,telephonebooths,SMS,email,
websiteetc.)
x ProjectC4/P5.1.4Setupanoptimal(responsetimeand/orcostminimising)network
69
ofambulanceservices(onroad,helicopters,paramedics)throughoutNepal
x ProjectC4/P5.1.5Developpostcashfacilitysitemaps
x ProjectC4/P5.1.6Developanationalambulancemanagementdocuments(strategy,
policy,directives,manual,guidelines,forms,checklists)
x ProjectC4/P5.1.7Developcodeofconductformanagingcrashscenes
x ProjectC4/P5.1.8Trainemergencyagencies(e.g.TrafficPolice,CivilianPolice,Army,
Firebrigade, Paramedics etc.) for improving postcrash response and for managing
crashscenes
x ProjectC4/P5.1.9OpentraumacarecentresacrossNepal
x Project C4/P5.1.10 Train medical personnel for traumacare services at all levels
(primary,secondary,tertiary)withexpertiseontreatmentofroadcrashvictims
x ProjectC4/P5.1.11Developaprioritysystemforcaringmajorcrashvictimsattrauma
centres
x ProjectC4/P5.1.12Investigatefundingsourcesanddevelopafundingmodeltoassist
medicalrehabilitationanddisabilityofcrashvictims
x Project C4/P5.1.13 Develop documents (strategy and policy) to fund medical
rehabilitationanddisabilityofcrashvictims
x Project C4/P5.1.14 Develop policy for employment opportunities for people with
crashdisabilities
x Project C4/P5.1.15 Develop and maintain a comprehensive postcrash injury
surveillance system in hospitals and healthcare centres (uniform/standard entry in
traumaregistryandimprovedcrashreporting)

5.4.1 MedicalandEmergencyManagementSystem
There is no guidance and information regarding the medical and emergency management
system.
5.4.2 SalvagingandTowingAwayDamagedVehicles
Thereisnoguidanceandinformationregardingthesalvagingandtowingawayprocedures
ofdamagedvehicles.
5.4.3 Restorationofroadsandtrafficcontroldevices
There is no information regarding the procedure of restoring roads and traffic control
devices.
***
70
CHAPTER6CRASHINVESTIGATIONANDREPORTINGSYSTEM
(Forcrashdatainvestigationanddatacollection)
6.1
Objective
Theobjectiveoftheroadcrashinvestigationandrecordingsystemistoidentifythecauses
ofroadcrashesandpreparedataforlongtermarchiving.
6.2
CrashRisk
Numberofpeoplekilledorinjuredinroadcrashesdependsbasicallyonthreefactors:
x
x
x
Exposure
Probability(crashrate)
Severity(injuryseverity):typeofvehicle,impactspeed,wearingpersonalprotective
equipment
These crash risk factors are to be considered while developing Nepal road safety
managementsystem.
6.3
ContributingFactorsofCrashes
Thereareseveraltheoriesonwhyroadcrashesoccur.Theyvarysignificantlythewayaroad
crashisviewedandperceived.Theoriesofcrashcausationinclude:
x
x
x
x
x
Crashesasrandomevents
Crashpronenesstheory
Causalcrashtheory
Systems(epidemiological)theory
Behaviouraltheory
However, as universally accepted, a crash occurs when one of more traffic system
components (human factor, vehicular factor and road environment factor) fail to perform
theirfunctions.
x
Humanfactors:vulnerabilitytoinjury,age,failuretowearaseatbelt,drivingspeed,
sobriety(useofrestraintsandimpairments)
o Improperobservation
o Excessivespeed
o Inattention
o Improperevasiveaction
o Internaldistraction
71
6.4
o Improperdrivingtechnique
o Inadequatedefensivedrivingtechnique
o Falseassumption
o Impropermanoeuvre
o Overcompensationorovercorrection
Vehiclefactors:bumperheightsandenergyabsorption,airbagoperations,headrest
design
o Occupantrestraints
o Airbags
o Crashabsorption
o Safetyglass
o Paddedinteriors
o Roadworthiness
Roadfactors:pavementfriction,grades,roadsideenvironment
o Crashabsorptionbarriers
o Breakawaypoles
o Eliminationofroadsideobjects
o Absenceofhardshoulders
o Roadsurface
o Roadcondition
CrashInvolvement
Data such as types of road or traffic environment, elements of roads, environmental risk
factors,ageandgenderofroadusers,medicalconditionofroadusers,impairmentthrough
theuseofalcohol,speedoftravelaretobecollected.
6.5
CrashInvestigation:Who,Where,How,What,When,PLUSWhy?
Crashinvestigationincludesthedetailsofwho,where,how,what,whenandwhy.Thisstage
doesinvolvethecollectionofdata,butdependingontheseverityofthecrash,theskillsetof
theinvestigatingteamismorethanjustcollectingdata,itmaybethescientificestimationof
speed,thebloodordrugcontent,thedistractionofthedriver,thedriversexperiencelevel,
condition of vehicle and/or the weather and road conditions at the time. The answer of
why should be based on all traffic system components, e.g., driver, vehicle and roadside
environment.DataneededfortheRoadCrashDataCollectionSystemwillflowfromthese
investigations and may becombined with other sourcesof data. The crash investigation is
thatofanindividualcrash,andintheQLDsituation,TMRlooksatroadfactors,whereasthe
Policelooksafterthevehicleanddriverfactors(alcohol,speed,distractionexperienceetc.)
for fatal crashes. For serious and other injuries, Police collects data in QPRIME, which are
passedon,toTMRoritsagentOfficeofStatisticalResearch(OSR)afterremovingpersonal
identification(forprivacyreasons).TMRengagesOSRtoenterthedataintoWebCrash(for
72
crashesonallroads)andalsointoRoadCrash2(forcrashesonstatecontrolledroads),which
areverifiedbytheDataAnalysisUnitofTMRsRoadSafetyBranch.Acomparablesystemof
crashinvestigationthatbestsuitthelocalcontextshouldbedeveloped.
6.6
TrainingandPreparingCrashInvestigators(AuthorisedInvestigators)
Crash investigation should only be carried out by expert investigators and may include
personnel from Traffic Police, Traffic Engineers, Transportation Engineers, Ambulance and
FireServices,InsuranceCompaniesandAuthorisedCivilians.
6.7
LocationofaCrash
Definingpointsoneachroadareneededfortheroadcrashdatabase.Intersectionsareeasy
where the roads are clearly named also within builtup areas where street addressed are
wellestablished.Thesedefininglocationsonaroadareimportantfortheanalysisofcrash
databecauseacrashreportwillbethevehicleswere100metrespasttheintersectionofA
andB,ortheywereinfrontofstreetnumberXXX.
But in rural or isolated areas this will not work as the description will be more like on a
curve20kilometresnorthoftown.TravelDistance(TD)isusedonQueenslandssystem.A
roadhasastartingpoint,thisisTD0.00andasonetravelsawayfromthisstartingpointthe
TDincreases.Butthissystemstillreliesonlandmarkstoidentifywherethecrashoccurred.
Geocodes such as latitudes and longitudes are excellent, but their use depend on the
availability of GPS at the time when a crash is reported. Solutions to identifying where a
crashoccurredmightbeamixoftheabovewiththeadditionofsomestrategicallyplaced
landmarks,suchasoldfashionmileposts.Thusitisimportanttodeviseasystemtoidentify
crashlocationsreasonablyaccuratelyforcrashdatatobeofvalueforfurtheranalysisand
research.
73
Project6.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadCrashInvestigationSystem
(NRCIS)
(ComponentC5:CrashInvestigationandDatabaseSystem)
1. Objective:
x
TodeveloparobustNepalroadcrashinvestigationsystem(NRCIS)
2. Description:
x
x
Developandimplementcrashinvestigationpolicy
Develop a rigorous Nepal road crash investigation system (NRCIS) involving
severallevelsofroadsafetyinstitutionsandexpertise.Thesystemshouldanswer
thequestions:where,how,what,when,whoandwhy?
Set up systematic training programs to prepare expert road crash investigators.
Graduatedlicencingsystemmayberequiredfordifferentlevelsofexpertise.
3. ReferencetoUN5PillarsforRoadSafety
x
AllPillars15
x
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility[ActivityB(4):Investigateaccidentblackspots
forallroadtypesandconstructappropriatecountermeasures]
x
x
x
x
Roadandtrafficauthorities:DoTM,DoR,DoLIDAR
TrafficPolice
6. Outcome:
x
ArobustNepalroadcrashinvestigationsystem(NRCIS)
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject6.1NepalRoadCrashInvestigationSystem
mayinclude:
x Project C5/P6.1.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal road crash
investigationsystem(NRCIS)
x Project C5/P6.1.2 Review and update or develop documents (policy, manual,
guidelines,forms,checklists)forNRCIS
x ProjectC5/P6.1.5ReviewandupdateordevelopTermsofReference(ToR)forcrash
investigators
x Project C5/P6.1.6 Train crash investigators and develop a network of authorised
crashinvestigators
74
6.8
DevelopmentofCrashDataCollectionSystem
Atpresent,TrafficPolicecollectsandcompilesalldatapertainingtoroadcrashesinNepal
throughtheirnetworkoflocal,districtandregionaloffices.Inurbanandstrategiclocations,
TrafficPolicepersonnelrecordalldetailsatthesiteoftheroadcrashes,whileinruraland
remoteareas;thisresponsibilityisusuallyassignedtogeneralPolice.Oncetheroadcrashis
recordedbythePolicepersonnelattendingtothecrashsite,theinformationisdocumented
intheRoadAccidentRecordorgPDUnGNWklSdtUW(NDLeaIncetal.,2008).
ThePolice,itappearsatpresent,isthemainagencyinvolvedinacrashinvestigationwhenit
happens. What information they currently collect, how far there investigation goes and
whether all information required in Road Accident Record or gPD UnGNWk lSdtUW is
collectedisunclear.
6.9
DevelopmentofCrashDataCodingandClassificationSystem
It is important to use consistent classification of crash types for the purpose of crash
analysis, research and engineering use. A crash can be classified by severity (e.g., for the
purpose of crash cost estimates) or by the way it occurred (e.g., runoffroad left, runoff
roadright,headon,sideswipe,rearend,pedestrianhit,objecthitetc.)ormorepreciselyby
theintendedactionofthedriversbeforethecrash(codesaretobedevelopedyet)(e.g.,for
the purpose of suggesting crash countermeasures). These crash types should be defined
preciselysothatacrashinvestigationteamcouldusethesamedefinitionsconsistentlyand
safety engineers can use these information meaningfully for the treatment of these crash
locations. Use of terminologies like slight injury, normal injury should be avoided. The
followingtypesanddefinitionsofcrashesareusedinmanycountriesandthiscabeadopted
forNepaleasily.
x
x
x
x
fatal(crashvictimsdeceasedwithinXXXdays,usually30days,ofthecrash)
majorinjury(crashvictimsadmittedtohospital)
minor injury (crash victims requiring medical treatment on site or in the hospital
withoutrequiringbedforhospitalstay)
property damage only (crash victims unhurt, only vehicles or road elements
damaged)
Crashtypeclassificationsuchasrunofftheroadcrashesandheadoncollisioncrashesetc.
should be as detailed as possible. As mentioned above, use of consistent terminologies in
this classification should be encouraged. It may not be appropriate in suggesting types of
crashesthataremoreimportantbeforethedatasetcollectionsystemhasbeendesigned.
Data must be collected in an unbiased way. There is a danger of misidentifying the actual
eventsthatleadtothecrashiftheemphasisoncrashinvestigationisonthefinaloutcomeof
thecrash.Examplesofmisidentificationofcrashesinclude:
75
x
x
Thedifferencebetweenasideswipeandheadonisreallytheresultingdamageona
vehicle, and if the preperceived idea is used in the identification of crash and
collectionofdata,thesubsequentanalysismaybeflawedfromthebeginning.
Crash coding is really defined by the intended actions of the drivers, that is, were
theyturningright,weretheygoingaroundacurve,hadtheyjustturnedleft.
Ifasetofdatathatwasbasedonwherethedamagewasonavehicleistakenwith,
half the crashes where both vehicles had damage to the front only, the other half
one vehicle had damage to the front and the other vehicle in the same crash had
damagetothesideonly,itmaybereasonableassumedthatthereareamixofhead
onandsideswipecrashes.
Crash investigation should go well beyond just filling the form. Consider a crash scenario
where all the vehicles travelling north were buses, and all of these were damaged in the
frontonly.Onlysomebusestravellingsouthhadeitherfrontorsidedamage.Atthispoint,a
crashinvestigatormustbethinking:
x
x
x
Whyonlybusesgoingnorth?
Istheroadtoonarrowfortwobuses?Butthisdoesntexplainwhyonlybusesgoing
north.
Whatelseisinvolved,speed,curves,width?
Moreover,
x
x
x
Allthebusestravellingnorthmighthavejustturnedleftoutofasideroad.
Thefinalpieceofdatawasthelastaction,orwhatthedriverwasdoing,beforethe
crash.
Onlybusesleavingthesideroadhavetoswingoutintotheoncomingtraffic,sothis
explainswhytheonlybusestravellingnorthhadfrontdamageandwhyallvehicles
travelling south were not all buses and why there was a mixture of front or side
damageonly.
Untildataiscollectedandanalysed,itisnotagoodideatosuggesthowthecrashoccurred,
whowasatfault,whatthecontributingfactorswere,whatcrashtypesaremost common
andhowtheycomeabout.
6.10 Developmentofcrashdatacollectionforms
ThecurrentlyusedRoadAccidentRecordor
[ formshouldbeupdated

andimproved.
76
6.11 CrashTypesandSeverity
There should be systematic and proper crash type and severity classification system for
Nepal. It is not necessary to reinvent the wheel. There are established crash type and
severity classification system available nationally and internationally, which can be
introduced in Nepal Crash Classification System. Best international examples can be used
and special local types can also be incorporated. For example, crash classification for
engineeringtreatmentshouldusethefollowingsystems:
x
x
x
x
x
x
Headon
Runoffroad(leftorright)
Hitobject
Hitpedestrian
Readrend
Sideswipeetc.
Foreconomicanalysis,savingcrashtypescanbedividedinto:
x
x
x
x
fatal
majorinjury
minorinjury
propertydamageonly
6.12 MinimumDatasetandReportingRequirements
Thereshouldbeaminimumsetofdataabouteachcrashwhichisnecessaryasabasisfor
the sound and satisfactory investigation of a crash location. Depending upon the type of
crash and its severitylevel, there may be a need to collectdata in greater detail. Detailed
data can assist in providing a greater understanding of the contributing factors or
consequencesofacrash.
Depending upon a severity of crash, an established mechanism should be in place for
reporting requirement. For example, all crashes involving death and injuries plus property
damageonlywiththedamagevalue,sayNPR25,000,shouldbereported.
6.13 DataCodingSystem
Itisnotnecessarytoreinventthewheel.Asmentionedearlier,anestablishedcodingsystem
availablenationallyandinternationallycanbeusedwithminormodificationstosuitthelocal
context. Best international examples can be used such as DCA (Definitions for Coding
Accidents)systemasusedonallAustraliancrashdata.Thesystemshouldbeeasytoread,
comprehensive. It should allow easy comparison of data from a developing road system
(Nepal)toadevelopedroadsystem(Australia).
77
Project6.2NepalRoadCrashDataCollection,CodingandRecording
System
1. Objective:
x
To develop unified Nepal Road Crash Data Collection, Coding and Recording
System
2. Description:
x
x
x
DevelopNepalCrashandSeverityClassification(NCSC)Systembasedonseverity
(fatal, hospitalisation or serious injury, minor injury, medical treatment
(collectively called FSI crashes), PDO (property damage only) crashes (use of
consistent definition ( e.g., if a person dies within 30 days of hospitalisation
resultingfrominjurysustainedinroadcrash,thecrashinthiscaseisdefinedas
fatal).Numberofcasualties(headcount)vsnumberofcasualtycrashes.
Develop NepalCrashCoding(NCC)Systemusingbestinternationalexamplesand
local requirements (similar to DCA codes in Australia) for use in engineering
purpose (e.g. runof the road, head on, rear end, side swipe, pedestrian hit, hit
object).
Update the existing Road Accident Record (RAR) form based on international
examples and local conditions in consultation with Traffic Police (similar to
QPRIMEsysteminQueensland).Thiswillbeprimarilymeantforthepurposeof
Police charge, court case legal matters, coroner enquiry, insurance, dispute
resolution, penalty, infringement etc. Rename it Nepal Road Crash Record
(NRCR).
Developandenforcelegalrequirementsforcrashdatareporting.
Utilise computerised and advanced internet technologies to collect, code and
recordcrashdata.
x Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement[Activity6:Datasystems]
4. ReferencetoNapalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)
x Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement[notspecificallylistedasanactivity]
x
x
x
x
Roadandtrafficauthorities:DoTM,DoR,DoLIDAR
TrafficPolice
6. Outcome:
x
UnifiedNepalCrashDataCollection,CodingandRecordingSystem

78
Examples of shortterm projects under Project 6.2 Crash Data Collection System may
include:
x Project C5/P6.2.1 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal Crash and
SeverityClassification(NCSC)system
x ProjectC5/P6.2.2Review,updateordevelopandimplementNepalRoadCrashData
Coding,CollectionandRecordingSystem
x Project C5/P6.2.3 Review and update or develop documents (policy, legal
requirements, manual, guidelines, forms, checklists) for Nepal Road Crash Data
Coding,CollectionandRecordingSystem
x Project C5/P6.2.4 Review, update or develop and implement Nepal crash coding
system
x ProjectC5/P6.2.5Reviewandupdateordevelopalistofcrashcontributingfactors
x ProjectC5/P6.2.6ReviewandupdateNepalRoadCrashRecord
x ProjectC5/P6.2.7Review,developandutilisemoderntechnologiestocollectcrash
data

6.14 UseofAdvancedTechnologies
Internet (www) and advanced computer technologies for data collection, coding and
recording and transmitting will be more efficient and economical. However, it is also
importanttokeeptheoriginalsketchesandnotestocrosscheck.
6.15 UnderReportingofCrashData
Underreportingofdata,whencollectingcrashdata,isamajorprobleminNepal.Currently
in Australia, no data is collected if the damage is less than $2500, there is no injury or no
vehicleistowed.Thereisevidencethatmanycrashesexceedingtheabovespecifiedlimits
arenotreported.Ideallythereshouldbethesamesystemasfortheworkplacehealthand
safety, where all incidents including even near misses are required to be reported. These
nearmissesarenoiseinthedataset,anindicationofwhatmayhappenatalocation.But
inrealitymanpowerandmoneywillnotallowthecollectionofalldata.So,lateralthinking
willberequiredtoestimatetheunderreporteddata.
Therearemanyinnovativeideasforrecordingnoiseinthecrashdataset.Oneofsuchideas
involve using mobile filming devices to record what is going on at an intersection, for
instance, and then analysing these data for what risks drivers, riders and pedestrians are
taking.Usingthesedatasets,itispossibletolookatsolutionstoavoidfuturecrashes.Inany
case,theamountofdatacollectedmustbewellbalanced.Iftoomuchisaskedfromservices
such as Police, the task for them will become a burden and crashes will not be reported
becauseoftheoverburden.Intheearlystagesofdatacollectionsystemdesign,allagencies
must be involved so that there is an ownership of the problem and the realisation of the
79
needtocollectdata.Agenciesshouldrealisethatlossoflivescouldbeinvolvedifdataare
notcollected,analysedandpotentialrisksarenottreated.
6.16 BiasinDataCollection
Biasmustbeavoidedwhencollectingandcodingdata.Itmeansthatpreconceivedideasof
what are the most common crash types or only wanting to collect data on certain crash
types,couldresultinadatacollectionsystemwhichmayhaveinherentbias.Designingthe
collectionsystemforcrashdatamustbeforthecollectionofasmuchdataaspossible.After
the collection of data, analysis is undertaken to look at crashes that may or can be
prevented.
***
80
CHAPTER7NEPALROADCRASHDATABASESYSTEM
(Forcrashanalysis,evaluation,monitoringandresearch)
7.1
Objective
Road crashes do occur across the road network. To reduce the likelihood of their
occurrencesortoreduceseverity,roadsafetyexpertsneedtohaveinformationaboutthem.
The whole process of investigating, analysing and effectively treating crash locations relies
on the availability of comprehensive and accurate data about crashes and about road and
trafficcharacteristicsofthecrashlocations.
Roadsafetyresearchanddevelopmentrequiresacentralised,verified,detailedandaudited
crashdata.Analysisofthecrashdatalooksatpatternsortrendsofthedatacollectedand
proposedpossibleactionsorcountermeasuresthatmayreducetheoccurrenceoftypesof
crashes or at least reduce the severity when these types of crashes occur. In effect, the
qualityofdecisionmakinginroadsafetyisdependentonthequalityofthedataonwhich
these decisions are based and by which policies, plans and programs related to reducing
crasheswillultimatelybejudged(Austroads,1997).
7.2
ExistingCrashDataManagementSysteminNepal
Local Traffic Police collect and maintain crash data and send these data to the Traffic
Directorate at central level. In case of fatal and serious injury crashes, these data can be
verified by the hospitals but light injury crashes could not be verified from the hospitals
(Thapa, 2013). Traffic Police collects and compiles all data pertaining to roadcrashes in
Nepalthroughtheirnetworkoflocal,districtandregionaloffices(NDLeaIncetal.,2008).In
urban and strategic locations, Traffic Police personnel record all details at the site of the
roadcrashes,whileinruralandremoteareas;thisresponsibilityisusuallyassignedtoPolice
(ND Lea Inc et al., 2008). The primary information at the site may, thus, be in anecdotal
referencetothecrash.However,investigationsofthecrashsites,includingmeasurements,
areperformedbyspecializedteamoftheTrafficPolice(NDLeaIncetal.,2008).
Once the road crash is recorded by the Police personnel attending to the crash site, the
informationistransferredattheofficeofthelocalunitordistrictofficeofTrafficPolicein
theRoadAccidentRecordor
[ (NDLeaIncetal.,2008).TheDistrict

TrafficPoliceOfficeagaintransmitstheircrashdatatotheTrafficDirectorateattheNepal
PoliceHeadquartersthroughtheirrespectiveregionaloffices(NDLeaIncetal.,2008)
The data completed in Road Accident Record or
[ forms are not

transferred to computer database by the Traffic Police at present. These data are simply
kept in hard copy in their respective local offices (ND Lea Inc et al., 2008). The Traffic
81
Directorate at Nepal Police Headquarters also maintains consolidated statistics of road
crashesinNepalsegregatedbyfivedevelopmentregionsandincludesstatisticssuchasage,
gender,vehicleinvolved,andseverityofinjury.(NDLeaIncetal.,2008).However,asthese
dataareusuallyinconsolidatedform,theydonotprovideinformationindetailwhichwould
otherwisebenecessaryforcomprehensiveanalysisofroadcrashes.DORinformedthatthe
Traffic Directorate at Nepal Police maintains all the crash data in their central computer
databasesystemcalledNRDS,alongwithotherPolicedata.NRDSisdatabasesoftwarebased
on Oracle but access to this system is restricted due to security and confidentiality issues.
(NDLeaIncetal.,2008).
Thereisnoinformationregardingtheverification,validationandusesofcrashdataforroad
safety management. Also there is no information regarding how these data collectors are
trainedandwhatminimumrequirementsaretherefordatareporting,ifany.
7.3
DevelopmentofRoadInventoryandTrafficStream(Exposure)
Database
In order to perform rigorous analysis and research on crash data, it is essential to have a
centralised computer database regarding road inventories and traffic stream database
system. Refer to Chapter 2 for the discussion on the development of road inventory and
trafficstreamdatabase.
The road inventory and traffic stream database is the collection of data about the current
roadstockandcharacteristicsofthetrafficonthem.Surveyingthenetworkofthecurrent
road network and associated traffic stream data is required to create the inventory
database. Establishing a road naming system that reflects the road use and volume is
required(basedonroadclassificationsysteminNepal).
7.4
SourcesofCrashData
Crashdatacanbecollectedfromprimarysources(crashinvestigationreportsandinventory)
andsecondarysources(hospitals,ambulanceandfireservices,insurancecompaniesetc.)
Primary crash data must be collected through rigorous crash investigation and reporting
system. The Police, it appears at present, are the main agency involved in acrash when it
happens. Refer to Chapter 6 for further discussion on crash investigation and reporting
system.
Secondarydataincluderecordsfromhospitals.Hospitalswouldbecollectingsomedataon
crashes,albeitrelatingtoinjuries(andfatalities.).AmbulanceandFireservicesarethethird
group of agencies that may be collecting some data in relation to road crashes. Insurance
companiesmaybeaforthgroupcollectingdata.Thesefourinterestedpartiesarethekey
stakeholders,whichwillneedtobeinvolvedinthecreationofadatacollectionframework
82
forRoadCrashData.Theircooperationwillbeimportantandtheirinvolvementneedstobe
earlierratherthanlaterinthisexercise.Reasonsforcollectionofdatamaybedifferentfor
each of the abovementioned groups. For example, in the relation to Police, this may be
enforcementorforcourtcaseinlitigation.
Project7.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystem
(NRCDS)
1. Objective:
x
Todevelopacentralised(computerised)anddetailedNepalroadcrashdatabase
system (NRCDS) for research, analysis and road safety purposes. This archive
shouldcontainonlyverifiedandcrosscheckeddatabase.
2. Description:
x
x
x
Develop a computerised database system that collates uptodate records of

crash statistics. The records should be as detailed as possible and frequently
updated. The recordings should be made compulsory by law and should be
consistentwiththeinternationallyacceptedstandards.
Develop road crash database system (similar to RoadCrash2 or WebCrash in
Queensland)foruseinengineeringanalysis.
Others(e.g.,DatabaseforFatalCrashInvestigationrecommendationsandactions
taken,DatabaseforRoadSafetyAuditrecommendationsandactionstaken,road
elementscontributingtocrashesriskfactorse.g.lengthofroadsidebarriers,
median,shoulderwidth,substandardcurves)
Developacomputeriseddatabasesystemofallcollectedcrashdatathatcanbe
extractedasperusersnecessities.Provideanoptiontouploadscannedversions
oforiginaldatacollectionformssothatdatacanberecheckedasrequired.
3. ReferencetoUNDecadeofActiononRoadSafety20112020
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity6:Datasystems)
x Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(notspecificallylistedasanactivity)
x
x
x
Governmentdepartments:DoTMandTrafficPolice
Otherinformationsources
Datatoberegularlycollected,asandwhenrequired
6. Outcome:
x
Disaggregated(electronic)roadcrashdatabase

83
ExamplesofshorttermprojectsunderProject7.1NepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystemmay
include:
x ProjectC5/P7.1ReviewandupdateordevelopunifiedNepalroadcrashdatabase
x Project C5/P7.2 Review and update or develop documents (policy, legal
requirements,manual,guidelines,forms,checklists)forusingcrashdatabase
x ProjectC5/P7.3Developfatalcrashactionmonitoringdatabase

Thecrashdatacollectionsystemneedstobeimprovedbothforthepurposeofservingthe
ongoing needs of interested parties as well as for capturing data for road safety
improvement.Forbothcases,crashdataneedstobeverified,crosscheckedandarchived.
7.5
Unified(Electronic)NepalRoadCrashDatabaseSystem
A unified and centralised computer database system needs to be developed for easy
retrieving,transferringandanalysis.Googlemaps,ArcGIS,SpreadSheetsandotherdatabase
systemcanbeuseddependingontheavailabilityofresources.
***
84
CHAPTER8NEPALROADSAFETYMEASURESORTREATMENTS
(Usebothinternationalbestpracticesandlocalcrashdataanalysisandresearchto
developNepalRoadSafetyMeasuresorNRSM)
8.1
Introduction
Apart from obvious measures like improvement of roads including widening,
construction of flyovers, provision of pedestrian crossings, proper traffics
signals/lightsetc.,thereareotheraspectsofroadsafetythatneedstobetakeninto
considerationfortheimprovementoftheroadsafetyinNepal.Inordertodevelop
Nepal road safety countermeasures, all contributing factors (the human factor,
vehicle and roadside environment) should be taken into account as discussed in
Chapter4PrecrashSystems.
The vehicular factors: the condition of the vehicle plying in the road is a major
contributingfactorofdisastereachyear,whateverthemakeormodelofthevehicle.
The law to check the condition of the vehicle on the road in Nepal is either
insufficientorithasnotbeenadequatelyenforced.Thevehiclethatgoesontheroad
is a potential hazard to the other users and to the people travelling in that vehicle
itself. The serviceability and safety parameters of the vehicle should be strictly
checkedandthevehiclesthatfailtoproveitsroadworthinessshouldnotbeallowed
togoontheroad.Thelawshouldbeupdatedand/ordevelopedandamechanismis
to be put in place to make sure that the law is followed. The vehicles should be
checkedeitheryearlyorsixmonthlyandissuedaroadworthycertificate.Certainset
parameters should be laid down to check the roadworthiness of the vehicle. Some
mightargueitwouldnotbepossiblebutmostofthecountrieshavetheseinstitutions
inplaceanditisworkingoutfine.Thereisnoreasonwhythesesystemsdonotwork
inNepalwhiletheyareverycommoninternationally.
Thehumanfactors:thewaydriversareissueddrivinglicencesinNepalisridiculously
simpleandcomplicatedaswell.Thedrivinglicencethatauthorisesapersontogoon
road system with such a potential threat to lives and properties are not trained
properly before theyare issuedwith licences. There is no requirement fora formal
training before actually taking a test. The test itself is so unscientific and there are
thousand ways of getting around the test. The theory test actually asks the
candidatesaboutthelawsanddetailsofengineandunnecessarythingsratherthan
thepracticalaspectsofsafedriving.Howcanaroaduserbesafeifthepracticaltest
is a biggest mock of a test? On actual test, after starting a vehicle and moving it
85
forwardandbackandthenparkingitintobayadriverisgivenapasscertificate.And
sometimes if a trainee driver does fail in the test manoeuvres but has the right
contactorpaysasumofmoney,heorshewillgetthelicence.
The issuance of licence should be made more scientific and demanding. A full
recordedtrainingshouldbecarriedoutfromtrainedinstructorswhichshouldinclude
road safety classes, road hazards and dealing with emergencies.The test should be
takenonlyafterthetrainersareconfidentthatthecandidatesarefullyconfidentand
arereadytosafelyusetheroad.Thetestitselfshouldbecarriedoutinactualroad
makingsurethatthecandidatesarefullyawareoftheroadsituation,safetyandright
proceduresarefollowed.
Thevehiclesandthedriversshouldbemadetoundertakeaproperinsurancebefore
theyareallowedtogoonroads.Incaseofacrash,theinsuredvehiclescanpayfor
thedamagetheycausedtoothervehiclesandlifeoftheotherpeopleincaseoffatal
crashes.Thiswillalsoreducetheintentionalkillingofmanypeopletrappedincrashes
duetobeingrunoverbythedrivers.Thesedriversoverruntheinjuredpeopleinfear
ofbeingheldresponsibleforthetreatmentcostorfortherestofthecrippledlivesof
theinjuredpeople.Compulsoryinsuranceforadriverwillalsochecktheuncontrolled
growthinthenumberofvehicles.
Theroadfactors:theneedofthetimeistoregulateandmoderniseroadsinNepal.
Thedisturbingnumberofvehiclecrashes,lossoflivesandthedisruptionoftheroads
after crashes has been an absolute non sense and has had a crippling effect in the
livesofpeople.
86
Project8.1DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)or
Treatments
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopasetofNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)ortreatments
2. Description:
x
Select, research, trial, modify and specify effective and efficient Nepal Road
Safety Measures (NRSM) based on local evidences and international best
practices
Develop Manual of Nepal Road Safety Measures (NRSM) for crash reductions
(crash treatment types or reference materials based on international best
practice and gradually improve them based on their usefulness in local
conditions). Trial a few key selected treatments which have large effect in
improvingsafety.
Develop policy for including safety benefits in road project evaluation
methodology(ifnotdonenowifthereisone,reviewitandimprove)
3. ReferencetoUN5PillarsofGlobalActionsforRoadSafety
x
x
x
Pillar2:saferroadsandmobility
Pillar3:safervehicles
Pillar4:saferroadusers
x Pillar2: SaferRoadsandMobility[ActivityB(4):Investigateaccidentblack
spotsforallroadtypesandconstructappropriatecountermeasures]
5. InformationSource/PersonsInvolved:
x
x
x
x
Crashanalysisexperts,academicsandresearchers
Roadandtrafficauthorities
Journalsandpublications
Booksandreports
6. Outcome:
x
AsetofNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)ortreatmentsforallcrashtypes
ExampleofshorttermprojectsunderProject8.1Nepalroadsafetymeasuresmay
include:
x ProjectC2/P8.1.1DevelopNepalroadsafetymeasuresofkeycrashtypes
x ProjectC2/P8.1.2DevelopNepalroadsafetymeasuresofallcrashtypes
x ProjectC2/P8.1.3Implementpilot/trialforatleasttwoselectedlowcosthigh
benefittreatments

87
8.2
AnExampleofProjectSpecificRoadSafetyMeasures
Under the aegis of Road Sector Development Project (RSDP), a team of experts has
undertakenaRoadSafetyAuditof7projectroadsandidentifiedinvestmentsthatcanhelp
improvetheirsafety.Inparticular,theteamrecommendedinstallationofcrashbarriersto
preventvehiclesfromlargeverticaldropsthatareacommonfeatureonroadsinNepalshill
andmountaindistricts.Theadditionofsuchbarrierswillhelpmitigatetheriskoffatalities
onRSDProadsandwillserveasanexampleforimprovedtechnicalsolutionstodeveloping
thenationalroadnetwork(WorldBank,2014).
8.3
ExamplesofRoadSafetyMeasures
Examplesofroadsafetymeasuresarelistedbelow(Elviketal.,2009):
8.3.1 RoadSafetyMeasuresI(RoadFactors)
x
Roaddesignandroadsidefurniture
o Cyclelanesandtracks
o Motorways
o Bypasses
o Channelizationofjunctions
o Roundabouts
o Reconfigurationofjunctions
o Staggeredjunctions
o Gradeseparatedjunctions
o Blackspottreatments
o Crosssectionimprovements
o Roadsidedelineation
o Improvingroadalignmentandsightdistance
o Reconstructionandrehabilitationofroads
o Guardrailsandcrashcushions
o Horizontalcurvetreatments
o Roadlighting
o Improvingtunnelsafety
o Roadsiderestandserviceareas
o Bridgesandculverts
o Trafficsignals
Roadmaintenance
o Resurfacingofroads
o Treatmentofunevenness(potholes)andrutdepth
o Improvingroadsurfacefriction
o Brightroadsurfaces
88
o Landslideprotectionmeasures
o Wintermaintenanceofroads
o Winter maintenance of pavements, foot and cycle paths and other public
areas
o Correctingerroneoustrafficcontroldevices
Trafficcontrol
o Areawidetrafficcalming
o Environmentalstreets
o Pedestrianstreets
o Urbanplaystreets
o Accesscontrol
o Prioritycontrol
o Intersectioncontrol(giveway,stop,signal)
o Trafficcontrolforpedestrians(crossings,overhead,signalised)
o Speedlimits
o Speedreducingdevices(humps,curves)
o Roadpavementmarkings
o Trafficsigns
o Stoppingandparkingcontrol
o Onewaystreets
o Reversibletrafficlanes
o Buslaneandbusstopdesign
o Dynamicrouteguidance
o Trafficcontrolatroadworksites
8.3.2 RoadSafetyMeasuresII(VehicleFactors)
x
Vehicledesignandprotectivedevices
o Tyretreaddepths
o Studdedtyres
o Antilockbrakingsystems(ABS)anddiscbrakes
o Highmountedstoplamps
o Daytimerunninglightsforcars,mopedsandmotorcycles
o Improvingvehicleheadlights
o Reflectivematerialsandprotectiveclothing
o Steering,suspensionandvehiclestability
o Bicyclehelmets
o Seatbeltsincars,busesandtrucks
o Childrestraints
o Airbagsincars
o Vehicleroadworthiness
o Drivingcontrolsandinstruments
89
o Intelligentcruisecontrol(ICC)
o Regulatingvehiclemass/height
o Regulatingautomobileenginecapacity(motorpower)andtopspeed
o Regulatingenginecapacity(motorpower)ofmopedsandmotorcycles
o Underrunguardsandsafetyequipmentonheavyvehicles
o Bicyclesafetyequipment
o Safetystandardsfortrailersandcaravans
o Firesafetystandards
o Hazardousgoodsregulations
o Electronicstabilitycontrol(ESC)
Vehicleandgarageinspection
o Vehiclesafetystandards
o Periodicmotorvehicleinspections
o Roadsidevehicleinspections
o Garageregulationsandinspections
8.3.3 RoadSafetyMeasuresIII(HumanFactors)
x
Drivertrainingandregulationofprofessionaldrivers
o Drivinglicenceagelimits
o Healthrequirementsfordrivers
o Driverperformancestandards
o Basicdrivertraining
o Drivingtest
o Trainingandtestingmopedsandmotorcycleriders
o Trainingandtestingprofessionaldrivers
o Graduatedlicensingsystem(GLS)
o Motivationandincentivesystemsintheworkplace
o Regulationofdrivingandresthours
o Safetystandardsforemergencydriving
o Safetystandardsforschooltransport
o Roadrules
Publiceducationandinformation
o Safetyeducationofpreschoolchildren
o Safetyeducationinacademicinstitutions(schools,universities)
o Roaduserinformationandcampaigns
Lawenforcementandsanctions
o Stationaryandmanualspeedenforcement
o Automaticspeedenforcement
o Seatbeltenforcement
o Patrolling
o Redlightcameras
90
o
o
o
o
o
Demeritpointsystemsandlicencesuspensions
Fixedpenalties
DUIlawsandenforcements
RestrictionsandtreatmentsofDUIconvicteddrivers
Motorvehicleinsurance
8.3.4 RoadSafetyMeasuresIV(PolicyInstruments)
x
Actsandregulationsandpolicyinstruments
91
Project8.2DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)or
TreatmentsDocuments
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopdocumentsforNepalRoadSafetyMeasures(NRSM)ortreatments
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Developguidelinesforinstallingroadsidebarriers(types,warrants,where,what,
how?)
Develop standard specifications for guard rails W Beam, Three Beam, End
terminal treatments, delineation, deflection zones etc., installation details,
maintenancerequirements,regularcheck)
Developguidelinesformedianbarriers(asabove)includingcrashcushion
Developspecificationsformedianbarriers(asabove)
Develop guidelines for the provision of passing lanes (covering all technical
aspects such as warrant, analysis, criteria, types, minimum length, geometric
requirementsetc.)
Develop standard specifications of works for implementing passing lanes
(treatments at taper, length of tapers, traffic signs, chevron etc.), line marking,
roadsidepaintingetc.)
Develop guidelines (criteria/warrants for installing etc.) and standard
specifications for Wide Centre Line Treatment (WCLT) a welltested and cost
effective,lowcostalternativestophysicalbarriers
Developguidelinesforimplementinggatewaytreatmentsatruraltowns
Developguidelinesforinstallingpedestriancrossingsaturbanarterialroads
Developguidelinesforinstallingmotorcyclefriendlyguardrails
Other countermeasures (treatments), crash reduction factors, safety benefits
into the road project evaluation, risk assessment, speed management and
control, crash reductions and control, specifications and standards of safety
elementsroadsidebarriers,medianbarriers,intersectiontreatments,runoff
theroadcrashes,headonandrearend,pedestrianandcyclists/motorcyclists
x
x
x
Pillar2:saferroadsandmobility
Pillar3:safervehicles
Pillar4:saferroadusers
x
x
x
Journalsandpublications,booksandreports
5. Outcome:
x
Asetofguidelines/specificationstoNepalRoadSafetyMeasuresortreatments

92
ExampleofprojectsunderProject8.2RoadSafetyMeasuresDocumentsmayinclude:
x Project C6/P8.2.1 Develop documents (framework, policy, manuals,
guidelines)forNepalroadsafetymeasures
***
93
CHAPTER9NEPALROADSAFETYEVALUATIONANDIMPROVEMENTPROCESS
9.1
Objectives
AcomprehensiveNepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement(NRSEI)processshouldbe
establishedinordertotackleexistingsitespecificroadsafetyissuesinNepalinasystematic
way. It provides information for system planning, project planning, and designoperation
maintenance of road infrastructures. This is useful in monitoring and reducing crash
frequency on existing Nepal road network. Systematic road safety evaluation and
improvement(RSEI)process(AASHTO,2010andAustroads,2006*):
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
9.2
providesmeanstoidentifysitesthatcouldbenefitfromroadsafetytreatments
helpstounderstandcrashpatternsandtoselectappropriatecountermeasures
helpstodevelopanoptimisedlistofprojectstoimproveroadsafety
identifiesopportunitiestoreducecrashesbyimplementingprioritisedcosteffective
countermeasures
addressesabroadrangeofroadsafetyconditionsandtradeoffs
helpstoleveragefundingandcoordinateimprovements
assessestheeffectivenessofthecountermeasures
ComponentsoftheProcess
Theprocessinvolves(AASHTO,2010andAustroads,2006*):
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Strategydevelopmentandtargetsetting
Roadnetworkscreening
Identificationofcrashlocations(blackspots)
Projectprioritisation
Problemdiagnosis
Countermeasureselectionorrankingtreatments
Designingasaferemedialtreatment
Economicappraisal(justifyingtheexpenditure)
Implementation
Safetyeffectivenessmonitoringandevaluation
These components can be used sequentially as a process, or they can be selected and
applied individually to respond to a specific problem or project under investigation.
Calculating the benefits of a countermeasure or a set of countermeasures is a twostep
process:
x
x
Calculatingthechangeincrashfrequencybyseverity,and
Calculatingthemonetaryvalueofthechangeincrashes.
94
Project9.1 DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyEvaluationand
Improvement(NRSEI)Process
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopNepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement(NRSEI)process
2. Description:
x
DevelopasystematicNepalRoadSafetyImprovementandEvaluationProcess
o Strategydevelopmentandtargetsetting
o Roadnetworkscreening
o Identificationofcrashlocations(blackspots)
o Projectprioritisations
o Problemdiagnosis
o Countermeasureselection
o Designingasaferemedialtreatment
o Economicappraisal(justifyingtheexpenditure)
o Implementation
o Safety effectiveness monitoring and evaluation (crosssectional
comparison,beforeandaftercomparison)
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(notspecificallylistedasanactivity)
4. ReferencetoNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan20132020
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(notspecificallylistedasanactivity)
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
ArobustNepalRoadSafetyEvaluationandImprovement(NRSEI)process
Examples of the shortterm projects under Project 9.1 Nepal Road Safety Evaluation and
ImprovementProcessmayinclude:
x ProjectC2/P9.1.1Developdocuments(strategy,policy,actionplan,manuals,
guidelines, forms, checklists) for Nepal Road Safety Evaluation and
Improvement(NRSEI)process
x ProjectC2/P9.1.2Developnetworkscreeningmodalities
x ProjectC2/P9.1.3Developprojectprioritisationsmodalities
x Project C2/P9.1.4 Develop safety effectiveness monitoring and evaluation
system
95
9.3
DataRequirementfortheProcess
Thedataneededtoestimatethechangeincrashesbyseverityinclude:
x
x
x
x
x
Crashhistoryatthesitebyseverity
Expectedyearofcountermeasureimplementation
Trafficstreamvariables,e.g.,AADT(currentyearandfutureyearofcountermeasure
implementation)
Safety performance functions (SPFs) for current site conditions and future site
conditionsaftercountermeasureimplementation
Crashmodificationfactors(CMFs)forthecountermeasuresunderconsideration.
Thedataneededtoconvertchangeincrashestoamonitoryvalueinclude:
x
Acceptedmonitoryvalueofcrashesbycollisiontypeorcrashseverityorboth
***
96
CHAPTER10NEPALROADSAFETYPLANNING,POLICYANDSTRATEGY
10.1 RoadSafetyasaPartofNationalPlanningObjectives
Inordertoimplementsuccessfulroadsafetyprograms,itisimportanttoincorporateroad
safetyaspectsatalllevelsofnationalplanningandpolicyobjectives:
x
x
Roadsafetyasapartofnationalplanningpolicyandprogrammes
Roadsafetyasanintegralpartoftransportsectorpolicyandprogrammes
Project10.1IncorporationofRoadSafetyinNationalPlanningand
Policy
1. Objective:
x
x
Toincorporateroadsafetyasapartofnationalplanningpolicyandprogrammes
To incorporate road safety as an integral part of transport sector policy and
programmes
2. Description:
x
Review and revise Transport Sector Policies [for example, National Transport
Policy2068(2011)]incorporatingroadsafetyrequirementssuchasbanningaging
vehiclesinthecountry,controlroadaccessbasedonvehicledimensionetc.)
3. ReferencetoUN5PillarsofGlobalActionsforRoadSafety(20112020)
x
N/A
x
N/A
x
x
x
Transportandroadsafetyexperts,academicsandresearchers
Governmentdepartments
6. Outcome:
x
Roadsafetyaspectsatalllevelsofnationalplanningpolicyandprogrammes
Examples of the shortterm projects under Project 10.1 Road Safety Planning and Policy
mayinclude:
x ProjectC2/P10.1.1Reviewandupdateorincorporateroadsafetyasapartof
nationalandroadsectorpolicyandprogrammes
x ProjectC2/P10.1.2Reviewandupdateorincorporateroadsafetyasamajor
strategiccomponentofNepalsroadsectorprogrammes
97
10.2 RoadSafetyStrategyasaPartofRoadSafetyManagement
UnitedNations(2011)initsDecadeofActionforRoadSafety20112020hasidentifiedroad
safetystrategyasapartofcomprehensiveroadsafetymanagementinPillar1:RoadSafety
Management. It suggests to deliver national road safety strategies, plans and targets in
ordertosustainandachievelongtermroadsafetygoals.
x
Activity3:Developanationalstrategy(atacabinetorministeriallevel)coordinated
bytheleadagencythrough:
confirminglongterminvestmentpriorities
specifying agency responsibilities and accountabilities for development and
implementationofcoreworkprogrammes
identifyingimplementationprojects
buildingpartnershipcoalitions
promoting road safety management initiatives such as the new ISO traffic
safetymanagementstandardISO39001,and
establishingandmaintainingthedatacollectionsystemsnecessarytoprovide
baseline data and monitor progress in reducing road traffic injuries and
fatalitiesandotherimportantindicatorssuchascost,etc
Activity 4: Set realistic and longterm targets for national activities based on the
analysisofnationaltrafficcrashdatathrough:
identifyingareasforperformanceimprovements;and
estimatingpotentialperformancegains
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(20132020)haslistedfollowingactivities
underPillar1:RoadSafetyManagement:
x
ActivityA(3):Developanationalroadsafetystrategyandimplementationmodality
10.3 NepalRoadSafetyStrategy
Formal Nepal Road Safety Strategy (NRSS) which guides the efforts to reduce road deaths
and injuries is required. These strategies should be scientifically modelled, continually
revised, closely monitored and objectively evaluated. The development of strategies and
their resultant shorterterm action plans is a continuing activity and should be based on
scientificmodellingprinciples.ThereshouldbeaformalprocessinplacetodevelopNRSS
basedonthebestpracticeavailableandlocalcontext.
MoPIT (2013) have developed Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (20132020) based on a call
from UN Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC) Global Plan for a Decade of Action for Road
Safety(20112020)underthefollowingfivepillars:
x
Roadsafetymanagement
98
x
x
x
x
Saferroadsandmobility
Safervehicles
Saferroadusers
Postcrashresponse
The success of this action plan is yet to be seen. However, in order to ensure successful
developmentandimplementationofeffectiveNepalroadsafetystrategies,followingcritical
factorsaretobetakenintoconsideration(OECE,2002):

10.3.1 Objectives
Objectives of NRSS should include quantified Road Safety Targets and Road Safety
Programmesforimprovingroadsafety,inparticular,forreducingthenumberofroadcrash
fatalities.Upuntilnow,Nepalhasonlyqualitativetargetformulations,suchastocontinue
to improve road safety. A quantified target makes it easier to assess the need for
introducingroadsafetymeasuresinordertorealisethesetargets.
10.3.2 Benefits
TherearemanybenefitstobegainedfromasoundprocessofNRSSdevelopment:
x
x
acomprehensiveexaminationofroadsafetysituationinNepal
commitmentofstakeholdersinNepalroadsafetytoacoordinatedsetofactions
99
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
apubliccommitmenttoactionwhichthecommunitycanunderstandandsupport
commitmenttocountermeasures
efficientallocationofresourcestoNepalroadsafetyprogrammestomeettargets
monitoringandevaluationofprogramstoenableongoingimprovements
aclearstatementoftheproblem,aclearcommitmenttotackleitandacleargoalor
goalstoworktowards
asexperienceisaccumulated,buildingcapacitytotackleroadsafetyissues
engaging the public and building support for road safety interventions and
expenditure
10.3.3 ApproachandGuidingPrinciples
NRSSshouldbaseitsguidingprincipleonSafeSystemapproach.ThegoaloftheSafeSystem
approach is to provide safe travel for all road users by minimising the risk posed by the
differentinteractingelementsoftheroadtransportsystem.TheSafeSystemapproachaims
tocreatesaferoadusersinthreeways:
x
x
x
compliancewithrules:internalisedcommitmentonthepartofroaduserstodriveor
ridecarefully(achievedbyeducation,persuasionandenforcement)
admittance to the system: ensuring only suitably qualified drivers who do not
transgresstherulesbymorethanasetamountarepermittedtodrive
support for driving and travelling: information and education, backed by
enforcement, to minimise highrisk road user behaviour and to encourage
communitysupportforsaferroaduse
10.3.4 VisionStrategyPlanTarget
Four terminologies vision, strategy, plan or action plan (portfolioprogramproject) and
targetareinterrelated.
Vision or philosophy is an innovative description of the future traffic system, or a desired
directionofroadsafetydevelopment.Itgenerallygoesbeyondprojectduration.Strategyis
a coordinated set of actions designed to achieve a specific result or set of results in a
specifiedperiod.Aplanisanexpressionofthestrategyoverashorterperiod,sothatthe
fulfilmentofsuccessiveplans,modifiedinthelightofchangingcircumstancesandoutcomes
achievedornotachieved,achievesthedesiredresultofthestrategy.Targetisanoutcome
expressedinquantitativeterms,e.g.numberoffatalities,percentagereductioninfatalities,
orfatalityrateperpopulationorperdistancetravelled(Austroads,2006*).
10.3.5 NepalRoadSafetyVision
The vision is a statement of what Nepal as a nation and associated jurisdictions should
strivetoachieve,andrangesfromthemundanetothetrulychallenging.Theessentialpoint
100
ofthevisionistoprovidetheNepalroadsafetysectorwithastrategicgoal.Fewexamplesof
internationalroadsafetyvisionaresummarisedbelow:
x
x
x
x
x
nopersonshouldbekilledorseriouslyinjuredonAustralianroads(Australia)
avoidinganincreaseinfatalities(Norway)
sustainable safety i.e., a commitment not to hand over to the next generation a traffic
systemwhichresultsinlargenumbersofdeathsandinjuries(theNetherlands)
theVisionZeroconceptwhichhasasitslongtermgoalnodeathsorseriousinjurieswithin
theroadtransportsystem(Sweden)
Creating and sustaining a safe, reliable and comfortable road network and road
commutationinNepal(RoadSafetySocietyNepal,2014)
MoPIT (2013) has set the following road safety vision statement in its Nepal Road Safety
ActionPlan20132020:
Safe roadinfrastructures and services backed with effective postcrash response and
conduciveenvironmentresultinginlittleornocasualtiesfromtheroadcrashes
10.3.6 NepalRoadSafetyMissionsandTargets
Following the articulation of the vision or philosophy comes the detailed work of problem
analysis,countermeasuredevelopment,countermeasureappraisal,andtargetsetting.Socio
economic appraisal includes economic analysis of the costs and benefits of the
countermeasures, an assessment of their acceptability on the part of the public, and a
considerationwhetherthetrainedpersonnelorotherspecialisedresourcesareavailableto
deliver particular countermeasures. As a step towards realising Nepals longterm road
safetyvision,thestrategyhastosetthefollowingcasualtyreductiontargetstobeachieved
bytheendof2020:
x
x
toreducetheannualnumberofroadcrashfatalitiesbyatleastXXX%
toreducetheannualnumberofseriousroadcrashinjuriesbyatleastXXX%
In order to be realistic, such a target setting process should be based on data modelling,
informed by a review of national and international research on the effectiveness of a
numberofroadsafetyinterventions.Inabsenceofsuchmodelling,itisrecommendedtoset
a realistic set of quantitative targets and aim to meet those targets. These targets can be
modifiedandresetastheprogressismade.
MoPIT(2013)hasnotspecifiedanyquantitativetargetinitsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan
(20132020).However,ithaslistedfollowingstatementsregardingroadsafetymission:
i.
ii.
iii.
Tomitigatethelossoflife,propertiesandeconomiclossfromroadcrashes
TocomplementthebroadermissionoftheNationalStrategyonthePreventionandControlof
Violence,InjuriesandDisabilities
TomeetthetargetsoftheUNDecadeofAction.
101
iv.
To provide a common framework for stakeholder agencies to implement the various
interventionsrequiredtomitigateroadcrashoutcomes.
Thesemissionstatementsareverygenericandimpossibletoevaluateobjectively.
10.3.7 NepalRoadSafetyStrategies
Roadsafetyisasharedresponsibility.NRSSdevelopmentprocesscanbeformalisedthrough
aseriesofstepsandprocessesasshowninFigure18(Austroads,2006*)
Figure18DevelopmentofRoadSafetyStrategy
MoPIT(2013)initsNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan20132020haslistedthefollowingbroad
strategiestoadoptforroadsafetyimprovements:
1. Ensure collaborative inputs from all the stakeholders to formulate an action plan
incorporatingthefivepillarsofroadsafetyandhenceguaranteeownership.
2. To improve horizontal coordination, effectively manage the various interventions and
championroadsafetyissues,studytheoptionofreestablishingahighlevelNRSCwiththe
legalauthoritytodelegatevariousagencies.
3. Have the NRSC monitor the roadsafety initiatives of different agencies. For some of the
activitiesrelatedtopolicydevelopment,theNRSCwillconducttheworksinquestionitself.
4. Have the NRSC regularly disseminate its research findings, delegate specific responsibilities
tothevariousstakeholdersandlegallymandateregularreportingrequirementsfromthem.
5. EnumeratethespecificinterventionsrequiredtoreducetheRTAseveritywithreferenceto
thegoodpracticesoutlinedintheUNGlobalActionPlan.
6. As a policy document developed and endorsed from the stakeholders, the concerned line
agencies will follow this action plan to improve and manage roadsafety in an integrated
manner.
102
7. Amend the acts and regulations in order to accommodate roadsafety requirements
adequatelyandensureanenablingpolicy.
8. FormulateanationaltargetforRTAreduction.AssignatorytotheBusanMeeting,atargetof
35~50%reductionofRTArecommendedbythismeetingwillformasabasisforsettingthe
nationaltarget.
9. To ensure funds for roadsafety interventions, seek endorsement from the Ministry of
FinanceandtheNationalPlanningCommissiontorecognisetheprincipleofthefirstyearof
returnsasabasisforinvestment decision.Seek theseagenciesendorsement alsotoutilise
theRoadsBoardFundortosetapolicytomandatorilysetasideafixedportion(e.g.10%)of
thetotalcostofroadconstructionstomobilisebudgetforroadsafetyinterventions.
10. Formaximisingthepositiveimpact,prioritiseinterventionsaccordingtotheireffectivenessin
mitigating the RTA severity at specific locations. For example, overloading control and
random vehicle inspections of buses will be adopted at rural areas to reduce single bus
crashes.
11. Pedestriansafety will be prioritised in the roadsafety planning and the interventions
proposed.
12. Development of forgiving roads and infrastructures will be advocated through necessary
guidelines,incorporationinthedesignstandards,etc.
13. Amechanismtoevaluatetheoutcomeofvariousinterventionswillbedevelopedinthenear
future.
14. Researchanddevelopment,awarenessforthepublicandstakeholdersandtrainingswillbe
theintegralpartoftheroadsafetyinterventions.
15. To improve the RTA database, an interagency referral mechanism to identify potential
crashblack spots will be adopted. For example, a hospital should immediately refer such
potential black spots to DoR, Traffic Police, etc., based on the hospitals inference to its
admissionrecordforRTAinjuries.
16. Todevelopinhouseexpertiseandensurecommitmentsfromthestakeholders,roadsafety
unitswillbeformedattheseagencies.
17. The activities relating to roadsafety policy will also look into aligning them with the ISO
trafficsafetymanagementstandardISO39001.
18. Theestablishmentofacomprehensiveinjurysurveillanceatthehospitalsandhealthcentres
willbepursuedtomitigateunderreportingofRTAs.
19. Asthisisthefirstnationalactionplan,amonitoringmechanismtoevaluatethisplanwillbe
developedandupdatedasnecessary.
RoadSafetySocietyNepal(2014)haslistedthefollowingasstrategicobjectives:
1. Conduct studies and research, and provide policy feedback to the government and other
agenciesconcernedwithroadsafety
2. Advocate and sensitize on road safety issues through public discussions, workshops and
seminars.
3. Work in close coordination and collaboration with other national and international
organizationsandindividualsengagedinachievingsimilarobjectivesofeffectiveandefficient
roadmanagement
103
Dharel(2014)setsthefollowingstepstobetaken:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FormationofNationalWorkingGrouponRoadSafetyrepresentingallsegmentsofactors
Formulation/RevisionofNationalRoadSafetyActionStrategy
Multisectorengagementandaccountabilityonroadsafety
PromotionofCorporateSocialResponsibility,Sports,Mediaincludingfilm,dramaandarts
andculture,Tourismsector
Reviewandwidelypublicizethelawandpoliciesrelatedtoroadsafety
Promotesaferroadusagebehaviorsamonggeneralpeople,especiallyyouths
InitiateRoadSafetyMonitoringthroughestablishmentofdatabank,mediaobservationand
nationalroadsafetystatusreport
AdoptUNresolutiononroadsafetydecadeofaction
Theseallstrategicobjectivesarealsoverygenericandhighlyaimedwithoutvalidgrounds
fortheirimplementationsandsuccess.
10.3.8 NepalRoadSafetyActionPlansandActivities
MoPIT(2013)haslistedasetofroadsafetyactionplansandactivitiesagainstfivepillarsof
road safety based on UN Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC) Global Plan for a Decade of
actionforRoadSafety20112020(UnitedNations,2011).Thedocumentincludes:
x
x
ActionPlanImplementation:ImpactsandRisks
RoadSafetyActionPlan
o Roadsafetymanagement
o Saferroadsandmobility
o Safervehicles
o Saferroadusers
o Postcrashresponse
104
Project10.2DevelopmentofNepalRoadSafetyStrategy(NRSS)
1. Objective:
x
TodevelopNepalRoadSafetyStrategyorNRSS
2. Description:
x
Develop a realistic Nepal Road Safety Strategy or NRSS (to be implemented,
monitoredandevaluatedatfrequentintervals,say5yearsor10years)
x
Pillar1:RoadSafetyManagement(Activity3:NationalStrategy)
x Pillar 1: Road Safety Management [Activity A(4): Develop a national road
safetystrategyandimplementationmodality]
x
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
NepalRoadSafetyStrategy(NRSS)
Examples of the shortterm projects under Project 10.2 Nepal Road Safety Strategy may
include:
x ProjectC2/P10.2.1DevelopNepalSafetyStrategy(NRSS)
x ProjectC2/P10.2.2DevelopmechanismtomonitorimplementationofNRSS

RoadSafetySocietyNepal(online)hasspecifiedanumberofstrategicroadsafetyactivities:
x
Advocacy
o Play a leadrole in advocating for the implementation of the United Nations
Decade of Action Plan on Road Safety within the country Promote its
commitmentanddeliveries.
o Develop and disseminate knowledge among the key stakeholders working
andadvocatingforvariousroadsafetyissues.
Partnership
o Partnerwiththegovernmentinimplementingitsroadsafetystrategy/action
plan,asarecognizedpartnerofthegovernment'sleadroadsafetyagency.
o Collaborate with the private sector, civil society and the general public as a
keyroadsafetystakeholder.
105
o Seekpartnershipandcollaborationwithother stakeholdersbothat national

andlocallevelswhereappropriate.
InternalSafetyCulture
o Develop and enforce a road safety culture for the staff and volunteers at
work.
o Assignatleastoneseniorstaffmemberasbeingresponsibleforenforcingthe
internal road safety culture and providing guidance for the relevant project
implementation.
ProjectImplementation
o Integrate and mainstream road safety provisions and culture into all core
developmentalandmanagementplansandprograms.
o Initiateinterventions,particularlyforthevulnerablepeople,andidentifyand
addressthekeyriskfactorsinroadsafetysystem.
o Access the knowledge and its application on proven public health
interventions, its major best practice tools, injury prevention resources and
othersuccessfulexamplesonroadsafety.
o Monitor and evaluate all road safety activities (process and impact
assessment).
PromotionofProfessionalInteractions
o Organize talks, brainstorming, workshops and interactions on road safety
awarenessandsensitizationingeneral.
o Convenetrainingsandworkshopsonspecificthematicortopicalissueswith
focusedparticipationofexperts,specialistsandstakeholders.
ResourceMobilisation
o Develop a system to collect information on technical support and create
multisectoralpartnershipwithresourceprovidersandmobilizes.
o Designandimplementaroadsafetytrainingplantoraiseresources.
o Build and execute a road safety resource mobilization plan for the
sustainabilityoftheinitiativeandinstitution.
o Utilizeexpertiseofmembers,includingthroughoccasionaloutsourcing
o Generateincomebymarketingprofessionalservices.
o Mobilize contributions made by members and donors for the sustainable
institutionaloperation.
EducationandTraining
o Conductactivitiestopromoteeducationandtrainingforthedevelopmentof
roadsafetyprinciplesandpractices.
o Impart road safety training, orientations and inductions to the concerned
stakeholders.
o Establishandoperationalisecentreforeducationandtrainingonroadsafety.
Research,ConsultancyandInformationServices
o ManagementofConsultingServices
106
o PolicyResearchServices
o Informationservicesthroughvariousmodes,includingpublication/edevices
DevelopmentofMembershipBaseandNetworking
o Expansionofmembershipbase
o Networkingwithrelevantprofessionalorganizationsofnational,regionaland
globalidentities
These all documents regarding NRSS are very generic and subjective. They cannot be
objectivelyevaluated.
10.4 IndirectRoadSafetyStrategies
In addition to direct Nepal Road Safety Strategies, a number of indirect strategies can be
usedinordertocombatroadsafetyissuesinNepalthrough:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Safecommunityprograms
Roaduserinsurance
Exposurecontrol:traveldemandmanagement
Landuseplans(urbanandregionalplanning)
o Sustainableurbanmobilitypolicies
o the integration of safety needs as part of landuse and transport planning
functions
o effectivepropertyaccesscontrolanddevelopmentcontrolprocedures
o regular,ongoingconductofnetworksafetyratingsurveys
Roadplansandroadconstructions
Roadsafetyauditsandinspections
Changesinmodalsplitoftravel
107
Project10.3DevelopmentofIndirectStrategiestoEnhanceRoad
SafetyOutcomes
(Component2:GovernanceandPlanning)
1. Objective:
x
Todevelopindirectstrategiestoenhanceroadsafetyoutcomes
2. Description:
x
Developindirectstrategiestoenhanceroadsafetyoutcomes
o Sustainabletransporturbanplanning(urbanandrural)
o Traveldemandmanagement
o Landuseplanning
x
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility(Activity2:IndirectStrategies)
x
N/A
x
x
x
6. Outcome:
x
Indirectstrategiestoenhanceroadsafetyoutcomes
ExampleofshorttermprojectsunderProject10.3IndirectStrategiesmayinclude:
x ProjectC2/P10.3.1Introduceroadsafetyimpactassessmentandcontrolsin
allmajorlanddevelopmentprogramsandprojects
x ProjectC2/P10.3.2Developsafetyorientedtraveldemandmanagement
strategiesandguidelinesfortransportplanners
***
108
CHAPTER11NEPALROADSAFETYRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT
11.1 RoadSafetyResearch
Road safety research is highly desirable for all aspects of road safety management system
(RSMS). Decisions concerning the road safety need to be based on information about the
numberofcrashes,whenandwherecrashoccurred,theroadusergroupsthatareinvolved,
the factors that contribute to crashes and the measures that can be taken to reduce the
numberofcrashesorinjuryseverities.Informationshouldbebasedonscientificresearch.
x
x
x
x
x
x
Thenumberofcrashes,crashesratesandtypesofcrashes
Roadsafetymeasuresandtheireffects
Technicalstandardsfordifferentmeasures
Costsofthemeasures(costbenefitanalysis)
Formalmethodsforprioritysettingsofmeasures
Theattitudeofthegeneralpublictovariousmeasures
11.2 CrashDataRequirementforResearch
Beforefurtheranalysis,thecrashdatashouldbereliableandvalid.Arobustdatacollection,
coding and recording system helps to achieve this (Chapter 6). Additional data may also
needtobecollectedforaparticularresearcharea.
11.3 DevelopmentofRoadSafetyPerformanceStatistics
A number of road safety performance statistics are required to evaluate the road safety
situation,disaggregatedintolevelsasrequired.Someexamplesofsuchstatisticsinclude:
x
x
x
x
x
x
NumberofcrashesandvehiclesinvolvedinNepal
o Systematicandrandomvariations
o Expectednumberofcrashes
Crashseverities(numberofdeathsorinjuries)
Crashseverityrates(numberofdeathsorinjuriesper100crashes)
Averagecrashfrequenciesandcrashrates
o Numberofpeopleinvolvedper100,000population
o Deathsandinjuriesper100,000population
o Deathsandinjuriespervehiclekilometrestravelled(VKT)
o Deathsandinjuriesper10,000registeredvehicles
o Deathsandinjuriesperhourtravelorpertrip
Severityindex(SI)
Severityratios(injurytofatalratioetc.)
109
Crash analysis experts and research academics are to be involved in developing these
statisticsandidentifyingthecausesofcrashes.Itisimportanttoutilisevisualandgraphical
meanstopresentspatialdistributionofcrashesbyroadsafetydivisionsand/orbyurbanand
ruralareas.Thishelpstoidentifyblackspots.
11.4 DevelopmentofCrashCosts
Researchisrequiredtodevelopcrashcosts(basedonseveritytype),whichinturnhelpsto
economically justify the crash improvement projects. Two methods are commonly used to
derivecrashcosts:
x
cost of society or human capital method (emergency services, vehicle damage,
treatment of injury, death expenses, legal cost, loss of future earnings, pain and
suffering)and,
willingnesstopayapproach:willingtopaytoavoidcrashsituations
NDLEAInc.etal.(2008)hasspecifiedthecostsofroadcrashesinNepal.Thesecostsneedto
beimproved,updatedandrevisedannuallyoratleastperiodically.
110
Project11.1RoadSafetyResearchandDevelopment
(ComponentC6:Research&Development)
1. Objective:
x
x
ToperformcrashanalysisanddevelopNepalroadsafetymeasurementstatistics
To conduct research covering a wide range of issues related to road safety in
Nepal
2. Description:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Analysecrashdatatodevelopasetofroadsafetyperformancestatistics.
Analysecrashdataandstatisticstodeterminethecausesofcrashes.Itiseasier
todevelopcountermeasuresoncethecausesofcrashesareknown.
Developvisualandgraphicaluserinterfaces(suchasGISmap)ofanalysedcrash
dataandtheirstatistics.Thiswillhelptoprioritiseprojectsfortreatingroadcrash
locations.
DevelopcostsofcrashesforNepal.Thesecostsshouldbeperiodicallyupdated.
Develop models of crashes for road crash prediction at different types of road
facilities(e.g.,intersectionsandroadways)
DevelopNepalcrashreductionormodificationfactors(CMFs).
DevelopNepalroadsafetyperformancefunctions(SPFs).
Investigatekeycrashtypesanddevelopcountermeasures.
Develop a set of crash reduction countermeasures (examples of such measures
arediscussedinChapter8).
PerformresearchinallaspectsofroadsafetyinNepal.
x
Allpillars15
4. ReferencetoNepalRoadSafetyActionPlan(2013/2020)
x
x
x
Pillar 1: Road Safety Management [Activity A(5): Reliably, scientifically compile,
analysetheRTAstatisticsandresearchoncountermeasures]
Pillar2:SaferRoadsandMobility[ActivityB(4):Investigateaccidentblackspots
forallroadtypesandconstructappropriatecountermeasures]
Pillar 5: Postcrash Response [Activity E(5): Research and prioritise treatments
forseriousinjuriesfromRTAs]
x
x
x
x
Journalsandpublications
Booksandreports
6. Outcome:
x
Scientificapproachtoroadsafetyresearchanddevelopment

Examples of shortterm projects under Project 11.1 Road Safety Research and
Developmentmayinclude:
111
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ProjectC6/P11.1.1Developroadsafetyperformancestatistics
ProjectC6/P11.1.2Investigateblackspotsanddevelopcountermeasures.
ProjectC6/P11.1.3Reviewanddevelopcrashcost(humancapitalapproach)
Project C6/P11.1.4 Review and develop crash cost (willingnesstopay
approach)
ProjectC6/P11.1.5Develop(base)crashmodificationfactors(CMFs)
ProjectC6/P11.1.6Developsafetyperformancefunctions(SPFs)
ProjectC6/P11.1.7Investigatekeycrashtypesanddevelopcountermeasures
ProjectC6/P11.1.8UndertakeKAP(knowledgeattitudepractice)studyonrisk
acceptance(bothprovidersandusersofroadtransportservice)
Project C6/P11.1.9 Undertake needs assessment/feasibility of developing
NepRAM/NepRAP
Project C6/P11.1.10 Establish strategic/optimal (response time minimising,
costminimising)locationofpostcrashresponsefacilities

Crashmodellingandprediction(basedontypeofroadfacility,e.g.,highways,intersections
etc.) is to be scientific to derive crash reduction or modification factors. Evidencebased
approachistobeusedtodevelopcrashreductioncountermeasures.
***

112
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115
APPENDIXATENTATIVETEAMSTRUCTUREANDRESPONSIBILITIES
116
Dr Kali Prasad Nepal

Dr. Kali Prasad Nepal is a Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering (Traffic and Transportation) in the School
of Engineering at Deakin University, Australia. Dr. Nepal completed his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering
(Transportation Planning and Engineering) at Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan; M.Eng. in Civil
Engineering (Transportation Engineering) at Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand; Graduate
Certificate in Higher Education at Griffith University, Australia; and undergraduate studies in Civil
Engineering at Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Before joining to Deakin, he worked as an academic at
Griffith University and Central Queensland University in Australia. His research interests lie in the area of
transportation/traffic engineering and engineering education. In recent years, he has focused his
research on transportation safety, transport planning and policy and contemporary learning environment
in higher education. Dr. Nepal has taught traffic and transportation engineering subjects/units in both
undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He has published more than 30 reviewed journal and
conference articles and presented his research at over a dozen of international conferences.
CURRENT
POSITION
Senior Lecturer & Coordinator in Civil Engineering (Traffic and Transportation)

Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
CONTACT
DETAILS
Pigdons Road
Waurn Ponds, 3216 VIC
AUSTRALIA
T: +61 4 31026131
E: kpnepal@hotmail.com
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x
x
x
x
Graduate Certificate in Higher Education, Griffith University, Australia (2011)

PhD in Civil Engineering (transportation), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005)
MEng in Transportation Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand (2002)
BEng in Civil Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal (1999)
AWARDS AND
PRIZES
x
x
x
x
Civil Engineering Coordination Award- Deakin University (2014)

Best Paper Presentation Award- JSCE (2004)
Japanese Government Monbukagakusho Scholarship (2002 ~ 2005)
Asian Development Bank - Japan Scholarship (2000 ~ 2002)
PUBLICATIONS
AND
CONFERENCES
x Published more than 15 reviewed papers in transportation engineering

x Published more than 10 reviewed papers in engineering education and training
x Presented in more than 15 international conferences
PROFESSIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
x
x
x
x
x
x
Associate Editor: International Journal of Urban Sciences, Taylor & Francis

Member: Concrete Institute of Australia
Member (MIEAust): Institution of Engineers Australia
Member: Australian Domestic Society of EASTS
Member: Nepal Engineers Association
Member: Nepal Engineering Council
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
x
x
x
x
x
Senior Lecturer & Coordinator, Deakin University, Australia (2012- Present)

Lecturer, Griffith University, Australia (2009-2011)
Lecturer, Central Queensland University, Australia (2006-2008)
Research Fellow, Institute for Transport Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan (2005-2006)
Civil Engineer/Transportation Planning, Government of Nepal (1999-2000)
Page 1 of 2
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS

1.
Nepal, KP and Z Ghofrani (2015) Accessibility impacts of proposed Australian high speed rail,
proceedings of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) 94th Annual Meeting, 11-15 January
2015, Washington D.C.
2.
Ghofrani, Z, KP Nepal and A Beykikhoshk (2014) Monitoring protected areas using remote sensing
technology, in Shishkov,B (eds), ICTRS 2015 : The 3rd International Conference on
Telecommunications and Remote Sensing, pp. 107-113, SciTePress, Bulgaria.
3.
Nepal, KP (2014) Graduating students' perceptions of learning design in an undergraduate

engineering course, in Bainbridge-Smith, A; Qi, ZT and Gupta, GS (eds.), AAEE 2014: Proceedings
of the 2014 Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference, Wellington, New
Zealand.
4.
Nepal, KP (2013), Environmental impacts of proposed High Speed Rail in Australia. In: Solutions to
Environmental Challenges through Innovations in Research (Jegatheesan et al. eds.), Chapter 20
(Book chapter)
5.
Nepal, KP (2013), Comparative evaluation of PBL and traditional lecture-based teaching in

undergraduate engineering courses: evidence from controlled learning environment, International
Journal of Engineering Education, 29(1), pp. 17-22.
6.
Nepal, KP and GA Jenkins (2013), Graduating students experience of learning approaches and
their perceptions of teaching quality in a new undergraduate civil engineering course, Proceedings
of the 2013 AAEE Conference, Gold Coast.
7.
Nepal, KP (2012), An approach to assign individual marks from a team mark: the case of Australian
grading system at universities, Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(5), pp. 555-562.
8.
Nepal, KP (2012), A review of mathematical equations to assign individual marks from a team mark,
Proceedings of the 2012 AAEE Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
9.
Nepal, KP (2012), A comparative evaluation of analytical methods to allocate individual marks from
a team mark, European Journal of Engineering Education, 37 (4), pp. 397-404.
10. Nepal, KP and L Lehtinen (2011), Measurement and analysis of pavement marking retroreflectivity,
Transport Engineering in Australia, Vol. 13(1), pp. 49-60.
11. Nepal, KP, N Nedumpallile and SJ Courtney (2011) Impacts of mixed-use development on parking
requirements, Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS), Vol.8,
pp. 164-172
12. Nepal, KP and GA Jenkins (2011) Blending project-based learning and traditional lecture-tutorial
teaching approaches in engineering design courses, Proceedings of the 2011 AAEE Conference,
Fremantle, Western Australia, pp. 338-343
13. Nepal, KP and K Panuwatwanich (2011) Comparative study of project-based learning and
traditional lecture-tutorial teaching approaches in undergraduate engineering courses, Proceedings
of the 2011 AAEE Conference, Fremantle, Western Australia, pp. 351-356
14. Panuwatwanich, K, RA Stewart and KP Nepal (2011) Project management skills for engineers:
industry perceptions and implications for engineering project management course, Proceedings of
the 2011 AAEE Conference, Fremantle, Western Australia, pp. 569-575
15. Jenkins, GA, D Edwards, KP Nepal and M Bolton (2011) Mapping student approaches to learning
within a Civil Engineering Program, Proceedings of the 2011 AAEE Conference, Fremantle,
Western Australia, pp. 523-529
***
Page 2 of 2
Dr Partha Parajuli
Dr. Partha Mani Parajuli, CP Eng., holds a Ph D Civil Engineering (Transport) from the University of
Calgary, Canada and MSc in Civil Engineering (Highways) from Moscow Automobile and Road
Engineering Institute, Former Soviet Union. He has over 35 years of experience in planning, design,
operation and management of transport and traffic systems. Partha Parajuli has extensive experience in
leading and managing many large scale road, transport and traffic projects and in applying portfolio,
program and project management and contract administration systems for various study design and
construction projects including in the field of road safety. He has extensive experience in managing
World Bank, Asian Development Bank and other multilaterally and bilaterally funded road and transport
projects in Nepal. Partha Parajuli has gained significant experience in road safety covering all phases of
project cycles including investigating, identifying, planning, programming, conceptualising and
developing road safety improvement projects and road safety system development and management.
He is well informed about the current road safety situation in Nepal and is very much familiar with Nepal
Road Safety Action Plans. He is the chief proponent and key lead member (Project Coordinator) of the
Project entitled A comprehensive proposal for the development and implementation of Road Safety
Management System in order to contribute to Nepal's effort in saving innocent lives on roads and in
reducing social, health and economic burden resulting from road crashes.
CURRENT
POSITION
CONTACT
DETAILS
Principal Engineer (Safer Roads),

Queensland Department of Transport & Main Roads
Queensland Department of Transport & Main Roads
Floor 7, 230, Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006. AUSTRALIA
T: +61 4 1338 2540, E: pmparajuli@gmail.com
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x 1992-1996: Ph D in Civil Engg. (Transportation), The University of Calgary, Canada

x 1972-1978: M Sc in Civil Engg. (Highways), Moscow Automobile and Road Engineering
Institute, Former USSR
x Over three dozens of formal and on-the-job/ workplace training including on Road
Safety, Capacity & Safety Analysis packages
x Over half a dozen of international, regional and national level conferences including
scholarly paper presentation
x Over a dozen of transport and road safety research publications on International
Journals and Conference Proceedings and series of articles
x Member, Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng), Institute of Engineers Australia
x Registered Professional Engineer, National Professional Engineers Register (Civil
Engineering), Australia
x Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland
x Chartered Engineer, India; Life Member, Institute of Urban Transport, India.
x Life Member, Nepal Engineers' Association, Nepal;
x Member, Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA
x Fellow, The Institution of Engineers, India
x Oct 2007 - Present: Principal Engineer (Road Safety), Queensland Department of
Transport & Main Roads (QDTMR), Brisbane, Australia
x Aug 2014 - Present: Urban Transport Planner/ Traffic Management Specialist &
Trainer, Kathmandu Sustainable Urban Transport Project (Intermittent - on leave from
QDTMR), Kathmandu, Nepal
x Aug 2012 - Feb 2015: Traffic Management Specialist & Trainer, Kathmandu
Sustainable Urban Transport Project (Intermittent - on leave from QDTMR),
Kathmandu, Nepal
x Oct 2002 - Oct 2007: Principal Adviser (Transport & Traffic), Redlands City Council,
Cleveland, Queensland, Australia
x Aug 2001 - Oct 2002: Senior Adviser (Integrated Transport), Department of Transport,
Queensland, Australia
x Jan 2001 - Jul 2001: Principal Adviser (Transport & Infrastructure), Redlands City
Council, Cleveland Queensland, Australia
x Jul 1979 - Sep 2000: Director/ Consultant (Roads and Transport), TAEC Consult Pty
Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal
x Jan 1992 - July 1996: Research Associate (Transport & Traffic) ( on leave from TAEC
and IOE), Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
x Apr 1979 - Sep 2000: Lecturer/ Associate Professor (Transport and Traffic), Institute of
Civil Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
x Sep 1978 - Mar 1979: Engineer, National Construction Company of Nepal, Nepal
TRAININGS
SEMINARS
CONFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS
MEMBERSHIP OF
PROFESSIONAL
SOCIETIES
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
Page 1 of 2
SELECTED RESEARCH PAPERS AND AWARENESS ARTICLES

1. Da Costa, S., Qu, X., Parajuli, P.M. (2014), A Crash Type Based Black Spot Identification Model,
paper published in the Journal of Transport Safety and Security, 7 - 3, 268-277, DOI:
10.1080/19439962.2014.911230 (published on line on 17 Dec 2014)
2. Karki, B., Qu, X., Panuwatwanich, K., Mohamed, S. and Parajuli, P. (2014), A GIS-based Crash
Assignment Model for signalised T-intersections, paper published in Applied Mechanics and
Materials, Vols. 543-547 (2014) pp 4472-4475, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, DOI:
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.543-547.4472
3. Parajuli, P. M. (2012), Boot Bike and Bus Policy for Kathmandu: A Realism or Idealism? paper
published in the Journal of Transportation and Development, Nepal Transportation and
Development Research Centre (NTDRC) and Institution of Civil Engineers UK (ICE),
Kathmandu, Nepal
4. Parajuli, P. M., Eagle, A. J. (2012), Road Transport Infrastructure Funding in Federated Nepal:
Who pays for what? paper presented at the International Conference on Sustainable
Development of Transport Infrastructure organised jointly by Nepal Engineering College, Nepal
Engineers Association, Institution of Civil Engineers UK and the Government of Nepal, Oct 20
22, 2011, and published in the Journal of Transportation and Development, Nepal
Transportation and Development Research Centre (NTDRC) and Institution of Civil Engineers
UK (ICE), Nepal
5. Khan, O., Ferreira, L., Bunker, J., Parajuli, P. (2007), Modelling Multimodal Passenger Demand
using Computer-based Stated Preference Surveys, Australian Transport Research Forum
(ATRF), 2007;
6. Khan, O., Ferreira, L., Bunker, J., Parajuli, P. (2005), Design of a computer based survey
instrument for modelling multi-modal passenger demand, 27th Conference of the Australian
Institute of Transport Research, Brisbane, Australia, 2005
7. Parajuli, P. M., Wirasinghe, S. C., Hunt, J. D., Abraham, J. E. (2005), A Nested Logit Model of
Mode Choice Behaviour in Heterogeneous Modal Environment, paper presented in the
international conference in Hong Kong, December 2005 and published in referred Conference
Proceedings
8. Parajuli, P.M., K.P. Nepal (2014), Development of Road Safety Management System in Nepal, A
Comprehensive Approach for Road Safety Management, a brochure prepared for, published and
distributed in, the Stakeholders' workshop organised at Kathmandu Nepal on 31 October 2014
summarising the proposal being finalised for submission to the Government of Nepal
9. Parajuli, P.M. (2013), Road to Somewhere, an article published in the weekend edition of
Kathmandu Post highlighting transport infrastructure priorities for Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
(01/12/2013)
10. Parajuli, P. M. (2013), Safer Roads take me home, an article published in the weekend edition of
the Kathmandu Post advocating the importance of integrating safety measures on roads during
design and construction of roads and that policing alone does not address safety issues
(12/09/2013)
11. Eagle, A., and Parajuli, P. M. (2012), Road Chaos, an article published in the weekend edition of
the Kathmandu Post, presenting the observations on road users behaviour on roads in
Kathmandu and the importance of creating road crash database in Nepal (12/02/2012)
12. Parajuli, P. M. (1999), Kathmandu: A City without Arterial Roads, an article published in the
weekend edition of the Kathmandu Post presenting the problem associated with the transport
system in Kathmandu in absence of control of access to existing arterial roads and plan for
constructing new arterial roads (26.12.1999)
***
Page 2 of 2
Dr Chandra B Shrestha
Dr. Chandra Shrestha is an infrastructure planner, development manager and researcher with multisectoral experience in working with organisations (as professor, infrastructure and transport specialist,
regional adviser, loan and grant officer for municipal infrastructure, and diploma civil engineer), leading
in strengthening of the central and local governments, facilitating donor harmonisation and aid
effectiveness, formulating infrastructure projects and institutionalising transport planning and
management.
CURRENT POSITION
x Consultant - Transport Sector, The World Bank, Nepal

x Technical Services Manager: DFID - Asia Community Access Project (ASCAP Cardno/ITT)
CONTACT DETAILS
Nepal Transportation and Development Research Centre (NTDRC)

G.P.O. Box - 8975, EPC: 1125; Kathamandu, Nepal
E-mail: c-shrestha@ntdrc.org
Tel: 977 1 5525275
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x Doctor of Philosophy, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, 2002.

x M. Sc. in Rural and Regional Development Planning, University of DortmundGermany and Asian Institute of Technology-Thailand, 1994
TRAININGS SEMINARS
CONFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS
x Over three dozens of formal and on-the-job/workplace training including on

shifting agendas from response to resilience
x Over half a dozen of international, regional and national level conferences
including scholarly paper presentation
x Over a dozen of transport planning, fast track, routes for the International, model
for cooperation Between Nepal, India and China
MEMBERSHIP OF
PROFESSIONAL
SOCIETIES
x
x
x
x
x
x
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
x May 2013 Present (Intermittent): Consultant - Transport Sector , The World

Bank, Nepal Office, Kathmandu
x Jan 2015 - Present: Technical Services Manager: DFID - Asia Community Access
Project (ASCAP - Cardno/ITT)
x Sep 2010 Present (teaching responsibility only): Professor, Nepal Engineering
College (nec)
x Aug 2011 April 2013: Managing Director, Nepal Transportation and
Development Research Center (NTDRC)
x April 2003 Aug 2010: Infrastructure Adviser, Department for International
Development (DFID) - Nepal
x Dec 1997 Aug 1998: Regional Adviser, Rural Urban Partnership Programme, A
joint programme of the His Majesty's Government of Nepal, United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Centre for Human
Settlement (UNCHS)
x May 1995 Dec 1997: Planning Adviser, Helvetas Nepal: Pilot Labour Based
District Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project, Butwal, Nepal
x 1992 1995 : Deputy Manager, Loan and Grant, Town Development Fund Board,
Kathmandu, Nepal
x 1984 - 1992: Diploma Engineer/Research Officer, Industrial Services Centre/
Economic Services Centre Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal
x 1981- 1984 : Diploma Engineer (Overseer), Contractor - Sherpa Construction Co.
Pvt. Ltd ; Employer: Helvetas known as Swiss Agency for Technical Assistance
(SATA)
Institution of Transportation Engineers, USA

Member Indian Road Congress
Chartered Member of Institution of Civil Engineers, UK
Member of SPRING International Association of Development Planners.
Member of Management Association of Nepal
Member of Asian Institute of Technology Alumni Association.
Page 1 of 2
SELECTED RESEARCH PAPERS AND AWARENESS ARTICLES

1.
Shrestha, C.B., Cold Realities of the Kathmandu Nijhagadh Fast Track (Fast Track of Tito Yathartha,
Nepal Magazine; 01 Feb. 2015.
2.
Shrestha, C.B., New Routes for the International Trade (Antarastriya Byapar ka Lagi Naya Marga, Nepal
Magazine; 14 Dec. 2014.
3.
Shrestha, C.B., Fast Track Strategy for Fast Track Highway, New Business Age Magazine; 01 Dec. 2014.
4.
Shrestha, C.B., Model for Cooperation between Nepal, India and China (Yasari Huncha Tridesiya
Sajhedari, Nepal Magazine; 21 Sep. 2014.
5.
Shrestha, C. B., Strategies for Developing North South Transit Roads in Nepal, Journal of Transportation
and Development, 1 (1), Jan. 2013, Nepal Transportation and Development Research Centre and
Institution of Civil Engineers, UK, Kathmandu, Nepal.
6.
Kruk, E. & Shrestha, C. B., Promotion of innovative heritage routes to contribute to poverty reduction,
sustainable development and heritage conservation in the Kailash Sacred Landscape. A case study from
Humla District, Nepal, Conference on Tourism, Roads and Cultural Itineraries: Meaning, Memory and
Development; Organised by University of Laval, Canada, University of Birmingham, UNESCO and
University of Paris (Published in Conference Proceedings.)
7.
Shrestha, C. B., 2010. Why to preserve Trans Himalaya Heritage Routes? Nepal Forum for Rural
Transport and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal.
8.
Shrestha, C. B., 2008. Transport Networks: The road to prosperity. The Himalayan Times, Nepal, Oct. 27
2008.
9.
Shrestha, C. B., 2003. A Comparative Overview on the Contemporary Methodologies of Rural Transport
Network Planning in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region. A Convention Paper Presented in the 8th
National Convention and FEISCA Regional Meet, 3-5 April 2003, Convention Theme: Engineers in Social
Transformation. Nepal Engineers Association, Lalitpur, Nepal.
10. Shrestha, C. B.; Kammeier, H.D., and Routray, J. K., 2001. District Road Network Planning Lessons from
a Nepalese Pilot Project. Third World Planning Review, 23(4).
11. Shrestha, C. B., 2001. Developing a Methodology for Planning the Regional Road Network in Nepal.
Technical Papers of the International Seminar on Sustainable Development in Road Transport. New
Delhi, India: Indian Road Congress.
12. Shrestha, C. B., and Routray, J. K., 2001. Application of Settlement Interaction Based Rural Road
Network Model in Nawalparasi District of Nepal. Conference Proceedings of the First Road
Transportation Technology Transfer Conference in Africa. pp. 268-287. Arusha, Tanzania: Tanzania
Technology Transfer Centre.
13. Shrestha, C. B., and Kammeier, H.D., 1998. Rural Road Planning and Management Practices in Nepal:
An Assessment of the Pilot Labour-Based District Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project (PLRP)
in Four southwestern Districts, 1994-1998. Workshop Proceedings of the Participatory Framework for
Planning Rural Road Networks, Construction and Maintenance: Present Practice and Implications for
Developing Countries in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand: The Asian Institute of Technology and International
Labour Organisation.
14. Shrestha, C. B., 1997. District Level Planning Education and Research in Nepal: Comparison with the
Education under the SPRING Programme (Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand and University of
Dortmund, Germany). The HSD2000: The HSD Anniversary Workshop Proceedings pp. 142-151:
Bangkok, Thailand: The Asian Institute of Technology.
15. Shrestha, C. B., 1996. Challenges of District Road Management. The Independent, Vol. V, No. 44,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
16. Shrestha, C. B., 1995. User's Committees: Facilitator or Obstacle for Development. The Kathmandu Post,
Vol. III. No. 186. Kathmandu, Nepal.
17. Rai, P. K. and Shrestha, C. B., 1994. Project Identification: A Challenge to Municipalities. Bulletin of Town
Development Fund Board, Vol. II, No. 3. Kathmandu, Nepal.
***
Page 2 of 2
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Dr Prakash Ranjitkar
Dr Prakash Ranjitkar is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Auckland, New Zealand. He has more than 15 years of academic, research and consulting
experience in a range of transport and other infrastructure projects. His current teaching responsibilities
include lecturing on topics related to traffic engineering, transportation planning, intelligent transportation
systems and modelling and simulation of transport facilities to undergraduate and postgraduate
students. He has research interest/expertise in traffic engineering, intelligent transportation systems,
traffic flow theory, optimization of traffic control systems, human factors, traffic safety, public
transportation, modelling and simulation of transport facilities, and applications of emerging technologies
in transportation and has published 57 peer-reviewed research articles in journals and conferences on
those topics. Prior to joining the University of Auckland in 2007, he worked for the University of Delaware
in USA (2006-2007) and Hokkaido University in Japan (2001-2006).
CURRENT
POSITION
Senior Lecturer and Postgraduate Research Advisor

University of Auckland, New Zealand
CONTACT
DETAILS
20 Symonds Street, Room 401-1214

Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Ph: +64 9 923 3513
Email: p.ranjitkar@auckland.ac.nz
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x Ph.D. (Transportation Eng.), Graduate School of Eng., Hokkaido University, Japan

(2004)
x M. Eng. (Transportation Eng.), Dept. of Civil Eng., Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand (1999)
x B. Eng. (Civil), Dept. of Civil Eng., Pulchowk Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal,
(1994)
HONORS
x
x
x
x
PUBLICATIONS
AND
CONFERENCES
x 57 refereed research articles in journals (29) and conferences (28) + 43

presentations at invited seminars, workshops and conferences
PROFESSIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
JSPS Fellowship, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan (2004)
Japanese Government Scholarship, Hokkaido University, Japan (2001)
Austrian Government Scholarship, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand (1997)
PTS Fellowship, Postgraduate Technological Studies, European Union (1998)
x
x
x
x
Institute of Professional Engineers, New Zealand (IPENZ)

IPENZ Transport Group, New Zealand (Elected Member for Auckland Branch)
ITS New Zealand, New Zealand
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, New Zealand Branch (Academic
Coordinator)
x Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA
x Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., University of Auckland, New
Zealand (from 2007)
x Research Fellow, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., University of Delaware, USA
(2006 ~ 2007)
x Research Fellow, Graduate School of Eng., Hokkaido University, Japan (2004 ~
2006)
x Teaching Assistant, Graduate School of Eng., Hokkaido University, Japan (2002 ~
2004)
x Technical Manager, Underground Engineering Services, Thailand (2000 ~ 2001)
x Project Engineer, International Blaster Co. Ltd., Thailand (1999 ~ 2000)
x Civil Engineer, Building Design Associates Pvt. Ltd., Nepal (1996 ~ 1997)
x Civil Engineer, Valley View Consult Pvt. Ltd., Nepal (1994 ~ 1996)
Page 1 of 2
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
1.
Chaudhry MS and P Ranjitkar. Traffic Signal Design with an Increasing Queue Discharge Rate. Asian
Transport Studies, Vol. 3, 2015 (Accepted).
2.
Rashidi, S and P Ranjitkar. Bus Dwell Time Modelling using Gene Expression Programming. Computer Aided
Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2015 (Accepted).
3.
Rashidi, S, P Ranjitkar and Y Hadas. Modelling Bus Dwell Time with Decision Tree-Based Methods.
Transportation Research Record, 2418, pp.74-83, 2014.
4.
Rashidi, S., and Ranjitkar, P. Estimation of Bus Dwell Time using Univariate Time Series Models. Journal of
Advanced Transportation May 2014.
5.
Li, D, P Ranjitkar and A Ceder. An Integrated Approach Combining Ramp Metering and Variable Speed Limits
to Improve Motorway Performance. Transportation Research Record, 2470, pp.86-94, 2014.
6.
Sinha R, PS Roop and P Ranjitkar. Virtual Traffic Lights+: A Robust, Practical, and Functionally-Safe Intelligent
Transportation System. Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2381, pp. 73-80, 2013.
7.
Li D and P Ranjitkar. Assessing Ramp Metering and Variable Speed Limits Strategies for Auckland Motorway.
Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 1856-1871, 2013.
8.
Ranjitkar P and T Nakatsuji. Impact of Road Surface Conditions on Human Driving Behavior. Asian Transport
Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 4, 2013.
9.
Rashidi S and P Ranjitkar. Approximation and Short-Term Prediction of Bus Dwell Time using AVL Data.
Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 1281-1291, 2013.
10. Chaudhry MS and P Ranjitkar. Delay Estimation at Signalized Intersections with Variable Queue Discharge
Rate. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 1764-1775, 2013.
11. Hadas Y and P Ranjitkar. Modeling Public-Transit Connectivity with Spatial Quality-of-Transfer Measurements.
Journal of Transport Geography, Vol.22, pp. 137-147, 2012.
12. Chaudhry MS, P Ranjitkar and DJ Wilson. Investigation of Queue Discharge Behavior at Signalized
Intersection based on Analytical and Micro-simulation Models. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for
Transportation Studies, Vol.9, No. 0, pp. 1628-1643, 2011.
13. Bezuidenhout U, P Ranjitkar and J Wang. The influence of a new signal offset optimiser on travel reliability and
drivers' route choices (INSTInCt). Road and Transport Research, 20(3):77-82, 2011.
14. Vlahos E, A Polus, D Lacombe, P Ranjitkar, A Faghri and BR Fortunato. Evaluating the Conversion of All-Way
Stop Controlled Intersections into Roundabouts. Transportation Research Record, 2078, pp. 80-89, 2008.
15. Tanaka M, P Ranjitkar and T Nakatsuji. Asymptotic Stability and Vehicle Safety in the Dynamic Car-Following
Platoon. Transportation Research Record, 2088, (21), pp.198-207, 2008.
16. Nakatsuji T, I Hayashi, P Ranjitkar, T Shirakawa and A Kawamura. On-line Estimation of Friction Coefficients
of Winter Road Surfaces Using Unscented Kalman Filter. Transportation Research Record 2015, 113-122,
2007.
17. Ranjitkar P and T Nakatsuji. Advances in microscopic traffic data collection using instrumented vehicles. Traffic
Engineering and Control, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 147-151, April 2006.
18. Ranjitkar P, T Nakatsuji, Y Azuta, M Asano and A Kawamura. A Contemporary Reassessment of GM Car
Following Model using RTK GPS Data. Journal of Infrastructure Planning and Management, No. 793/IV-68, pp.
121-132, July, 2005.
19. Ranjitkar P, T Nakatsuji and A Kawamura. Experimental Analysis of Car Following Dynamics and Traffic
Stability. Transportation Research Record, 1934, pp. 22-32, 2005.
20. Ranjitkar P, T Nakatsuji and M Asano. Performance Evaluation of Microscopic Traffic Flow Models using Test
Track Data. Transportation Research Record, 1876, pp. 90-100, 2004.
21. Ranjitkar P, T Nakatsuji, Y Azuta and GS Gurusinghe. Stability Analysis based on Instantaneous Driving
Behavior using Car Following Data. Transportation Research Record, 1852, pp. 140-151, 2003.
22. Gurusinghe GS, T. Nakatsuji, Y Azuta, P Ranjitkar and Y Tanaboriboon. Multiple Car Following Data Using
Real Time Kinematic Global Positioning System. Transportation Research Record, 1802, pp. 166-180, 2002.
23. Suzuki J, T Nakatsuji, Y Azuta and P Ranjitkar. Experimental Analysis of Reaction Time of Car Following
Model. Infrastructure Planning Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 861-868, 2002.
***
Page 2 of 2
Dr Nirajan Shiwakoti
Dr Nirajan Shiwakoti is a transportation engineer with a strong interest in urban transportation systems,
human factors, pedestrian level of service, safety analysis and evaluation, crowd dynamics modelling,
emergency services planning and road safety audits. Dr Shiwakoti has a number of degrees in Civil
Engineering that include a PhD degree in Transport Engineering from Monash University, Australia, a
Master degree in Urban and Environmental Engineering from Hokkaido University, Japan and a
Bachelor degree in Civil Engineering from Tribuvan University, Nepal. Dr Shiwakoti is currently a Senior
Lecturer at RMIT University and has previously worked as a Lecturer at Institute of Transport Studies at
Monash University, Australia.
Dr Shiwakoti has published over 50 journals, conference papers and reports and has presented his
research at over a dozen of international conferences. He has received several international awards for
his work that includes research fellowships from prestigious organizations like International Association
of Traffic and Safety Sciences (IATSS), Japan, International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic
Theory, University of California, Berkeley, USA, Fresh Science Community, Australia and Australian
Road Research Board. Dr Shiwakoti has worked on several pedestrian safety projects, including a study
on the Shibuya intersection in Tokyo, which is the busiest intersection in the world along with
passengers safety in Australias busiest train stations. His research work has been supported through
several competitive grants at university as well as extremely competitive Australian Research Council
grant. He is using those grants for his research on enhancing the safety of people in critical situations. Dr
Shiwakoti is active in promoting his research findings to the general community and has previously
provided interviews on his research to various scientific media including Australian Television, Discovery
Chanel, Canada, National Geographic Chanel, USA and NewScientist magazine, London.
CURRENT
POSITION
Senior Lecturer
RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
CONTACT
DETAILS
RMIT University, Melbourne

VIC 3000, Australia
Tel: +61(0)3 9925 6193
E-mail: nirajan.shiwakoti@rmit.edu.au
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x 2007-2010: PhD (Transport Engineering), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash

University, Australia
x 2004-2006: Master Degree in Urban and Environmental Engineering (Transport
Engineering Major), Hokkaido University, Japan
x 1998-2002: Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering, Tribuvan Univeristy, Nepal
PROFESSIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
x Key member, US Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting - Committee

on Transit Capacity and Quality of Service (AP015), Washington D.C
x Member, Engineers Australia (M.I.E.Aust.)
x Contributing editor, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Elsevier
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
x 2014-Present: Senior Lecturer, RMIT University, Australia

x 2011-2014:
Lecturer, Monash University, Australia
x 2003-2004:
Civil Engineer, D-Net (P) Ltd.
Page 1 of 2

1.
Pender, B., Currie, G., Shiwakoti, N., Delbosc, A. (In Press) Economic Viability of Bus Bridging
Reserves for Fast Response to Unplanned Passenger Rail Disruption, Transportation Research Record
2.
Shiwakoti, N., Gong, Y., Shi, X., Ye., Z. (2015) Examining influence of merging architectural features on
pedestrian crowd movement, Safety Science, Vol. 75, pp. 15-22
3.
Pender, B., Currie, G., Delbosc, A., Shiwakoti, N., (2014) "International Study of Current and Potential
Social Media Applications in Unplanned Passenger Rail Disruptions", Transportation Research Record,
Vol. 2419, pp. 118-127
4.
Dias, C., Sarvi, M., Ejtemai, O., Shiwakoti, N., (2014) "Pedestrian walking characteristics through angled
corridors: An experimental study, Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2421, pp. 41-50
5.
Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M., Burd, M., (2014) "Using non-human biological entities to understand crowd
behavior under emergency condition", Safety Science, Vol. 66, pp. 1-8
6.
Pender, B., Currie, G., Shiwakoti, N., Delbosc, A., (2014)"Social Media Use during Unplanned Transit
Network Disruptions: A Review of Literature", Transport Reviews, Vol. 34, Issue 4, pp. 501-524
7.
Zheng, Z. Liu, Z. Liu, C. and Shiwakoti, N. (2014), Understanding public response to a congestion
charge: A random-effects ordered logit approach, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,
Vol. 70, pp. 117-134
8.
Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M., Burd, M., (2014) "Similar crowd behavior in organisms of vastly different body
size", Journal of Insect Behavior, Vol. 27(2), pp. 239-250
9.
Pender, B., Currie, G., Delbosc, A., Shiwakoti, N., (2014) "Improving bus bridging responses via satellite
bus reserve locations", Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 34, pp. 202-210
10. Dias, C., Sarvi, M., Shiwakoti, N., Ejtemai, O., Burd M. (2014) "Examining the impact of different turning
angles on the collective egress of crowds", Journal of Transportation Safety and Security, Vol. 6(2), pp.
167-181
11. Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M. (2013) "Enhancing the panic escape of crowd through architectural design",
Transportation Research Part C, Vol. 37, pp. 260267
12. Dias, C., Sarvi, M., Shiwakoti, N., Ejtemai, O., Burd, M.(2013) "Investigating collective behaviour in
complex situation", Safety Science, Vol. 60, pp. 87-94
13. Pender, B., Currie, G., Delbosc, A., Shiwakoti, N., (2013) "Disruption Recovery in Passenger Railways:
International Survey", Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2353, pp. 22-32
14. Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M. (2013) Understanding pedestrian crowd panic: a review on model organisms
approach, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 26, pp.12-17
15. Dias, C., Sarvi, M., Shiwakoti, N., Burd, M.(2012) "Turning angle effect on emergency egress:
experimental evidence and pedestrian crowd simulation", Transportation Research Record, Washington,
D.C., Vol. 2312, pp. 12016. Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M., Rose, G., Burd, M. (2011) Consequence of turning movements during
emergency crowd egress, Transportation Research Record, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2234, pp. 97-104,
17. Shiwakoti, N. Sarvi, M., Rose, G., Burd, M. (2011) Animal dynamics based approach for modelling
pedestrian crowd egress under panic conditions, Transportation Research Part B- Methodological, Vol.
45, Issue 9, pp. 1433-1449
18. Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M., Rose, G., Burd, M. (2010) Biologically inspired modeling approach for collective
pedestrian dynamics under emergency conditions, Transportation Research Record, Washington, D.C.,
Vol. 2196, pp. 176-184
19. Burd, M., Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M., Rose. G. (2010) Nest architecture and traffic flow: large potential
effects from small structural features, Ecological Entomology, Vol. 35, Issue 4, pp. 464-468
20. Shiwakoti, N., Sarvi, M., Rose, G., Burd, M. (2009) Enhancing the safety of pedestrians during
emergency egress: Can we learn from biological entities? Transportation Research Record,
Washington, D.C., Vol. 2137, pp. 31
***
Page 2 of 2
Dr. Shyam Sharma

Dr. Shyam Sharma, PE, PTOE holds a Ph D in Civil Engineering (Transportation) from Wayne State
University, Michigan, USA and MSc in Civil Engineering (Transportation) from Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. He has over 22 years of experience in highway design, construction,
maintenance, operation, and management of transportation and traffic systems.
Shyam Sharma has extensive experience in highway traffic operation and safety including traffic safety
planning, comprehensive traffic safety analyses and investigations, identifying high crash locations for
safety improvement, scoping safety projects, economic analysis, design of transportation projects for
improved multimodal safety and mobility, implementation, and evaluation of traffic safety
countermeasures for urban and rural highways as well as city streets. The majority of such experiences
are with public highway agency as well as research and teaching institutions. The natures of safety
projects include intersection safety (unsignalized and signalized intersections), pedestrian and bicycle
safety, and roadway departure safety improvements. Shyam Sharma has conducted several road safety
studies and proposed countermeasures to mitigate traffic crashes, communicated solutions to various
communities and implemented them. In addition, he has significant experience in managing risks on
rural and urban highways using low cost safety improvements systematically.
CURRENT
POSITION
Region Traffic Engineer/Manager

Oregon Department of Transportation
CONTACT
DETAILS
100 Antelope Road, White City, OR 97503, USA

T: +1 541-301-7732
E: shyamlsharma@gmail.com
DETAILS
OF HIGHER
EDUCATION
x 2001-2006: Ph D in Civil Engg. (Transportation), Wayne State University, USA

x 1999-2001: M Sc in Civil Engg. (Transportation), Asian Institute of Technology,
Bangkok, Thailand
TRAININGS
SEMINARS
x Several trainings and workshops on traffic operations, safety, planning, and highway
management
x Leadership Oregon 2011 (a year long program for senior and mid-level executives of
the state of Oregon)
x Systematic Development of Informed Consent (SDIC)
x Crucial Conversations - Tools for Talking When Stakes are High
x Human Resources Training for Managers
x Competent Communicator (Toast Masters International)
x Operations Academy - 2012 (Senior Management Training on Traffic systems
Operations and Management)
MEMBERSHIP OF
PROFESSIONAL
SOCIETIES
x Licensed Professional Engineer (PE), Oregon, USA

x Professional Traffic Operations Engineer (PTOE), USA
x Member, Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
x Sep 2012 - Present: Region Traffic Engineer/Manager, Oregon Department of

Transportation (ODOT), Southwest Region, Oregon, USA
x Sep 2011 - Aug 2012: Program Manager Traffic Engineering, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Washington DC, USA
x Nov 2007 - Aug 2011: Region Traffic Engineer/Manager, Oregon Department of
Transportation (ODOT), Southwest Region, Oregon, USA
x Jun 2006 - Oct 2007: Region Traffic/Safety Analyst, Oregon Department of
Transportation, Southwest Region, Oregon
x Aug 2001 - May 2006: Graduate Research Engineer, Wayne State University,
Michigan, USA
x May 2001 Jul 2001: Highway Engineer, Department of Roads, Nepal
x Aug 1999 - Apr 2001: Graduate Program (Transportation), Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
x Jul 1996 - Jul 1999: Highway Engineer, Department of Roads, Nepal
x May 1993 - Jun 1996: Civil/Structural Engineer (Roads and Transport), TAEC Consult
Pty Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal
Page 1 of 2
SELECTED RESEARCH PAPERS

1. Sharma, Shyam L. and Datta, Tapan K. (2007) Investigation of Regression-to-Mean Effect in
Traffic Safety Evaluation Methodologies, Transportation Research Record No. 2019,
Transportation Research Board, Washington DC.
2. Park, D., Sharma, Shyam L., Rilett, L. R., and Chang, M. (2002) "Identifying Multiple
Reasonable Alternative Routes: Efficient Vector Labelling Approach", Transportation Research
Record No. 1783, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC.
3. Sharma, Shyam L. and Datta, Tapan K. (2007) Investigation of Regression-to-Mean Effect in

Traffic Safety Evaluation Methodologies, presented in 86th Annual Conference of
Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C.
4. Datta, T.K., Schattler, K.L., and Sharma, Shyam L. Highway Safety Evaluation Methods (2003)
A Comparative Analysis, Proceedings of the ETC 2003, Strasbourg, France
5. Park, D., and Sharma, Shyam L. (2001), "Vector Labelling Approach for Identifying Multiple
Reasonable Alternative Routes in Transportation Networks", Proceedings of the fourth
Conference of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vietnam.
***
Page 2 of 2
Dr. Ganesh J Karkee

Dr. Ganesh Karkee is a Transportation Engineering Professional with proven record of delivering quality
products to clients. Successfully coordinated with staff at all levels to accomplish project tasks. Proficient
in nurturing relationship internally and externally with high customer service to ensure on-time project
delivery. Strong ability to interface with colleagues and external clients. Worked in a variety of sponsored
projects from local agency to federal government. Experienced in extensive data analysis and
summarized in report format.
CURRENT
POSITION
Transportation Engineer, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, California, USA
CONTACT
DETAILS
Tel: (210) 723-3212 (cell)

Personal Email: ganesh.karkee@gmail.com
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x Ph. D. Civil Engr. (Transportation), University of Nevada, Las Vegas, December

2005.
x M. E. Civil Engr. (Transportation), Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,
April 1997.
x B. E. Civil Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Nepal, 1993.
AWARDS AND
PRIZES
x Institute of Transportation Engineers Intermountain Section Ellis L. Mathes

Scholarship, May 2005 (Scholarship amount of $1,000; ITE District 6 comprises the
13 westernmost states of the US
x Research/Teaching assistantship: Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and Transportation Research Center, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
(Fall 2002 to Fall 2005).
x German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) Scholarship, Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok (September 1995 - April 1997).
AREAS OF
INTERESTS
x
x
x
x
x
PROFESSIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
x Registered Professional Civil Engineer - State of California (License Number 82237),

State of Nevada (License Number 016288)
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
x October 2013 to Present: Transportation Engineer, Metropolitan Transportation

Commission, California, USA
x July 2011 to June 2013: Senior Engineering Associate, Dowling/Kittelson &
Associates, Inc., California, USA
x January 2011 to May 2011: Lecturer II (Part-time faculty), The University of Texas at
San Antonio, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Antonio,
Texas
x April 2006 to August 2010: Assistant Research Scientist, Texas Transportation
Institute (TTI), The Texas A&M University System, San Antonio, Texas
x September 2002 to December 2005: Graduate Assistant, University of Nevada, Las
Vegas, Nevada
x October 2000 to August 2002: Assistant Professor, Tribhuvan University, Institute of
Engineering, Kathmandu, Nepal
x December 1998 to July 2000: Road Engineer, Asian Development Bank/TAEC
Consult, Nepal
x January 1998 to December 1998: Civil/Structural Engineer, Build-Max Construction
Pte. Ltd, Singapore
x May 1997 to December 1997: Transportation Engineer, Thai Engineering
Consultants, Bangkok, Thailand
x April 1993 to September 1995: Civil Engineer, Ministry of Local Development, His
Majestys Government, Nepal
Traffic Safety
Traffic Operations and Management/Traffic Engineering
Traffic Simulation/Computer Application in Transportation Engineering
Evaluation of New and Innovative Technologies
Geographic Information Systems Applications
Page 1 of 2
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
1.
Shashi S. Nambisan and Ganesh Karkee. 2010. Pedestrian Countdown Signals Influence Vehicle
Speeds? Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Volume 2149, pp 70-76.
2.
Ganesh J Karkee, Steven Venglar, and Kwaku Obeng-Boampong. 2010. Analysis and Modeling of
Ramps Using VISSIM to Improve Managed Lane Operations. Journal of Information, Intelligence
and Knowledge. Nova Publishers. Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-11.
3.
Ganesh Karkee, Shashi S. Nambisan, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. 2010. Motorist Actions at a
Crosswalk with an In-pavement Flashing Light System. Traffic Injury and Prevention. Volume 11 (6),
pp 642-649. DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2010.509767.
4.
Shashi S. Nambisan and Ganesh Karkee. 2010. Pedestrian Countdown Signals Influence Vehicle
Speeds? Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Compendium of Papers.
Washington, DC, January 10-14, DVD ROM.
5.
Ganesh Karkee, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, and Shashi S. Nambisan. 2009. Statistical Analysis of
Pedestrian Crossing Behavior on Streets. Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting,
Compendium of Papers. Washington, DC, January 11-15, DVD ROM.
6.
Kwaku Obeng-Boampong, Steven Venglar, and Ganesh J Karkee. 2008. Modeling and Analysis of
Ramps to Support Managed Lane Operations. Transportation Research Board 87th Annual
Meeting, Compendium of Papers. Washington, DC, January 13-17, DVD ROM.
7.
Ganesh Karkee, Shashi S. Nambisan, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, and Ashok K. Singh. 2006. An
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an In-pavement Flashing Light System. Transportation Research
Board 85th Annual Meeting, Compendium of Papers. Washington, DC, January 22-26, DVD ROM.
8.
Mohamed S Kaseko and Ganesh J Karkee. 2005. Development of a Midblock Pedestrian Crossing
Simulation Model Using VISSIM. Transportation Research Board 84th Annual Meeting,
Compendium of Papers. Washington, DC, January 9-13, DVD ROM.
9.
Ganesh Karkee, Shashi S. Nambisan, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. 2006. Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians (R10-15) Sign. ASCE Proceedings of
the 9th International Conference on Application of Advanced Technologies in Transportation.
Chicago, Illinois, August 13-16, p (400-405).
10. Ganesh Karkee and Shashi S. Nambisan. An Analysis Effectiveness of Pedestrian Countdown
Signals Based on Pedestrian Actions. Compendium of Technical Papers (CD-ROM), ITE 2006
Technical Conference and Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 6-9.
11. Shashi S Nambisan, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, Vinod Vasudevan, and Ganesh Karkee. 2004. Field
Data Collection and Analysis to Support the Selection of Countermeasures for the Las Vegas
FHWA Pedestrian Safety Program. ASCE Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on
Application of Advanced Technologies in Transportation. Beijing, China May 26-28, 2004, p (104108).
12. Ganesh Karkee, Shashi Nambisan, and Shital K. Patel. 2006. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of
an In-pavement Flashing System. WesternITE, Bi-monthly publication, July-August Issue, District 6
Institute of Transportation Engineers. p (1-3).
13. Ganesh Karkee, Shashi S. Nambisan, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Evaluation of an In-pavement
Flashing Light System. Compendium of Technical Papers ( CD-ROM ) , Institute of Transportation
Engineers District 6, 2005 Annual Meeting Kalispell, Montana, July 10-13.
14. Mohamed S. Kaseko and Ganesh Karkee. Analysis of Pedestrian Midblock Crossing Using the
Microscopic Traffic Simulation Software VISSIM. Institute of Transportation Engineers District 6,
2004 Annual Meeting Sacramento, California, June 20-23.
15. Ganesh Karkee. Travel Behavior Analysis of Motorized and Non-motorized Public Transportation in
Developing Countries: A Case Study of Khon Kaen, Thailand. At the seventh national convention of
engineers: Engineering Profession in Nation Building: Contribution & Vision, Nepal Engineers
Association, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 11-13, 2001. p (206-213).
***
Page 2 of 2
Dr Shobhakar Dhakal
Dr. Shobhakar Dhakal is an associate professor in energy field of study at Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand. Dr. Dhakal completed his Ph.D. in urban energy and urban heat island mitigation at the
University of Tokyo. He has worked at numerous professional organisations before joining Asian Institute
of Technology in 2012.
CURRENT
POSITION
Associate Professor
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
CONTACT
DETAILS
PO Box 4, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand 12120

PHONE +66 2 524 5403
Shobhakar.dhakal@gmail.com
ACADEMIC
QUALIFICATIONS
x 2000 Ph.D. (Urban energy and urban heat island mitigation), The University of Tokyo,
Japan
x 1996 M.Engg. (Energy Economics and Planning), Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand
x 1993 B. Engg. (Power system), National Institute of Technology Surat, India
x 1999 Special Graduate Student (Jan-May 1999), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, USA
JOURNAL
EDITORIAL
INVOLVEMENTS
x Senior Editor/Editor-in-Chief, Carbon Management, Taylor and Francis, 2010 ~

ongoing
x Associate Editor, Journal of Industrial Ecology (JIE), Yale University, 2011-12
x Member of Editorial Board, Urban Climate, Elsevier, 2012-2015
x Member, Board of Editorial Advisors, International Energy Journal, 2009 ~ onwards
x Guest Co-editor, Special Issue on Sustainable Urban Systems, Journal of Industrial
Ecology, December 2012, Volume 16, Issue 6
x Guest Co-editor, Special Issue on Pathways toward Low-carbon Cities: a USChina
Focus, Carbon Management Journal (Volume 2, No 4, 2011)
x Guest Co-editor, Special Issue on Carbon Emissions and Carbon Management in
Cities, Energy Policy Journal (Volume 38, Issue 9, 2010)
x Guest Co-editor, Special Issue on Environmental Implication of Urban Transportation
in Asia, International Journal of Pollution and Environment (Volume 30, No.1, 2007).
Web-link. Editorial Preface.
PROFESSIONAL
ACTIVITIES
x Member of the Steering Committee (SC) of Asian Center of Innovation for

Sustainable Agriculture Intensification (ACISAI) Center March 2013 onwards
x International Expert, Task force on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency, China
x Member of Thematic Group on Sustainable Cities
DETAILS OF
EMPLOYMENT
x (July 2012 onwards) Associate Professor, Energy Field of Study, School of

Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
x (Apr 2006 July 2012) Executive
Director,
Global
Carbon
Project
(www.globalcarbonproject.org), hosted by National Institute for Environmental Studies
(NIES, www.nies.go.jp), Japan
x (Apr 2004-Mar 2006)
Senior Policy Researcher and Project Manager, Urban
Environmental Management Project, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
(IGES, www.iges.or.jp), Japan
x (Apr 2003- Mar 2004) Policy Researcher and Project Manager, Urban
Environmental Management Project, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
x (Apr 2002 Mar 2003) Policy Researcher, Urban Environmental Management
Project, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
x (Apr 2001 Mar 2002) Researcher, Urban Environmental Management Project,
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
x (Nov 2000 Mar 2001) Intern, Climate Policy Project, Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies
x (Aug 1996 Jan 1997) Research associate, Energy Program, Asian Institute for
Technology, Bangkok
x (1993-1994) Research Officer- Energy Management, National Productivity and
Economic Development Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
Page 1 of 2

1.
Seto K. C., S. Dhakal, A. Bigio, H. Blanco, G. C. Delgado, D. Dewar, L. Huang, A. Inaba, A. Kansal,
S. Lwasa, J. E. McMahon, D. B. Mller, J. Murakami, H. Nagendra, and A. Ramaswami, 2014:
Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E.
Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J.
Savolainen, S. Schlmer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
2.
Christopher Kennedy, Lawrence Baker, Shobhakar Dhakal, and Anu Ramaswami (2012).
Sustainable Urban Systems: An Integrated Approach. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16(6): 775-779.
3.
Venkatesh, Govindarajan; Dhakal, Shobhakar (2012). An International Look at the Water-Energy

Nexus, Journal of American Water Works Association, 104 (5) 93-96.
4.
Yasuyo Makido, Shobhakar Dhakal and Yoshiki Yamagata (2012). Relationship between urban
forms and CO2 emissions: Evidenced from 50 Japanese cities. Urban Climate 2: 5567.
5.
S. P. Seitzinger, U. Svedin, C. Crumley, W. Steffen, S. A. Abdullah, C. Alfsen, W. J. Broadgate, F.

H.B.
Biermann, N. Bondre, J. A. Dearing, L. Deutsch, S. Dhakal, T. Elmqvist,
N.
Farahbakhshazad, O. Gaffney, H. Haberl, S. Lavorel, C. Mbow, A. J. McMichael, J. Morais, P.
Olsson, P. Pinho, K. C. Seto, P. Sinclair, M. Stafford-Smith, L. Sugar (2012). Planetary stewardship
in an urbanising world: beyond city limits. Ambio 41:787-794.
6.
Phetkeo Poumanyvong, Shinji Kaneko, Shobhakar Dhakal (2012). Impacts of urbanization on

national transport and road energy use: Evidence from low-, middle- and high-income countries.
Energy Policy 46:268-277.
7.
Ada Ignaciuk, Martin Rice, Janos Bogardi, Pep Canadell, Shobhakar Dhakal, John Ingram, Rik
Leemans and Mark Rosenberg (2012). Responding to Complex Societal Challenges: A Decade of
Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) Interdisciplinary Research. Current Opinion in
Environmental Sustainability 4(1)147-158.
8.
Grubler, A., X. Bai, T. Buettner, S. Dhakal, D.J. Fisk, T. Ichinose, J. Keirstead, G. Sammer, D.
Satterthwaite, N.B. Schulz, N. Shah, J. Steinberger and H. Weisz. 2011: Urban Energy Systems. In
Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future. L. Gomez-Echeverri, T.B. Johansson, N.
Nakicenovic, A.
9.
Anu Ramaswami and Shobhakar Dhakal (2011). Low carbon policies in the USA and China: Why
cities play a critical role. Carbon Management 2(4) 359-352.
10. Houghton RA and Shobhakar Dhakal (2010). Welcome to Carbon Management. Carbon
Management 1(1):1-3, Future Science Publishers.
11. Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Shobhakar Dhakal, Han Dolman, Pierre Friedlingstein, Kevin R.
Gurney, Alex Held, Robert B. Jackson, Corinne Le Qur, Elizabeth L. Malone, Dennis S. Ojima,
Anand Patwardhan, Glen P. Peters, Michael R. Raupach (2010). Interactions of the carbon cycle,
human activity, and the climate system: A research portfolio. Current Opinion in Environmental
Sustainability 2(4)3 01-311.
12. Corinne Le Qur, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Shobhakar Dhakal, Anand Patwardhan,
Michael R. Raupach, and Oran R. Young (2010). An International Carbon Office to assist policybased science. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(4) 297-300.
13. Dhakal, Shobhakar (2010). GHG emissions from urbanization and opportunities for urban carbon
mitigation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(4): 277283.
14. Shobhakar Dhakal and Anil Raut. 2010. Potential and bottlenecks of the carbon market: Case of
developing country, Nepal. Energy Policy, 38 (2010) 37813789.
15. Dhakal, Shobhakar and Shrestha Ram M. (2010). Bridging the research gaps for carbon emissions
and their management in cities. Energy Policy, 38(2010)4753-4755.
***
Page 2 of 2

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EZ^D^

sustained minor injuries in about 25 road

Component 1 (C1) Nepal Road Safety Information Management (NRSIM) and

Component 2 (C2) Governance and Planning: leadership and commitment,

Component 3 (C3) Precrash (Crash Prevention) Systems: crash prevention and

Component 5 (C5) Crash Investigation and Database System: road crash

Component 6 (C6) Road Safety Research and Development: road safety

6. inadequate national standards for transport infrastructure design, construction and

Stage 2: BIG PICTURE DevelopmentofBIGPICTUREproposal(thisdocument)

Road inventory database: Develop (electronic) database (GIS maps) that

Vehicle registration and maintenance database: Develop (electronic) database

Develop (electronic) crash database (preferably interactive online) system for

Undertake review of existing institutional arrangements for road safety

Undertake review of existing funding arrangements (revenue and expenditure

Undertake review of reference materials and publications available in

Road Users Guide ( [ ) provides very brief and vague information

Roadworthiness: development of vehicular safety checking and rating system

Develop a compulsory comprehensive road safety auditing process for both

Develop and implement roadside hazard management system utilising road

Human factors: age, gender (medical treatment and evacuation, treatment

Develop a computerised database system that collates uptodate records of

o Seekpartnershipandcollaborationwithother stakeholdersbothat national

Dr Kali Prasad Nepal

Senior Lecturer & Coordinator in Civil Engineering (Traffic and Transportation)

Graduate Certificate in Higher Education, Griffith University, Australia (2011)

Civil Engineering Coordination Award- Deakin University (2014)

x Published more than 15 reviewed papers in transportation engineering

Associate Editor: International Journal of Urban Sciences, Taylor & Francis

Senior Lecturer & Coordinator, Deakin University, Australia (2012- Present)

SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Nepal, KP (2014) Graduating students' perceptions of learning design in an undergraduate

Nepal, KP (2013), Comparative evaluation of PBL and traditional lecture-based teaching in

Principal Engineer (Safer Roads),

x 1992-1996: Ph D in Civil Engg. (Transportation), The University of Calgary, Canada

SELECTED RESEARCH PAPERS AND AWARENESS ARTICLES

x Consultant - Transport Sector, The World Bank, Nepal

Nepal Transportation and Development Research Centre (NTDRC)

x Doctor of Philosophy, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, 2002.

x Over three dozens of formal and on-the-job/workplace training including on

x May 2013 Present (Intermittent): Consultant - Transport Sector , The World

Institution of Transportation Engineers, USA

SELECTED RESEARCH PAPERS AND AWARENESS ARTICLES

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Senior Lecturer and Postgraduate Research Advisor

20 Symonds Street, Room 401-1214

x Ph.D. (Transportation Eng.), Graduate School of Eng., Hokkaido University, Japan

x 57 refereed research articles in journals (29) and conferences (28) + 43

Institute of Professional Engineers, New Zealand (IPENZ)

RMIT University, Melbourne

x 2007-2010: PhD (Transport Engineering), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash

x Key member, US Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting - Committee

x 2014-Present: Senior Lecturer, RMIT University, Australia

SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Dr. Shyam Sharma

Region Traffic Engineer/Manager

100 Antelope Road, White City, OR 97503, USA

x 2001-2006: Ph D in Civil Engg. (Transportation), Wayne State University, USA

x Licensed Professional Engineer (PE), Oregon, USA

x Sep 2012 - Present: Region Traffic Engineer/Manager, Oregon Department of

SELECTED RESEARCH PAPERS

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