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2006 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela
I. INTRODUCTION
B. Selection
The selection process is concerned about stochastically
choosing individuals for reproduction. As a rule of thumb, it
emphasizes the best solutions in the current population. Here,
the selection is carried out by the well-known tournament
operator [13]. This operator has been reported to give
adequate results for several application domains and can be
easily implemented in FPGA [24]. Moreover, this selection
strategy has presented superior performance than the roulette
wheel operator.
C. Crossover
Crossover is a genetic operator used to guide the
evolutionary process through potentially better solutions. This
operator interchanges genetic material of different
chromosomes in order to create individuals that can benefit
from their parents fitness. The crossover of the proposed GA
follows a general approach, similar to the blend crossover for
real numbers [25],[26]. Consider 2 individuals, xit and x tj
(where t indicates the generation), chosen by the selection
process. For each of their 3 genes, which are written as x.t , a
truncated value t =
xit + x tj
TABLE I
PARAMETERS ENCODING
Parameter
Vm
f
No of bits
8
8
9
Integer range
[0, 255]
[0, 255]
[0, 511]
Real range
[2.5, 12.5]
[58.0, 62.0]
[0, 2]
D. Mutation
Mutation is the genetic operator responsible for generation
of solution diversity in the population [27]. It works
producing alteration of a gene value independently from the
gene value of its parent. The proposed mutation operator adds
1 to (subtracts 1 from) each gene x.t of the chromosome
according to a mutation rate. If x.t is out of the range
[ x.min , x.max ] , it is set to the bordery values.
E. Fitness
The fitness function is used to evaluate a solution of a
problem. Different fitness functions can produce very
different GA performances for the problem. Moreover, the
fitness evalutation may require large running time depending
on the employed fitness function. For frequency-relaying
estimation, EL-Naggar and Youssef [12] have proposed two
types of fitness functions: one is based on the sum of the
errors in the equation and the other on the maximum
individual error. Based on experimentation, they concluded
that, in most cases, the maximum function outperformed the
sum one. Thus, in this work, the authors use the maximum
function. Furthermore, it requires fewer operations than the
sum function to be calculated and it is, therefore, more
suitably implemented in FPGAs. Formally, the fitness
function (FF) considered here is given by (1):
FIG. 3. MATRIX
f * ti
FIG. 4. MATRIX
Fig. 5. Matrix
S ' (c f , cv m , c , t i )
(2)
as showed in
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The main objective of this work is to investigate if the
proposed GA approach for FPGA is able to accurately
estimate the voltage frequency, magnitude and phase angle of
a noisy waveform. The experiments consist in generating a
digitalized sine waveform, with 1 % noise and different
amplitude values, phase angles and frequencies to test the
algorithm. The various values considered are shown in Table
2. Based on another study [28], the authors used a data
window size of 0.5 cycle and a sampling frequency of 800 Hz.
The time reference is considered at the beginning of the data
window.
In all experiments, the GA have the following parameters:
population of 30 individuals, runs of 300 generations,
crossover probability of 1, mutation rate of 20%. As GAs are
stochastic methods, there are no guarantees that the same
results will be encountered in different runs. Thus, the results
of the proposed method are averaged over 1000 trials.
TABLE II
PARAMETERS USED FOR TESTS WITH THE PROPOSED GA
Parameter
Amplitude (Vm)
Frequency (f)
Phase ()
VI. CONCLUSIONS
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Alexandre C. B. Delbem received the Ph.D. degree from the University of
So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, in 2002. He became Assistant Professor with the
University of So Paulo in 2003. His main research interests are network
design problems, graph data structures, evolutionary computation and
bioinformatics.
Eduardo V. Simes received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Kent at
Canterbury, UKC, England, in 2001. He became Assistant Professor with the
University of So Paulo in 2003. His main research interests are network
design problems, dynamically reconfigurable computing (FPGAs),
evolutionary controllers and bioinformatics.
Bruno F. Souza is currently a Ph.D. Student at the Computer Science
Department of Institute if Mathematics and Computer Science, University of
So Paulo. His main interests include bioinspired approaches to deal with
practical
questions. Recently, he has been involved with Power System Protection
and Power Quality problems and bioinformatics.
Mrio Oleskovicz is currently a lecturer at the Electrical Engineering Dept.,
University of So Paulo. His field of interests includes techniques for Power
Systems Control and Protection, Power Quality, including the use of Genetic
Algorithms and Artificial Neural Network.
Silvio A. de Souza is currently a Ph.D. student at Electrical Engineering Dept.
in EESC, University of So Paulo. His main interests are Power System
Analysis, Power System Protection and Power Quality, including the use of
Genetic Algorithms.
Denis V. Coury is presently a Full Professor in the Power System Group at
the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of So Paulo. His areas
of research interest are Power System Protection as well as techniques for
Power Systems Control and Protection, Power Quality, including the use of
Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Network.